John C.

Lilly
For other people named John Lilly, see John Lilly lege. Lilly would continue to draw on his family wealth
(disambiguation).
as a means to fund his scientic pursuits throughout the
course of his life.
John Cunningham Lilly (January 6, 1915 September 30, 2001) was an American physician, neuroscientist,
psychoanalyst, psychonaut, philosopher, writer and inventor.

In 1934, Lilly read Aldous Huxley's Brave New World.

Reading about the pharmacological control methods of
Huxleys dystopia and the links between physical chemical processes of the brain and subjective experiences
He was a researcher of the nature of consciousness us- of the mind helped inspire Lilly to give up his study
ing mainly isolation tanks,[1] dolphin communication, and of physics and pursue biology, eventually focusing on
neurophysiology.
psychedelic drugs, sometimes in combination.

Lilly became engaged to his rst wife, Mary Crouch, at

the beginning of his junior year at Caltech. Months before their wedding, he took a job with a lumber company
in the Northwest to soothe a bout of nervous exhaustion
that had been brought on by the pressures of academia and
his upcoming marriage. While cutting brush, he buried
an axe in his foot, sending him to a hospital trauma ward.
It was an eye-opening experience that further inspired
him to become a doctor of medicine.[2]

Early life and education

John Lilly was born to a wealthy family on January 6,

1915, in Saint Paul, Minnesota. His father was Richard
Coyle Lilly, president of the First National Bank of St.
Paul. His mother was Rachel Lenor Cunningham, whose
family owned the Cunningham & Haas Company, a large
stockyards company in St. Paul. Lilly had an older
brother, Richard Lilly Jr., and a younger brother, David
Maher Lilly. A fourth child, Mary Catherine Lilly, died
in infancy.

In 1937, while Lilly was looking for a good medical

school, his wealthy and well-connected father set up a
meeting between his son and Charles Horace Mayo of
the famous Mayo Clinic of Rochester, Minnesota. Following Mayos advice, Lilly applied and was accepted
to the medical school at Dartmouth College, where he
would end up becoming good friends with Mayos son,
Charles William Mayo. Lilly graduated from Caltech
with a Bachelor of Science degree on June 10, 1938,
and enrolled in Dartmouths Medical School the following September.

Lilly showed an interest in science at an early age. At thirteen years old, he was an avid chemistry hobbyist, supplementing his makeshift basement laboratory with chemicals given to him by a pharmacist friend. Students at his
parochial Catholic grade school referred to him as Einstein Jr.[2] At age 14 he enrolled at St. Paul Academy, a
college preparatory academy for boys, where his teachers
encouraged him to pursue science further and conduct his At Dartmouth, Lilly launched into the study of anatomy,
performing dissections on 32 cadavers during the course
own experiments in the school laboratory after hours.
of his time there. He once stretched out an entire intestiWhile at St. Paul, Lilly also further developed his internal tract across the length of a room to determine its acest in philosophy. He studied the works of many of the
tual length with certainty, causing much consternation in
great philosophers, nding himself especially attracted
one of his professors who happened by.
to the subjective idealism of Anglo-Irish theologian and
During the summer following his rst year at Dartmouth,
philosopher George Berkeley.
Lilly returned to Pasadena, California, to participate in an
Despite his fathers wishes for him to go to an eastern
experiment with his former biochemistry professor from
Ivy-league college to become a banker, Lilly accepted a
Caltech, Henry Borsook. The purpose of the experischolarship at the California Institute of Technology to
ment was to study the creation of glycocyamine, a major
study science. He enrolled in 1933 and began studying
source of muscle power in the human body. The experiphysics under such notable scientists as Robert Andrews
ment involved putting Lilly on a completely protein free
Millikan, Paul Dirac, and Carl David Anderson. Lilly was
diet while administering measured doses of glycine and
[3]
a member of Blacker House. After his rst year, Calarginine solution, the two amino acids that Borsook hytech administration learned that Lilly was from a wealthy
pothesized were involved in the creation of glycocyamine.
family and cancelled his scholarship, forcing him to go to
The experiments pushed Lilly to extreme physical and
his father for help. Dick Lilly set up a trust fund to pay
mental limits, he became increasingly weak and delirithe tuition and eventually became a benefactor of the col1

2 CAREER OVERVIEW

ous as the weeks went on. The results of the experiment

conrmed Borsooks hypothesis and Lillys name was included among the authors, making it the rst published
research paper of his career. It would also be one of the
rst instances of a lifelong pattern of experimenting on
his own body to the point of endangering his health.
After two years at Dartmouth, Lilly decided that he
wanted to pursue a career in medical research, rather than
therapeutic practice as was standard for Dartmouth Medical Students at that time. He decided to transfer to the
medical school at the University of Pennsylvania which
would provide him with better opportunities for conducting research.
At the University of Pennsylvania, Lilly met a professor
named H. Cuthbert Bazett, a protege of British physiologist J. B. S. Haldane. Bazett introduced Lilly to Haldanes view that a scientist should never conduct an experiment or procedure on another person that they had
not rst conducted on themselves, a view that Lilly would
embrace and attempt to exemplify throughout his career.
Bazett took a liking to the young, enthusiastic graduate
student, and set Lilly up with his own research laboratory.
While working under Bazett, Lilly created his rst invention, the electrical capacitance diaphragm manometer, a
device for measuring blood pressure. While designing
the instrument, he received electrical engineering advice
from biophysics pioneer Britton Chance. Chance would
also introduce Lilly to the world of computers, which was
still in its infancy.

movies based partly on his work. He also developed theories for otation.
Lilly published 19 books, including The Center of the Cyclone, which describes his own LSD experiences, Man
and Dolphin, and The Mind of the Dolphin which describe
his work with dolphins.
In the 1980s Lilly directed a project which attempted to
teach dolphins a computer-synthesised language. Lilly
designed a future communications laboratory that
would be a oating living room where humans and dolphins could chat as equals and where they would develop
a common language.
Lilly envisioned a time when all killing of whales and dolphins would cease, not from a law being passed, but from
each human understanding innately that these are ancient,
sentient earth residents, with tremendous intelligence and
enormous life force. Not someone to kill, but someone to
learn from.[6] In the 1990s Lilly moved to the island of
Maui in Hawaii, where he lived most of the remainder of
his life.
Lillys literary rights and scientic discoveries were
owned by Human Software, Inc., while his philanthropic
endeavors were owned by the Human Dolphin Foundation. The John C. Lilly Research Institute, Inc. continues to research topics of interest to Lilly and carry on his
legacy.

While nishing his degree at the University of Pennsylvania, Lilly enrolled in a class entitled How to Build
an Atomic Bomb. He and several other students transcribed their notes from the class into a book with
the same title. The director of the Manhattan Project,
General Leslie Groves, attempted to suppress publication 2.1 Research
of the book, but was unable under the grounds that no
classied data on the Manhattan Project was actually used
After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania,
in writing the book.
Lilly was forced to stay on as a member of the faculty
Lilly graduated with a medical degree from the University
working under Dr. Detlev Bronk for 19 years of indebted
of Pennsylvania in 1942.
servitude, conducting priority military research for the
U.S. Air Force.

Career overview

Lilly was a physician and psychoanalyst. He made contributions in the elds of biophysics, neurophysiology,
electronics, computer science, and neuroanatomy. He
invented and promoted the use of an isolation tank as
a means of sensory deprivation.[4] He also attempted
communication between humans and dolphins.[5] His
work helped the creation of the United States Marine
Mammal Protection Act of 1972.
Lillys eclectic career began as a conventional scientist
doing research for universities and government. Gradually, however, he began researching unconventional topics. He published several books and had two Hollywood

During World War II, Lilly researched the physiology

of high-altitude ying and invented instruments for measuring gas pressure. After the war, he trained in psychoanalysis at the University of Pennsylvania, where he
began researching the physical structures of the brain
and consciousness. In 1951 he published a paper showing how he could display patterns of brain electrical activity on a cathode ray display screen using electrodes
he devised specially for insertion into a living brain.
Furthermore, Lillys work[7] on electrical stimulation of
the nervous system gave rise to biphasic charge balanced electrical stimulation pulses (later known as Lillys
wave or Lillys pulses[8] ), which is currently an established approach to design of safe electrical stimulation in
neuroprosthetics.[9]

2.4

Exploration of human consciousness

2.4 Exploration of human consciousness

Allen Ginsberg, Timothy Leary, and John C. Lilly in 1991

2.2

In the early 1960s, Lilly was introduced to psychedelic

drugs such as LSD and (later) ketamine[18] and began a
series of experiments in which he ingested a psychedelic
drug either in an isolation tank or in the company of dolphins. These events are described in his books Programming and Metaprogramming in the Human Biocomputer:
Theory and Experiments and The Center of the Cyclone,
both published in 1972. Following advice from Ram
Dass, Lilly studied Patanjali's system of yoga (nding I.
K. Taimni's Science of Yoga, a modernized interpretation
of the Sanskrit text, most suited to his goals). He also paid
special attention to Self-enquiry meditation advocated by
Ramana Maharshi, and was reformulating the principles
of this exercise with reference to his human biocomputer
paradigm (described in Programming and Metaprogramming in the Human Biocomputer: Theory and Experiments
and The Center of the Cyclone).

Development of the sensory depriva- Lilly later traveled to Chile and trained with the spiritual
tion tank
leader Oscar Ichazo (whose attitude to metaphysical con-

sciousness exploration Lilly characterized as empirical

In 1953, Lilly began a job studying neurophysiology with in his book The Center of the Cyclone). Lilly claimed
the US Public Health Service Commissioned Ocers to have achieved the maximum degree of satori-samdhi
Corps. At the N.I.M.H. in 1954,[10][11][12][13] with the consciousness during his training.
desire of isolating a brain from external stimulation, he Lillys maxim: In the province of the mind what one bedevised the rst isolation tank, a dark soundproof tank of lieves to be true, either is true or becomes true within
warm salt water in which subjects could oat for long pe- certain limits. These limits are to be found experimenriods in sensory isolation. Lilly and a research colleague tally and experientially. When so found these limits
were the rst to act as subjects of this research. What turn out to be further beliefs to be transcended. In the
had been known as perceptual isolation or sensory depri- province of the mind there are no limits. However, in the
vation was reconceptualized as Restricted Environmental province of the body there are denite limits not to be
Stimulation Technique (R.E.S.T.).[14]
transcended.[19]
Lilly later studied other large-brained mammals and during the late 1950s he established a facility devoted to fostering human-dolphin communication: the Communica- 2.5 Solid State Intelligence
tion Research Institute on St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands. During the early 1960s, Lilly and coworkers pub- Solid State Intelligence (S.S.I.) is a malevolent entity delished several papers reporting that dolphins could mimic scribed by Lilly (see The Scientist). According to Lilly,
human speech patterns.[15][16] Subsequent investigations the network of computation-capable solid state systems
of dolphin cognition have generally, however, found it (electronics) engineered by humans will eventually develop (or has already developed) into an autonomous biodicult to replicate his results.
form. Since the optimal survival conditions for this bioform (low-temperature vacuum) are drastically dierent
from those needed by humans (room temperature aerial
atmosphere and adequate water supply), Lilly predicted
(or prophesised, based on his ketamine-induced vi2.3 S.E.T.I.
sions) a dramatic conict between the two forms of intelligence.
Lilly was interested in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (S.E.T.I.) project. In 1961 a group of scientists
including Lilly gathered at the Green Bank Observatory 2.6 Earth Coincidence Control Oce
to discuss the possibility of using the techniques of radio
(E.C.C.O.)
astronomy to detect evidence of intelligent life outside
the Solar system. They called themselves The Order of In 1974, Lillys research using various psychoactive drugs
the Dolphin after Lillys work with dolphins. They dis- led him to believe in the existence of a certain hierarchicussed the Drake equation, used to estimate the number cal group of cosmic entities, the lowest of which he later
of communicative civilizations in our galaxy.[17]
dubbed Earth Coincidence Control Oce (E.C.C.O.) in

5 BIBLIOGRAPHY

an autobiography published jointly with his wife Antonietta (often referred to as Toni). To elaborate, There exists a Cosmic Coincidence Control Center (CCCC) with a
Galactic substation called Galactic Coincidence Control
(GCC). Within GCC is the Solar System Control Unit
(SSCU), within which is the Earth Coincidence Control
Oce (ECCO).[20] This conclusion had been predicted
in his past works having stated that, For the rst time I
began to consider that God really existed in me and that
there is a guiding intelligence in the universe.[21]

4 In popular culture

Lillys work, with dolphins and the development of the

sensory deprivation tank, has been referenced in movies,
music and television productions. Dolphin Island: A
Story of the People of the Sea is a 1963 novel by Arthur
C. Clarke set in a strange and fascinating research community where a brilliant professor tries to communicate
with dolphins. In the 1972 novel The Listeners, Lilly and
the other scientists who were members of the Order of
He also states that there exist nine conditions which the Dolphin are mentioned as pioneers by the book the
should be followed by humans who seek to experience Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.[25] In the 1973
movie The Day of the Dolphin, George C. Scott portrayed
coincidence in their own lives.
a Lilly-esque scientist, known to the dolphins as Pa,
1. You must know/assume/simulate our existence in who succeeded in teaching a dolphin to speak elementary
English.[26]
E.C.C.O.
2. You must be willing to accept our responsibility for The 1980 movie Altered States, based on Paddy Chayefsky's novel of the same name, features actor William Hurt
control of your coincidences.
regressing to a simian form by the combination of ingest3. You must exert your best capabilities for your sur- ing psychoactive substances and then experiencing the efvival programs and your own development as an ad- fects of prolonged occupation of a sensory deprivation
vancing/advanced member of E.C.C.O.'s earthside chamber.[27][28][29]
corps of controlled coincidence workers. You are
In the 1992 Sega video game Ecco the Dolphin, the player
expected to use your best intelligence in this service.
guides an intelligent dolphin through increasingly surreal
4. You are expected to expect the unexpected every psychedelic challenges.
minute, every hour of every day and of every night. Layer 09 of the 1998 Japanese animation series Serial Experiments Lain makes reference to E.C.C.O. and Lillys
work with dolphins. The episode deals with the development of Protocol 7, a modication of The Wired, which
is expected to network all humans without the need of a
device. The result will be that Earths consciousness will
awaken as people become linked nodes in The Wired network. This is compared to Lillys view that dolphin com6. You are in our training program for life: there is no munication is a form of long-distance networking.[30]
escape from it. We (not you) control the long-term
coincidences; you (not we) control the shorter-term Oysterhead's only album, The Grand Pecking Order released October 2, 2001, includes the song Oz is Ever
coincidences by your own eorts.
Floating which includes numerous references to Dr.
7. Your major mission on earth is to discover/create John C. Lilly.
that which we do to control the long-term coincidence patterns: you are being trained on Earth to do
this job.
5. You must be able to maintain conscious/thinking/reasoning no matter what events we
arrange to happen to you. Some of these events
will seem cataclysmic/catastrophic/overwhelming:
remember stay aware, no matter what happens/apparently happens to you.

5 Bibliography

8. When your mission on planet Earth is completed,

you will no longer be required to remain/return
there.
9. Remember the motto passed to us (from G.C.C. via
S.S.C.U.): Cosmic Love is absolutely Ruthless and
Highly Indierent: it teaches its lessons whether you
like/dislike them or not. [22]

Death

Lilly died at the age of 86 years in Los Angeles on

September 30, 2001, due to heart failure. His remains
were cremated.[23][24]

Man and Dolphin: Adventures of a New Scientic

Frontier (1st ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
1961.
Man and Dolphin: Adventures of a New Scientic Frontier (paperback ed.). Gollancz. 1962.
ISBN 0-575-01054-1.
The Mind of the Dolphin: A Nonhuman Intelligence
(1st ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 1967.
ISBN 0-385-02543-2.
The Mind of the Dolphin: A Nonhuman Intelligence (paperback ed.). Avon. 1969.

5
Programming and Metaprogramming in the Human
Biocomputer: Theory and Experiments (1st ed.).
Communication Research Institute. 1968.
Programming and Metaprogramming in the
Human Biocomputer: Theory and Experiments
(reprint ed.). Three Rivers Press/Julian Press.
1987. ISBN 0-517-52757-X.
The Center of the Cyclone: An Autobiography of Inner Space (1st ed.). Julian Press. 1972.

6 See also
Hallucination
Hallucinations in the sane
Schizotypy

7 Notes

The Center of the Cyclone: An Autobiography of Inner Space (paperback ed.). Bantam
Books. 1973. ISBN 0-553-13349-7.

[1] Lilly, John C. (1956). Mental Eects of Reduction of

Ordinary Levels of Physical Stimuli on Intact, Healthy
Persons. Psychiatric Research Reports. 5. pp. 19.

The Center of the Cyclone: An Autobiography

of Inner Space (reprint ed.). Marion Boyars
Publishers. 2001. ISBN 1-84230-004-0.

[2] Jerey, Francis; Lilly, John C. M.D. (April 19, 2014).

John Lilly, so far... (First ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Jeremy
P. Tarcher, Inc. p. 278. ISBN 0874775396.:17

Lilly on Dolphins: Humans of the Sea. Anchor Press.

1975. ISBN 0-385-01037-0.

[3] http://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/2256/1/
1938.pdf

The Deep Self: Profound Relaxation and the Tank

Isolation Technique (1st ed.). Simon and Schuster.
1977. ISBN 0-671-22552-9.

[4] Lilly, John C. (1977). The Deep Self: The Tank Method
of Physical Isolation. New York: Simon and Schuster.

The Deep Self: Profound Relaxation and

the Tank Isolation Technique (paperback ed.).
Warner Books. 1981. ISBN 0-446-33023-X.
The Deep Self: Profound Relaxation and the
Tank Isolation Technique (reprint ed.). Gateways Books & Tapes. 2006. ISBN 0-89556116-6.
Simulations of God: The Science of Belief. Simon
and Schuster. 1975. ISBN 0-671-21981-2.
The Dyadic Cyclone: The Autobiography of a Couple. with Antonietta Lilly (1st ed.). Simon and
Schuster. 1976. ISBN 0-671-22218-X.
The Dyadic Cyclone: The Autobiography of a
Couple (paperback ed.). Paladin. 1978. ISBN
0-586-08276-X.
The Scientist: A Novel Autobiography (1st ed.). Lippincott. 1978. ISBN 0-397-01274-8.
The Scientist: A Novel Autobiography (paperback ed.). Bantam Books. 1981. ISBN 0553-12813-2.
Communication between Man and Dolphin: The
Possibilities of Talking with Other Species. Julian
Press. 1978. ISBN 0-517-56564-1.
Tanks for the Memories: Floatation Tank Talks. with
E. J. Gold (2nd ed.). Gateways Books & Tapes.
1996. ISBN 0-89556-071-2.
John Lilly, so far.... with Francis Jerey. (1st ed.)
Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-87477-5396.

[5] 4 Bizarre Experiments That Should Never Be Repeated :

Mental_Floss
[6] John C. Lilly Dies at 86. Written as a message to visitors
on John Lillys personal website (www.johnclilly.com),
and quoted in the New York Times Obituary by Andrew
C. Revkin October 7, 2001. Retrieved October 2007.
[7] LILLY, JC; AUSTIN, GM; CHAMBERS, WW (July
1952). Threshold movements produced by excitation of
cerebral cortex and eerent bers with some parametric regions of rectangular current pulses (cats and monkeys).. Journal of Neurophysiology 15 (4): 31941.
PMID 14955703.
[8] Donaldson, ND; Donaldson, PE (January 1986). When
are actively balanced biphasic ('Lilly') stimulating pulses
necessary in a neurological prosthesis? I. Historical
background; Pt resting potential; Q studies.. Medical & biological engineering & computing 24 (1): 419.
doi:10.1007/bf02441604. PMID 3959609.
[9] Lilly, J. C.; Hughes, J. R.; Alvord, E. C.; Galkin, T. W.
(April 1, 1955). Brief, Noninjurious Electric Waveform
for Stimulation of the Brain. Science 121 (3144): 468
469. doi:10.1126/science.121.3144.468.
[10] Black, David (December 10, 1979). Lie down in darkness. New York Magazine 12 (48): 60. ISSN 0028-7369.
[11] Gelb (2007), p. 140
[12] Lilly, John Cunningham (1978). The Scientist: A Novel
Autobiography (1 ed.). Lippincott; 1st edition.
[13] Streatfeild, Dominic (2008). Brainwash: The Secret History of Mind Control (reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 116.
ISBN 0-312-42792-1.
[14] Baruss, Imants (2003). Alterations of Consciousness.
Washington: American Psychological Association. p. 45.

10

[15] Lilly, J. C. (1962). Vocal Behavior of the Bottlenose

Dolphin. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society.
[16] Lilly, J. C.; Miller, A. M. (1961). Vocal Exchanges between Dolphins. Science.
[17] The Drake Equation Revisited: Part I:".
[18] /the-ketamine-secrets-of-segas-ecco-the-dolphin

EXTERNAL LINKS

9 Further reading
Brown, David Jay (2010). From here to Alternity and Beyond: [Interview] with John C. Lilly.
In Brown, David Jay; McClen Novick, Rebecca.
Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations with Terence McKenna, Allen Ginsberg, Timothy Leary, John
Lilly, Carolyn Mary Kleefeld, Laura Huxley, Robert
Anton Wilson, and Others (2nd ed.). MAPS. pp.
254273. ISBN 978-0-9798622-5-0.

[19] John C Lilly The Human Biocomputer (1974)

[20] John C. Lilly The Dyadic Cyclone: The autobiography of a
couple. with Antonietta Lilly (1st ed.). Simon and Schuster.
(1976) p20
[21] John C. Lilly The Center of the Cyclone: An Autobiography
of Inner Space (1st ed.). Julian Press. (1972) p91
[22] John C. Lilly The Dyadic Cyclone: The autobiography of a
couple. with Antonietta Lilly (1st ed.). Simon and Schuster.
(1976) p20-21
[23] John C. Lilly NNDB
[24] Erowid John Lilly Vault : Obituary Erowid
[25] Gunn, James E. (1972). The Listeners.
Charles Scribners Sons p. 58.

New York:

[26] Canby, Vincent (December 20, 1973). "The Day of the

Dolphin (1973) Film: Underwater Talkie: Scott Stars in
Nicholss 'Day of the Dolphin' The Cast. The New York
Times. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
[27] Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1980). Altered States.
Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
[28] Hooper, Judith (January 1983). John Lilly: Altered
States. Omni Magazine.
[29] Williams, David E. (March 2008).
Head Trip.
American Cinematographer. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
[30] tv.com Protocol Layer 9. Retrieved February 22,
2014.

References
Gelb, Michael; Sarah Miller Caldicott (2007). Innovate Like Edison. New York: Dutton. p. 320. ISBN
0-525-95031-1.
Houghton, Gerard A. (October 5, 2001). John
Lilly, Inventor of the Flotation Tank and Friend to
Whales and Dolphins. The Guardian. Retrieved
March 15, 2010.
Lilly, M.D., John Cunningham (1967). The Mind of
the Dolphin. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. p. 310.

10 External links
Ocial website
Ocial obituary copy at the Wayback Machine
(archived October 9, 2004)

11
11.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

John C. Lilly Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Lilly?oldid=719681470 Contributors: MadSurgeon, Rsabbatini, Gabbe,

168..., Docu, Youthinayzhuh, Marco Krohn, Raven in Orbit, Lumos3, Twang, Robbot, Seglea, UtherSRG, JackofOz, Quadalpha, Ferdinand
Pienaar, D6, Bender235, Liberatus, Marcok, Viriditas, Carbon Caryatid, Noahveil, Andrew Gray, Lightdarkness, Theodore Kloba, Bbsrock,
Xenon chile, Killing Vector, Male1979, Marudubshinki, Kane5187, Rjwilmsi, Heah, Afterwriting, Bratch, Ewlyahoocom, Roboto de Ajvol,
RussBot, A314268, Dialectric, Irishguy, Santaduck, Tony1, Scope creep, MCB, Thnidu, Veinor, SmackBot, Pavlovi, Erhardt, Nemodomi,
Zachorious, Rbean, Bongoherbert, EQ, Terrasidius, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Thebt, Titus III, Zagelectrique, Meco, Iridescent, Kencf0618,
Ewulp, JumpingInSlowMotion, Vanisaac, Geezerbill, Faustus83, Cydebot, Synergy, Karuna8, Chris goulet, Turkeyphant, Philip H. Bailey, Magioladitis, Waacstats, Cgingold, BatteryIncluded, $yD!, Gwern, B9 hummingbird hovering, Sniderman42, Antony-22, Hennessey,
Patrick, Davedim, GroveGuy, Oortcloudy, Atemnull, Malcolmxl5, Lzahirsha, Maelgwnbot, Thatotherdude, Binksternet, C. L. Marquette,
Ottawahitech, Crywalt, InMemoriamLuangPu, Little Mountain 5, Augustus Chip, Kbdankbot, Addbot, C6541, Gangreousthumb, Download, Lightbot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, AnomieBOT, StephenPCook, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Obersachsebot, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, FrescoBot, Tomthm, Citation bot 1, Skyerise, Full-date unlinking bot, Orenburg1, SeoMac, Arided, RjwilmsiBot, Smappy, Snazzyny, The
Golden Circle, ClueBot NG, Rajacoby, Barkerydots, Lightfairy9, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Surf71959, Saund, Stephen Balaban, BattyBot, Tutelary, Charlene-attard, Rubberneck Lion, Epicgenius, Mauterongo, Fixuture, Ethically Yours, Ejester, Sarnom89, Qf19861013,
Gill$ans, FloatOnMarshall, Redruedlemurs, Alexis0112, Devereux1978, KasparBot, Voloum, Filoeleven, AlbertHoman369 and Anonymous: 148

11.2

Images

File:Ginsberg-leary-lilly.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Ginsberg-leary-lilly.jpg License: CC BYSA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Philip H. Bailey (E-mail)
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

11.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0