GIS AND RST Project

Introduction and Literature

review
Aim of the project:

To carry out various operations on the Toposheet

mosaic image and insert various information so that the final project is well
equipped with all the necessary data like elevation, contours, GIS Layering,
etc.

Objectives of the project:

1. Georeferencing the mosaic image so that its geographic co-ordinates
and UTM data are obtained by Manually Adding the Lat/Long Values.
2. Inserting elevation data, to the Toposheet Mosaic, from SRTM image
which is downloaded from the website glcf.umd.edu/data.(more
information about SRTM included further in project report)
3. Including the LANDSAT image of the area so that the actual imagery of
the area can be observed and the features can be compared with those
on the toposheet. The LANDSAT image is obtained after merging the
images of various sensors on board of LANDSAT satellite. (More
information about LANDSAT included further in project report).
4. Pansharpening the LANDSAT imagery so that an image with better
spatial resolution is obtained and features can be studied in greater
detail.
5. Clipping the area of SRTM and Pansharped LANDSAT imagery since the
downloaded images cover part of or more than the mosaic image.
6. Including the Contour Elevation layer so that elevation data can be
interpreted accurately. Generation of GIS Layers which indicates for
which part of toposheet elevation data and LANDSAT imagery data is
included.
We have been provided with 9 toposheets which are in .jpeg format. All the
toposheets are of neighbouring areas and can be joined together to form an
image which covers the entire area (Mosaic Image). The mosaic image is also
provided which is in .pix format.
A toposheet is a shortened name for 'Topographic sheet'. They
essentially contain information about an area like roads, railways,
settlements, canals, rivers, electric poles, post offices, forests, geographical
features etc. According to their usage, they may be available at different

GIS AND RST Project

scales (e.g. 1:25000, 1: 50000 etc, where the former is a larger scale as
compared to the latter).
The numbers of 9 toposheets are: E43H3, E43N11, E43N9, E43N5
,E43N1 ,E43H12, E43H8, E43H7, E43H4. The mosaic image covers area of
Maharashtra from latitude 17d4500N to 18d3000N and longitude
73d000E to 18d3000N. This area covers about 75% of Raigad
district(central and southern part is covered) and northern part of Ratnagiri
district and eastern parts of Satara and Pune districts. The part of Arabian
Sea along the shoreline of Raigad and Ratnagiri districts is also included. The
scale of all 9 the toposheets provided is 1:50000. The area covered by the
mosaic image is approximately as shown below on a larger scale

All the GIS operations of the project are carried out using the software
Geomatica due to which functions such as georeferencing,
clipping/subsetting, GIS layer generation, pansharpening, contour Layer
generation, merging, of imageries are carried out efficiently which are useful
in carrying out the project and view, analyse, study and the imagery and its
different attributes in a proper way.

GIS AND RST Project

Review of Literature
The similar research and project work carried out in the last 5 years is
studied so that we get a basic idea about how the aim can be achieved,
which methods are employed, changes in methodology over the years and
the result obtained.
The research papers studied are:
1.Title:

Designing and development of web based Mandal

information system using Geomatics: a case study from
Prakasam District

Research Rajani, Ganta

er:
Year : 2010
University:

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.

Website: http://ietd.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/2436
2. Title: DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES AROUND PARAS
THERMAL POWER PLANT USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES.
Researcher: KHADRI S.F.R, THAKARE S.M
Year: 2013
University: Sant Gadge Baba University, Amravati
Website: http://www.ijpret.com/publishedarticle/2013/9/IJPRET%2094.pdf
3. Title: LAND CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION AND CROP SUITABILITY
ASSESSMENT IN A WATERSHED USING RS AND
GIS A CASE STUDY OF WATERSHED IN DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND
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Researcher: Sonali Bhandari , Santosh T. Jhadav , Suresh Kumar
Year: 2013
Conference: 14 th Esri India User Conference 2013
Website: http://esriindia.com/~/media/esriindia/files/pdfs/events/uc2013/proceedings/papers/UCP032.pdf

4. Title: Investigations on Change Detection in Chandpur (M.S.) Watershed

area by using RS and GIS
Year: 2014
Researcher: M.L.Waikar and Ajay Chavadekar
Website: http://ijmcr.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Paper20118-125.pdf
Institute: International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research

GIS AND RST Project

Satellite Information:
SRTM
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) obtained elevation data on a near-global
scale to generate the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of Earth.
It is an international research effort that obtained digital elevation models on a near-global
scale from 56 S to 60 N,[2] to generate the most complete high-resolution digital
topographic database of Earth prior to the release of the ASTER GDEM in 2009 SRTM
consisted of a specially modified radar system that flew onboard the Space Shuttle
Endeavour during an 11-day mission in February of 2000. SRTM is an international project
spearheaded by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), NASA, the Italian
Space Agency (ASI) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR). There are three resolution
outputs available, including 1 kilometer and 90 meter resolutions for the world and a 30
meter resolution for the US. To acquire topographic (elevation) data, the SRTM payload
was outfitted with two radar antennas. One antenna was located in the Shuttle's payload
bay, the other a critical change from the SIR-C/X-SAR, allowing single-pass
interferometry on the end of a 60-meter (200-foot) mast that extended from the payload
bay once the Shuttle was in space. The technique employed is known as Interferometric
Synthetic Aperture Radar.

Sensor Information Of SRTM:

Sensor and Product Characteristics

GIS AND RST Project

Satellite

Space Shuttle
Endeavor

Capture
Pixel
Resolution Resolution

Sensor

C-band and X-band

1 arc second

30 meter

3 arc second

90 meter

30 arc second 1 kilometer

Scene Type

Scene Size

Projection

degree

1 degree latitude X 1
degree longitude

geographic

WRS-2

185 kilometer X 185

kilometer

UTM

mosaic

Global

geographic

SRTM

LANDSAT
The LANDSAT program consists of a series of optical/infrared remote
sensing satellites for land observation. The program was first started by The National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1972, then turned over to the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) after it became operational. Since 1984,
satellite operation and data handling were managed by a commercial company EOSAT.
However, all data older than 2 years return to "public domain" and are distributed by the
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Earth Resource Observation System (EROS) Data Center of the US Geological Servey
(USGS).The first satellite in the series, LANDSAT-1 (initially named as the Earth Resource
Technology Satellite ERTS-1) was launched on 23 July 1972. The satellite had a designed
life expectancy of 1 year but it ceased operation only on January 1978. LANDSAT-2 was
launched on 22 January 1975 and three additional LANDSAT satellites were launched in
1978, 1982, and 1984 (LANDSAT-3, 4, and 5 respectively). LANDSAT-6 was launched on
October 1993 but the satellite failed to obtain orbit. A new satellite LANDSAT-7 was
launched in 15 April 1999. Currently, only LANDSAT-5 and 7 are operational.
LANDSAT Orbit
Type

Sun-Synchronous

Altitude

705 km

Inclination

98.2 deg

Period

99 min

Repeat Cycle

16 days

Landsat Sensors:

MSS (Multi-Spectral Scanner), on LANDSAT-1 to 5. Being one of the older generation

sensors, routine data acquisition for MSS was terminated in late 1992. The resolution
of the MSS sensor was approximately 80 m with radiometric coverage in four
spectral bands from the visible green to the near-infrared (IR) wavelengths. Only the
MSS sensor on Landsat 3 had a fifth band in the thermal-IR.

LANDSAT 4,5 MSS Sensor Characteristics

Band

Wavelength (m)

Resolution (m)

Green

0.5 - 0.6

82

Red

0.6 - 0.7

82

Near IR

0.7 - 0.8

82

Near IR

0.8 - 1.1

82

TM (Thematic Mapper), first operational on LANDSAT-4. TM sensors primarily detect

reflected radiation from the Earth surface in the visible and near-infrared (IR)
wavelengths, but the TM sensor provides more radiometric information than the MSS
sensor. The wavelength range for the TM sensor is from the visible (blue), through
the mid-IR, into the thermal-IR portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Sixteen
detectors for the visible and mid-IR wavelength bands in the TM sensor provide 16
scan lines on each active scan. Four detectors for the thermal-IR band provide four
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scan lines on each active scan. The TM sensor has a spatial resolution of 30 m for
the visible, near-IR, and mid-IR wavelengths and a spatial resolution of 120 m for the
thermal-IR band.

ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus), is carried on board Landsat 7. The ETM+
instrument is an eight-band multispectral scanning radiometer capable of providing
high-resolution image information of the Earths surface. Its spectral bands are
similar to thoss of TM, except that the thermal band (band 6) has an improved
resolution of 60 m (versus 120 m in TM). There is also an additional panchromatic
band at 15 m resolution.

Landsat Sensor Information:

Band

Chann
el

Wavelen
gth (m)

Resolut
ion (m)

Blue

0.45 0.52

Green

0.52 0.60

30

Red

0.63 0.69

30

Near IR

0.76 0.90

30

SWIR

1.55 1.75

30

30

Application
soil/vegetation discrimination;
bathymetry/coastal mapping;
cultural/urban feature
identification
green vegetation mapping
(measures reflectance peak);
cultural/urban feature
identification
vegetated vs. non-vegetated
and plant species
discrimination (plant
chlorophyll absorption);
cultural/urban feature
identification
identification of
plant/vegetation types, health,
and biomass content; water
body delineation; soil moisture
sensitive to moisture in soil
and vegetation; discriminating
snow and cloud-covered areas

GIS AND RST Project

Thermal
IR

10.40 12.50

SWIR

2.08 2.35

Panchrom
atic

vegetation stress and soil

120 (TM) moisture discrimination
60
related to thermal radiation;
(ETM+)
thermal mapping (urban,
water)
discrimination of mineral and
30 rock types; sensitive to
vegetation moisture content

0.5 - 0.9

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Landsat

METHODOLODY
The methodology of the project is the step wise detailed description of the pathways we
have used to achieve our aim and complete our Project. Here we have enlisted the errors,
shortcomings, notes, limitations of the software and other factors that we have
encountered while completing our aim.
Here are the steps:

INITIAL OPERATIONS:
1. We imported Toposheet Mosaic from PCIDSK file format to TIFF format and 9
toposheets in PCIDSK file format. All imports are done through Geomatica Focuss
Import or Translate option.
2. PCIDSK file format (PCI Geomatics Database File) is the native file format of the
software we used for Georeferencing.
3. The Toposheets were arranged and given a number in the format given in the table
below in accordance to the Toposheet Mosaic to avoid confusion.
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
4. Using 1, 3, 7 and 9 of the above numbered toposheets and then zooming in we
took the Geographic coordinates and noted it.
i. Toposheet Number 1
Longitude 73d000E
Latitude 18d3000N
ii.
Toposheet Number 3
Longitude 73d4500E
Latitude 18d3000N
iii.
Toposheet Number 7
Longitude 73d000E
Latitude 17d4500N
iv.
Toposheet Number 9
Longitude 73d4500E
Latitude 17d4500N

GEOREFERENCING OPERATIONS - In order to georeference the Toposheet Mosaic

Image.
1. Open Geomatica OrthoEngine. In OrthoEngine, create a new project, name and save
it.
2. The software asks for the Projection of the Ground Control Points(GCPs) and of the
Output file.
3. In Set Projection dialogue box, we plugged the UTM Coordinate values in Output
Projection.
4. The UTM coordinates were
UTM D000 Zone 43 Row Q
5. The Output Pixel Spacing was set to 5m. According to the output that we will receive
at the end of the project, we can alter Output Pixel Spacing.
6. The GCPs are collected in Long/Lat format and we proceed.

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7. In Processing Step drop down menu of the software we go to GCP Collection and
then we proceed to 2nd option which is Collect GCPs Manually
8. Manual Entry is used to collect GCPs, were we take the four corners of the Mosaic
Toposheet and then add the Longitude and Latitude values accordingly.
9. Adding Latitude and Longitude Information to the all four corners of the Mosaic
Toposheet we get 4 GCPs as follows:

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10.
NOTE- PCIDSK file format (PCI Geomatics Database File) was not working as
desired and Georeferencing was not possible. Therefore the Mosaic was converted
from in PCIDSK file format to TIFF File Format using Geomatica - Focus
11.
Note the X RMS values and Y RMS Values(in acceptable range) and Generate
Residual Report, Save and Print it.

12. In Processing Step Drop Down Menu, go to Geometric Correction and then select
Schedule Geometric Correction. Transfer the Mosaic Image from Available Images to
Images To Process and Save in TIFF format and click Correct Images with Desired
Name

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13.
We have Successfully Georeferenced the Toposheet Mosaic Image and the
Projection Information is given below

ELEVATION DATA OPERATIONS:

1. Now we have to add the elevation data to the Georeferenced-Orthocorrected
Toposheet Mosaic Image. Elevation data is available in SRTM and ASTER Satellite
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Data. ASTER data of the required area was not available so we had to use SRTM
data. We had downloaded SRTM data(Spatial Resolution 90m*90m) from
www.glcf.umd.edu/data.

2. To add Elevation data we open the SRTM file and Toposheet Mosaic in Focus
(Geomatica Focus).
3. SRTM downloaded image is much larger and covers much more area than the
toposheets mosaic.
4. Therefore, in Focus we do Clipping. In Clipping, the common area of Toposheet
Mosaic and SRTM is clipped out. To clip out the same area as the Toposheet, Focus
Software is equipped with an option. The method is as follows:
Go to Tools, select Clipping/ Subsetting. Go to input and add the layers of the
SRTM image. Go to Define Clip Region. In Definition Method drop down
menu choose Select a File and Browse the Georeferenced-Orthocorrected
Toposheet Mosaic Image. Give the output name and destination. And then
click on Clip.

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5. NOTE - Open the Clipped SRTM Image and the Georeferenced-Orthocorrected

Toposheet Mosaic Image. The problem we faced here is SRTM image covers 95% of
the toposheet. In Case elevation data has to be added for that area then it must be
downloaded, clipped, and added accordingly. We proceeded without adding
elevation data.
6. Open the Clipped SRTM image and toposheets one above the other and click on
SRTM Image in Files Tab. The G value at the base is the elevation value in meters.

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INSERTING LANDSAT IMAGERY:
1. The LANDSAT image layers(Landsat 7 ETM+ of Spatial resolution (30m*30m) of the
area are downloaded from the www.glcf.umd.edu/data
2. The downloaded images are extracted and they are in TIFF format.
3. The images are of individual bands and so they need to be merged.
4. Merging option is available in Geomatica Focus. The method is as follows
Open Geomatica Focus
The files we downloaded are named as L71147048_04820091024_B10
20.30.40..50.70 (60/61/62 are thermal imagery and 80 is
PANCHROMATIC image)
We have convert at least one file in PCIDSK file format.
L71147048_04820091024_B10 was converted to PCIDSK file format by File
Utility Import To .pix
File Utility Transfer Layers Select L71147048_04820091024_B20
304050and .70 as source layers.
Select Destination as B10.pix
Add and transfer layers one by one.
And output is B10

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5. LANDSAT downloaded image is much larger and covers much more area than the
toposheets mosaic.
6. Therefore, in Focus we do Clipping. In Clipping, the common area of Toposheet
Mosaic and LANDSAT is clipped out. To clip out the same area as the Toposheet,
Focus Software is equipped with an option. The method is as follows:
Go to Tools, select Clipping/ Subsetting. Go to input and add the layers of the
LANDSAT image. Go to Define Clip Region. In Definition Method drop down
menu choose Select a File and Browse the Georeferenced-Orthocorrected
Toposheet Mosaic Image. Give the output name and destination. And then
click on Clip.
7. NOTE- Open the Clipped LANDSAT Image and the Georeferenced-Orthocorrected
Toposheet Mosaic Image. The problem we faced here is LANDSAT image covers 60%
of the toposheet. In Case LANDSAT MSS data has to be added for that area then it
must be downloaded, clipped, and added accordingly. We proceeded without adding
LANDSAT DATA.

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PANSHARPENING OPERATIONS:
1. PANSHARPENING is done bytaking an Multiband or Multispectral Image of Low
Spatial Resolution and PANCHROMATIC Image of High Spatial Resolution of same
area.
2. Open L71147048_04820091024_B80 and B10.pix in Geomatica Focus
3. Tools Algorithm Library Select PANSHARP : Automatic Image Fusion
4. Input Port choices as the images below:

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5. Select Output Ports - Name, and give destination accordingly to the final output.
6. Input Params 1 are not adjusted at all and click Run
7. After the process is complete then the Output file is opened in Focus and we see
that the Output Spatial Resolution is 15m*15m, which is better than the original
30m*30m.
8. Clip it according to the Georeferenced-Orthocorrected Toposheet Mosaic Image
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GENERATING CONTOURS:
1. Contours are lines joining points of same elevation.
2. Open
Clipped SRTM Image
Georeferenced-Orthocorrected Toposheet Mosaic Image
Clipped Landsat Image(for convenience)
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in Geomatica Focus.
3. Go to Tools Algorithm Library Select CONTOUR : Contour Generation from Raster
Image algorithm.
4. Input the SRTM image layer in Input : Elevation Layer and change the output file
name and destination as desired.

5. Go to Input Params 1 and change Contour Interval to 100.0 and click Run

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6. When the process is complete, open all 3 images and the contours layer and then by
putting the Georeferenced-Orthocorrected Toposheet Mosaic Image map over
others, we get the contours layer over the Georeferenced-Orthocorrected Toposheet
Mosaic Image.

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GENERATING GIS LAYERS:
1. Open
Clipped SRTM Image
Georeferenced-Orthocorrected Toposheet Mosaic Image
Clipped Landsat Image(for convenience)
2. Maps Tab (Right Click) on New Area New Vector Layer Select Topological
Polygon in Layer Type(Topological Polygon is more flexible than other options but
others can be used) and select Use Area Georeferencing in Georeferencing click ok.
3. Use New Shapes in Toolbar and trace out the outline of the GeoreferencedOrthocorrected Toposheet Image and save that Vector Layer as separate PCIDSK file.
Repeat the procedure for Clipped SRTM Image and Clipped Landsat Image

4. We did GIS Layering for aiding in the systematic study and recognizing which parts
of SRTM and LANDSAT Imagery covers the Georeferenced-Orthocorrected Toposheet.

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Landsat Image
Boundary
Toposheet
Boundary

SRTM

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