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Ecesis: Considerations For Designing Riparian Restoration For Wildlife in California's Central Valley
Ecesis: Considerations For Designing Riparian Restoration For Wildlife in California's Central Valley
ecesis \I-’se-sus, i-’ke-sus\ noun [from Greek oikesis meaning inhabitation]: the establishment of an animal or plant in a new habitat.
In this issue:
Design Considerations
when Restoring
Riparian Habitat
1... Riparian Restoration for
Wildlife in the Central Valley
5... Life on the Floodplain
9... Ten Years at Beehive Bend
Plus…
2... SERCAL Contacts
10-11... Membership
This field was once planted as row crops. Agricultural techniques have been employed
on a large scale to restore it back to native riparian habitat. Here, native grasses are
being drill-seeded in to establish an herbaceous understory. With good site conditions
and proper maintenance, horticultural success can be achieved in a short period of time.
REGION 3 Regine Miller regine_m_miller@yahoo.com — Why do we need to actively restore these areas?
BAY AREA (Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, On the Sacramento River, after the completion of Shasta Dam, the threat of
San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, Sonoma) damaging floods initially appeared to be greatly diminished, and floodplains
were cleared for agriculture. Soils along the Sacramento River and other major
REGION4 Carl Jensen Wildlands, Inc. cjensen@wildlandsinc.com
— SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY (Amador, Calaveras, Fresno, Kern, Kings, rivers of California are some of the richest in the state. Abundant soil moisture,
Mariposa, Madera, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Tulare, good drainage, and favorable weather make them extremely attractive to
Tuolumne) farmers, and while these areas may be productive, they are always at risk of
flooding. Flood events may have been somewhat tamed but many areas close to
REGION 5 Mark Tucker Tucker & Associates
tuckerandassociates@cox.net — SOUTH COAST (Los Angeles, the river still flood, with serious consequences for agriculture. Floods bring in
Orange, San Diego, Ventura) sand, sediment, and pathogens, and drown out crops. With changes in the farm
economy and crop patterns, farming on these flood-prone parcels became
REGION6 Matt James Coastal Restoration Consultants
extremely costly and were often abandoned.
matt@coastalrestorationconsultants.com —
CENTRAL COAST (Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo,
Initial efforts to protect riparian habitat focused on preserving the largest blocks
Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz)
of existing habitat available from willing sellers. Many of these sites included
REGION 7 Nick Pacini River Partners npacini@riverpartners.org
former agricultural fields, no longer economical to farm due to flooding. The
— NORTH COAST (Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino)
flooding and proximity to existing riparian habitat encouraged many resource
REGION 8 Michael Hogan Integrated Environmental Restoration managers to initially believe that riparian plants would reclaim these fallow
Services, Inc. mhogan@ierstahoe.com — SIERRA (Alpine, El Dorado, fields. In low-lying areas that experience frequent flooding this can be the case,
Inyo, Mono, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, Sierra)
but our experience with areas cleared for agriculture is that they are good
REGION 9 Paul Kielhold PKiel@msn.com — SOUTHERN INTERIOR candidate sites for active restoration. Areas that are close to the river and exposed
(Imperial, Riverside, San Bernardino)
fully to river processes may be synchronized with riparian plant life cycles and
Guild Chairs need little intervention (except for occasional weed control). These former ag
COASTAL HABITAT Vince Cicero California Department of Parks & fields are still exposed to the impressive forces of the river that shape plant
Recreation vcicero@hearstcastle.com communities, but a little distance or relative elevation is enough to mute these
forces. Furthermore, dams and diversions have altered river hydrographs,
EDUCATION Karen Verpeet H.T. Harvey & Associates
kverpeet@harveyecology.com diminishing the ability of some native riparian plants to become established.
Weed competition often precludes widespread native plant recruitment.
UPLAND HABITAT Margot Griswold EARTHWORKS Restoration, Inc.
Therefore, these fallow fields can remain without significant native riparian
earthworks@telis.net
plants for decades.
WETLAND & RIPARIAN Max Busnardo H.T. Harvey & Associates
mbusnardo@harveyecology.com Dams and floodplain barriers have altered the patterns of flood timing,
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frequency, duration, and magnitude that native plant species have evolved with,
ADMINISTRATIVE DIRECTOR Susan Clark smclark@lightspeed.net
preventing succession on these fallow fields. For example, flood-dependent
2701 20th St., Bakersfield 93301
tel. 661.634.9228 fax 661.634.9540
plants such as Fremont cottonwood require bare soil (typically either scoured or
deposited from a flood event), minimal competition, and slowly receding
NEWSLETTER EDITOR Julie St. John julieDesign@cox.net
floodwaters so thirsty cottonwood roots can tap into deeper soil moisture before
WEBMASTER Steve Newton-Reed webmaster@sercal.org
the onslaught of another hot, dry Central Valley summer arrives.
The world of the riparian brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani flooding requires the riparian brush rabbit to seek high ground,
riparius) is a tangled mess, depending on whose eyes you see it preferably a place with vegetative cover where it can wait out a
through. This species inhabits thickets of California rose (Rosa flood event without starving or being preyed upon by hawks
californica), California blackberry (Rubinus ursinus), and sandbar circling above. Such vegetated high ground is in short supply in
willow (Salix exigua) that are typical of historic streamside this rabbit’s historic San Joaquin Valley range. The natural
vegetation of the Central Valley but are now so rare throughout topography of riparian floodplains has been subject to leveling in
this species’ historic range. Like other brush rabbit sub-species the process of agricultural conversion, which compounds the
distributed throughout shrubby plant communities of California, effects of land clearing for this species.
such as chaparral and coastal scrub, the riparian brush rabbit
prefers low, woody shrub cover and creates a maze of tunnels for To counteract historic land use impacts on this and other
travel through river bottom vegetation. It lives out its entire life riparian-associated species, River Partners has been collaborating
cycle without venturing far out into the open, and its compact with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the
body is adapted to maneuver with great agility through dense Endangered Species Recovery Program (ESRP) at CSU Stanislaus
riparian thickets and, in this way, dodge coming prey. to design and implement habitat restoration projects for the
benefit of reintroduced riparian brush rabbit populations on the
However, the dense riparian cover favored by riparian brush San Joaquin River National Wildlife Refuge. The primary
rabbits was just the “brush” least favored by landowners and levee recovery goal for the riparian brush rabbit is to establish three
managers over the past century and was therefore targeted for new self-sustaining sub-populations that can survival stochastic
clearing throughout the San Joaquin Valley. Now one of the most events. To attain this goal, extensive habitat restoration, in
endangered mammals in California, this creature is hardly ever conjunction with ESRP’s captive breeding and reintroduction
seen in the wild, both because of its shy, skittish nature and its program, is required.
rarity.
Following recommendations from ESRP and USFWS, we have
Life on the floodplain has another set of hazards for a shrub- taken a three-part approach to this restoration: 1) planting
dwelling rabbit with limited swimming abilities. Frequent continued next page
In 1991, the California Department of Fish & Game (DFG) period is critical for understanding whether or not restoration has
acquired a 269-acre parcel in rural Glenn County. The site was been successful in creating bird habitat.”
named the Beehive Bend Unit after the name of a sweeping curve
Riparian habitats are dynamic, yet predictable patterns occur and
along the Sacramento River. A new channel was blasted in the
wildlife responds accordingly. Early-successional habitat includes
early 1900s to shorten the distance river boats needed to take,
such pioneering plant species as willows and blackberry that
leaving the remnant channel as an oxbow lake. Lining the old
colonize new sandbars after flood events, and this vegetative
channel was classic Sacramento River riparian forest — a
structure is mimicked by young restoration. Some of the first
towering canopy of valley oak, Fremont cottonwood, Gooding’s
avian species to respond to this habitat include Black-headed
willow and western sycamore, all draped in a veil of wild grape.
Grosbeak, Lesser Goldfinch and Spotted Sandpiper. Because
Oregon ash and box elder, festooned with Dutchman’s pipevine
early-successional habitat is in short supply, these birds flock to
and poison oak, dominated the mid-story. The understory, like
restoration sites, and have been documented abandoning long
most places on the river, was a mix of native and non-native
held territories in old riparian in favor of restorations as young as
species.
two years old.
However, in the midst of this lush habitat was approximately 60
Dams, diversions, and levees have greatly altered floods and
acres that had been farmed for at least 40 years. When farming
seasonal flows, and as a result, early-successional habitat is now
ceased, this area lay fallow for a decade and vegetation quickly
rarely created by the Sacramento River. Most of the remnant
colonized the rich soils, though few of the plants were native.
habitat along the river is comparable to the existing riparian at
Instead, a tangle of yellow star thistle, Johnson grass, and black
Beehive Bend, or is in agricultural production. While this can
mustard dominated the site, providing poor habitat and little
provide important habitat for some birds, many sensitive bird
opportunity for forest regeneration.
species need a different type of forest, the lush quick growth of
In 1999, DFG contracted with River Partners to restore the shrubby willows, California blackberry and other rapidly growing
Beehive Bend Unit. This project came during a critical period in native plants. In the absence of more dynamic rivers, restoration
the evolution of restoration design, and was one of the first to plantings provide important habitat. The trick is how to best
incorporate a sophisticated plant design based on a mosaic of manage these areas for them long term, and this question can
vegetative structure designed specifically to maximize the niches only be answered with long-term monitoring on existing projects
exploitable by native birds. To help evaluate the restoration, River so that we can accurately evaluate their impacts.
Partners worked with PRBO Conservation Science to monitor
So how has Beehive Bend performed over its first decade? Trends
breeding songbirds in both the remnant riparian and restoration
from the 1999-2007 point-count data suggest some interesting
area, and the project design was developed in part with PRBO
results. In the existing riparian forest, avian species richness has
recommendations. What began as a three-year study has now
averaged 9.8 (species per point, over two visits per breeding
extended into ten years of monitoring through subsequent
season) for the duration of the study, while richness within the
funding efforts. Longer term views are critical to understanding
restoration hovered around 3.5 over the first four years, and then
the efficacy of restoration, as Dr. Nat Seavy of PRBO points out,
jumped to 7.5 in year five and 8.3 in year six. After a one-year
because “some species do not use restored sites until about 10
break due to lack of funding, the study resumed in 2006 (current
years after restoration. Monitoring beyond the typical three-year
funding will take us through the 2008 field season) and PRBO
found that the restored forest now harbored a bird community
that was nearly as species rich as the existing riparian (richness =
9.0 in the restoration, 9.22 in the existing riparian over the next
two years).
Looking at Beehive in the context of a larger study, twenty bird
species were examined over a similar time period across a
hundred-mile segment of the lower Sacramento River and twelve
were found to be increasing, while only one was decreasing. While
this is great news in an era when so many studies are
documenting negative trends, we must continue to work closely
with our partners to further refine and improve our restoration
designs, working toward a common goal of ensuring the long
term vitality of California’s wildlife.
Volume 18, Issue 2 Summer 2008 Ecesis 9
Many, Many Thanks to our Members…
Sustaining Contributing Business $250
Individual $100 Integrated Environmental Restoration Services, Inc. Tahoe City
Coastal Restoration Consultants, Inc. Santa Barbara
Bo Glover Environmental Nature Center
Kamman Hydrology & Engineering San Rafael
Newport Beach
Dudek Engineering & Environment Encinitas
Jon Shilling Shilling Seed Auburn
Native Grow Nursery San Juan Capistrano
E. Read and Associates, Inc. Orange
Business $500 Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy
RECON Environmental, Inc. San Diego
Pacific Restoration Group, Inc. Corona Tree of Life Nursery Mike Evans San Juan Capistrano
EcoSystems Restoration Associates San Tree of Life Nursery Jeff Bohn San Juan Capistrano
Diego/Lincoln Tree of Life Nursery Laura Camp San Juan Capistrano
Ecological Concerns, Inc. Santa Cruz
Hedgerow Farms Winters
Grover Landscape Services Modesto
Stover Seed Company Los Angeles
Pacific Coast Seed Livermore
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