Guidelines for

Drinking-water Quality
FOURTH EDITION

World Health
Organization

up

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Guidelines for drinking-water quality - 4th ed.
l.Potable water - standards. 2.Water - standards. 3.Water quality - standards.
4. Guidelines. I.World Health Organization.
ISBN 978 92 4 154815 1

(NLM classification: WA 675)

World Health Organization 2011

All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site
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Preface
Acknowledgeme
nts
Acronyms and abbreviations used in text

xv
i
xx

1. Introduction

1
1
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
15
16
18
18
18

1.1

General considerations and principles

1.1.
Framework for safe drinking-water
11.1.
Microbial aspects
21.1.
Disinfection
31.1.
Chemical aspects
41.1.
Radiological aspects
51.1.
Acceptability aspects: taste, odour and appearance
6
Roles
and responsibilities in drinking-water safety management
1.2
1.2.
Surveillance and quality control
11.2.
Public health authorities
21.2.
Local authorities
31.2.
Water resource management
41.2.
Drinking-water supply agencies
51.2.
Community management
6
1.2.
Water vendors
71.2.
Individual consumers
81.2.
Certification agencies
91.2.
Plumbing
10
1.3
Supporting
resources to the Guidelines
1.3.
Published documents
11.3.
Capacity-building networks
2
2. A conceptual framework for implementing the Guidelines
Health-based targets
2.1
Water safety plans
2.2
2.2.1 System assessment and design
2.2.2 Operational monitoring
2.2.3 Management plans, documentation and communication

Contents

19
20
22
22
23
24

Index

Preface

2,4-D
2,4-DB
2,4-DP
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
AAS
Absor
ADI
AES
AIDS
AMPA
ARfD
BDCM
BMD
BMDL
BTEX
Bti
bw
CAS
Col
CSAF
Ct
DAEC
DALY

518

IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
DBCM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
dibromochloromethane
acid
IC
ion chromatography
DBCP
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
acid
ccess to2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric
safe drinking-water
is essential
to health,
a basic human right and a comICP
inductively
coupled
plasma
DBP
disinfection
by-product
dichlorprop
ponent
of
effective
policy
for
health
protection.
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
DCA
acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
The importance
of water,dichloroacetic
sanitation and
IDC
individual
dosehygiene
criterionfor health and development has
DCB
dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid; fenoprop
been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international
policy forums. These have
IPCS
International Programme on Chemical Safety
DCP health-oriented conferences
dichloropropane
included
such as the International Conference on Primary
IQ
intelligence
quotient
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
Health
in Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstan
(former Soviet Union), in 1978. They have
DDTCare, held
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
ISO
absorptiometry
International
Organization
Standardization
alsoDEHA
included water-oriented conferences
such
as the 1977for
World
Water Conference in
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
acceptable
daily
intake
MarJECFA
del Plata, Argentina, whichJoint
launched
the water
supply
and sanitation
decade
of 1981FAO/WHO
Expert
Committee
on Food
Additives
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1990, as well atomic
as the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of
emission spectrometry
DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid
JMPR Nations (UN) in 2000
Joint
Meeting
on Pesticide Residues
the United
andFAO/WHO
the outcome
of the Johannesburg
World Summit for
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Sustainable
EAAS
Development
in
2002.
electrothermal
The
UN
General
atomic
Assembly
absorption
declared
spectrometry
the period from
LC
liquid
chromatography
aminomethylphosphonic acid
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life. Most recently, the
EAEC
enteroaggregative
E. coli
LOAEL acute reference dose
lowest-observed-adverse-effect
level
UN General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation a human
ECD
electron
capture
detector
LRV
log
reduction
value
right essentialbromodichloromethane
to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid;
acid
Access to
safe drinking-water
is important as a health
andedetic
development
issue at
MCB
benchmark
dose monochlorobenzene
EHEC
enterohaemorrhagic
E.
coli
national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in
MCPA lower confidence4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic
limit
the economic
benchmark
dose as the acid
EIEC
enteroinvasive
E. coli benefit,
water
supply and sanitation can
yieldon
a net
reductions in adverse
MCPB
toluene,enzyme-linked
ethylbenzene
and
xylenes
2,4-MCPB;
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric
acid; 4-(4ELISA
immunosorbent
assay the interventions.
health
effects benzene,
and health-care
costs
outweigh
the costs
of undertaking
chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic
acid
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israelensis
This
is true for investments ranging
from major E.
water
EPEC
enteropathogenic
coli supply infrastructure through to
body
weight
MCPP
2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy)propionic
acid; mecoprop
water
treatment
in
the
home.
Experience
has
also
shown
that interventions
in improving
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E. coli
MMT
manganese
tricarbonyl
access
to safe water favour the methylcyclopentadienyl
poor in particular, whether
in rural or
urban areas, and can
Abstracts
Service
FAAS
flame
atomic
absorption spectrometry
be an
effectiveChemical
part of poverty
alleviation
strategies.
MS
mass
spectrometry
colorimetry
The World Health Organization
(WHO)
published
the Guidelines
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of theofUnited
MTBE
methyl
tertiary-butyl
etherthree editions
chemical-specific
adjustment
factor and 2004, as successors to previous
for FD
drinking-water
quality
in
1983-1984,
1993-1997
Nations
fluorescence
detector
MX
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
The
primaryproduct
purposeofofdisinfectant
the for drinking
concentration
and contact
time 1963 and 1971.
WHO
water,
published
in 1958,
FIDInternational standardsflame
ionization
detector
NDMA
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Guidelines
for
drinking-water
From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling
FPD
flame photodiode detector
quality
iswhich
the diffusely
protection
of regular
E. coli
revision,
leads toadherent
the
publication of addendalevel
that may add to or supersede
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect
disability-adjusted
life
year
public
health.
The
Guidelines
information
GAC
granular
as well
activated
as expert
carbon
reviews on key issues preparatory to
NOEL in previous volumes
no-observed-effect
level
provide
the recommendations
the
development
of the Guidelines.
NTA
nitrilotriacetic
acid
GC
gas
chromatography
of theLeading
World Health
the process of the development of the fourth edition was the Water, SaniNTP
National
Toxicology
Program
(USA) in drinking-water)
GL
guidance
level
(used
for
radionuclides
Organization
(WHO)
for Unit within WHO Headquarters,
tation,
Hygiene
and Health
with the Programme on
GV
NTU Safety
guideline
nephelometric
value turbidity
unitthe Radiation and Environmanaging
the riskproviding
from
Chemical
input
on chemical
hazards and
hazards
that
may
compromise
HAA
PAC
haloacetic
powdered acid
activated carbon
In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
the safety of drinking-water.
HAV
A virus
drinking-water,
wastewater
and recreational water should
PAH
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbon
UF
The
recommendations shouldhepatitis
integrate assessment of risk, risk management options and
HCB
PCP
pentachlorophenol
beUN
considered
in the context hexachlorobenzene
exposure control elements within a single framework with
HCBD
hexachlorobutadiene
PCR
polymerase
ofPTMI
managing
the
risk
from
embeddedchain
qualityreaction
targets (see the supporting document Water
UNICEF
SI
qualityGuidelines,
standards and
Thehealth;
potential
Annex
health
1).conseother
HCH
sources
of
exposure
to
hexachlorocyclohexane
PD
photoionization
detector
PTWI
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
UNSCEAR
health
contextof
Health-basedthis
targets
Following
approach, thePublic
assessment
quences
of risk
microbial
is not acongoal in
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
Application of the Guidelines
these
hazards,
such
as
waste,
PVC
PMTDI Health-based targets hepatitis
provisional
maximum
tolerable
daily
intake
HEV
E(Chapter
virus
TDI
Public
health
context
SODIS
TBA
and health
outcome
3)but
inevident
specific
circumstances
The
great
its own
majority
right,
of
rather
Diseases
awater-related
basis
related
for
tamination
to
decision-making.
contamination
health
are
problems
such of
that
The
areits
air,
(Chapter 6)
s food and consumer
______________i_________________
andfor
health
outcome
(Chapter 3) human
the
result
framework
of
microbial
safe
An
(bacterial,
drinking-water
drinking-water
important
viral,
concept
control
constitute
protozoan
and in
the
must
the
recommended
aor
allocation
major
always
otherburden
biobeof
of
HIV
immunodeficiency
virus
PPA
protein
assay
TDS
USA
p.
TCB
Waterphosphatase
safety plans
(Chapter
4) for Climate
products.
QMRA
change,
Emergencies,
logical)
approach
contamination.
regulations,
resources
on
Nevertheless,
Disinfection
human
policies
tohealth.
improving
should
paramount
anand
appreciable
Interventions
programmes
not
drinking-water
be
importance
compromised
number
toare
improve
based
safety
and
of
s
Water
safety
plans
Introduction
System
Management
and
Radiological
Acceptability
HPC
heterotrophic
plate count
THM
UV
PT
purge
and
trap
pp.
TCU
Monitoring
harvesting, Desalination
(Chapter
1) Rainwater
(Chapter 4)
Acceptability
assessment
communication
on
health
this
overall
concerns
framework,
isthe
may
that
in quality
attempting
of
occur
incremental
known
of
as drinking-water
amust
toresult
ascontrol
the
never
improvement
of
Stockholm
the
disinfection
be chemical
compromised.
provide
towards
by- Radiological
Introduction
aspects
Surveillance serious
Management
and
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
System
SUPPORTING
systems, Travellers, Planes and
aspects
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
SUPPORTING
Surveillance
aspects
HPLC
liquid
chromatography
TID
UVPAD
PTDIassessment
provisional
tolerable
daily
intake
TD
subsp.
(Chapter 1)Monitoring
RNA
(Chapter 5) high-performance
contamination
Framework
of
(see
drinking-water.
long-term
chapter
significant
products.
2).
water
benefits
quality
to
health.
targets.
INFORMATION
(Chapters
7
8
and
11)(Chapters
INFORMATION
7 and 12)
8
11)
ships,
etc.
(Chapter 10)
9) 12)
communication (Chapter 5)
(Chapter
(Chapter
(Chapter9)10)

2.3 Surveillance
2.4 Verification of drinking-water quality
2.4.1
Microbial water quality
2.4.2
Chemical water quality
2.5Identifying priority concerns
2.5.1 Undertaking a drinking-water quality assessment
2.5.2 Assessing microbial priorities
2.5.3 Assessing chemical priorities
2.6Developing drinking-water quality standards
2.6.1 Adapting guideline values to locally relevant standards
2.6.2 Periodic review and revision of standards
2.7Drinking-water regulations and supporting policies and programmes 31
2.7.1 Regulations
2.7.2 Supporting policies and programmes

25
25
26
26
27
28
29
29
30
31
31

3.

Health-based targets
3.1Setting health-based targets
3.2Disability-adjusted life years, tolerable disease burden and
reference level of risk
3.3Types of health-based targets
3.3.1 Health outcome targets
3.3.2 Water quality targets
3.3.3 Performance targets
3.3.4 Specified technology targets

35
36

Water safety plans

4.1System assessment and design
4.1.1 New systems
4.1.2 Collecting and evaluating available data
4.1.3 Resource and source protection
4.1.4 Treatment
4.1.5 Piped distribution systems
4.1.6 Non-piped, community and household systems
4.1.7 Validation
4.1.8 Upgrade and improvement
4.2Operational monitoring and maintaining control
4.2.1 Determining system control measures
4.2.2 Selecting operational monitoring parameters
4.2.3 Establishing operational and critical limits
4.2.4 Non-piped, community and household systems
4.3Verification
4.3.1 Verification of microbial quality
4.3.2 Verification of chemical quality
4.3.3 Source waters
4.3.4 Piped distribution systems
4.3.5 Verification for community-managed supplies

45
49
50
51
53
55
56
58
59
60
61
61
62
63
63
64
65
66
67
67
68

4.

32
33

37
38
41
42
43
43

Index

Preface

2,4-D
2,4-DB
2,4-DP
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
AAS
Absor
ADI
AES
AIDS
AMPA
ARfD
BDCM
BMD
BMDL
BTEX
Bti
bw
CAS
Col
CSAF
Ct
DAEC
DALY

518

IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
DBCM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
dibromochloromethane
acid
IC
ion chromatography
DBCP
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
acid
ccess to2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric
safe drinking-water
is essential
to health,
a basic human right and a comICP
inductively
coupled
plasma
DBP
disinfection
by-product
dichlorprop
ponent
of
effective
policy
for
health
protection.
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
DCA
acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
The importance
of water,dichloroacetic
sanitation and
IDC
individual
dosehygiene
criterionfor health and development has
DCB
dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid; fenoprop
been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international
policy forums. These have
IPCS
International Programme on Chemical Safety
DCP health-oriented conferences
dichloropropane
included
such as the International Conference on Primary
IQ
intelligence
quotient
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
Health
in Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstan
(former Soviet Union), in 1978. They have
DDTCare, held
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
ISO
absorptiometry
International
Organization
Standardization
alsoDEHA
included water-oriented conferences
such
as the 1977for
World
Water Conference in
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
acceptable
daily
intake
MarJECFA
del Plata, Argentina, whichJoint
launched
the water
supply
and sanitation
decade
of 1981FAO/WHO
Expert
Committee
on Food
Additives
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1990, as well atomic
as the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of
emission spectrometry
DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid
JMPR Nations (UN) in 2000
Joint
Meeting
on Pesticide Residues
the United
andFAO/WHO
the outcome
of the Johannesburg
World Summit for
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Sustainable
EAAS
Development
in
2002.
electrothermal
The
UN
General
atomic
Assembly
absorption
declared
spectrometry
the period from
LC
liquid
chromatography
aminomethylphosphonic acid
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life. Most recently, the
EAEC
enteroaggregative
E. coli
LOAEL acute reference dose
lowest-observed-adverse-effect
level
UN General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation a human
ECD
electron
capture
detector
LRV
log
reduction
value
right essentialbromodichloromethane
to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid;
acid
Access to
safe drinking-water
is important as a health
andedetic
development
issue at
MCB
benchmark
dose monochlorobenzene
EHEC
enterohaemorrhagic
E.
coli
national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in
MCPA lower confidence4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic
limit
the economic
benchmark
dose as the acid
EIEC
enteroinvasive
E. coli benefit,
water
supply and sanitation can
yieldon
a net
reductions in adverse
MCPB
toluene,enzyme-linked
ethylbenzene
and
xylenes
2,4-MCPB;
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric
acid; 4-(4ELISA
immunosorbent
assay the interventions.
health
effects benzene,
and health-care
costs
outweigh
the costs
of undertaking
chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic
acid
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israelensis
This
is true for investments ranging
from major E.
water
EPEC
enteropathogenic
coli supply infrastructure through to
body
weight
MCPP
2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy)propionic
acid; mecoprop
water
treatment
in
the
home.
Experience
has
also
shown
that interventions
in improving
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E. coli
MMT
manganese
tricarbonyl
access
to safe water favour the methylcyclopentadienyl
poor in particular, whether
in rural or
urban areas, and can
Abstracts
Service
FAAS
flame
atomic
absorption spectrometry
be an
effectiveChemical
part of poverty
alleviation
strategies.
MS
mass
spectrometry
colorimetry
The World Health Organization
(WHO)
published
the Guidelines
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of theofUnited
MTBE
methyl
tertiary-butyl
etherthree editions
chemical-specific
adjustment
factor and 2004, as successors to previous
for FD
drinking-water
quality
in
1983-1984,
1993-1997
Nations
fluorescence
detector
MX
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
The
primaryproduct
purposeofofdisinfectant
the for drinking
concentration
and contact
time 1963 and 1971.
WHO
water,
published
in 1958,
FIDInternational standardsflame
ionization
detector
NDMA
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Guidelines
for
drinking-water
From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling
FPD
flame photodiode detector
quality
iswhich
the diffusely
protection
of regular
E. coli
revision,
leads toadherent
the
publication of addendalevel
that may add to or supersede
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect
disability-adjusted
life
year
public
health.
The
Guidelines
information
GAC
granular
as well
activated
as expert
carbon
reviews on key issues preparatory to
NOEL in previous volumes
no-observed-effect
level
provide
the recommendations
the
development
of the Guidelines.
NTA
nitrilotriacetic
acid
GC
gas
chromatography
of theLeading
World Health
the process of the development of the fourth edition was the Water, SaniNTP
National
Toxicology
Program
(USA) in drinking-water)
GL
guidance
level
(used
for
radionuclides
Organization
(WHO)
for Unit within WHO Headquarters,
tation,
Hygiene
and Health
with the Programme on
GV
NTU Safety
guideline
nephelometric
value turbidity
unitthe Radiation and Environmanaging
the riskproviding
from
Chemical
input
on chemical
hazards and
hazards
that
may
compromise
HAA
PAC
haloacetic
powdered acid
activated carbon
In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
the safety of drinking-water.
HAV
A virus
drinking-water,
wastewater
and recreational water should
PAH
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbon
UF
The
recommendations shouldhepatitis
integrate assessment of risk, risk management options and
HCB
PCP
pentachlorophenol
beUN
considered
in the context hexachlorobenzene
exposure control elements within a single framework with
HCBD
hexachlorobutadiene
PCR
polymerase
ofPTMI
managing
the
risk
from
embeddedchain
qualityreaction
targets (see the supporting document Water
UNICEF
SI
qualityGuidelines,
standards and
Thehealth;
potential
Annex
health
1).conseother
HCH
sources
of
exposure
to
hexachlorocyclohexane
PD
photoionization
detector
PTWI
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
UNSCEAR
health
contextof
Health-basedthis
targets
Following
approach, thePublic
assessment
quences
of risk
microbial
is not acongoal in
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
Application of the Guidelines
these
hazards,
such
as
waste,
PVC
PMTDI Health-based targets hepatitis
provisional
maximum
tolerable
daily
intake
HEV
E(Chapter
virus
TDI
Public
health
context
SODIS
TBA
and health
outcome
3)but
inevident
specific
circumstances
The
great
its own
majority
right,
of
rather
Diseases
awater-related
basis
related
for
tamination
to
decision-making.
contamination
health
are
problems
such of
that
The
areits
air,
(Chapter 6)
s food and consumer
______________i_________________
andfor
health
outcome
(Chapter 3) human
the
result
framework
of
microbial
safe
An
(bacterial,
drinking-water
drinking-water
important
viral,
concept
control
constitute
protozoan
and in
the
must
the
recommended
aor
allocation
major
always
otherburden
biobeof
of
HIV
immunodeficiency
virus
PPA
protein
assay
TDS
USA
p.
TCB
Waterphosphatase
safety plans
(Chapter
4) for Climate
products.
QMRA
change,
Emergencies,
logical)
approach
contamination.
regulations,
resources
on
Nevertheless,
Disinfection
human
policies
tohealth.
improving
should
paramount
anand
appreciable
Interventions
programmes
not
drinking-water
be
importance
compromised
number
toare
improve
based
safety
and
of
s
Water
safety
plans
Introduction
System
Management
and
Radiological
Acceptability
HPC
heterotrophic
plate count
THM
UV
PT
purge
and
trap
pp.
TCU
Monitoring
harvesting, Desalination
(Chapter
1) Rainwater
(Chapter 4)
Acceptability
assessment
communication
on
health
this
overall
concerns
framework,
isthe
may
that
in quality
attempting
of
occur
incremental
known
of
as drinking-water
amust
toresult
ascontrol
the
never
improvement
of
Stockholm
the
disinfection
be chemical
compromised.
provide
towards
by- Radiological
Introduction
aspects
Surveillance serious
Management
and
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
System
SUPPORTING
systems, Travellers, Planes and
aspects
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
SUPPORTING
Surveillance
aspects
HPLC
liquid
chromatography
TID
UVPAD
PTDIassessment
provisional
tolerable
daily
intake
TD
subsp.
(Chapter 1)Monitoring
RNA
(Chapter 5) high-performance
contamination
Framework
of
(see
drinking-water.
long-term
chapter
significant
products.
2).
water
benefits
quality
to
health.
targets.
INFORMATION
(Chapters
7
8
and
11)(Chapters
INFORMATION
7 and 12)
8
11)
ships,
etc.
(Chapter 10)
9) 12)
communication (Chapter 5)
(Chapter
(Chapter
(Chapter9)10)

4.3.6 Quality assurance and quality control

4.3.7 Verification of water safety plans
4.4 Management procedures for pipeddistribution systems
4.4.1 Predictable incidents (deviations)
4.4.2 Unplanned events
4.4.3 Emergencies
4.4.4 Preparing a monitoring plan
4.4.5 Supporting programmes
4.5 Management of community and household water supplies
4.6 Documentation and communication
4.7 Planned review
4.7.1 Periodic review
4.7.2 Post-incident review

68
69
69
71
71
72
73
73
74
75
76
76
76

5.

Surveillance
5.1 Types of approaches
5.1.1 Audit
5.1.2 Direct assessment
5.2 Adapting approaches to specific circumstances
5.2.1 Urban areas in developing countries
5.2.2 Surveillance of community drinking-water supplies
5.2.3 Surveillance of household treatment and storage systems
5.3 Adequacy of supply
5.3.1 Quantity (service level)
5.3.2 Accessibility
5.3.3 Affordability
5.3.4 Continuity
5.4 Planning and implementation
5.5 Reporting and communicating
5.5.1 Interaction with community and consumers
5.5.2 Regional use of data

77
79
79
80
81
81
81
82
83
83
85
85
86
87
89
89
90

6.

Application of the Guidelines in specific circumstances

6.1 Climate change, water scarcity and heavy rainfall
6.2 Rainwater harvesting
6.3 Vended water
6.4 Bulk water supply
6.5 Desalination systems
6.6 Dual piped water supply systems
6.7 Emergencies and disasters
6.8 Temporary water supplies
6.9 Buildings
6.10 Health-care facilities
6.11 Safe drinking-water for travellers
6.12 Aircraft and airports
6.13 Ships

93
94
94
96
97
98
99
100
102
104
107
107
109
112

Index

Preface

2,4-D
2,4-DB
2,4-DP
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
AAS
Absor
ADI
AES
AIDS
AMPA
ARfD
BDCM
BMD
BMDL
BTEX
Bti
bw
CAS
Col
CSAF
Ct
DAEC
DALY

518

IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
DBCM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
dibromochloromethane
acid
IC
ion chromatography
DBCP
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
acid
ccess to2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric
safe drinking-water
is essential
to health,
a basic human right and a comICP
inductively
coupled
plasma
DBP
disinfection
by-product
dichlorprop
ponent
of
effective
policy
for
health
protection.
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
DCA
acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
The importance
of water,dichloroacetic
sanitation and
IDC
individual
dosehygiene
criterionfor health and development has
DCB
dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid; fenoprop
been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international
policy forums. These have
IPCS
International Programme on Chemical Safety
DCP health-oriented conferences
dichloropropane
included
such as the International Conference on Primary
IQ
intelligence
quotient
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
Health
in Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstan
(former Soviet Union), in 1978. They have
DDTCare, held
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
ISO
absorptiometry
International
Organization
Standardization
alsoDEHA
included water-oriented conferences
such
as the 1977for
World
Water Conference in
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
acceptable
daily
intake
MarJECFA
del Plata, Argentina, whichJoint
launched
the water
supply
and sanitation
decade
of 1981FAO/WHO
Expert
Committee
on Food
Additives
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1990, as well atomic
as the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of
emission spectrometry
DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid
JMPR Nations (UN) in 2000
Joint
Meeting
on Pesticide Residues
the United
andFAO/WHO
the outcome
of the Johannesburg
World Summit for
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Sustainable
EAAS
Development
in
2002.
electrothermal
The
UN
General
atomic
Assembly
absorption
declared
spectrometry
the period from
LC
liquid
chromatography
aminomethylphosphonic acid
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life. Most recently, the
EAEC
enteroaggregative
E. coli
LOAEL acute reference dose
lowest-observed-adverse-effect
level
UN General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation a human
ECD
electron
capture
detector
LRV
log
reduction
value
right essentialbromodichloromethane
to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid;
acid
Access to
safe drinking-water
is important as a health
andedetic
development
issue at
MCB
benchmark
dose monochlorobenzene
EHEC
enterohaemorrhagic
E.
coli
national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in
MCPA lower confidence4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic
limit
the economic
benchmark
dose as the acid
EIEC
enteroinvasive
E. coli benefit,
water
supply and sanitation can
yieldon
a net
reductions in adverse
MCPB
toluene,enzyme-linked
ethylbenzene
and
xylenes
2,4-MCPB;
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric
acid; 4-(4ELISA
immunosorbent
assay the interventions.
health
effects benzene,
and health-care
costs
outweigh
the costs
of undertaking
chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic
acid
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israelensis
This
is true for investments ranging
from major E.
water
EPEC
enteropathogenic
coli supply infrastructure through to
body
weight
MCPP
2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy)propionic
acid; mecoprop
water
treatment
in
the
home.
Experience
has
also
shown
that interventions
in improving
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E. coli
MMT
manganese
tricarbonyl
access
to safe water favour the methylcyclopentadienyl
poor in particular, whether
in rural or
urban areas, and can
Abstracts
Service
FAAS
flame
atomic
absorption spectrometry
be an
effectiveChemical
part of poverty
alleviation
strategies.
MS
mass
spectrometry
colorimetry
The World Health Organization
(WHO)
published
the Guidelines
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of theofUnited
MTBE
methyl
tertiary-butyl
etherthree editions
chemical-specific
adjustment
factor and 2004, as successors to previous
for FD
drinking-water
quality
in
1983-1984,
1993-1997
Nations
fluorescence
detector
MX
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
The
primaryproduct
purposeofofdisinfectant
the for drinking
concentration
and contact
time 1963 and 1971.
WHO
water,
published
in 1958,
FIDInternational standardsflame
ionization
detector
NDMA
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Guidelines
for
drinking-water
From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling
FPD
flame photodiode detector
quality
iswhich
the diffusely
protection
of regular
E. coli
revision,
leads toadherent
the
publication of addendalevel
that may add to or supersede
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect
disability-adjusted
life
year
public
health.
The
Guidelines
information
GAC
granular
as well
activated
as expert
carbon
reviews on key issues preparatory to
NOEL in previous volumes
no-observed-effect
level
provide
the recommendations
the
development
of the Guidelines.
NTA
nitrilotriacetic
acid
GC
gas
chromatography
of theLeading
World Health
the process of the development of the fourth edition was the Water, SaniNTP
National
Toxicology
Program
(USA) in drinking-water)
GL
guidance
level
(used
for
radionuclides
Organization
(WHO)
for Unit within WHO Headquarters,
tation,
Hygiene
and Health
with the Programme on
GV
NTU Safety
guideline
nephelometric
value turbidity
unitthe Radiation and Environmanaging
the riskproviding
from
Chemical
input
on chemical
hazards and
hazards
that
may
compromise
HAA
PAC
haloacetic
powdered acid
activated carbon
In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
the safety of drinking-water.
HAV
A virus
drinking-water,
wastewater
and recreational water should
PAH
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbon
UF
The
recommendations shouldhepatitis
integrate assessment of risk, risk management options and
HCB
PCP
pentachlorophenol
beUN
considered
in the context hexachlorobenzene
exposure control elements within a single framework with
HCBD
hexachlorobutadiene
PCR
polymerase
ofPTMI
managing
the
risk
from
embeddedchain
qualityreaction
targets (see the supporting document Water
UNICEF
SI
qualityGuidelines,
standards and
Thehealth;
potential
Annex
health
1).conseother
HCH
sources
of
exposure
to
hexachlorocyclohexane
PD
photoionization
detector
PTWI
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
UNSCEAR
health
contextof
Health-basedthis
targets
Following
approach, thePublic
assessment
quences
of risk
microbial
is not acongoal in
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
Application of the Guidelines
these
hazards,
such
as
waste,
PVC
PMTDI Health-based targets hepatitis
provisional
maximum
tolerable
daily
intake
HEV
E(Chapter
virus
TDI
Public
health
context
SODIS
TBA
and health
outcome
3)but
inevident
specific
circumstances
The
great
its own
majority
right,
of
rather
Diseases
awater-related
basis
related
for
tamination
to
decision-making.
contamination
health
are
problems
such of
that
The
areits
air,
(Chapter 6)
s food and consumer
______________i_________________
andfor
health
outcome
(Chapter 3) human
the
result
framework
of
microbial
safe
An
(bacterial,
drinking-water
drinking-water
important
viral,
concept
control
constitute
protozoan
and in
the
must
the
recommended
aor
allocation
major
always
otherburden
biobeof
of
HIV
immunodeficiency
virus
PPA
protein
assay
TDS
USA
p.
TCB
Waterphosphatase
safety plans
(Chapter
4) for Climate
products.
QMRA
change,
Emergencies,
logical)
approach
contamination.
regulations,
resources
on
Nevertheless,
Disinfection
human
policies
tohealth.
improving
should
paramount
anand
appreciable
Interventions
programmes
not
drinking-water
be
importance
compromised
number
toare
improve
based
safety
and
of
s
Water
safety
plans
Introduction
System
Management
and
Radiological
Acceptability
HPC
heterotrophic
plate count
THM
UV
PT
purge
and
trap
pp.
TCU
Monitoring
harvesting, Desalination
(Chapter
1) Rainwater
(Chapter 4)
Acceptability
assessment
communication
on
health
this
overall
concerns
framework,
isthe
may
that
in quality
attempting
of
occur
incremental
known
of
as drinking-water
amust
toresult
ascontrol
the
never
improvement
of
Stockholm
the
disinfection
be chemical
compromised.
provide
towards
by- Radiological
Introduction
aspects
Surveillance serious
Management
and
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
System
SUPPORTING
systems, Travellers, Planes and
aspects
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
SUPPORTING
Surveillance
aspects
HPLC
liquid
chromatography
TID
UVPAD
PTDIassessment
provisional
tolerable
daily
intake
TD
subsp.
(Chapter 1)Monitoring
RNA
(Chapter 5) high-performance
contamination
Framework
of
(see
drinking-water.
long-term
chapter
significant
products.
2).
water
benefits
quality
to
health.
targets.
INFORMATION
(Chapters
7
8
and
11)(Chapters
INFORMATION
7 and 12)
8
11)
ships,
etc.
(Chapter 10)
9) 12)
communication (Chapter 5)
(Chapter
(Chapter
(Chapter9)10)

6.14 Packaged drinking-water

6.15 Food production and processing

114
116

7.

Microbial aspects
117
7.1 Microbial hazards associated with drinking-water
117
7.1.1 Waterborne infections
118
7.1.2 Emerging issues
122
7.1.3 Persistence and growth in water
123
7.1.4 Public health aspects
124
7.2 Health-based target setting
124
7.2.1 Health-based targets applied to microbial hazards
124
7.2.2 Reference pathogens
125
7.2.3 Quantitative microbial risk assessment
128
7.2.4 Risk-based performance target setting
131
7.2.5 Presenting the outcome of performance target development 133
7.2.6 Adapting risk-based performance target setting to local
circumstances
134
7.2.7 Health outcome targets
135
7.3 Occurrence and treatment of pathogens
136
7.3.1 Occurrence
136
7.3.2 Treatment
138
7.4 Microbial monitoring
147
7.5 Methods of detection of faecal indicator organisms
150
7.6 Identifying local actions in response to microbial water quality
problems and emergencies
150
7.6.1 Boil water advisories
151
7.6.2 Actions following an incident
153

8.

Chemical aspects
8.1 Chemical hazards in drinking-water
8.2 Derivation of chemical guideline values
8.2.1 Approaches taken
8.2.2 Threshold chemicals
8.2.3 Non-threshold chemicals
8.2.4 Data quality
8.2.5 Provisional guideline values
8.2.6 Chemicals with effects on acceptability
8.2.7 Chemicals not included in the Guidelines
8.2.8 Mixtures
8.2.9 Adapting guideline values to local circumstances
8.3 Analytical achievability
8.4 Treatment
8.4.1 Treatment performance
8.4.2 Process control measures for disinfection by-products
8.4.3 Treatment for corrosion control
8.4.4 Household treatment

155
156
158
159
160
165
165
166
167
167
167
168
168
170
171
172
174
175

Index

Preface

2,4-D
2,4-DB
2,4-DP
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
AAS
Absor
ADI
AES
AIDS
AMPA
ARfD
BDCM
BMD
BMDL
BTEX
Bti
bw
CAS
Col
CSAF
Ct
DAEC
DALY

518

IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
DBCM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
dibromochloromethane
acid
IC
ion chromatography
DBCP
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
acid
ccess to2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric
safe drinking-water
is essential
to health,
a basic human right and a comICP
inductively
coupled
plasma
DBP
disinfection
by-product
dichlorprop
ponent
of
effective
policy
for
health
protection.
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
DCA
acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
The importance
of water,dichloroacetic
sanitation and
IDC
individual
dosehygiene
criterionfor health and development has
DCB
dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid; fenoprop
been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international
policy forums. These have
IPCS
International Programme on Chemical Safety
DCP health-oriented conferences
dichloropropane
included
such as the International Conference on Primary
IQ
intelligence
quotient
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
Health
in Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstan
(former Soviet Union), in 1978. They have
DDTCare, held
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
ISO
absorptiometry
International
Organization
Standardization
alsoDEHA
included water-oriented conferences
such
as the 1977for
World
Water Conference in
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
acceptable
daily
intake
MarJECFA
del Plata, Argentina, whichJoint
launched
the water
supply
and sanitation
decade
of 1981FAO/WHO
Expert
Committee
on Food
Additives
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1990, as well atomic
as the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of
emission spectrometry
DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid
JMPR Nations (UN) in 2000
Joint
Meeting
on Pesticide Residues
the United
andFAO/WHO
the outcome
of the Johannesburg
World Summit for
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Sustainable
EAAS
Development
in
2002.
electrothermal
The
UN
General
atomic
Assembly
absorption
declared
spectrometry
the period from
LC
liquid
chromatography
aminomethylphosphonic acid
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life. Most recently, the
EAEC
enteroaggregative
E. coli
LOAEL acute reference dose
lowest-observed-adverse-effect
level
UN General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation a human
ECD
electron
capture
detector
LRV
log
reduction
value
right essentialbromodichloromethane
to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid;
acid
Access to
safe drinking-water
is important as a health
andedetic
development
issue at
MCB
benchmark
dose monochlorobenzene
EHEC
enterohaemorrhagic
E.
coli
national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in
MCPA lower confidence4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic
limit
the economic
benchmark
dose as the acid
EIEC
enteroinvasive
E. coli benefit,
water
supply and sanitation can
yieldon
a net
reductions in adverse
MCPB
toluene,enzyme-linked
ethylbenzene
and
xylenes
2,4-MCPB;
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric
acid; 4-(4ELISA
immunosorbent
assay the interventions.
health
effects benzene,
and health-care
costs
outweigh
the costs
of undertaking
chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic
acid
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israelensis
This
is true for investments ranging
from major E.
water
EPEC
enteropathogenic
coli supply infrastructure through to
body
weight
MCPP
2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy)propionic
acid; mecoprop
water
treatment
in
the
home.
Experience
has
also
shown
that interventions
in improving
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E. coli
MMT
manganese
tricarbonyl
access
to safe water favour the methylcyclopentadienyl
poor in particular, whether
in rural or
urban areas, and can
Abstracts
Service
FAAS
flame
atomic
absorption spectrometry
be an
effectiveChemical
part of poverty
alleviation
strategies.
MS
mass
spectrometry
colorimetry
The World Health Organization
(WHO)
published
the Guidelines
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of theofUnited
MTBE
methyl
tertiary-butyl
etherthree editions
chemical-specific
adjustment
factor and 2004, as successors to previous
for FD
drinking-water
quality
in
1983-1984,
1993-1997
Nations
fluorescence
detector
MX
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
The
primaryproduct
purposeofofdisinfectant
the for drinking
concentration
and contact
time 1963 and 1971.
WHO
water,
published
in 1958,
FIDInternational standardsflame
ionization
detector
NDMA
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Guidelines
for
drinking-water
From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling
FPD
flame photodiode detector
quality
iswhich
the diffusely
protection
of regular
E. coli
revision,
leads toadherent
the
publication of addendalevel
that may add to or supersede
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect
disability-adjusted
life
year
public
health.
The
Guidelines
information
GAC
granular
as well
activated
as expert
carbon
reviews on key issues preparatory to
NOEL in previous volumes
no-observed-effect
level
provide
the recommendations
the
development
of the Guidelines.
NTA
nitrilotriacetic
acid
GC
gas
chromatography
of theLeading
World Health
the process of the development of the fourth edition was the Water, SaniNTP
National
Toxicology
Program
(USA) in drinking-water)
GL
guidance
level
(used
for
radionuclides
Organization
(WHO)
for Unit within WHO Headquarters,
tation,
Hygiene
and Health
with the Programme on
GV
NTU Safety
guideline
nephelometric
value turbidity
unitthe Radiation and Environmanaging
the riskproviding
from
Chemical
input
on chemical
hazards and
hazards
that
may
compromise
HAA
PAC
haloacetic
powdered acid
activated carbon
In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
the safety of drinking-water.
HAV
A virus
drinking-water,
wastewater
and recreational water should
PAH
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbon
UF
The
recommendations shouldhepatitis
integrate assessment of risk, risk management options and
HCB
PCP
pentachlorophenol
beUN
considered
in the context hexachlorobenzene
exposure control elements within a single framework with
HCBD
hexachlorobutadiene
PCR
polymerase
ofPTMI
managing
the
risk
from
embeddedchain
qualityreaction
targets (see the supporting document Water
UNICEF
SI
qualityGuidelines,
standards and
Thehealth;
potential
Annex
health
1).conseother
HCH
sources
of
exposure
to
hexachlorocyclohexane
PD
photoionization
detector
PTWI
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
UNSCEAR
health
contextof
Health-basedthis
targets
Following
approach, thePublic
assessment
quences
of risk
microbial
is not acongoal in
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
Application of the Guidelines
these
hazards,
such
as
waste,
PVC
PMTDI Health-based targets hepatitis
provisional
maximum
tolerable
daily
intake
HEV
E(Chapter
virus
TDI
Public
health
context
SODIS
TBA
and health
outcome
3)but
inevident
specific
circumstances
The
great
its own
majority
right,
of
rather
Diseases
awater-related
basis
related
for
tamination
to
decision-making.
contamination
health
are
problems
such of
that
The
areits
air,
(Chapter 6)
s food and consumer
______________i_________________
andfor
health
outcome
(Chapter 3) human
the
result
framework
of
microbial
safe
An
(bacterial,
drinking-water
drinking-water
important
viral,
concept
control
constitute
protozoan
and in
the
must
the
recommended
aor
allocation
major
always
otherburden
biobeof
of
HIV
immunodeficiency
virus
PPA
protein
assay
TDS
USA
p.
TCB
Waterphosphatase
safety plans
(Chapter
4) for Climate
products.
QMRA
change,
Emergencies,
logical)
approach
contamination.
regulations,
resources
on
Nevertheless,
Disinfection
human
policies
tohealth.
improving
should
paramount
anand
appreciable
Interventions
programmes
not
drinking-water
be
importance
compromised
number
toare
improve
based
safety
and
of
s
Water
safety
plans
Introduction
System
Management
and
Radiological
Acceptability
HPC
heterotrophic
plate count
THM
UV
PT
purge
and
trap
pp.
TCU
Monitoring
harvesting, Desalination
(Chapter
1) Rainwater
(Chapter 4)
Acceptability
assessment
communication
on
health
this
overall
concerns
framework,
isthe
may
that
in quality
attempting
of
occur
incremental
known
of
as drinking-water
amust
toresult
ascontrol
the
never
improvement
of
Stockholm
the
disinfection
be chemical
compromised.
provide
towards
by- Radiological
Introduction
aspects
Surveillance serious
Management
and
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
System
SUPPORTING
systems, Travellers, Planes and
aspects
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
SUPPORTING
Surveillance
aspects
HPLC
liquid
chromatography
TID
UVPAD
PTDIassessment
provisional
tolerable
daily
intake
TD
subsp.
(Chapter 1)Monitoring
RNA
(Chapter 5) high-performance
contamination
Framework
of
(see
drinking-water.
long-term
chapter
significant
products.
2).
water
benefits
quality
to
health.
targets.
INFORMATION
(Chapters
7
8
and
11)(Chapters
INFORMATION
7 and 12)
8
11)
ships,
etc.
(Chapter 10)
9) 12)
communication (Chapter 5)
(Chapter
(Chapter
(Chapter9)10)

9.

8.5 Guideline values for individual chemicals, by source category

8.5.1 Naturally occurring chemicals
8.5.2 Chemicals from industrial sources and human dwellings
8.5.3 Chemicals from agricultural activities
8.5.4 Chemicals used in water treatment or from materials in
contact with drinking-water
8.5.5 Chemicals of emerging concern
8.6 Pesticides used in water for public health purposes
8.7 Identifying local actions in response to chemical water quality
problems and emergencies
8.7.1 Trigger for action
8.7.2 Investigating the situation
8.7.3 Talking to the right people
8.7.4 Informing the public
8.7.5 Evaluating the significance to public health and individuals
8.7.6 Determining appropriate action
8.7.7 Consumer acceptability
8.7.8 Ensuring remedial action, preventing recurrence and
updating the water safety plan
8.7.9 Mixtures
8.7.10 Water avoidance advisories

176
176
177
179

Radiological aspects
9.1 Sources and health effects of radiation exposure
9.1.1 Radiation exposure through ingestion of drinking-water
9.1.2 Radiation-induced health effects through drinking-water
9.2 Rationale for screening levels and guidance levels
9.3 Monitoring and assessment for dissolved radionuclides
9.3.1 Screening of drinking-water supplies
9.3.2 Strategy for assessing drinking-water if screening levels
are exceeded
9.3.3 Strategy for assessing drinking-water if guidance levels
are exceeded
9.3.4 Sampling frequency
9.4 Guidance levels for radionuclides commonly found in
drinking-water
9.5 Analytical methods
9.5.1 Measuring gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations
9.5.2 Measuring specific radionuclides
9.6 Remedial measures
9.7 Radon
9.7.1 Radon in air and water
9.7.2 Health risks from radon
9.7.3 Guidance on radon in drinking-water supplies
9.7.4 Measuring radon in drinking-water

203
204
205
206
207
208
209

182
189
190
192
194
194
194
195
195
198
199
199
199
200

210
210
212
212
213
213
213
214
214
214
216
216
217

Index

Preface

2,4-D
2,4-DB
2,4-DP
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
AAS
Absor
ADI
AES
AIDS
AMPA
ARfD
BDCM
BMD
BMDL
BTEX
Bti
bw
CAS
Col
CSAF
Ct
DAEC
DALY

518

IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
DBCM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
dibromochloromethane
acid
IC
ion chromatography
DBCP
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
acid
ccess to2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric
safe drinking-water
is essential
to health,
a basic human right and a comICP
inductively
coupled
plasma
DBP
disinfection
by-product
dichlorprop
ponent
of
effective
policy
for
health
protection.
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
DCA
acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
The importance
of water,dichloroacetic
sanitation and
IDC
individual
dosehygiene
criterionfor health and development has
DCB
dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid; fenoprop
been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international
policy forums. These have
IPCS
International Programme on Chemical Safety
DCP health-oriented conferences
dichloropropane
included
such as the International Conference on Primary
IQ
intelligence
quotient
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
Health
in Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstan
(former Soviet Union), in 1978. They have
DDTCare, held
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
ISO
absorptiometry
International
Organization
Standardization
alsoDEHA
included water-oriented conferences
such
as the 1977for
World
Water Conference in
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
acceptable
daily
intake
MarJECFA
del Plata, Argentina, whichJoint
launched
the water
supply
and sanitation
decade
of 1981FAO/WHO
Expert
Committee
on Food
Additives
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1990, as well atomic
as the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of
emission spectrometry
DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid
JMPR Nations (UN) in 2000
Joint
Meeting
on Pesticide Residues
the United
andFAO/WHO
the outcome
of the Johannesburg
World Summit for
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Sustainable
EAAS
Development
in
2002.
electrothermal
The
UN
General
atomic
Assembly
absorption
declared
spectrometry
the period from
LC
liquid
chromatography
aminomethylphosphonic acid
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life. Most recently, the
EAEC
enteroaggregative
E. coli
LOAEL acute reference dose
lowest-observed-adverse-effect
level
UN General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation a human
ECD
electron
capture
detector
LRV
log
reduction
value
right essentialbromodichloromethane
to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid;
acid
Access to
safe drinking-water
is important as a health
andedetic
development
issue at
MCB
benchmark
dose monochlorobenzene
EHEC
enterohaemorrhagic
E.
coli
national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in
MCPA lower confidence4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic
limit
the economic
benchmark
dose as the acid
EIEC
enteroinvasive
E. coli benefit,
water
supply and sanitation can
yieldon
a net
reductions in adverse
MCPB
toluene,enzyme-linked
ethylbenzene
and
xylenes
2,4-MCPB;
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric
acid; 4-(4ELISA
immunosorbent
assay the interventions.
health
effects benzene,
and health-care
costs
outweigh
the costs
of undertaking
chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic
acid
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israelensis
This
is true for investments ranging
from major E.
water
EPEC
enteropathogenic
coli supply infrastructure through to
body
weight
MCPP
2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy)propionic
acid; mecoprop
water
treatment
in
the
home.
Experience
has
also
shown
that interventions
in improving
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E. coli
MMT
manganese
tricarbonyl
access
to safe water favour the methylcyclopentadienyl
poor in particular, whether
in rural or
urban areas, and can
Abstracts
Service
FAAS
flame
atomic
absorption spectrometry
be an
effectiveChemical
part of poverty
alleviation
strategies.
MS
mass
spectrometry
colorimetry
The World Health Organization
(WHO)
published
the Guidelines
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of theofUnited
MTBE
methyl
tertiary-butyl
etherthree editions
chemical-specific
adjustment
factor and 2004, as successors to previous
for FD
drinking-water
quality
in
1983-1984,
1993-1997
Nations
fluorescence
detector
MX
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
The
primaryproduct
purposeofofdisinfectant
the for drinking
concentration
and contact
time 1963 and 1971.
WHO
water,
published
in 1958,
FIDInternational standardsflame
ionization
detector
NDMA
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Guidelines
for
drinking-water
From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling
FPD
flame photodiode detector
quality
iswhich
the diffusely
protection
of regular
E. coli
revision,
leads toadherent
the
publication of addendalevel
that may add to or supersede
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect
disability-adjusted
life
year
public
health.
The
Guidelines
information
GAC
granular
as well
activated
as expert
carbon
reviews on key issues preparatory to
NOEL in previous volumes
no-observed-effect
level
provide
the recommendations
the
development
of the Guidelines.
NTA
nitrilotriacetic
acid
GC
gas
chromatography
of theLeading
World Health
the process of the development of the fourth edition was the Water, SaniNTP
National
Toxicology
Program
(USA) in drinking-water)
GL
guidance
level
(used
for
radionuclides
Organization
(WHO)
for Unit within WHO Headquarters,
tation,
Hygiene
and Health
with the Programme on
GV
NTU Safety
guideline
nephelometric
value turbidity
unitthe Radiation and Environmanaging
the riskproviding
from
Chemical
input
on chemical
hazards and
hazards
that
may
compromise
HAA
PAC
haloacetic
powdered acid
activated carbon
In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
the safety of drinking-water.
HAV
A virus
drinking-water,
wastewater
and recreational water should
PAH
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbon
UF
The
recommendations shouldhepatitis
integrate assessment of risk, risk management options and
HCB
PCP
pentachlorophenol
beUN
considered
in the context hexachlorobenzene
exposure control elements within a single framework with
HCBD
hexachlorobutadiene
PCR
polymerase
ofPTMI
managing
the
risk
from
embeddedchain
qualityreaction
targets (see the supporting document Water
UNICEF
SI
qualityGuidelines,
standards and
Thehealth;
potential
Annex
health
1).conseother
HCH
sources
of
exposure
to
hexachlorocyclohexane
PD
photoionization
detector
PTWI
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
UNSCEAR
health
contextof
Health-basedthis
targets
Following
approach, thePublic
assessment
quences
of risk
microbial
is not acongoal in
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
Application of the Guidelines
these
hazards,
such
as
waste,
PVC
PMTDI Health-based targets hepatitis
provisional
maximum
tolerable
daily
intake
HEV
E(Chapter
virus
TDI
Public
health
context
SODIS
TBA
and health
outcome
3)but
inevident
specific
circumstances
The
great
its own
majority
right,
of
rather
Diseases
awater-related
basis
related
for
tamination
to
decision-making.
contamination
health
are
problems
such of
that
The
areits
air,
(Chapter 6)
s food and consumer
______________i_________________
andfor
health
outcome
(Chapter 3) human
the
result
framework
of
microbial
safe
An
(bacterial,
drinking-water
drinking-water
important
viral,
concept
control
constitute
protozoan
and in
the
must
the
recommended
aor
allocation
major
always
otherburden
biobeof
of
HIV
immunodeficiency
virus
PPA
protein
assay
TDS
USA
p.
TCB
Waterphosphatase
safety plans
(Chapter
4) for Climate
products.
QMRA
change,
Emergencies,
logical)
approach
contamination.
regulations,
resources
on
Nevertheless,
Disinfection
human
policies
tohealth.
improving
should
paramount
anand
appreciable
Interventions
programmes
not
drinking-water
be
importance
compromised
number
toare
improve
based
safety
and
of
s
Water
safety
plans
Introduction
System
Management
and
Radiological
Acceptability
HPC
heterotrophic
plate count
THM
UV
PT
purge
and
trap
pp.
TCU
Monitoring
harvesting, Desalination
(Chapter
1) Rainwater
(Chapter 4)
Acceptability
assessment
communication
on
health
this
overall
concerns
framework,
isthe
may
that
in quality
attempting
of
occur
incremental
known
of
as drinking-water
amust
toresult
ascontrol
the
never
improvement
of
Stockholm
the
disinfection
be chemical
compromised.
provide
towards
by- Radiological
Introduction
aspects
Surveillance serious
Management
and
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
System
SUPPORTING
systems, Travellers, Planes and
aspects
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
SUPPORTING
Surveillance
aspects
HPLC
liquid
chromatography
TID
UVPAD
PTDIassessment
provisional
tolerable
daily
intake
TD
subsp.
(Chapter 1)Monitoring
RNA
(Chapter 5) high-performance
contamination
Framework
of
(see
drinking-water.
long-term
chapter
significant
products.
2).
water
benefits
quality
to
health.
targets.
INFORMATION
(Chapters
7
8
and
11)(Chapters
INFORMATION
7 and 12)
8
11)
ships,
etc.
(Chapter 10)
9) 12)
communication (Chapter 5)
(Chapter
(Chapter
(Chapter9)10)

9.7.5 Decreasing radon concentrations

9.8 Risk communication
9.8.1 Reporting results
9.8.2 Communicating risks

in drinking-water

217
217
217
217

10. Acceptability aspects: Taste, odour and appearance

10.1 Biologically derived contaminants
Actinomycetes and fungi
Cyanobacteria and algae
Invertebrate animal life
Iron bacteria
10.2 Chemically derived contaminants
Aluminium
Ammonia
Chloramines
Chloride
Chlorine
Chlorobenzenes
Chlorophenols
Colour
Copper
Dissolved oxygen
Ethylbenzene
Hardness
Hydrogen sulfide
Iron
Manganese
Petroleum oils
pH and corrosion
Sodium
Styrene
Sulfate
Synthetic detergents
Toluene
Total dissolved solids
Turbidity
Xylenes
Zinc
10.3 Treatment of taste, odour and appearance problems
10.4 Temperature

219
221
221
221
221
222
222
222
223
223
223
223
223
224
224
224
225
225
225
225
226
226
226
226
227
227
227
227
228
228
228
229
229
230
230

11. Microbial fact sheets

11.1 Bacterial pathogens
Acinetobacter
Aeromonas
Bacillus

231
232
232
234
235

Index

Preface

2,4-D
2,4-DB
2,4-DP
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
AAS
Absor
ADI
AES
AIDS
AMPA
ARfD
BDCM
BMD
BMDL
BTEX
Bti
bw
CAS
Col
CSAF
Ct
DAEC
DALY

518

IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
DBCM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
dibromochloromethane
acid
IC
ion chromatography
DBCP
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
acid
ccess to2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric
safe drinking-water
is essential
to health,
a basic human right and a comICP
inductively
coupled
plasma
DBP
disinfection
by-product
dichlorprop
ponent
of
effective
policy
for
health
protection.
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
DCA
acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
The importance
of water,dichloroacetic
sanitation and
IDC
individual
dosehygiene
criterionfor health and development has
DCB
dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid; fenoprop
been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international
policy forums. These have
IPCS
International Programme on Chemical Safety
DCP health-oriented conferences
dichloropropane
included
such as the International Conference on Primary
IQ
intelligence
quotient
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
Health
in Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstan
(former Soviet Union), in 1978. They have
DDTCare, held
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
ISO
absorptiometry
International
Organization
Standardization
alsoDEHA
included water-oriented conferences
such
as the 1977for
World
Water Conference in
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
acceptable
daily
intake
MarJECFA
del Plata, Argentina, whichJoint
launched
the water
supply
and sanitation
decade
of 1981FAO/WHO
Expert
Committee
on Food
Additives
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1990, as well atomic
as the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of
emission spectrometry
DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid
JMPR Nations (UN) in 2000
Joint
Meeting
on Pesticide Residues
the United
andFAO/WHO
the outcome
of the Johannesburg
World Summit for
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Sustainable
EAAS
Development
in
2002.
electrothermal
The
UN
General
atomic
Assembly
absorption
declared
spectrometry
the period from
LC
liquid
chromatography
aminomethylphosphonic acid
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life. Most recently, the
EAEC
enteroaggregative
E. coli
LOAEL acute reference dose
lowest-observed-adverse-effect
level
UN General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation a human
ECD
electron
capture
detector
LRV
log
reduction
value
right essentialbromodichloromethane
to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid;
acid
Access to
safe drinking-water
is important as a health
andedetic
development
issue at
MCB
benchmark
dose monochlorobenzene
EHEC
enterohaemorrhagic
E.
coli
national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in
MCPA lower confidence4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic
limit
the economic
benchmark
dose as the acid
EIEC
enteroinvasive
E. coli benefit,
water
supply and sanitation can
yieldon
a net
reductions in adverse
MCPB
toluene,enzyme-linked
ethylbenzene
and
xylenes
2,4-MCPB;
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric
acid; 4-(4ELISA
immunosorbent
assay the interventions.
health
effects benzene,
and health-care
costs
outweigh
the costs
of undertaking
chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic
acid
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israelensis
This
is true for investments ranging
from major E.
water
EPEC
enteropathogenic
coli supply infrastructure through to
body
weight
MCPP
2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy)propionic
acid; mecoprop
water
treatment
in
the
home.
Experience
has
also
shown
that interventions
in improving
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E. coli
MMT
manganese
tricarbonyl
access
to safe water favour the methylcyclopentadienyl
poor in particular, whether
in rural or
urban areas, and can
Abstracts
Service
FAAS
flame
atomic
absorption spectrometry
be an
effectiveChemical
part of poverty
alleviation
strategies.
MS
mass
spectrometry
colorimetry
The World Health Organization
(WHO)
published
the Guidelines
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of theofUnited
MTBE
methyl
tertiary-butyl
etherthree editions
chemical-specific
adjustment
factor and 2004, as successors to previous
for FD
drinking-water
quality
in
1983-1984,
1993-1997
Nations
fluorescence
detector
MX
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
The
primaryproduct
purposeofofdisinfectant
the for drinking
concentration
and contact
time 1963 and 1971.
WHO
water,
published
in 1958,
FIDInternational standardsflame
ionization
detector
NDMA
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Guidelines
for
drinking-water
From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling
FPD
flame photodiode detector
quality
iswhich
the diffusely
protection
of regular
E. coli
revision,
leads toadherent
the
publication of addendalevel
that may add to or supersede
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect
disability-adjusted
life
year
public
health.
The
Guidelines
information
GAC
granular
as well
activated
as expert
carbon
reviews on key issues preparatory to
NOEL in previous volumes
no-observed-effect
level
provide
the recommendations
the
development
of the Guidelines.
NTA
nitrilotriacetic
acid
GC
gas
chromatography
of theLeading
World Health
the process of the development of the fourth edition was the Water, SaniNTP
National
Toxicology
Program
(USA) in drinking-water)
GL
guidance
level
(used
for
radionuclides
Organization
(WHO)
for Unit within WHO Headquarters,
tation,
Hygiene
and Health
with the Programme on
GV
NTU Safety
guideline
nephelometric
value turbidity
unitthe Radiation and Environmanaging
the riskproviding
from
Chemical
input
on chemical
hazards and
hazards
that
may
compromise
HAA
PAC
haloacetic
powdered acid
activated carbon
In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
the safety of drinking-water.
HAV
A virus
drinking-water,
wastewater
and recreational water should
PAH
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbon
UF
The
recommendations shouldhepatitis
integrate assessment of risk, risk management options and
HCB
PCP
pentachlorophenol
beUN
considered
in the context hexachlorobenzene
exposure control elements within a single framework with
HCBD
hexachlorobutadiene
PCR
polymerase
ofPTMI
managing
the
risk
from
embeddedchain
qualityreaction
targets (see the supporting document Water
UNICEF
SI
qualityGuidelines,
standards and
Thehealth;
potential
Annex
health
1).conseother
HCH
sources
of
exposure
to
hexachlorocyclohexane
PD
photoionization
detector
PTWI
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
UNSCEAR
health
contextof
Health-basedthis
targets
Following
approach, thePublic
assessment
quences
of risk
microbial
is not acongoal in
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
Application of the Guidelines
these
hazards,
such
as
waste,
PVC
PMTDI Health-based targets hepatitis
provisional
maximum
tolerable
daily
intake
HEV
E(Chapter
virus
TDI
Public
health
context
SODIS
TBA
and health
outcome
3)but
inevident
specific
circumstances
The
great
its own
majority
right,
of
rather
Diseases
awater-related
basis
related
for
tamination
to
decision-making.
contamination
health
are
problems
such of
that
The
areits
air,
(Chapter 6)
s food and consumer
______________i_________________
andfor
health
outcome
(Chapter 3) human
the
result
framework
of
microbial
safe
An
(bacterial,
drinking-water
drinking-water
important
viral,
concept
control
constitute
protozoan
and in
the
must
the
recommended
aor
allocation
major
always
otherburden
biobeof
of
HIV
immunodeficiency
virus
PPA
protein
assay
TDS
USA
p.
TCB
Waterphosphatase
safety plans
(Chapter
4) for Climate
products.
QMRA
change,
Emergencies,
logical)
approach
contamination.
regulations,
resources
on
Nevertheless,
Disinfection
human
policies
tohealth.
improving
should
paramount
anand
appreciable
Interventions
programmes
not
drinking-water
be
importance
compromised
number
toare
improve
based
safety
and
of
s
Water
safety
plans
Introduction
System
Management
and
Radiological
Acceptability
HPC
heterotrophic
plate count
THM
UV
PT
purge
and
trap
pp.
TCU
Monitoring
harvesting, Desalination
(Chapter
1) Rainwater
(Chapter 4)
Acceptability
assessment
communication
on
health
this
overall
concerns
framework,
isthe
may
that
in quality
attempting
of
occur
incremental
known
of
as drinking-water
amust
toresult
ascontrol
the
never
improvement
of
Stockholm
the
disinfection
be chemical
compromised.
provide
towards
by- Radiological
Introduction
aspects
Surveillance serious
Management
and
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
System
SUPPORTING
systems, Travellers, Planes and
aspects
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
SUPPORTING
Surveillance
aspects
HPLC
liquid
chromatography
TID
UVPAD
PTDIassessment
provisional
tolerable
daily
intake
TD
subsp.
(Chapter 1)Monitoring
RNA
(Chapter 5) high-performance
contamination
Framework
of
(see
drinking-water.
long-term
chapter
significant
products.
2).
water
benefits
quality
to
health.
targets.
INFORMATION
(Chapters
7
8
and
11)(Chapters
INFORMATION
7 and 12)
8
11)
ships,
etc.
(Chapter 10)
9) 12)
communication (Chapter 5)
(Chapter
(Chapter
(Chapter9)10)

Burkholderia pseudomallei
Campylobacter
Enterobacter sakazakii
Escherichia coli pathogenic strains
Helicobacter pylori
Klebsiella
Legionella
Leptospira
Mycobacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella
Shigella
Staphylococcus aureus
Tsukamurella
Vibrio
Yersinia
11.2 Viral pathogens
Adenoviruses
Astroviruses
Caliciviruses
Enteroviruses
Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis E virus
Rotaviruses and orthoreoviruses
11.3 Protozoan pathogens
Acanthamoeba
Balantidium coli
Blastocystis
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia intestinalis
Isospora belli
Microsporidia
Naegleria fowleri
Toxoplasma gondii
11.4 Helminth pathogens
Dracunculus medinensis
Fasciola spp.
Free-living nematodes
Schistosoma spp.
11.5 Toxic cyanobacteria
11.6 Indicator organisms
Total coliform bacteria
Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliform bacteria

236
237
239
240
241
242
244
245
247
249
250
252
253
254
255
257
258
258
260
261
263
264
265
267
268
269
270
271
273
274
276
277
279
280
282
283
285
285
287
288
290
293
294
294
296

Index

Preface

2,4-D
2,4-DB
2,4-DP
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
AAS
Absor
ADI
AES
AIDS
AMPA
ARfD
BDCM
BMD
BMDL
BTEX
Bti
bw
CAS
Col
CSAF
Ct
DAEC
DALY

518

IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
DBCM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
dibromochloromethane
acid
IC
ion chromatography
DBCP
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
acid
ccess to2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric
safe drinking-water
is essential
to health,
a basic human right and a comICP
inductively
coupled
plasma
DBP
disinfection
by-product
dichlorprop
ponent
of
effective
policy
for
health
protection.
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
DCA
acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
The importance
of water,dichloroacetic
sanitation and
IDC
individual
dosehygiene
criterionfor health and development has
DCB
dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid; fenoprop
been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international
policy forums. These have
IPCS
International Programme on Chemical Safety
DCP health-oriented conferences
dichloropropane
included
such as the International Conference on Primary
IQ
intelligence
quotient
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
Health
in Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstan
(former Soviet Union), in 1978. They have
DDTCare, held
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
ISO
absorptiometry
International
Organization
Standardization
alsoDEHA
included water-oriented conferences
such
as the 1977for
World
Water Conference in
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
acceptable
daily
intake
MarJECFA
del Plata, Argentina, whichJoint
launched
the water
supply
and sanitation
decade
of 1981FAO/WHO
Expert
Committee
on Food
Additives
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1990, as well atomic
as the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of
emission spectrometry
DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid
JMPR Nations (UN) in 2000
Joint
Meeting
on Pesticide Residues
the United
andFAO/WHO
the outcome
of the Johannesburg
World Summit for
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Sustainable
EAAS
Development
in
2002.
electrothermal
The
UN
General
atomic
Assembly
absorption
declared
spectrometry
the period from
LC
liquid
chromatography
aminomethylphosphonic acid
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life. Most recently, the
EAEC
enteroaggregative
E. coli
LOAEL acute reference dose
lowest-observed-adverse-effect
level
UN General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation a human
ECD
electron
capture
detector
LRV
log
reduction
value
right essentialbromodichloromethane
to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid;
acid
Access to
safe drinking-water
is important as a health
andedetic
development
issue at
MCB
benchmark
dose monochlorobenzene
EHEC
enterohaemorrhagic
E.
coli
national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in
MCPA lower confidence4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic
limit
the economic
benchmark
dose as the acid
EIEC
enteroinvasive
E. coli benefit,
water
supply and sanitation can
yieldon
a net
reductions in adverse
MCPB
toluene,enzyme-linked
ethylbenzene
and
xylenes
2,4-MCPB;
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric
acid; 4-(4ELISA
immunosorbent
assay the interventions.
health
effects benzene,
and health-care
costs
outweigh
the costs
of undertaking
chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic
acid
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israelensis
This
is true for investments ranging
from major E.
water
EPEC
enteropathogenic
coli supply infrastructure through to
body
weight
MCPP
2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy)propionic
acid; mecoprop
water
treatment
in
the
home.
Experience
has
also
shown
that interventions
in improving
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E. coli
MMT
manganese
tricarbonyl
access
to safe water favour the methylcyclopentadienyl
poor in particular, whether
in rural or
urban areas, and can
Abstracts
Service
FAAS
flame
atomic
absorption spectrometry
be an
effectiveChemical
part of poverty
alleviation
strategies.
MS
mass
spectrometry
colorimetry
The World Health Organization
(WHO)
published
the Guidelines
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of theofUnited
MTBE
methyl
tertiary-butyl
etherthree editions
chemical-specific
adjustment
factor and 2004, as successors to previous
for FD
drinking-water
quality
in
1983-1984,
1993-1997
Nations
fluorescence
detector
MX
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
The
primaryproduct
purposeofofdisinfectant
the for drinking
concentration
and contact
time 1963 and 1971.
WHO
water,
published
in 1958,
FIDInternational standardsflame
ionization
detector
NDMA
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Guidelines
for
drinking-water
From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling
FPD
flame photodiode detector
quality
iswhich
the diffusely
protection
of regular
E. coli
revision,
leads toadherent
the
publication of addendalevel
that may add to or supersede
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect
disability-adjusted
life
year
public
health.
The
Guidelines
information
GAC
granular
as well
activated
as expert
carbon
reviews on key issues preparatory to
NOEL in previous volumes
no-observed-effect
level
provide
the recommendations
the
development
of the Guidelines.
NTA
nitrilotriacetic
acid
GC
gas
chromatography
of theLeading
World Health
the process of the development of the fourth edition was the Water, SaniNTP
National
Toxicology
Program
(USA) in drinking-water)
GL
guidance
level
(used
for
radionuclides
Organization
(WHO)
for Unit within WHO Headquarters,
tation,
Hygiene
and Health
with the Programme on
GV
NTU Safety
guideline
nephelometric
value turbidity
unitthe Radiation and Environmanaging
the riskproviding
from
Chemical
input
on chemical
hazards and
hazards
that
may
compromise
HAA
PAC
haloacetic
powdered acid
activated carbon
In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
the safety of drinking-water.
HAV
A virus
drinking-water,
wastewater
and recreational water should
PAH
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbon
UF
The
recommendations shouldhepatitis
integrate assessment of risk, risk management options and
HCB
PCP
pentachlorophenol
beUN
considered
in the context hexachlorobenzene
exposure control elements within a single framework with
HCBD
hexachlorobutadiene
PCR
polymerase
ofPTMI
managing
the
risk
from
embeddedchain
qualityreaction
targets (see the supporting document Water
UNICEF
SI
qualityGuidelines,
standards and
Thehealth;
potential
Annex
health
1).conseother
HCH
sources
of
exposure
to
hexachlorocyclohexane
PD
photoionization
detector
PTWI
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
UNSCEAR
health
contextof
Health-basedthis
targets
Following
approach, thePublic
assessment
quences
of risk
microbial
is not acongoal in
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
Application of the Guidelines
these
hazards,
such
as
waste,
PVC
PMTDI Health-based targets hepatitis
provisional
maximum
tolerable
daily
intake
HEV
E(Chapter
virus
TDI
Public
health
context
SODIS
TBA
and health
outcome
3)but
inevident
specific
circumstances
The
great
its own
majority
right,
of
rather
Diseases
awater-related
basis
related
for
tamination
to
decision-making.
contamination
health
are
problems
such of
that
The
areits
air,
(Chapter 6)
s food and consumer
______________i_________________
andfor
health
outcome
(Chapter 3) human
the
result
framework
of
microbial
safe
An
(bacterial,
drinking-water
drinking-water
important
viral,
concept
control
constitute
protozoan
and in
the
must
the
recommended
aor
allocation
major
always
otherburden
biobeof
of
HIV
immunodeficiency
virus
PPA
protein
assay
TDS
USA
p.
TCB
Waterphosphatase
safety plans
(Chapter
4) for Climate
products.
QMRA
change,
Emergencies,
logical)
approach
contamination.
regulations,
resources
on
Nevertheless,
Disinfection
human
policies
tohealth.
improving
should
paramount
anand
appreciable
Interventions
programmes
not
drinking-water
be
importance
compromised
number
toare
improve
based
safety
and
of
s
Water
safety
plans
Introduction
System
Management
and
Radiological
Acceptability
HPC
heterotrophic
plate count
THM
UV
PT
purge
and
trap
pp.
TCU
Monitoring
harvesting, Desalination
(Chapter
1) Rainwater
(Chapter 4)
Acceptability
assessment
communication
on
health
this
overall
concerns
framework,
isthe
may
that
in quality
attempting
of
occur
incremental
known
of
as drinking-water
amust
toresult
ascontrol
the
never
improvement
of
Stockholm
the
disinfection
be chemical
compromised.
provide
towards
by- Radiological
Introduction
aspects
Surveillance serious
Management
and
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
System
SUPPORTING
systems, Travellers, Planes and
aspects
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
SUPPORTING
Surveillance
aspects
HPLC
liquid
chromatography
TID
UVPAD
PTDIassessment
provisional
tolerable
daily
intake
TD
subsp.
(Chapter 1)Monitoring
RNA
(Chapter 5) high-performance
contamination
Framework
of
(see
drinking-water.
long-term
chapter
significant
products.
2).
water
benefits
quality
to
health.
targets.
INFORMATION
(Chapters
7
8
and
11)(Chapters
INFORMATION
7 and 12)
8
11)
ships,
etc.
(Chapter 10)
9) 12)
communication (Chapter 5)
(Chapter
(Chapter
(Chapter9)10)

Heterotrophic plate counts

Intestinal enterococci
Clostridium perfringens
Coliphages
Bacteroides fragilis phages
Enteric viruses

297
298
300
301
303
305

12. Chemical fact sheets

307
12.1 Chemical contaminants in drinking-water
307
Acrylamide
307
Alachlor
308
Aldicarb
309
Aldrin and dieldrin
310
Aluminium
311
Ammonia
313
Antimony
314
Arsenic
315
Asbestos
318
Atrazine and its metabolites
319
Barium
320
Bentazone
321
Benzene
322
Beryllium
322
Boron
323
Bromate
324
Bromide
325
Brominated acetic acids
326
Cadmium
327
Carbaryl
328
Carbofuran
328
Carbon tetrachloride
329
Chloral hydrate
330
Chloramines (monochloramine, dichloramine, trichloramine) 331
Chlordane
333
Chloride
333
Chlorine
334
Chlorite and chlorate
335
Chloroacetones
337
Chlorophenols (2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol,
2,4,6-trichlorophenol)
337
Chloropicrin
338
Chlorotoluron
338
Chlorpyrifos
339
Chromium
340
Copper
340

Index

Preface

2,4-D
2,4-DB
2,4-DP
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
AAS
Absor
ADI
AES
AIDS
AMPA
ARfD
BDCM
BMD
BMDL
BTEX
Bti
bw
CAS
Col
CSAF
Ct
DAEC
DALY

518

IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
DBCM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
dibromochloromethane
acid
IC
ion chromatography
DBCP
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
acid
ccess to2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric
safe drinking-water
is essential
to health,
a basic human right and a comICP
inductively
coupled
plasma
DBP
disinfection
by-product
dichlorprop
ponent
of
effective
policy
for
health
protection.
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
DCA
acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
The importance
of water,dichloroacetic
sanitation and
IDC
individual
dosehygiene
criterionfor health and development has
DCB
dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid; fenoprop
been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international
policy forums. These have
IPCS
International Programme on Chemical Safety
DCP health-oriented conferences
dichloropropane
included
such as the International Conference on Primary
IQ
intelligence
quotient
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
Health
in Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstan
(former Soviet Union), in 1978. They have
DDTCare, held
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
ISO
absorptiometry
International
Organization
Standardization
alsoDEHA
included water-oriented conferences
such
as the 1977for
World
Water Conference in
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
acceptable
daily
intake
MarJECFA
del Plata, Argentina, whichJoint
launched
the water
supply
and sanitation
decade
of 1981FAO/WHO
Expert
Committee
on Food
Additives
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1990, as well atomic
as the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of
emission spectrometry
DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid
JMPR Nations (UN) in 2000
Joint
Meeting
on Pesticide Residues
the United
andFAO/WHO
the outcome
of the Johannesburg
World Summit for
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Sustainable
EAAS
Development
in
2002.
electrothermal
The
UN
General
atomic
Assembly
absorption
declared
spectrometry
the period from
LC
liquid
chromatography
aminomethylphosphonic acid
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life. Most recently, the
EAEC
enteroaggregative
E. coli
LOAEL acute reference dose
lowest-observed-adverse-effect
level
UN General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation a human
ECD
electron
capture
detector
LRV
log
reduction
value
right essentialbromodichloromethane
to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid;
acid
Access to
safe drinking-water
is important as a health
andedetic
development
issue at
MCB
benchmark
dose monochlorobenzene
EHEC
enterohaemorrhagic
E.
coli
national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in
MCPA lower confidence4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic
limit
the economic
benchmark
dose as the acid
EIEC
enteroinvasive
E. coli benefit,
water
supply and sanitation can
yieldon
a net
reductions in adverse
MCPB
toluene,enzyme-linked
ethylbenzene
and
xylenes
2,4-MCPB;
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric
acid; 4-(4ELISA
immunosorbent
assay the interventions.
health
effects benzene,
and health-care
costs
outweigh
the costs
of undertaking
chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic
acid
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israelensis
This
is true for investments ranging
from major E.
water
EPEC
enteropathogenic
coli supply infrastructure through to
body
weight
MCPP
2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy)propionic
acid; mecoprop
water
treatment
in
the
home.
Experience
has
also
shown
that interventions
in improving
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E. coli
MMT
manganese
tricarbonyl
access
to safe water favour the methylcyclopentadienyl
poor in particular, whether
in rural or
urban areas, and can
Abstracts
Service
FAAS
flame
atomic
absorption spectrometry
be an
effectiveChemical
part of poverty
alleviation
strategies.
MS
mass
spectrometry
colorimetry
The World Health Organization
(WHO)
published
the Guidelines
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of theofUnited
MTBE
methyl
tertiary-butyl
etherthree editions
chemical-specific
adjustment
factor and 2004, as successors to previous
for FD
drinking-water
quality
in
1983-1984,
1993-1997
Nations
fluorescence
detector
MX
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
The
primaryproduct
purposeofofdisinfectant
the for drinking
concentration
and contact
time 1963 and 1971.
WHO
water,
published
in 1958,
FIDInternational standardsflame
ionization
detector
NDMA
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Guidelines
for
drinking-water
From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling
FPD
flame photodiode detector
quality
iswhich
the diffusely
protection
of regular
E. coli
revision,
leads toadherent
the
publication of addendalevel
that may add to or supersede
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect
disability-adjusted
life
year
public
health.
The
Guidelines
information
GAC
granular
as well
activated
as expert
carbon
reviews on key issues preparatory to
NOEL in previous volumes
no-observed-effect
level
provide
the recommendations
the
development
of the Guidelines.
NTA
nitrilotriacetic
acid
GC
gas
chromatography
of theLeading
World Health
the process of the development of the fourth edition was the Water, SaniNTP
National
Toxicology
Program
(USA) in drinking-water)
GL
guidance
level
(used
for
radionuclides
Organization
(WHO)
for Unit within WHO Headquarters,
tation,
Hygiene
and Health
with the Programme on
GV
NTU Safety
guideline
nephelometric
value turbidity
unitthe Radiation and Environmanaging
the riskproviding
from
Chemical
input
on chemical
hazards and
hazards
that
may
compromise
HAA
PAC
haloacetic
powdered acid
activated carbon
In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
the safety of drinking-water.
HAV
A virus
drinking-water,
wastewater
and recreational water should
PAH
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbon
UF
The
recommendations shouldhepatitis
integrate assessment of risk, risk management options and
HCB
PCP
pentachlorophenol
beUN
considered
in the context hexachlorobenzene
exposure control elements within a single framework with
HCBD
hexachlorobutadiene
PCR
polymerase
ofPTMI
managing
the
risk
from
embeddedchain
qualityreaction
targets (see the supporting document Water
UNICEF
SI
qualityGuidelines,
standards and
Thehealth;
potential
Annex
health
1).conseother
HCH
sources
of
exposure
to
hexachlorocyclohexane
PD
photoionization
detector
PTWI
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
UNSCEAR
health
contextof
Health-basedthis
targets
Following
approach, thePublic
assessment
quences
of risk
microbial
is not acongoal in
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
Application of the Guidelines
these
hazards,
such
as
waste,
PVC
PMTDI Health-based targets hepatitis
provisional
maximum
tolerable
daily
intake
HEV
E(Chapter
virus
TDI
Public
health
context
SODIS
TBA
and health
outcome
3)but
inevident
specific
circumstances
The
great
its own
majority
right,
of
rather
Diseases
awater-related
basis
related
for
tamination
to
decision-making.
contamination
health
are
problems
such of
that
The
areits
air,
(Chapter 6)
s food and consumer
______________i_________________
andfor
health
outcome
(Chapter 3) human
the
result
framework
of
microbial
safe
An
(bacterial,
drinking-water
drinking-water
important
viral,
concept
control
constitute
protozoan
and in
the
must
the
recommended
aor
allocation
major
always
otherburden
biobeof
of
HIV
immunodeficiency
virus
PPA
protein
assay
TDS
USA
p.
TCB
Waterphosphatase
safety plans
(Chapter
4) for Climate
products.
QMRA
change,
Emergencies,
logical)
approach
contamination.
regulations,
resources
on
Nevertheless,
Disinfection
human
policies
tohealth.
improving
should
paramount
anand
appreciable
Interventions
programmes
not
drinking-water
be
importance
compromised
number
toare
improve
based
safety
and
of
s
Water
safety
plans
Introduction
System
Management
and
Radiological
Acceptability
HPC
heterotrophic
plate count
THM
UV
PT
purge
and
trap
pp.
TCU
Monitoring
harvesting, Desalination
(Chapter
1) Rainwater
(Chapter 4)
Acceptability
assessment
communication
on
health
this
overall
concerns
framework,
isthe
may
that
in quality
attempting
of
occur
incremental
known
of
as drinking-water
amust
toresult
ascontrol
the
never
improvement
of
Stockholm
the
disinfection
be chemical
compromised.
provide
towards
by- Radiological
Introduction
aspects
Surveillance serious
Management
and
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
System
SUPPORTING
systems, Travellers, Planes and
aspects
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
SUPPORTING
Surveillance
aspects
HPLC
liquid
chromatography
TID
UVPAD
PTDIassessment
provisional
tolerable
daily
intake
TD
subsp.
(Chapter 1)Monitoring
RNA
(Chapter 5) high-performance
contamination
Framework
of
(see
drinking-water.
long-term
chapter
significant
products.
2).
water
benefits
quality
to
health.
targets.
INFORMATION
(Chapters
7
8
and
11)(Chapters
INFORMATION
7 and 12)
8
11)
ships,
etc.
(Chapter 10)
9) 12)
communication (Chapter 5)
(Chapter
(Chapter
(Chapter9)10)

Cyanazine
Cyanide
Cyanobacterial toxins: Microcystin-LR Cyanogen chloride
2.4- D
2.4- DB
DDT and metabolites Dialkyltins
1.2- Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1.2- Dibromoethane Dichloroacetic acid
Dichlorobenzenes (1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene,
1,4- dichlorobenzene)
1.1- Dichloroethane
1.2- Dichloroethane
1.1- Dichloroethene
1.2- Dichloroethene Dichloromethane
1.2- Dichloropropane
1.3- Dichloropropane
1.3- Dichloroprop ene Dichlorprop Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate Di(2ethylhexyl)phthalate Dimethoate
1.4- Dioxane Diquat Edetic acid Endosulfan Endrin
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylbenzene
Fenitrothion
Fenoprop
Fluoride
Formaldehyde
Glyphosate and AMPA
Halogenated acetonitriles (dichloroacetonitrile, dibromoacetonitrile,
bromochloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile)
Hardness
Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene Hydrogen sulfide
Inorganic tin
380
Iodine
381
Iron
381
Isoproturon
382
Lead
383
Lindane
385
Malathion
386
Manganese
386
MCPA
387
Mecoprop
388
Mercury
389
Methoxychlor
390
Methyl parathion
391
Methyl tertiary-butyl ether
392

Index

Preface

2,4-D
2,4-DB
2,4-DP
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
AAS
Absor
ADI
AES
AIDS
AMPA
ARfD
BDCM
BMD
BMDL
BTEX
Bti
bw
CAS
Col
CSAF
Ct
DAEC
DALY

518

IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
DBCM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
dibromochloromethane
acid
IC
ion chromatography
DBCP
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
acid
ccess to2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric
safe drinking-water
is essential
to health,
a basic human right and a comICP
inductively
coupled
plasma
DBP
disinfection
by-product
dichlorprop
ponent
of
effective
policy
for
health
protection.
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
DCA
acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
The importance
of water,dichloroacetic
sanitation and
IDC
individual
dosehygiene
criterionfor health and development has
DCB
dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid; fenoprop
been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international
policy forums. These have
IPCS
International Programme on Chemical Safety
DCP health-oriented conferences
dichloropropane
included
such as the International Conference on Primary
IQ
intelligence
quotient
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
Health
in Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstan
(former Soviet Union), in 1978. They have
DDTCare, held
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
ISO
absorptiometry
International
Organization
Standardization
alsoDEHA
included water-oriented conferences
such
as the 1977for
World
Water Conference in
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
acceptable
daily
intake
MarJECFA
del Plata, Argentina, whichJoint
launched
the water
supply
and sanitation
decade
of 1981FAO/WHO
Expert
Committee
on Food
Additives
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1990, as well atomic
as the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of
emission spectrometry
DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid
JMPR Nations (UN) in 2000
Joint
Meeting
on Pesticide Residues
the United
andFAO/WHO
the outcome
of the Johannesburg
World Summit for
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Sustainable
EAAS
Development
in
2002.
electrothermal
The
UN
General
atomic
Assembly
absorption
declared
spectrometry
the period from
LC
liquid
chromatography
aminomethylphosphonic acid
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life. Most recently, the
EAEC
enteroaggregative
E. coli
LOAEL acute reference dose
lowest-observed-adverse-effect
level
UN General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation a human
ECD
electron
capture
detector
LRV
log
reduction
value
right essentialbromodichloromethane
to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid;
acid
Access to
safe drinking-water
is important as a health
andedetic
development
issue at
MCB
benchmark
dose monochlorobenzene
EHEC
enterohaemorrhagic
E.
coli
national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in
MCPA lower confidence4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic
limit
the economic
benchmark
dose as the acid
EIEC
enteroinvasive
E. coli benefit,
water
supply and sanitation can
yieldon
a net
reductions in adverse
MCPB
toluene,enzyme-linked
ethylbenzene
and
xylenes
2,4-MCPB;
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric
acid; 4-(4ELISA
immunosorbent
assay the interventions.
health
effects benzene,
and health-care
costs
outweigh
the costs
of undertaking
chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic
acid
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israelensis
This
is true for investments ranging
from major E.
water
EPEC
enteropathogenic
coli supply infrastructure through to
body
weight
MCPP
2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy)propionic
acid; mecoprop
water
treatment
in
the
home.
Experience
has
also
shown
that interventions
in improving
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E. coli
MMT
manganese
tricarbonyl
access
to safe water favour the methylcyclopentadienyl
poor in particular, whether
in rural or
urban areas, and can
Abstracts
Service
FAAS
flame
atomic
absorption spectrometry
be an
effectiveChemical
part of poverty
alleviation
strategies.
MS
mass
spectrometry
colorimetry
The World Health Organization
(WHO)
published
the Guidelines
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of theofUnited
MTBE
methyl
tertiary-butyl
etherthree editions
chemical-specific
adjustment
factor and 2004, as successors to previous
for FD
drinking-water
quality
in
1983-1984,
1993-1997
Nations
fluorescence
detector
MX
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
The
primaryproduct
purposeofofdisinfectant
the for drinking
concentration
and contact
time 1963 and 1971.
WHO
water,
published
in 1958,
FIDInternational standardsflame
ionization
detector
NDMA
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Guidelines
for
drinking-water
From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling
FPD
flame photodiode detector
quality
iswhich
the diffusely
protection
of regular
E. coli
revision,
leads toadherent
the
publication of addendalevel
that may add to or supersede
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect
disability-adjusted
life
year
public
health.
The
Guidelines
information
GAC
granular
as well
activated
as expert
carbon
reviews on key issues preparatory to
NOEL in previous volumes
no-observed-effect
level
provide
the recommendations
the
development
of the Guidelines.
NTA
nitrilotriacetic
acid
GC
gas
chromatography
of theLeading
World Health
the process of the development of the fourth edition was the Water, SaniNTP
National
Toxicology
Program
(USA) in drinking-water)
GL
guidance
level
(used
for
radionuclides
Organization
(WHO)
for Unit within WHO Headquarters,
tation,
Hygiene
and Health
with the Programme on
GV
NTU Safety
guideline
nephelometric
value turbidity
unitthe Radiation and Environmanaging
the riskproviding
from
Chemical
input
on chemical
hazards and
hazards
that
may
compromise
HAA
PAC
haloacetic
powdered acid
activated carbon
In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
the safety of drinking-water.
HAV
A virus
drinking-water,
wastewater
and recreational water should
PAH
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbon
UF
The
recommendations shouldhepatitis
integrate assessment of risk, risk management options and
HCB
PCP
pentachlorophenol
beUN
considered
in the context hexachlorobenzene
exposure control elements within a single framework with
HCBD
hexachlorobutadiene
PCR
polymerase
ofPTMI
managing
the
risk
from
embeddedchain
qualityreaction
targets (see the supporting document Water
UNICEF
SI
qualityGuidelines,
standards and
Thehealth;
potential
Annex
health
1).conseother
HCH
sources
of
exposure
to
hexachlorocyclohexane
PD
photoionization
detector
PTWI
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
UNSCEAR
health
contextof
Health-basedthis
targets
Following
approach, thePublic
assessment
quences
of risk
microbial
is not acongoal in
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
Application of the Guidelines
these
hazards,
such
as
waste,
PVC
PMTDI Health-based targets hepatitis
provisional
maximum
tolerable
daily
intake
HEV
E(Chapter
virus
TDI
Public
health
context
SODIS
TBA
and health
outcome
3)but
inevident
specific
circumstances
The
great
its own
majority
right,
of
rather
Diseases
awater-related
basis
related
for
tamination
to
decision-making.
contamination
health
are
problems
such of
that
The
areits
air,
(Chapter 6)
s food and consumer
______________i_________________
andfor
health
outcome
(Chapter 3) human
the
result
framework
of
microbial
safe
An
(bacterial,
drinking-water
drinking-water
important
viral,
concept
control
constitute
protozoan
and in
the
must
the
recommended
aor
allocation
major
always
otherburden
biobeof
of
HIV
immunodeficiency
virus
PPA
protein
assay
TDS
USA
p.
TCB
Waterphosphatase
safety plans
(Chapter
4) for Climate
products.
QMRA
change,
Emergencies,
logical)
approach
contamination.
regulations,
resources
on
Nevertheless,
Disinfection
human
policies
tohealth.
improving
should
paramount
anand
appreciable
Interventions
programmes
not
drinking-water
be
importance
compromised
number
toare
improve
based
safety
and
of
s
Water
safety
plans
Introduction
System
Management
and
Radiological
Acceptability
HPC
heterotrophic
plate count
THM
UV
PT
purge
and
trap
pp.
TCU
Monitoring
harvesting, Desalination
(Chapter
1) Rainwater
(Chapter 4)
Acceptability
assessment
communication
on
health
this
overall
concerns
framework,
isthe
may
that
in quality
attempting
of
occur
incremental
known
of
as drinking-water
amust
toresult
ascontrol
the
never
improvement
of
Stockholm
the
disinfection
be chemical
compromised.
provide
towards
by- Radiological
Introduction
aspects
Surveillance serious
Management
and
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
System
SUPPORTING
systems, Travellers, Planes and
aspects
Microbial
Chemical
aspects
aspects
SUPPORTING
Surveillance
aspects
HPLC
liquid
chromatography
TID
UVPAD
PTDIassessment
provisional
tolerable
daily
intake
TD
subsp.
(Chapter 1)Monitoring
RNA
(Chapter 5) high-performance
contamination
Framework
of
(see
drinking-water.
long-term
chapter
significant
products.
2).
water
benefits
quality
to
health.
targets.
INFORMATION
(Chapters
7
8
and
11)(Chapters
INFORMATION
7 and 12)
8
11)
ships,
etc.
(Chapter 10)
9) 12)
communication (Chapter 5)
(Chapter
(Chapter
(Chapter9)10)

Metolachlor
Molinate
Molybdenum
Monochloroacetic acid
Monochlorobenzene
MX
Nickel
Nitrate and nitrite
Nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrobenzene
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Parathion
Pendimethalin
Pentachlorophenol
Petroleum products
pH
2-Phenylphenol and its sodium salt
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Potassium
Propanil
Selenium
Silver
Simazine
Sodium
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate
Styrene
Sulfate
2,4,5-T
Terbuthylazine
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
Total dissolved solids
Trichloroacetic acid
Trichlorobenzenes (total)

393
393
394
395
395
396
396
398
403
404
405
406
407
407
408
409
409
410
412
413
413
415
415
416
416
418
419
419
420
421
422
423
423
424
1,1,1Trichloroethane
424
Trichloroethene
425
Trifluralin
426
Trihalomethanes (bromoform, bromodichloromethane,
dibromochloromethane, chloroform)
427
Uranium
430
Vinyl chloride
431
Xylenes
432
Zinc
433
12.2 Pesticides used for vector control in drinking-water sources and

Index

Preface

2,4-D
2,4-DB
2,4-DP
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
AAS
Absor
ADI
AES
AIDS
AMPA
ARfD
BDCM
BMD
BMDL
BTEX
Bti
bw
CAS
Col
CSAF
Ct
DAEC
DALY

518

IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
DBCM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
dibromochloromethane
acid
IC
ion chromatography
DBCP
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
acid
ccess to2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric
safe drinking-water
is essential
to health,
a basic human right and a comICP
inductively
coupled
plasma
DBP
disinfection
by-product
dichlorprop
ponent
of
effective
policy
for
health
protection.
ICRP
International Commission on Radiological Protection
DCA
acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
The importance
of water,dichloroacetic
sanitation and
IDC
individual
dosehygiene
criterionfor health and development has
DCB
dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid; fenoprop
been reflected in the outcomes of a series of international
policy forums. These have
IPCS
International Programme on Chemical Safety
DCP health-oriented conferences
dichloropropane
included
such as the International Conference on Primary
IQ
intelligence
quotient
atomic
absorption
spectrometry
Health
in Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstan
(former Soviet Union), in 1978. They have
DDTCare, held
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
ISO
absorptiometry
International
Organization
Standardization
alsoDEHA
included water-oriented conferences
such
as the 1977for
World
Water Conference in
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
acceptable
daily
intake
MarJECFA
del Plata, Argentina, whichJoint
launched
the water
supply
and sanitation
decade
of 1981FAO/WHO
Expert
Committee
on Food
Additives
DEHP
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1990, as well atomic
as the Millennium
Development Goals adopted by the General Assembly of
emission spectrometry
DNA
deoxyribonucleic
acid
JMPR Nations (UN) in 2000
Joint
Meeting
on Pesticide Residues
the United
andFAO/WHO
the outcome
of the Johannesburg
World Summit for
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Sustainable
EAAS
Development
in
2002.
electrothermal
The
UN
General
atomic
Assembly
absorption
declared
spectrometry
the period from
LC
liquid
chromatography
aminomethylphosphonic acid
2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life. Most recently, the
EAEC
enteroaggregative
E. coli
LOAEL acute reference dose
lowest-observed-adverse-effect
level
UN General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking-water and sanitation a human
ECD
electron
capture
detector
LRV
log
reduction
value
right essentialbromodichloromethane
to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.
EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid;
acid
Access to
safe drinking-water
is important as a health
andedetic
development
issue at
MCB
benchmark
dose monochlorobenzene
EHEC
enterohaemorrhagic
E.
coli
national, regional and local levels. In some regions, it has been shown that investments in
MCPA lower confidence4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic
limit
the economic
benchmark
dose as the acid
EIEC
enteroinvasive
E. coli benefit,
water
supply and sanitation can
yieldon
a net
reductions in adverse
MCPB
toluene,enzyme-linked
ethylbenzene
and
xylenes
2,4-MCPB;
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric
acid; 4-(4ELISA
immunosorbent
assay the interventions.
health
effects benzene,
and health-care
costs
outweigh
the costs
of undertaking
chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic
acid
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israelensis
This
is true for investments ranging
from major E.
water
EPEC
enteropathogenic
coli supply infrastructure through to
body
weight
MCPP
2(2-methyl-chlorophenoxy)propionic
acid; mecoprop
water
treatment
in
the
home.
Experience
has
also
shown
that interventions
in improving
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E. coli
MMT
manganese
tricarbonyl
access
to safe water favour the methylcyclopentadienyl
poor in particular, whether
in rural or
urban areas, and can
Abstracts
Service
FAAS
flame
atomic
absorption spectrometry
be an
effectiveChemical
part of poverty
alleviation
strategies.
MS
mass
spectrometry
colorimetry
The World Health Organization
(WHO)
published
the Guidelines
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of theofUnited
MTBE
methyl
tertiary-butyl
etherthree editions
chemical-specific
adjustment
factor and 2004, as successors to previous
for FD
drinking-water
quality
in
1983-1984,
1993-1997
Nations
fluorescence
detector
MX
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
The
primaryproduct
purposeofofdisinfectant
the for drinking
concentration
and contact
time 1963 and 1971.
WHO
water,
published
in 1958,
FIDInternational standardsflame
ionization
detector
NDMA
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Guidelines
for
drinking-water
From 1995, the Guidelines have been kept up to date through a process of rolling
FPD
flame photodiode detector
quality
iswhich
the diffusely
protection
of regular
E. coli
revision,
leads toadherent
the
publication of addendalevel
that may add to or supersede
NOAEL
no-observed-adverse-effect
disability-adjusted
life
year
public
health.
The
Guidelines
information
GAC
granular
as well
activated
as expert
carbon
reviews on key issues preparatory to
NOEL in previous volumes
no-observed-effect
level
provide
the recommendations
the
development
of the Guidelines.
NTA
nitrilotriacetic
acid
GC
gas
chromatography
of theLeading
World Health
the process of the development of the fourth edition was the Water, SaniNTP
National
Toxicology
Program
(USA) in drinking-water)
GL
guidance
level
(used
for
radionuclides
Organization
(WHO)
for Unit within WHO Headquarters,
tation,
Hygiene
and Health
with the Programme on
GV
NTU Safety
guideline
nephelometric
value turbidity
unitthe Radiation and Environmanaging
the riskproviding
from
Chemical
input
on chemical
hazards and
hazards
that
may
compromise
HAA
PAC
haloacetic
powdered acid
activated carbon
In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
the safety of drinking-water.
HAV
A virus
drinking-water,
wastewater
and recreational water should
PAH
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbon
UF
The
recommendations shouldhepatitis
integrate assessment of risk, risk management options and
HCB
PCP
pentachlorophenol
beUN
considered
in the context hexachlorobenzene
exposure control elements within a single framework with
HCBD
hexachlorobutadiene
PCR
polymerase
ofPTMI
managing
the
risk
from
embeddedchain
qualityreaction
targets (see the supporting document Water
UNICEF
SI
qualityGuidelines,
standards and
Thehealth;
potential
Annex
health
1).conseother
HCH
sources
of
exposure
to
hexachlorocyclohexane
PD
photoionization
detector
PTWI
FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
UNSCEAR
health
contextof
Health-basedthis
targets
Following
approach, thePublic
assessment
quences
of risk
microbial
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FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
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containers
Bacillus thuringensis israelensis
Diflubenzuron
Methoprene
Novaluron
Permethrin
Pirimiphos-methyl
Pyriproxyfen
Spinosad
Temephos
Annex 1 Supporting documentation to the Guidelines
Annex 2 References cited
Annex 3 Chemical summary tables
Annex 4 Analytical methods and achievability
Annex 5 Treatment methods and performance
Annex 6 Supporting information on radionuclides
Annex 7 Contributors to the development of the fourth edition of the
Guidelines for drinking-water quality

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