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Kom Unit III
Kom Unit III
2. Radial cam
3. Spiral Cams
Unit III
Cam:
A cam is a mechanical member used to impart desired motion to a follower by
direct contact.
The cam may be rotating or reciprocating whereas the follow may be rotating,
reciprocating or oscillating.
Complicated output motions (which are difficult to achieve) can be easily
produced with the help of cam.
Cams are widely used in automatic machines, internal combustion engine
machine tools, printing control mechanisms, and so on. They are manufactured
usually by die-casting, milling or by punch-presses.
A cam and the follower combination belong to the category of higher pair.
Necessary elements of a cam mechanism are:
A driver member known as the cam
A driven member called the follower
A frame which supports the cam and guides the follower.
4. Cylindrical cam
5.Conjugate cam
Types of Cam:
Cams are classified according to:
I. Shape
II. Follower movement, and
III. Manner of constraint of the follower.
I. According to Shape:
1. Wedge and Flat Cams
2. Radial or Disc Cams
3. Spiral Cams
4. Cylindrical Cams
5. Conjugate Cams
6. Globoidal Cams
7. Spherical Cams
6. Globoidal cam
7.Spherical cam
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KOM
2. D-R-R-D
1. Knife-edge follower
According to Movement
1. Reciprocating Follower
2. Oscillating Follower
1. Reeciprocating follower
2.Oscillating follower
3.Gravity cam
III.
Types of Followers:
Cam followers are classified according to:
I. Shape
II. Movement, and
III. Location of line of movement
I.
According to Shape
1. Knife-edge Follower
2. Roller Follower
3. Mushroom Follower
3.Mush-room follower
(a) Flat-faced
(b) Spherical-faced
3. D-R-D-R-D
II.
III. According to Manner of Constraint of the Follower:
1. Pre-loaded Spring Cam
2. Positive-drive cam
3. Gravity cam
1. Pre-loaded spring cam
2.Positive-drive cam
2.Roller follower
2.Offset Follower
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KOM
Prime circle: The smallest circle drawn tangent to the pitch curve is known as the
prime circle.
FOLLOWER DISPLACEMENT PROGRAMMING
Angle of Ascent (or) Angle of Rise (or) Angle of outstroke (O):
It is the angle through which the cam turns during the time the follower rises.
Angle of Dwell (D):
Angle of dwell is the angle through which the cam turns while the follower
remains stationary at the highest or the lowest position.
Angle of Descent (or) Angle of Return (R):
It is the angle through which the cam turns during the time the follower returns
to the initial position.
Angle of Action:
Angle of action is the total angle moved by the cam during the time, between
the beginning of rise and the end of the return of the follower.
Base Circle: It is the smallest circle tangent to the cam profile (contour) drawn from
the centre of rotation of a radial cam.
Trace point: It is a reference point on the follower to trace the cam profile such as
the knife-edge of a knife-edged follower and centre of the roller of a roller follower.
Pitch curve: It is the curve drawn by the trace point assuming that the cam is fixed,
and the trace point of the follower rotates around the cam.
Pressure Angle: The pressure angle is angle between the normal to the pitch curve at
a point and the direction of the follower motion.
It represents the steepness of the cam profile. It varies in magnitude at all instants
of the follower motion.
A high value of the maximum pressure angle is not desired as it might jam the
follower in the bearings.
Pitch point: It is the point on the pitch curve at which the pressure angle is
maximum.
Pitch circle: It is the circle passing through the pitch point and concentric with the
base circle.
(iii) The size of the base circle controls the pressure angle. As shown in Figure
above the increase in the base circle diameter increases the length of the arc of the
circle upon which the wedge (the raised portion) is to be made. A short wedge for a
given rise requires a steep rise or a higher pressure angle, thus, increasing the lateral
force.
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FOLLOWER MOTIONS:
The follower, during its travel, may have one of the following motions.
1. Uniform velocity
2. Simple harmonic motion
3. Uniform acceleration and retardation,
4. Cycloidal motion.
1. Uniform velocity:
The displacement, velocity and acceleration diagrams when a knife-edged
follower moves with uniform velocity are shown in Fig. (a), (b) and (c) respectively.
The abscissa (base) represents the time (i.e. the number of seconds required for
the cam to complete one revolution) or it may represent the angular displacement of
the cam in degrees.
The ordinate represents the displacement, or velocity or acceleration of the
follower.
Fig (a) shows the pitch curve of a cam. In Fig (b), a roller follower is shown
generating this curve. In Fig.(c), a larger roller is shown trying to generate this curve.
It can easily be observed that the cam curve loops over itself in order to realize the
profile of the pitch curve. As it is impossible to produce such a cam profile, the result
is that the cam will be undercut become a pointed cam. Now, when the roller
follower will be made to over this cam, it will not be producing the desired motion.
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KOM
vp
S 1
2 t0
2 0
vo v p
S 1
2 t0
2 0
ap
OP
2 0
S
2
2
S
2 0
2
aO a p
2 2 S
2
2 0
vR
2 R
aR
2 2 S
2
2 R
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KOM
v0
2 S 2S
to
O
vR
2S 2S
tR
R
From acceleration diagram as shown in Figure (c), that during first half of the
outstroke there is uniform acceleration and during the second half of the out stroke
there is uniform retardation. Thus, the maximum velocity of the follower is reached
after the time tO / 2 (during outstroke) and tR /2 (during return stroke).
Maximum acceleration of the follower during outstroke,
vo
2 2S 4 2 S
a0
to / 2
t O O
O 2
Similarly, maximum acceleration of the follower during return stroke,
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KOM
4 2 S
R 2
4. Cycloidal motion.
2. Divide the circle into any number of equal even parts (say six). Project these
points horizontally on the vertical centre line of the circle. These points are shown by
a and b in Fig. (a).
3. Divide the angular displacement of the cam during outstroke into the same number
of equal even parts as the circle is divided. Draw vertical lines through these points.
4. Join AB which intersects the vertical line through 3 at c. From a draw a line
parallel to AB intersecting the vertical lines through 1 and 2 at a and b respectively.
5. Similarly, from b draw a line parallel to AB intersecting the vertical lines through
4 and 5 at d and e respectively.
6. Join the points A a b c d e B by a smooth curve. This is the required cycloidal
curve for the follower during outstroke.
= Angle through which the cam rotates in time t seconds, and
= Angular velocity of the cam.
2
1
sin
O
O 2
x S
-------------(i)
1 d
2 d
dx
2
cos
----------------(ii)
dt
O dt 2 O
O dt
The velocity is maximum, when
2
O
cos
The displacement, velocity and acceleration diagrams when the follower
moves with cycloidal motion are shown in Fig. (a), (b) and (c) respectively. We
know that cycloid is a curve traced by a point on a circle when the circle rolls
without slipping on a straight line. In case of cams, this straight line is a stroke of the
follower which is translating and the circumference of the rolling circle is equal to
the stroke (S) of the follower. Therefore the radius of the rolling circle is S / 2. The
displacement diagram is drawn as discussed below:
1. Draw a circle of radius S / 2 with A as centre.
2
1 (or)
(or) O / 2
vO
S
2S
(1 1)
O
O
vR
2S
R
d 2 x S
dt 2 O
2
2 d
sin
O dt
O
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KOM
2 2 S
2
O
sin
---------------(iii)
2
O
sin
1 (or)
(or) O / 4
2
aO
2 2 S
O 2
aR
2 2 S
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KOM
(a) The axis of the follower passes through the axis of the cam shaft
(b) The axis of the follower is offset by 20 mm from the axis of the cam shaft.
2. A cam is to be designed for a knife edge follower with the following data:
1. Cam lift = 40 mm during 90 of cam rotation with simple harmonic
motion.
2. Dwell for the next 30
3. During next 60 of cam rotation, the follower returns to its original
position with simple harmonic motion.
4. Dwell during the remaining 180.
Draw the profile of the cam when
(a) The line of stroke of the follower passes through the axis of the cam shaft,
and
(b) The line of stroke is offset 20 mm from the axis of the cam shaft.
The radius of the base circle of the cam is 40 mm. Determine the maximum
velocity and acceleration of the follower during its ascent and descent, if the
cam rotates at 240 rpm.
Given:
Cam lift S = 40 mm = 0.04 m;
Angle of accent O = 90 = /2 rad = 1.571 rad ;
Dwell angle D1 = 300 = /6 rad = 0.524 rad;
Angle of decent R = 60 = /3 rad = 1.047 rad ;
Dwell angle D2 = 1800 = rad = 3.14 rad;
Speed N = 240 r.p.m;
Solution:
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(a) The line of stroke of the follower passes through the axis of the cam shaft:
2N
2 240
25.14 rad/s
60
60
We also know that the maximum velocity of the follower during its ascent,
VO
S
25.14 0.04
2 0
2 1.571
1 m/s
VR
S
25.14 0.04
1 .51 m/s
2 R
2 1.047
aO
(b) The line of stroke is offset 20 mm from the axis of the cam shaft.
2 2 S 2 25.14 2 0.04
50.6 m/s 2
2
2
2 0
2 1.571
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KOM
2 2 S 2 25.14 2 0.04
113 .8 m/s 2
2
2
2 R
21.047
Velocity diagram:
Acceleration diagram:
Cam profile:
(a) The line of stroke of the valve rod passes through the axis of the cam shaft
Solution:
Displacement diagram:
The line of the stroke is offset 15 mm from the axis of the cam shaft.
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KOM
2N
2 100
10.47 rad/s
60
60
Solution:
Displacement diagram:
We also know that maximum velocity of the valve rod to raise valve,
VO
S
10.47 0.05
0.39 m/s
2 0
2 2. 1
VR
S
10.47 0.05
0.785 m/s
2 R
2 1.047
The velocity diagram for one complete revolution of the cam is shown in Figure
We know that the maximum acceleration of the valve rod to raise the valve,
aO
2 2 S
2 10.47 2 0.05
6.13 m/s 2
2
2
2 0
2 2.1
Cam profile:
aR
2 2 S
2 10.47 2 0.05
24.67 m/s 2
2
2
2 R
21.047
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Velocity diagram:
Acceleration diagram:
Given:
S = 40 mm = 0.04 m;
o =100 = 100 /180 = 1.745 rad;
R = 90 =/2 = 1.571 rad;
N = 900 rpm.
Solution:
(i)Cam profile with line of stroke of the follower passes through the centre of the
cam shaft:
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Maximum velocity of the follower during out stroke and return stroke
We know that angular velocity of the cam shaft,
2N
2 900
94.26 rad/s
60
60
We also know that the maximum velocity of the follower during out stroke,
VO
2S
2 94.26 0.04
4.32 m/s
2 1.745
VR
(ii) Profile of the cam when the line of stroke of the follower is offset by 15 mm
2S
2 94.26 0.04
4.8 m/s
1.571
Maximum acceleration of the follower during out stroke and return stroke
We know that the maximum acceleration of the follower during out stroke,
aO
4 2 S
0 2
4 94.26 0.04
2
1.745 2
467 m/s 2
aR
4 2 S
R 2
4 94.26 0.04
2
1.571 2
576 m/s 2
6. Design a cam for operating the exhaust valve of an oil engine. It is required to
give equal uniform acceleration and retardation during opening and closing of
the valve each of which corresponds to 60 of cam rotation. The valve must
remain in the fully open position for 20 of cam rotation.
The lift of the valve is 37.5 mm and the least radius of the cam is 40 mm. The
follower is provided with a roller of radius 20 mm and its line of stroke passes
through the axis of the cam.
Given data:
Angle of ascent (valve open) = 600
Angle of dwell (maintain the valve open) = 200
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7. Draw the profile of the cam when the roller follower moves with cycloidal
motion during out stroke and return stroke, as given below:
1. Outstroke with maximum displacement of 31.4 mm during 180 of
cam rotation,
2. Return stroke for the next 150 of cam rotation,
3. Dwell for the remaining 30 of cam rotation.
The minimum radius of the cam is 15 mm and the roller diameter of the
follower is 10 mm. The axis of the roller follower is offset by 10 mm towards
right from the axis of cam shaft.
Given data:
Angle of ascent (angle for outstroke) = 1800
Angle of decent (angle for return stroke) = 1500
Angle of dwell = 300
Minimum radius of cam (Base circle radius) = 15mm
Roller diameter = 10mm
Offset (Right side of the cam shaft) = 10mm
Displacement diagram:
Radius of generating circle =
stroke
31.4
= 5mm
2
2
Cam profile:
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9. Draw the profile of a cam operating a roller reciprocating follower and with
the following data:
Minimum radius of cam = 25mm
Lift = 30mm;
Roller diameter = 15mm;
The cam lifts the follower for 1200 with SHM followed by a dwell period of 300
Then the follower lowers down during 150 0 of the cam rotation with uniform
acceleration and deceleration followed by a dwell period. If the cam rotates at a
uniform speed of 150 rpm, calculate the maximum velocity and acceleration of
the follower during the descent period.
Solution:
Displacement diagram:
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Cam profile:
Maximum velocity of the follower during out stroke and return stroke
We know that angular velocity of the cam shaft,
2N
2 150
15.71rad/s
60
60
We also know that the maximum velocity of the follower during return stroke,
VR
2S
2 15.71 0.03
0.348m/s
2.617
aR
4 2 S
4 15.71 0.03
2
2.617
4.32 m/s 2
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Part-B
1. (i)Sketch a plate cam mechanism with roller follower and mark. (8)
(1) Pitch curve
(2) Cam profile
(3) Base circle
(4) Prime circle
(5) Rise
(6) Return
(7) Dwell.
(ii) Derive equation of motion and its derivatives for a tangent cam with roller
follower on straight surface. (8) (Nov/Dec 2014, R2004/2007)
Part-A
1. What are the major types of cams? (May/June 2013, R2008/2010)
2. State the advantages of cam mechanisms-over linkage mechanisms.
(May/June 2013, R2004/2007)
3. Define Angle of dwell (May/June 2013, R2008/2010)
4. Define undercutting in a cam mechanism. (May/June 2013, R2004/2007)
5. Under what conditions, does a cam get undercut? (Nov/Dec 2013, R2004/2007)
6. Define pressure angle. (Nov/Dec 2013, R2008/2010)
[Define the term 'Pressure Angle' of a cam mechanism. (Nov/Dec2014, R2004/07)]
7.Why large pressure angle is not preferred for cam curves?(May/June2012, R2008)
8. What are the different motions of the follower? (May/June 2014, R2008/2010)
9. How the maximum velocity of the follower of a cam mechanism is found out
during the lift which takes place with Simple Harmonic Motion? (Nov/Dec 2014,
R2004/2007)
10. State the expressions for maximum acceleration of a followers moving with
cycloidal motion. (Nov/Dec 2012, R2008)
11. List the advantages and limitations of a mushroom follower. (Nov/Dec 2013,
R2004/2007)
12. Why sometimes the axes of the translating roller followers in cam follower
mechanisms are offset from the axis of rotation of the cam? (Nov/Dec 2012, R2008)
13. Write the procedure to draw the cam profile. (Nov/Dec 2013, R2008/2010)
14. Define tangent cam (May/June 2014, R2008/2010)
2. A cam is to be designed for a knife edge follower with the following data:
(i)Cam lift = 40 mm during 90 of cam rotation with simple harmonic motion.
(ii)Dwell for the next 30.
(iii)During the next 60 of cam rotation, the follower returns to its original
position with simple harmonic motion.
(iv)Dwell during the remaining 180.
Draw the profile of the cam when the line of stroke is offset 20 mm from the axis of
the cam shaft. The radius of the base circle of the cam is 40 mm.
(May/June 2014, R2008/2010)
3. A cam with a minimum radius of 25 mm is to be designed for a knife-edge
follower with the following data:
To raise the follower through 35 mm during 60 rotation of the cam
Dwell for next 40 of the cam rotation
Descending of the follower during the next 90 of the cam rotation
Dwell during the rest of the cam rotation
Draw the profile of the cam if the ascending and descending of the cam is with
simple harmonic motion and the line of stroke of the follower is offset 10 mm from
the axis of the cam shaft. Determine the maximum velocity and acceleration of the
follower during the ascent and descent if the cam rotates at 150 rpm. (Nov/Dec 2013,
R2004/2007)
4. A cam is to be designed for a knife edge follower with the following data:
(i) Cam lift = 40 mm during 90 of cam rotation with simple harmonic motion.
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8. Draw the profile of a cam in which the follower moves with simple harmonic
motion during rise while it moves with uniform acceleration and retardation motion
during return, from the following data:
Least radius of cam = 50mm
Angle of rise = 88
Angle of return = 80
Offset of the follower = 20mm right
Lift of the follower = 40mm
Angle of dwell between rise = 72
If the cam rotates at 360 rpm clockwise find the maximum velocity during return.
(May/June 2013, R2004/2007)
6. Draw the profile of cam when the follower moves the cycloidal motion for both
out stroke and return stroke as detailed below.
(i) Outstroke with maximum displacement of 48 mm during 1800 of cam rotation.
(ii) Return stroke for the next 1000 of cam rotation.
(iii) Dwell for the remaining period.
The minimum radius of the cam is 30 mm and diameter of roller is 15 mm. The axis
of the follower passes through the axis of the cam shaft.
(Nov/Dec 2014, R2004/2007)
10. A circular cam operating a flat faced follower has a least diameter of 40mm. The
lift is 12mm and angle of action is 160 0. The Speed of rotation is 500 rpm. If the
period of acceleration of the follower is 60%of the retardation during the lift,
determine the following:
(i)The principal dimensions of the cam
(ii)The acceleration at the main points.
Also determine the maximum acceleration and deceleration during the lift.
(May/June 2013, R2008/2010)
7. A cam operates on offset roller follower. The least radius of the cam is 50mm,
roller diameter is 30 mm, and offset is 20 mm, the cam rotates at 360rpm. The angle
of ascent is 48, angle of dwell is 42, and angle of descent is 60. The motion is to
be SHM during ascent and uniform acceleration and deceleration during decent.
Draw the cam profile. (16)
(Nov/Dec 2013, R2008/2010)
11. A tangent cam with a base circle diameter of 50mm operates a roller follower 20
mm in diameter. The line of stroke of the roller follower passes through the axis of
the cam. The angle between the tangential faces of the cam is 60, speed of the cam
shaft 200 rpm and the lift of the follower 15mm. Calculate:
(i) The main dimensions of the cam (6)
(ii) The accelerations of the follower at (10)
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16. In a cam translating follower, the follower axis is offset to the right of cam hinge
by 12mm.The roller radius is 10mm and the cam rotates in the counter clock-wise
direction. Layout the rise portion of the cam profile to meet the follower
specifications: Rise takes place during 180 0 of the cam rotation of which for the first
900 the rise is with constant acceleration and rest is with constant retardation. Take
seven station points only. The lift of the cam is 30mm and the least radius of the cam
is 25 mm.
(May/June 2014, R2008/2010)
(ii) List the various methods to be used to reduce the pressure angle: (4)
(Nov/Dec 2013, R2008/2010)
13. A symmetrical circular cam operating a flat-faced follower has the following
particulars:
Minimum radius of cam =50 mm; Total lift =30 mm; Angle of lift =80;
Nose radius =12 mm; Speed= 210 rpm; Find
(i) The principal dimensions of the cam. (8)
(ii) The acceleration of the follower at the beginning of the lift, at the end of contact
with the circular flank, at the beginning of contact with nose and at the apex of the
nose. (8) (Nov/Dec 2013, R2004/2007)
14. The following particulars relate to a symmetrical circular cam operating a flat
faced follower: Least radius=25mm, Nose radius=8mm, Lift of the valve=10mm,
Angle of action of the cam=1200, cam shaft speed=1000rpm.
(i)Find the flank radius
(ii)Determine the maximum values of velocity, acceleration and retardation of the
follower
(iii)Draw the profile of the cam
(May/June 2012, R2008)
15. In a symmetrical tangent cam operating a roller follower, the least radius of the
cam is 30mm and roller radius is 17.5mm. The angle of ascent is 75 0 and the total lift
is 17.5mm. The speed of the cam shaft is 600rpm. Assume that there is no dwell
between ascent and descent.
(i) Calculate the principle dimension of the cam
(ii)Find the acceleration of the follower at the beginning of the lift
(iii)Draw the profile of the cam
(Nov/Dec 2012, R2008)
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