METEROLOGY

Q1.

State the obligations as per SOLAS convention?

Ans.

When ice is sighted.

As per SOLAS chapter v safety of navigation Regulation

11 ship reporting system. Master send an obligatory report made by all available
means to all ship in the vicinity and to the nearest cast radio station or signal
station the report should be made in the English for preference or by the use of
international code of signals if send by radiotelegraphy the message should be
proceeded by the safety signal TTT and if by radiotelephony the spoken word
SECURITY repeated three times in each case.
Report contecnt.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

b)

Ships name and port of registry

Date and GMT of the observation
Type of ice observed
Position of ice observed
Concentration and thickness if known
Ice berg size and shape

When ice is reported on or near the co`s line

1.

proceed at a slow speed

2.

after course to keep well clear of the danger zone

3.

post extra lookout

4.

on dense fog it is advisable to stop the ship

5.

if ice berg is sighted right ahead in low visibility then go to full speed astern

6.

continuous radar watch to be maintained and detected ice bergs plotted

c)

give two reliable signs of field ice ?

field ice is a large area of floating ice whose boundaries are not visible even
from the mast head the floes in an ice field can be of any size. Ice field
can detective radar by minimum range 3 mile.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ice boundaries are not visible.

Formation vertical ridge or elevated parts.
fog: the ice edge may be obscured by fog
smoothing sea.
A reduction in the swell indicates ice to windward
Distinctive Sound: cracking ice makes a thunderous roar.

Q2. state the relation between the wind force and isobars on
weather chart? ( pressure gradient the fall of pressure with
distance )
Ans.

As shown on a weather chart. If the distance between consecutive isobars is

small the pressure gradient is said to be high and strong winds are expected
to blow of the distance between consecutive isobars is large the pressure
gradient is said to be small and wind of lows speed will be expected for given
pressure gradient strong winds are expected in lower latitude then in the
higher latitude.
b) relation between wind direction and isobars on weather chart?

Ans.

Wind direction is roughly parallel to isobars or clockwise around the centre of

high barometric pressured anticlockwise around the center of low pressure in
the northern hemisphere and vice versa in the south hemisphere.
Since the flow of the wind land to run from high to low pressure area so wind
direction depart from that of the isobar to a degree which increases with the
distance from the centre of high pressure area appearing of flow outward and
inward toward a low centre of barometric pressured

c) state the weather condition results from the movement of cold air mass
over the warm sea
surface?
Ans. The warmer air is less dense the colder air, so it will climb up the colder air at
the front. The front will therefore not be vertical it will always be inclined towards
the colder air mass when cold air mass pass over the warm sea surface is being
warm from beneath and so tend to be thermally unstable.

Heating from below creates a steep laps rate of temperature leading to instability
convection and increased air balance the development of cumulus or cumulonimbus
cloud and shower will follow. When sufficient moisture is available in the air mass or
is added to the air mass by evaporation from the under laying surface strong
convention generally result in good visibility excepting precipitation.

Q3. vessel at 20o W western Atlantic region barometer dropping wind

increasing NE 6/7 radio has been reported that TRS is in the vicinity of the
south of the vessel potion vessel change course from S to NNE keeping the
wind on stbd bow as the wind is veering slowly the wind is constant and
then backing with wind increasing assess the situation and cause of
action?
Ans. As the barometer is dropping and wind increasing vessel is in the dangerous
semicircle closing to the eye of TRS in northern hemisphere wind veering vessel in
danger semicircle (clockwise movement) on navigable semicircle wind in backing
(anticlockwise movements). On the path of the TRS the winds is constant or steady.
So the vessel alter course to NNE keeping the wind on starboard bow as long as
vessel in the dangerous semicircle the veering was continue. By the time she get to
the path / track of TRS the wind was constant and start backing in navigable semi
circle so as soon as the wind starts backing alter the course to bring the wind to
starboard quarter and proceed with full speed to keep clear of the TRS. If the wind
is no longer veering but is constant in direction this indicates that the TRS is in the
process of re-curving and the vessel is now on the path of the storm continuing on
her present course would be dangerous as the storm is likely to overtake and pass
over. In these circumstances in order to get behind the trough line the vessel should
alter course and place the wind on starboard quarter and proceed with all available
speed.

NNE

Q4. the courses of (a) Advection fog (b) sea smoke whether stable or
unstable condition exist in each case give two example of typical areas
where they found?
ANS. ADVECTION FOG: Advection fog is also called sea fog because it is mostly
fond over sea it can however from over hand also. It formed when a moist wind
blows over a relative cold surface of sea or land when the moist air is cooled below
its dew point the excess water vapors condenses into small droplets of water on a
dust or minute particles of salt resulting in advection fog.
The
Advection fog A warm moist air mass flowing across a significant colder surface will
be cooled from below. If its temperature is reduced to the dew point, then fog will
form. Advection fog can persist in stronger winds than radiation fog. warm sea cold
land fog warm moist wind