Saudi Arabian Ductile Iron Pipe

Co. Ltd (SADIP)

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Users Manual

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SADIP

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Our mission is to suply the world

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with the best possible system

that can carry water.

Our vision is to be an important

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world leader in Ductile Iron

piping system.

Our strategy is to make our stake-

holders our alliances and partners.

Our role is to generate value and

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wealth to our community and the

rest of the world.

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Anchor Blocks

Assembly - Standard/Triduct joint

assembly - express joint

Assembly - Anchored standard/triduct joint

10

Assembly - flanged j0int

14

assembly - repair pieces

16

Cement (mortar lining)

18

Certificates 20
22

coatings - internal lining

23

diameter selection

PD

depth of cover

cutting pipe

coatings - external

24
26
32

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dimensions 38
ductile iron

40

Earthworks 44
Elastomers 48
Flanges (Dimensions - pitch circles)

52

Handling 62
64

head losses (Tables)

66

Hydraulic thrusts

72

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head losses

joints 74
joint - anchoring

76

joint deflection

78

Joints - special

80

joint - standard/triduct

82

joint - express

86

joint - anchored standard/triduct

90

joints flanged

92

lubricating paste

94

manufacture 96
marking 100

packing 102
104

pipe laying above ground

106

pipe laying - Bridge crossing

108

pipe laying in casings

112

pipe laying - steep incline

114

pipe laying through tunnel

116

pipeline profile

118

polyethylene sleeving

122

polyethylene sleeving (Application)

124

pressures - Maximum permissible

132

quality control

130

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Pressures (Terminology)

pipe laying equipment

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re-rounding pipe

134
138

Repair - external coating

140

repair - internal lining

142

Safety factors

144

soil corrosivity

site tests

146
150
154

soils (mechanical properties)

156

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soil loads (Pipe performance)

standards 158
storage - joint gaskets

160

storage - pipes

162

transport 164
water - aggressive

166

water demand/ resources

168

water hammer

172

welding (anchor bead)

174

works testing

178

zinc 180
product data

182

engineering datA

262

Anchor blocks

Anchor blocks

See also:

Use of concrete anchor blocks is the most commonly applied

technique for containing the hydraulic thrust of socket and
spigot mains under pressure.

PD

Joint-Anchoring
hydrAulic thrusts
PiPe lAying
lA
- steeP incline
soils
oils (MechAnicAl
(Mech
ProP
Perties)

Various types of concrete anchor blocks can be designed,

depending on the configuration of the main, the strength
and type of soil, the presence, or absence, of significant
amounts of ground water.

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Principle

the block contains the hydraulic thrust forces:

either by friction on the soil,

or by bearing against the ground.

in practice, anchor blocks are designed by taking into

account both the friction forces and the soil reaction
against their bearing surfaces.
if the construction of concrete anchor blocks
is prevented either by congestion problems or
by low strength ground, the technique of joint
anchoring of joint restraint can be used (see Joint
Anchoring).

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Dimensioning
(usual cases)

the volumes of concrete suggested in the following

tables are calculated with both the soil friction and
ground bearing support in mind, for the most common
types of soil encountered. if trenches subsequently need
to be excavated in the vicinity of the anchor blocks it is
advisable to reduce the water pressure during the work.

W
H

Please consult sAdiP for any other cases.

F
P

14
2

the design assumptions are given below.

Active forces (thrust block)

F
P
W
B
f
M

:
:
:
:
:
:

hydraulic thrust
block weight
soil weight
force bearing on trench wall
friction on soil
tilting moment

Anchor blocks

Ground

: soil internal friction angle

: acceptable ground resistance

: depth of cover: 1.20 m
: density.

table
t
able 1 : = 40; 1 dan/cm2; = 2 t/m3 (high
mechanical strength ground*),

table 2 : = 30; 0.6 dan/cm2; = 2 t/m3

table
(moderate mechanical strength ground*).

no ground water.

* see soils (MechAnicAl ProPerties).

concrete

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density : 2.3 t/m3

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Pipes

dn 100 to dn 400
test pressure : 10, 16 and 25 bars.
t
n

Example

221/2 bend, dn 250

test pressure : 10 bars
t

l x h = 0.70 m x 0.45 m
V = 0.25 m3

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clay soil: = 30 = 2 t/m3

depth of cover: 1.2 m

table 2 gives:
t

it is important

Mechanical properties :

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to cast the concrete directly against the surrounding

soil (check that there is no gap between block and
soil).

Advisory note

to use a concrete mix having adequate strength.

leave the pipe joints exposed for inspection during the

hydraulic test.

Anchor blocks

TAblE 1
internal friction :
strength
:
density
:
depth of cover :
no ground water.

=
=

40
1 dan/cm2
2 t/m3
1.2 m

hiGh sTrEnGTh soil

150

200

250

300

45 Bend
1 x h/V

90 Bend
1 x h/V

Blank flange and tee

1 x h/V

bars

m x m/m3

m x m/m3

m x m/m3

m x m/m3

m x m/m3

10

0.10 x 0.18/0.01

0.17 x 0.18/0.02

0.21 x 0.28/0.04

0.38 x 0.28/0.06

0.28 x 0.28/0.05

16

0.13 x 0.18/0.01

0.18 x 0.28/0.03

0.33 x 0.28/0.05

0.59 x 0.28/0.11

0.43 x 0.28/0.07

25

0.14 x 0.28/0.02

0.27 x 0.28/0.05

0.51 x 0.28/0.09

0.87 x 0.28/0.24

0.64 x 0.28/0.13
0.37 x 0.30/0.07

0.11 x 0.20/0.01

0.21 x 0.20/0.02

0.29 x 0.30/0.06

0.51 x 0.30/0.10

0.17 x 0.20/0.02

0.24 x 0.30/0.04

0.45 x 0.30/0.08

0.77 x 0.30/0.20

0.57 x 0.30/0.11

25

0.19 x 0.30/0.03

0.36 x 0.30/0.06

0.67 x 0.30/0.15

1.14 x 0.30/0.43

0.85 x 0.30/0.24

10

0.14 x 0.22/0.02

0.20 x 0.32/0.04

0.38 x 0.32/0.08

0.67 x 0.32/0.17

0.49 x 0.32/0.11

16

0.23 x 0.22/0.03

0.32 x 0.32/0.07

0.59 x 0.32/0.14

1.01 x 0.32/0.37

0.75 x 0.32/0.20

25

0.25 x 0.32/0.05

0.48 x 0.32/0.11

10

0.18 x 0.25/0.03

0.26 x 0.35/0.06

1.10 x 0.32/0.44
0.61 x 0.35/0.16

0.28 x 0.25/0.04

0.40 x 0.35/0.09

0.73 x 0.35/0.21

1.04 x 0.45/0.54

0.93 x 0.35/0.34

0.32 x 0.35/0.08

0.60 x 0.35/0.16

1.08 x 0.35/0.46

1.50 x 0.45/1.12

1.13 x 0.45/0.63

10

0.24 x 0.30/0.05

0.37 x 0.40/0.12

0.68 x 0.40/0.24

0.98 x 0.50/0.54

0.86 x 0.40/0.33

16

0.30 x 0.40/0.09

0.56 x 0.40/0.19

0.87 x 0.50/0.42

1.46 x 0.50/1.17

1.09 x 0.50/0.66

25

0.45 x 0.40/0.14

0.84 x 0.40/0.32

1.27 x 0.50/0.89

1.84 x 0.60/2.24

1.58 x 0.50/1.37

10

0.31 x 0.35/0.08

0.48 x 0.45/0.20

0.75 x 0.55/0.35

1.28 x 0.55/0.99

0.95 x 0.55/0.55

16

0.39 x 0.45/0.16

0.73 x 0.45/0.32

1.13 x 0.55/0.78

1.67 x 0.65/2.00

1.41 x 0.55/1.21

25

0.59 x 0.45/0.24

0.93 x 0.55/0.53

1.63 x 0.55/1.61

2.36 x 0.65/3.98

1.81 x 0.65/2.34

10

0.37 x 0.40/0.12

0.59 x 0.50/0.28

0.93 x 0.60/0.58

1.41 x 0.70/1.53

1.17 x 0.60/0.91

16

0.48 x 0.50/0.24

0.78 x 0.60/0.41

1.39 x 0.60/1.27

2.04 x 0.70/3.22

1.56 x 0.70/1.87

0.63 x 0.60/0.27

1.15 x 0.60/0.87

1.79 x 0.70/2.48

2.64 x 0.80/6.14

0.43 x 0.45/0.18

0.61 x 0.65/0.27

1.11 x 0.65/0.88

10

2.04 x 0.80/3.65
1.26 x 0.75/1.31

0.57 x 0.55/0.35

0.93 x 0.65/0.62

1.49 x 0.75/1.83

1.84 x 0.75/2.80

0.75 x 0.65/0.41

1.23 x 0.75/1.26

1.96 x 0.85/3.61

2.26 x 0.95/5.34

16

25

10

0.49 x 0.50/0.25

0.71 x 0.70/0.39

1.17 x 0.80/1.20

1.46 x 0.80/1.87

16

0.65 x 0.60/0.49

1.07 x 0.70/0.89

1.60 x 0.90/2.54

1.97 x 0.90/3.86

25

0.87 x 0.70/0.59

1.43 x 0.80/1.80

2.13 x 1.00/5.02

2.48 x 1.10/7.44

Please consult sAdiP for other cases.

1.21 x 0.42/0.69
0.83 x 0.35/0.27

16

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400

0.87 x 0.32/0.28

0.48 x 0.35/0.12

25

25
350

10
16

PD

125

22 1/2 Bend
1 x h/V

100

11 1/4 Bend
1 x h/V

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80

test
pressure

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Anchor blocks

TAblE 2
internal friction :
strength
:
density
:
depth of cover :
no ground water.

=
=

30
0.6 dan/cm2
2 t/m3
1.2 m

MoDErATE sTrEnGTh soil

150

200

250

300

350

400

45 Bend
1 x h/V

90 Bend
1 x h/V

Blank flange and tee

1 x h/V

bars

m x m/m3

m x m/m3

m x m/m3

m x m/m3

m x m/m3

10

0.13 X 0.18/0.01

0.17 X 0.28/0.02

0.32 X 0.28/0.04

0.56 X 0.28/0.10

0.41 X 0.28/0.06

16

0.14 X 0.28/0.02

0.26 X 0.28/0.04

0.49 X 0.28/0.08

0.85 X 0.28/0.23

0.63 X 0.28/0.13

25

0.21 X 0.28/0.03

0.40 X 0.28/0.05

0.74 X 0.28/0.17

1.24 X 0.28/0.48

0.93 X 0.28/0.27

0.17 X 0.20/0.02

0.23 X 0.30/0.04

0.43 X 0.30/0.07

0.74 X 0.30/0.19

0.54 X 0.30/0.10

0.18 X 0.30/0.03

0.35 X 0.30/0.05

0.65 X 0.30/0.15

1.11 X 0.30/0.41

0.83 X 0.30/0.23

PD

10
16
25

0.28 X 0.30/0.05

0.53 X 0.30/0.10

0.96 X 0.30/0.31

1.30 X 0.40/0.75

1.21 X 0.30/0.48

10

0.22 X 0.22/0.03

0.30 X 0.32/0.06

0.56 X 0.32/0.12

0.97 X 0.32/0.34

0.72 X 0.32/0.19

0.25 X 0.32/0.04

0.47 X 0.32/0.08

0.85 X 0.32/0.27

1.18 X 0.42/0.65

1.07 X 0.32/0.42

0.37 X 0.32/0.06

0.70 X 0.32/0.18

1.25 X 0.32/0.56

1.69 X 0.42/1.33

1.28 X 0.42/0.77

16
25
10

0.26 X 0.25/0.04

0.38 X 0.35/0.08

0.70 X 0.35/0.19

0.99 X 0.45/0.49

0.89 X 0.35/0.31

16

0.31 X 0.35/0.06

0.59 X 0.35/0.14

1.06 X 0.35/0.43

1.46 X 0.45/1.06

1.10 X 0.45/0.60

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125

22 1/2 Bend
1 x h/V

25

0.47 X 0.35/0.10

0.87 X 0.35/0.30

1.27 X 0.45/0.81

2.28 X 0.45/2.12

1.58 X 0.45/1.24

10

0.29 X 0.40/0.07

0.54 X 0.40/0.14

0.83 X 0.50/0.38

1.39 X 0.50/1.07

1.05 X 0.50/0.61

16

0.44 X 0.40/0.12

0.82 X 0.40/0.30

1.24 X 0.50/0.85

1.79 X 0.60/2.12

1.54 X 0.50/1.30

25

0.66 X 0.40/0.20

1.02 X 0.50/0.58

1.77 X 0.50/1.73

2.51 X 0.60/4.15

1.93 X 0.60/2.47

10

0.37 X 0.45/0.12

0.70 X 0.45/0.25

1.08 X 0.55/0.71

1.60 X 0.65/1.83

1.35 X 0.55/1.11

16

0.57 X 0.45/0.19

0.91 X 0.55/0.50

1.42 X 0.65/1.45

2.10 X 0.75/3.66

1.76 X 0.65/2.22

25

0.74 X 0.55/0.33

1.32 X 0.55/1.06

2.02 X 0.65/2.92

2.72 X 0.85/6.91

2.27 X 0.75/4.24

10

0.46 X 0.50/0.19

0.75 X 0.60/0.37

1.32 X 0.60/1.16

1.95 X 0.70/2.94

1.49 X 0.70/1.71

16

0.61 X 0.60/0.25

1.12 X 0.60/0.83

1.75 X 0.70/2.36

2.40 X 0.90/5.71

1.98 X 0.80/3.46

25

0.91 X 0.60/0.55

1.46 X 0.70/1.64

2.27 X 0.80/4.53

3.12 X 1/10.73

2.58 X 0.90/6.61

100

11 1/4 Bend
1 x h/V

10

0.54 X 0.55/0.27

0.89 X 0.65/0.57

1.42 X 0.75/1.67

1.76 X 0.75/2.56

16

0.73 X 0.65/0.39

1.20 X 0.75/1.20

1.91 X 0.85/3.42

2.20 X 0.95/5.05

25

1.08 X 0.65/0.84

10

0.62 X 0.60/0.38

80

test
pressure

1.73 X 0.75/2.46

2.51 X 0.95/6.58

2.88 X 1.05/9.61

0.94 X 0.80/0.78

1.53 X 0.90/2.32

1.89 X 0.90/3.53

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dn

16

0.85 X 0.70/0.56

1.39 X 0.80/1.71

2.08 X 1.00/4.75

2.41 X 1.10/7.03

25

1.14 X 0.80/1.15

1.85 X 0.90/3.39

2.63 X 1.20/9.12

2.96 X 1.40/13.49

Please consult sAdiP for other cases.

AssEMblY-sTAnDArD/TriDUcT JoinT

AssEMblY-sTAnDArD/
TriDUcT JoinT

See also:

Joint-stA
t ndArd/t
tA
rd/triduct
rd/t
luBricAting
Ating PA
Ating
P ste
Joint deFlection
lection

The STANDARD and TRIDUCT joints are simply assembled by

pushing a spigot into a socket.
Laying is simple and rapid.

cleaning

Carefully clean the socket chamber and pipe spigot.

Pay particular attention to the gasket seat (eliminate
all soil, sand, etc).

PD

Clean the spigot of the jointing pipe, as well as the

gasket.

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Check that the spigot is chamfered and in good

condition. if it is a cut pipe, it is essential to remake
the chamfer.
n

insert the gasket outside the trench

the gasket is inserted at the trench side.

Check the condition of the gasket and introduce it into

the socket, looping it into a heart shape, with the lip
seal nose directed towards the back of the socket.

Apply radial pressure to the gasket at the heart

shaped loop (or cross loops) to force it into place.

LO

For large diameters it is preferable to loop the gasket

into the shape of a cross for insertion.

riGhT

check the gasket position

WronG

Check that the gasket

fits snugly around its
circumference.

AssEMblY-sTAnDArD/
TriDUcT JoinT

Marking the socket depth

If the pipe spigot is not already marked, mark the

spigot of the pipe being laid, at a distance from the
end equivalent to the socket depth P, minus 10 mm.

P - 1 cm

dn

92

125

95

150

98

200

104

250

104

300

105

350

108

400

110

450

113

500

115

600

120

700

145

800

145

900

145

1000

155

lubrication

Apply lubricating paste to:

the exposed surface of the gasket,

the spigot end and chamfer.

PD

100

90

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80

mm

the lubricating paste is brush applied in reasonable

amounts.

Lubricating
paste

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Centre the spigot in the socket and maintain it in this

position by resting it on two mounds of tamped soil, or
preferably gravel.

Push the spigot into the socket, checking that

everything is correctly aligned.
n

Assembly

(b)
(a)

Pipes marked on site (a)

Push in the spigot until the mark is in line with the

socket face. do not penetrate beyond this position.

1 cm

Pipes marked at works (b)

Push in the spigot until the first mark disappears

inside the socket. the second mark must still be
visible after assembly.
n

control

Check that the gasket is correctly seated by inserting

the end of a metal rule through the annular spigot
and socket gap until it touches the gasket. the rule
must penetrate to the same depth around the whole
circumference.

Metal
rule

AssEMblY-ExPrEss JoinT

See also:

Joint-eXP
eXPress
Joint deFlection
lection

AssEMblY-ExPrEss JoinT
Assembly of the EXPRESS mechanical joint is achieved
by introducing a spigot into an EXPRESS socket, then
compressing the gasket by means of a gland and bolts.

PD

Joint assembly is simple, rapid and requires no jointing force.

cleaning

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Carefully clean the socket chamber and pipe spigot.

Pay particular attention to the gasket seat (eliminate
all soil, sand, etc).

Clean the spigot of the jointing pipe, as well as the

gasket.

Positioning the gland and gasket

Slip the gland over the spigot, then the gasket, with
gasket tip directed towards the spigot end.

LO

Check that the spigot is in good condition.

Jointing

Insert the spigot in the socket, checking the alignment

of the parts being assembled, then withdraw it about
1 cm.
1 cm

AssEMblY-ExPrEss JoinT

Gland assembly

Slide the gasket along the spigot to engage it in its

seat, and bring the gland into contact with the gasket.
insert the bolts and manually tighten the nuts until
they contact the gland.

bolt tightening

PD

Check the gland position, then tighten the nuts with a

torque spanner progressively, in successive passes,
following the order of the numbers in the diagram
opposite.

EXPRESS bolt torques are as follows:

dia. 22 bolts = 12 m dan (approx. 12 m kg f),

dia. 27 bolts = 30 m dan (approx. 30 m kg f).

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it is essential to check the bolts after the hydraulic test,

retightening them if necessary.

10

11

4
9

12
2

LO

With large diameter pipes, commence bolt tightening

with the pipe or fitting being assembled suspended
by the lifting tackle. this will keep the spigot correctly
centered in the socket and the gasket will engage
correctly in its seat.

AssEMblY-AnchorED
sTAnDArD/TriDUcT JoinT

See also:

Joint-Anchored stA
tAndArd/
tA
triduct
Welding (Anchor BeAd)
Be
luBricAting
Ating PA
Ating
P ste
Joint deFlection
lection

AssEMblY-AnchorED sTAnDArD/TriDUcT JoinT

Assembly of ANCHORED STANDARD and TRIDUCT joints is
achieved by pushing a spigot into a STANDARD or TRIDUCT
socket, then holding it in position with an anchoring system
comprising a locking ring and bolted gland.
If a pipe is cut on site, the spigot has to be chamfered and the
anchor bead has to be welded on.

cleaning

Carefully clean:

the socket chamber, in particular the gasket seat

(eliminate all soil, sand, etc.),

PD

the spigot to be introduced and the gasket itself.

Check the presence of a chamfer and the conformity of

the weld bead, as well as the spigot end condition.

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Re-establishment of the chamfer and weld bead is

essential if the pipe to be assembled has been cut on
site.

inserting the gasket

Check the gasket condition and place it in its seat,

looping it into a heart shape.

For large diameters it is preferable to loop the gasket

into the shape of a cross for insertion.

Apply radial pressure to the gasket at the heart

shaped loop (or cross loops) to force it into place.

check the gasket position

LO

riGhT

WronG

Check that the gasket fits snugly around its

circumference.
n

Fitting the locking ring and gland

Carefully clean the locking ring and gland, particularly

at the points indicated opposite.

10

AssEMblY-AnchorED
sTAnDArD/TriDUcT JoinT

Place the gland and ring on the spigot of the pipe to

be jointed, behind the weld bead.

one-piece locking ring (Dn 250 to 700)

PD

since the internal diameter of the ring is smaller than

the external diameter of the weld bead, the ring has
to be opened by prizing with a wedge inserted into its
opening.
450
180

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40

60

segmented locking ring (Dn 80 - 200)

LO

For some diameters the ring consists of several

segments, joined together by elastomer connectors
(see AsseMBly detA
det ils at the end of the instruction
sheet).

Marking socket depth

Mark

Mark the socket depth at distance (a) from the weld

bead on the pipe spigot being laid. the value of (a) is
indicated in the table below.

dn
a
mm

80 125

150 200

250 500

600 1000

20

25

30

35

11

AssEMblY-AnchorED
sTAnDArD/TriDUcT JoinT

lubrication

Lubricate the following with lubricating paste:

the exposed surface of the gasket,

the gasket seat, in the case of the Anchored

triduct joint only (see luBricAting
A
Ating
PAste).

the pipe spigot and chamfer,

the lubricating paste is brush applied, in reasonable

quantities.

Lubricating
paste

Jointing mark
drawn on spigot

Jointing

Insert the spigot, checking the alignment of the

assembled components, until the jointing mark on
the spigot is in line with the socket face.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Do not go beyond this point, to avoid the pipe

making contact and to allow the possibility of joint
movement.

LO

Metal
rule

locking ring

checking

Check that the gasket

is correctly lodged in
its seat by inserting the
end of a metal rule into
the annulus formed by
the spigot and mouth
of the socket, until it
contacts the gasket: the
rule should penetrate to
the same depth around
the circumference.

Positioning of locking ring

Bring the ring into contact with the weld bead. Check
that it fits well around the whole circumference and
fits snugly on the pipe spigot.

Gland positioning

Place the gland in contact with the ring and centre it.

Insert the bolts and screw on the nuts by hand until

they contact the gland.

Tighten the nuts until there is gland-socket face

contact (easily discerned by a rapid increase in
tightening torque). the nuts must be tightened
diametrically opposite one another.

The lifting tackle must not be removed until the joint

is completely assembled.

12

The pipes must be in a straight line during jointing.

After assembly, the joint can be deflected if
required, within the permissible limits (see
Joint deFlection).

AssEMblY-AnchorED
sTAnDArD/TriDUcT JoinT

Assembling the first link

The ring segments are assembled into a chain, which

is then finally linked together on the pipe spigot, in
contact with the weld bead.

Place a connecting piece in one end of the chain

by inserting it into the notch in the plane face of the
ring.

Using a 3.9 drift, insert a cotter pin, previously

coated with lubricating paste.
Orient the pin so that the sloping face corresponds
with that in the elastomer link, then hammer it home.

PD

Assembly of remaining links

Assemble the second link in the same way.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Connect the following links together.

Lubricating
paste

When all the ring links are assembled, the first end of
the chain formed must be equipped with a connecting
segment, the other end remaining free.
the assembled ring can then be carried.

Lubricating
paste

Assembly of last link

Joint both ends with the connecting segment.

Insert the last pin, using a drift and hammer.

LO

Using a crowbar, lever the locking ring on to the pipe

spigot and position it behind the weld bead, ensuring
it a snug fit.

Weld bead

Assembly of Dn 80 to 200 locking rings

the procedure is the same but without the use of cotter

pins.

note: as an assembly variation, the last elastomer

link can be fitted when the ring is already
positioned behind the weld bead.

13

AssEMblY - FlAnGED JoinT

See also:

Joints-Fl
Joints-FlAnged
FlAnges
Fl
(diMensions-Pitch circles)

AssEMblY - FlAnGED JoinT

Flanged joints allow easy in-line assembly and dismantling
(repairs, inspection, maintenance).
It is important to:
respect the order of bolt tightening and the torque.
avoid any tension on the main during bolt tightening.

Flanged joint
assembly
with plain flat
gasket

Procedure

Flange cleaning and alignment

Check the appearance and cleanliness of the flange

faces and the gasket.

Align the items being assembled.

Gasket insertion

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Gasket

PD

Leave a small gap between the two flanges being

joined for gasket insertion.

Place the gasket between the flanges and insert the

bolts. Above dn 300, partial adhesion of the correctly
positioned gasket to its seat is an aid to assembly
(use a neoprene adhesive).

Centre the gasket between the bosses on both

flanges.

10

Bolt tightening

Fit the bolts and nuts.

11
6

LO

12
7

Tighten the bolts in the order shown in the diagram

opposite, observing the bolt torques prescribed on the
following pages.

Bolting torques (Plain flat gasket)

the torques recommended below are for lubricated bold
threads.

PlAin FlAT GAskET

dn

14

80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
1000
1200

Pn 10
mN
40
40
40
40
50
60
60
60
100
120
160
180
200
360
380
510

Bolting torques for flanges of

Pn 16
mN
40
40
40
50
60
140
120
130
170
170
280
310
350
490
660
970

AssEMblY - FlAnGED JoinT

Bolt tightening is only for gasket compression and should

not exert any tractive force on the pipeline components.
different types of gaskets and bolt torques are used for
carrying industrial liquids.
n

Procedure

the general procedure is the same as for the plain

gasket. there is the additional advantage however of
centering the gasket by its positioning lugs.
PosiTioninG METhoD For META
MET l rEinForcED
GAskETs, AccorDinG To FlAnGE Dn AnD Pn
inserted rings

eMBedded rings
Dn 80
- Pn 10 To 40
Dn 100 To 300 - Pn 10 To 16

tyPe oF centering

AsseMBly
ly det
detAils

centered
with the gasket periphery
touching the bolts

Prior insertion
of bolts
in bottom half
of flange to support
the gasket

Dn 350 To 700 - Pn 10
Dn 700 To1200 - Pn 16

PD

DE

Dn 600
- Pn 16
Dn 350 To1200 - Pn 25

locating lugs

locating huge

Detail: DN 350 to 500 for PN 16

Dn 350 AnD 400 - Pn 40

centered
with both locating
lugs resting
on the bolts

check correct
centering of the gasket
before diagonal
bolt tightening

Visual centering

check centering
of the gasket
before diagonal
bolt tightening

Dn 200 To300 - Pn 40
Dn 80 To200 - Pn 64

ES
O
LU
TI
O

DE
Dn 100 To 300 - Pn 25
Dn 100 To 150 - Pn 40

Flanged joint
assembly
with metal
reinforced
gasket

LO

Bolting torques (Metal reinforced gaskets)

the torques recommended below are for lubricated bolt
threads.
Bolt tightening is only for gasket compression, and should
not exert any tractive force on the pipeline components.

METAl rEinForcED GAskET

dn
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
1000
1200

Pn 10
mN
40
40
40
60
60
60
60
60
80
80
80
120
120
150
180
300

Bolting torques for flanges of

Pn 16
mN
40
40
40
60
60
80
80
80
120
120
150
180
180
300
400
500

Pn 25
mN
40
60
80
80
80
120
120
150
180
180
180
300
400
500
600
600

Pn 40
mN
40
60
80
80
120
150
150
180
300

Pn 64
mN
60
80
120
150
180

15

AssEMblY - rEPAir PiEcEs

See also:

JointJoint-sPeciAl
cutting
utting PiPe
Pi
Product dAt
dAtA
tA

AssEMblY - rEPAir PiEcEs

Pipeline operation involves preventive maintenance, curative
maintenance and system improvement. These often require
replacement of sections of main.
SADIP offers a range of repair pieces to meet the various cases
encountered.

choice
hoice of repair
piece

the choice depends on:

the connection to be made,

the clearance J.

the external diameter of the main,

METhoDs

dn rAnge

sketch

tyPe

ES
O
LU
TI
O

connEcTion
rEqUirED

PD

see the Product dAt

AtA
At
tA section for dimensions and
tolerances.

Flange
/ spigot
connection

Flange adapter

dn 80 to 1200 MM

coupling

dn 80 to 1200 MM

LO

MJ + eXPress collar
spigot /
spigot
connection

Procedure

DN

dn 80 to 1200 MM
L
Collars DN 700 mm

L
L1

the procedure are identical for installation of couplings,

flange adapters and eXPress collars.
L
L1

Ground level

DE

After correctly dimensioning the excavation, carefully

clear access to the existing pipe section. check the
diameter of the pipes with a circumference tape or
compass calliper.

16

Choose the most suitable piece for making the repair,

according to the pipe diameter (see preceding
table).

AssEMblY - rEPAir PiEcEs

Cut the existing pipe : see CUTTING PIPE.

the length of the pipe to be cut should be greater than
the length of the connection being installed.

Ground level

UU double spigot

PD

Remove the cut section. Check its length before

cutting the replacement double spigot piece uu with
an acceptable allowance.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

length of double spigot piece uu = c 2 x J.

Ground level

UU double spigot

LO

Insert section UU and the pipe connection units in

line with the two pipes being joined. Position the
connection units, dividing the clearance allowance
of section uu between them. Bring the parts of the
connectors together and insert the bolts. Make sure
the parts are perfectly positioned.

Ground level

UU double spigot

notes

Check the seal after pressurization.

The parts must be sterilized before assembly in

potable water mains.

To protect the connection, use polyethylene sleeving,

grease impregnated tape enveloped in polyethylene
sleeving, or a heat shrinkable sleeve.

17

cEMEnT (MorTAr lininG)

See also:

The standard internal protection for SADIP pipes consists of a

cement mortar lining. This lining provides:
excellent hydraulic flow conditions.
effective protection against aggressive waters.
STANDARDS: ISO 4179, BS 4027
ST

PD

WAter
WA
Ater - AggressiVe
Aggressi
coAtings
A
Atings
- internA
Al lining
rePAir - internA
Al lining
heAd losses

cEMEnT (MorTAr lininG)

Application

ES
O
LU
TI
O

the cement lining is applied by a centrifugal process. in

this method, chosen by sAdiP, the mortar is introduced
into the pipe and rotated at high speed, giving good lining
compaction. the lining is then cured under controlled
temperature and humidity conditions, giving it the
optimum mechanical strength. the spinning process has
the advantage of producing a smooth internal surface
layer consisting of very fine particles (laitance). the
process gives the following properties:

high mortar compaction,

low roughness,

LO

Flow hydraulic
ydraulic
performance

good mortar key.

Protective
mechanism

18

the cement mortar has a very smooth inner

surface, which favours flow, reduces head losses
and guarantees long term hydraulic efficiency.

the roughness coefficient of a single pipe (coleBrook

formula) is k = 0.03. however, sAdiP recommends the
use of a value of k = 0.1 in designing a pipe system,
to take any exceptional head losses into account. (see
heAd losses).

the cement lining is an active coating. it is

not merely a barrier coating but provides
chemical protection through the phenomenon of
passivation. When the pipe is filled, the mortar
gradually absorbs water, which becomes enriched in
alkaline substances; consequently it is non-corrosive
when it reaches the proximity of the metal wall.

cEMEnT (MorTAr lininG)

crack plugging

crack plugging is recognized and is covered in the

standards. crazing (shrinkage), and indeed small
cracks formation, often occur during transport,
storage or laying, but it heals up under the
combined effect of two reactions:

swelling (rapid) of the mortar in water,

Expansion

hydration (slow) of the cement compounds.

Mechanical
properties

the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of

cement mortar linings is approximately 12 x 106
m/m/c, a value virtually identical to that of ductile
iron (11 x 106 m/m/c), thus eliminating the risk of
cracks formation through differential thermal expansion.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

longitudinal bending tests on small diameter pipes have

demonstrated the ability of the cement mortar lining to
withstand limited pipe diametral deflection.

PD

cement mortar mechanical performance

in large diameter pipes, which are more

susceptible to ovality effects, ring bending tests
have confirmed the good performance of the
mortar lining under high top loads.

LO

Abrasion

cement mortar has good abrasion resistance,

which allows the pipes to be used for carrying raw
waters with high abrasive particles contents.

Please consult us for these applications.

iso 4179: centrifugal cement mortar lining. general

requirements.

standards
tandards

bs 4027: specification for sulfate resisting portland

cement. requirements for composition strength,
physical and chemical properties of three strength
classes.

19

cErTiFicATEs

cErTiFicATEs

See also:

stA
t nd
tA
ndArds
QuAlity control
ontrol

SADIP holds a number of certificates and endorsements

which guarantee its ability to produce ductile iron castings in
accordance with very severe quality assurance criteria.

PD

These certificates are awarded by accountable outside

organizations who regularly check their validity.

cErTiFicATE

iso 900/2008

Quality assurance
system approval

these certificates attest that the sAdiP quality

assurance system complies with the requirements
of the iso 9002 standard for the manufacture of
spheroidal graphite iron pipes and accessories.

sAdiP compliance
certificate

this qualification certificate recognizes that sAdiP

provides the necessary guarantees of constant
satisfactory manufacture of d. i. pipes and fittings
complying with contractual specifications or
relevant standards.

third party inspection.

Approval of production
of pipes and fittings

this document certifies that the inspection,

testing has been made during production of pipes
and fittings as per approved standards as well
as inspection certificate during packing prior to
delivery and shipping.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

orGAnizATion

As requested
by clients

LO

sgs group
Bureau Veritas
germanischer lloyd

20

sUbJEcT

cErTiFicATEs

Third party
inspection

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

sGs Group of companies

Dammam
P. o. Box 6702
dammam 31452
tel.: # (+966-3) 8172080
t
Fax: # (+966-3) 8173623

bUrEAU VEriTAs

LO

riyadh
P. o. Box 18245
riyadh 11415
tel.: # (+966-1) 4789052/4789060
t
Fax: # (+966-1) 4788945
Al-khobar
P. o. Box 20189
thoqba 31952
tel.: # (+966-3) 8984776/8986207
t
Fax: # (+966-3) 8983614

Germanischer lloyd
Al-khobar
P. o. Box 32025
Al khobar 31952
tel.: # (+966-3) 8010335/6
t
Fax: # (+966-3) 8010334

21

coATinGs - ExTErnAl

coATinGs - ExTErnAl

See also:

The purpose of an external coating is to provide a durable

protection against corrosive soils.
SADIP offers a complete range of external coatings to meet all
cases of corrosive soils.

PD

soil corrosi
orrosiVity
Zinc
Pol
Polyethylene
slee
leeVing
rePAir - eXternAl coAting
A
Ating

ES
O
LU
TI
O

the external coatings of sAdiP pipes and fittings for

potable water supply and irrigation can be divided into
three categories according to the chemical nature of the
soil:

standard coatings suitable for the vast majority of

soils,
supplementary protections, for highly corrosive
soils,
special
coatings,
environments.

for

extremely

corrosive

sAdiP technical teams carry out soil surveys on

request, in order to recommend the most suitable
protection.

LO

see soil corrosiVity.

ity
ity.

22

PiPEs

FiTTinGs

standard
coating

Metallic zinc
+ Bituminous paint

Metallic zinc
+ Bituminous paint

supplementary
protection

Polyethylene sleeving
(applied on site)

Polyethylene sleeving
(applied on site)

special coatings

Polyurethane
different kind of epoxy (F.B.e.,
ceramic, coal tor
t , etc)

different kind of epoxy (F.B.e.,

ceramic, coal tor
t , etc)

coATinGs - inTErnAl lininG

coATinGs - inTErnAl lininG

The purpose of an internal protection is to:

See also:

WAter
WA
Ater - AggressiVe
Aggressi
ceMent
ent (Mort
(MortAr lining)
heAd losses
osses
rePAir
ir - internAl lining

guarantee that the hydraulic performance of the pipe is

maintained long term.
prevent any risk of internal attack by the waters carried.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

the linings and internal coatings of sAdiP pipes and

fittings can be divided into three categories, according to
the aggressivity of the waters carried:

PD

SADIP offers a complete range of internal protections to meet

all types of water carried.

standard coatings, suitable for the vast majority of

raw and potable waters,
reinforced protections, for waters aggressive
to ordinary cement (soft and acidic waters, highly
abrasive waters...),
special coatings offered for very special cases or
water corrosivity (industrial effluents...).

see
ee WA
WAter - AggressiVe.

sAdiP examines water quality on request, in order

to recommend the most suitable protection.

LO

PiPEs

FiTTinGs

standard
coatings

sulphate resistant
cement mortar lining
type V
t

sulphate resistant
cement mortar lining
type V
t

reinforced protections

- high Alumina cement

Mortar
- Polyurethane

high Alumina cement Mortar

special coatings

different kinds of epoxy

(F.B.e., ceramic, coal tar
t , etc)

different kind of epoxy

(F.B.e., ceramic, coal tar
t , etc)

23

cUTTinG PiPE

cUTTinG PiPE

See also:

rePAir - eXternAl coAting

A
Ating
Welding (Anchor BeAd)
Be

Adhering to a pipeline route usually involves the use of fittings

and requires pipe cutting on site.
Ductile iron pipes are easily cut.

site
ite equipment
used

PD

Slitting disc type cutters. Wheel cutters can also be

used.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

An air operated saw can be used for cutting large

diameters (dn 700) (Fein machine for example).

the saw can be adapted to make the cut and chamfer

at the same time.

Procedure

check the outer diameter

Marking the cut

LO

Before cutting the pipe, it is essential to measure

the external diameter at the cutting point with a
circumference tape or compass callipers, to check
that it is compatible with the intended socket or gland
dimensions.
Tracing tape

cutting

Make the cut with the appropriate equipment (see

above).
n

Fettling or chamfering

After making the cut, and before assembly, it is

essential:

24

to fettle the edges of the cut with a file or grinder in the

case of mechanical joints (express, ggs, couplings,
Quick, Flange Adapters),

to fettle and remake the chamfer, to avoid gasket

damage during assembly, in the case of push-in joints
(standard, Anchored standard, triduct, Anchored
triduct).

cUTTinG PiPE

r=3

mm

mm

mm
3

80

98

100

118

125

144

150

170

222
274

300

326

350

378

400

429

450

480

500

532

600

635

700

738

800

842

900
1000

3
5
5

945

15

1048

15

15

15

coating repair

ES
O
LU
TI
O

200
250

PD

LO

de

dn

the chamfer dimensions must be as indicated below:

Restore the protective coating on the pipe areas

affected by the cutting operations.
see rePAir - eXternAl coAtings
A
Atings
.

Deposition of weld bead and external coating

application

For anchored joints only.

see Welding (Anchor BeAd).

25

DEPTh oF coVEr

DEPTh oF coVEr

See also:

soil loAds (PiPe

PerFor
orMAnce)
sAFety
ety F
FActors

The maximum and minimum depths of cover depend on the

type of pipe and the laying conditions (backfill).

ground level

the following diagrams show the maximum and minimum

depths of cover for class k9 pipes, with or without truck
loading, and as a function of the laying conditions defined
in the following pages.

PD

depth
of
cover

ES
O
LU
TI
O

MAxiMUM DEPTh oF coVEr (FUncTion oF lAYinG conDiTion)

k9 PiPEs - no WhEEl loADinG
Depth
of
cover
(m)

Type 1

LO

Type 2

Type 3

Type 4

Type 5

26

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

60

80

100

Dn
125

150

200

250

Type 1
Type 2
Type 3

Type 4

Type 5

300

DEPTh oF coVEr

MAxiMUM DEPTh oF coVEr (FUncTion oF lAYinG conDiTion)

k9 PiPEs - no WhEEl loADinG
Depth
of
cover
(m)

Dn
350

400

450

500

600

700

800

900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,400 1,500 1,600 1,800

1
2
Type 1

PD

Type 2

Type 3

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Type 4

7
8
9

Type 5

10

14

13

LO

12

11

15

ground level

depth
of
cover

27

DEPTh oF coVEr

MAxiMUM DEPTh oF coVEr (FUncTion oF lAYinG conDiTion)

k9 PiPEs - WiTh WhEEl loADinG (10 T WhEEl)

Type 4

LO

Type 5

28

100

125

150

200

250

For depth of cover under 0.8 m*, please consult us

Type 1
Type 2
Type 3

Type 4

Type 5

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Type 3

80

Type 2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

60

PD

Type 1

Dn

Depth
of
cover
(m)

* 1 m for Dn 250 and 300 (type 1)

300

DEPTh oF coVEr

MAxiMUM DEPTh oF coVEr (FUncTion oF lAYinG conDiTion)

k9 PiPEs - WiTh WhEEl loADinG (10 T WhEEl)
Depth
of
cover
(m)

Dn
350

400

450

500

600

700

800

900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,400 1,500 1,600 1,800

For depth of cover below 0.8 m*, please consult us

1
Type 1

2
3

PD

Type 2

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Type 4

Type 3

7
8
9

Type 5

10

ground
round level

14
15

13

LO

12

11

depth
of
cover

* 1.20 m for Dn 350 to 600 (type 1)

29

DEPTh oF coVEr

laying
aying
conditions

A distinction is made in practice between;

the pipe surround,

the infill.

infill

the surround provides stability and/or protects the pipes.

it depends on;

the pipe characteristics (rigid, semi-rigid, or flexible),

the more or less rocky or heterogeneous nature of the

ground.

the top loading (depth of cover, wheel loads),

the infill varies according to the area involved (rural,

semi-urban, urban) and has to take road stability into
account.
other constraints also affect the laying conditions;

passing through critical safety areas (railways,

motorways, etc.) which require special techniques,

the current regulations and local requirements

(highway engineers).

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

keeping the main frost-free (minimum depth of

cover).,

30

surround

DEPTh oF coVEr

Depths of cover

the Ansi/AWWA c 150/A 21.50 standard applicable to

ductile iron pipelines defines 5 types of laying conditions,
corresponding with most of the surrounds usually met.

Ansi/AWWA c 150/A 21.50 TYPEs oF lAYinG

T2

T3

T4

Flat bottom

Pipe bedded in
10 cm-minimum
loose soil

T5

Flat bottom

Backfill

loose

e (bar)
()

11
30

sand, gravel, or
crushed stone
thickness: 1/8 dn
with
0.1 m minimum

Pipe bedded to its

centerline in
compacted granular
material, 0.1 m
minimum under pipe

lightly consolidated
to centerline of
pipe

lightly consolidated
up to top of
pipe

compacted to
top of pipe
(approx. 80%
standard Proctor)

compacted granular
or selected
material to top of
pipe (approximately
90% Proctor)

21
45

28
60

35
90

49
150

irrespective of the type of laying used, reused or brought-in materials (selected or not), in direct pipe contact
must not contain stones or be particularly corrosive.

choice of materials

ES
O
LU
TI
O

trench bottom

PD

T1

LO

the design assumptions made for each type of laying

condition are:

earth load: weight of the prism of soil above the

pipe,
wheel load: a dynamic 10 t wheel,

laying conditions: characterized by the bedding angle

() and the soil surround modulus of passive soil
resistance e (see table above),
design basis:
equations,

MArstons

stress

and

ovality

criteria: maximum vertical deflection (sd/d (ovality)

maximum wall stress (
max).

For cases not covered by the aspects defined above

(see playing, pipes laid under embankments, etc.) please
consult sAdiP.

31

DiAMETEr sElEcTion

DiAMETEr sElEcTion

See also:

WAter
WA
Ater deMAnd/resources
esources
PiPeline
eline ProFile
Pro
heAd losses
heAd losses
osses (tABles)
(
WAter
WA
Ater hAMM
hAMMer

The selection of the diameter of a pressure pipe is based on:

hydraulic parameters (flow, head losses, velocities) for
gravity supplies,
optimum hydraulic and economics parameters (pumping
costs and asset depreciation) for a pumped supply.

PD

There is a need to quantify the possible risks of water hammer,

cavitation, and abrasion, as a function of the operating
conditions, and to install suitable protections against them.

Definition

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Gravity supply

LO

size
ize selection
principle

gravity supply is the mode of supply which allows water

to be fed through a pressure main from a natural or
artificial storage area at elevation Z, to all points of supply
located at elevations z < Z, without any energy input.

system characteristics

Q : required flow (m3/s)

Peak distribution or fire hydrant flow

Mean supply flow

: unit head loss (m/m)

V : Water velocity through pipeline (m/s)

d : diameter of main (m).
l

32

: length of main (m).

DiAMETEr sElEcTion

Topographical features
T

the most unfavourable case is taken for calculation

purposes.

hyd

rau

lic g

rad

ient
b

PD

h: available head

Supply from reservoir A to reservoir B :

hydrauli

LO

c gradie
nt

ES
O
LU
TI
O

As a safety coefficient, the invert is sometimes taken as

the minimum level of A.

h = Minimum height level in A overflow height of B

Distribution

h : minimum level of A, reduced by (z + P).

P : minimum required pressure at highest distribution

point.

: elevation of that point.

33

DiAMETEr sElEcTion

Formulae

D2

knowing that : Q =

x V

the dArcy
rcy formula is written as : j =

V2
2gD

8Q 2

2 gD 5

, a function of (k, v, d), is deduced from the coleBrook

formula, where k = 0,1 mm (roughness). see heAd
losses for further details.

Determination of D

the maximum unit head loss is : j =

by direct reading of head losses tables. see heAd

losses (tAB
t les).
tAB

ES
O
LU
TI
O

by calculation, solving the system of equations

constituted by the dArcy and coleBrook
rook formulae
(iterative calculations, needing use of a computer);

PD

the dn can be determined:

Example

Flow: Q = 30 l/s

length: l = 4,000 m
Available height: h = 80 m
A

j=

80
4,000

= 0.02 m/m = 20 m/km

the table shows that dn 150 is required, with:

LO

velocity: V = 1.7 m/s

head loss: j = 19.244 m/km.

Dn 150

q (l/s)

j (m/km)
k = 0.03 mm

34

k = 0.1 mm

V (m/s)

24.00

11.092

12.552

1.36

26.00

12.867

14.627

1.47

28.00

14.766

16.857

1.58

30.00

16.790

19.244

1.70

32.00

18.937

21.787

1.81

34.00

21.208

24.485

1.92

36.00

23.602

27.339

2.04

38.00

26.119

30.348

2.15

40.00

28.758

33.513

2.26

42.00

31.520

36.833

2.38

44.00

34.404

40.309

2.49

46.00

37.409

43.940

2.60

diameter selection

definition
efinition

Pumped supply
Pumped distribution

tmH
tm

PD

supply pumped from a reservoir

ES
O
LU
TI
O
J2

tmH

Hgeo

J1

P = minimum operating pressure

Borehole pumped supply

J
tmH

Hgeo

LO

tmH = Hgeo+J1+J2

tmH = Hgeo+J

Catchment or storage areas are frequently not at sufficient

height to meet the required pressurization conditions.
Energy therefore has to be imparted to the liquid to make
distribution possible.
The following definitions are used:

geometric height (Hgeo) the height difference

between the level of the water being pumped and the
place supplied,
total manometric height (tmH), the geometric
height, plus the total head losses involved in suction
and pumping, plus, if warranted by the circumstances,
the minimum residual distribution pressure (see
example figures opposite).

35

diameter selection

dimension
imension
selection
principle

Graphical solution

cc

Hgeo

tmH

Qo

Pp

l
Qo

Pipeline characteristic

Pp

Hgeo + J

J = f (Q2)

PD

Pump characteristic
Optimum point

Note: Method valid for constant levels of suction and

pumping. If this is not the case the envelope formed by
the extreme curves has to be examined.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

tmH = Hgeo+J

Cc

Hydraulic

As before :
J=

jL
V2

j =

2g D

LO

is a function of , k, D.
For pumping, the characteristic curves of the pumps and
system have to be taken into account, to ensure that
as a function of the chosen DN, the optimum point M
corresponds to the required flow Q0.

economic

The economic diameter is calculated by taking into

account:

the pumping costs, the power being given by the

following formula:

P =
Where :
P

0.0098 x

TMH :

36

Q x TMH
r

Power to be supplied to the pump (kW)

Flow (l/s)

Total manometric height (m)

T
Pump motor efficiency,

the installation depreciation (pumping station +

main).

diameter selection

application
pplication

Both methods are usually used, depending on the size

of the project:

small projects

The Vibert formula is used, valid for small and medium

DNs and short lengths:

( )
ne
f

the economic diameter

flow en m3/s

the laid main cost in Francs/kg

Pumping time in h
24

Price per KWh

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Where :

x Q 0.46

PD

D = 1.456

0.154

The 1.456 coefficient covers an 8% depreciation rate

over 50 years.
The DN chosen must be identical to diameter D, or the
next size up.

large projects

A detailed economic study has to be made in the

case of long lengths and large diameters. The diameter
used must be the one giving the minimum annual cost
(depreciation + pumping costs).

LO

The flow rate varies significantly with the diameter.

In addition to head losses, it is consequently advisable to
check compatibility with the possible phenomena of:

water hammer,

abrasion.

Precautions

cavitation,

37

dimensions

dimensions

See also:

CuTTIN
TTINg PIPE
PrODu
uCT DATA

The principal ductile iron pipes and fittings dimensions and

tolerances are standardized :
nominal wall thickness (pipes and fittings)
nominal mortar lining thickness (pipes)
pipe length

PD

pipe external barrel diameter.

Pipes

nominal
ominal wall
thickness

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The nominal wall thickness of pipes and fittings depends

on the DN. It is the larger of two values given by the
following formulae:
eiron
= K (0.5 + 0.001 DN)

eiron

eiron

= 5.8 + 0.003 DN

DN

: nominal diameter

Where :
eiron
: nominal wall thickness in mm

LO

: thickness class, chosen from a series of whole

numbers: ... 8, 9,10,11, 12, ...

For a given DN, the pipe external diameter is the

same, irrespective of the thickness class.

Fittings

DN 65 e = 7 mm
DN > 65 e = K (0.5 + 0.001 DN)

Wall thickness tolerances

Spun pipes

: (1.3 + 0.001 DN)

Molded fittings

: (2.3 + 0.001 DN).

The ISO 2531 Standards do not specify plus tolerances.

38

dimensions

Pipe cement
mortar lining
thickness

The thickness is to ISO 4179.

emortar

Lining thickness, emortar

Mean minimum
value

Single point minimum

value

mm

mm

mm

60 to 300

2.5

350 to 600

700 to 1000

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Normal

2.0

3.0

5.5

3.5

4.5

LO

DN

39

ductile iron

ductile iron

MANuFACT
FACTurE
SAFETy
yF
FACTOrS

Ductile iron is distinguished from ordinary grey iron by its

remarkable mechanical properties (elasticity, impact strength,
elongation...). These are due to the spheroidal nature of the
graphite particles.

PD

See also:

definition
efinition of
irons

ES
O
LU
TI
O

A ferrous product classification can be established in

terms of the carbon content of the basic metal:

iron : 0 to 0.1 % C,

cast iron : 1.7 to 5% C,

steel : 0.1 to 1.7% C,

LO

Below 1.7% carbon, solidification produces an austenitic

single phase material, with the carbon present in the
structure in solid solution.

40

Above 1.7% carbon, the carbon cannot all be dissolved in

the iron structure and consequently solidifies in the form
of a secondary phase, either as graphite (pure C), or iron
carbide (Fe3C). Iron is a multi-phase material, of complex
structure: the most common constituents are ferrite (Fe)
and pearlite (Fe + Fe3C).
Other elements present in iron in very low proportions
have an effect on the structure, mechanical properties
and casting of the metal. Silicon (usually 1 to 3%) plays
a particular part and makes the iron in reality a ternary
alloy: iron, carbon, silicon.

ductile iron

different types of cast iron

The term Cast iron covers a wide variety of Fe-C-Si

alloys. It is usual to class them in groups according to the
graphite condition, making an additional differentiation
based on the structure of the metal matrix (ferritic,
pearlitic).

spheroidal graphite irons

PD

% c + 1/3 % si = 4.3

Carbon and silicon contents of steels

and various types of irons

ES
O
LU
TI
O

4.0

3.0

Grey
irons

White irons
malleable irons

% c + 1/6 % si = 2.0

2.0

steels

LO

1.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

3.5

silicon content (%)

These materials are known as:

white irons,

flake graphite irons,

malleable irons,

spheroidal graphite irons (S. g.), also called ductile

irons,
vermicular graphite irons,
high alloy irons.

41

ductile iron

effect
ffect of
graphite shape

In so called grey irons the graphite is present in the

form of flakes, hence their metallurgical name: flake
graphite irons (sometimes called lamellar graphite irons).
By concentrating abnormal stresses at certain points,
each of these flakes may initiate cracking.
Metallurgists have therefore sought to diminish, or
eliminate, this effect by changing the size or distribution
of the flakes.
In a first stage, the adoption of the centrifugal process to
cast flake graphite iron pipes (so called grey iron pipes),
led to an appreciable improvement, by producing very
fine graphite flakes.

PD

A decisive advance was then made in 1948, when

research in both the u.S.A. and great Britain led to the
discovery of spheroidal graphite iron, more commonly
known as ductile iron.
The graphite no longer exists in flake form but precipitates
in a spherical form. The possibility of crack propagation
lines is therefore eliminated.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

graphite precipitation in spheroidal form is obtained by

the controlled addition of a small amount of magnesium
to the previously desulfurized base iron.

LO

s.. G. iron
properties

Ductile iron owes its remarkable mechanical properties to

the spheroidal shape of its graphite:

tensile strength,

impact resistance,

high elastic limit (yield strength),

good elongation.

These properties are further enhanced by control of

the chemical analysis and heat treatment of the metal
matrix.
Ductile iron maintains the traditional qualities of cast
irons, resulting from the high carbon content:

compression strength,
castability,

abrasion resistance,
machinability,

42

fatigue strength.

ductile iron

sadi
sadiP
ductile iron

All SADIP pipes and fittings are manufactured

from S.g. iron, complying with Standards:
ISO 2531.

ISO 2531

SADIP

Pipes &
fittings

420

420

Minimum elastic
limit rp0.2 (MPa)

Pipes
fittings

300*
300

300*
300

Minimum elongation
at failure
(A in %)

Pipes
fittings

10 % DN 1000
7 % DN > 1000
5%

Maximum hardness
HB

Pipes
fittings

230
250

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Minimum tensile
strength rm (MPa)

SPECIFICATIONS

* ISO 2531 permits values between 270 to 300 MPa

when :

A 10% for DN > 1000.

A 12% for DN 1000,

LO

43

eartH Works

eartH Works

See also:

DEPTH OF COVEr
PIPE LAy
A INg EQu
Ay
uIPMENT
HANDLIN
ANDLINg
SOILS (MECHANICAL
ECHANICAL
PrOPE
OPErTIES)

Trench excavation and backfilling depend on the following

parameters:
environment,
characteristics of the main (type of joint and diamter),
nature of the soil (presence or absence of water),

PD

laying depth.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The laying recommendations given below are those

usually prescribed for ductile iron pipes.

Preparatory
work

LO

trench
rench opening

After making a thorough study of the type of environment,

and obtaining agreement from the various utilities
(Telecom, gas, Water ...), the contractor marks out on
site the route and profile of the main to be laid, complying
with the project as prescribed, and ensures that the
proposals and the conditions under which they will be
implemented are in accord.

Prepare for the breaking of road surfaces by precutting the

edges of the trench to avoid damaging the neighbouring
areas. The width is slightly greater than the trench
width.
Excavation is usually carried out with a mechanical
digger, suited to the pipe diameter, the type of ground
and depth of laying.

trench
rench width

The trench width depends on the DN, the type of

soil, depth of laying and the methods of shoring and
compaction.
Care is taken during the work:

to stabilize the walls, either by battering or shoring,

to deposit the excavated material so as to leave a 0.4

metre reservation between the pipe and the trench.

44

to clear the edges of the excavation of lumps of rock

or clods of earth, to prevent them from falling,

eartH Works

Specification prescribes that: Trenches are prepared

at every point to the depth indicated by the longitudinal
profile. unless otherwise specified, the normal trench
depth is such that the depth of backfill above the crown
of the pipe is not less than 1 m.... This depth is justified
by the need to protect against frost damage.

trench
rench depth

Remove before
laying pipe 0.4 m

types
t
ypes of soils

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Extremely cohesive, making excavation difficult but

not precluding all possibility of collapse. Cracks are
sometimes present, which can result in complete chunks
falling.

PD

rock

Soils can be divided into three main classes, based on

their cohesion:

Friable soils

LO

By far the most common. These exhibit a certain amount

of cohesion, which allows them to hold together for a
while during excavation. This cohesion can change very
rapidly under the influence of factors already mentioned
(water ingress, nearby equipment movement, etc.):
collapse is possible.

non-cohesive ground

This is ground lacking any cohesion, such as dry sand,

muds or freshly restored backfill. These collapse almost
instantaneously. Special procedures are needed for
working in this type of ground.
Protection against the danger of collapse is therefore
essential:

either by sloping the trench sides backwards,

or by shoring the trench sides.

The precautions to be taken also depend on the situation

(urban or rural), and the depth of laying.

45

eartH Works

Battering

rarely used in urban situations because of the space

needed, it consists of giving the walls an outward slope
known as the angle of slope, which must be close to the
internal friction angle of the soil. This angle varies with
the type of soil.
angle
of
slope

q (kg/m2)

There are numerous shoring techniques: it is important to

study and adapt them before commencing the work.

Shoring must be used in cases prescribed in existing

regulations, or, in general, when demanded by the nature
of the ground.

PD

4000
3000
2000

LO

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

trench
rench bottom

prefabricated wooden panels (joined or single),

ES
O
LU
TI
O

the most common shoring techniques:

trench
rench shoring

See SOILS (MECHANICAL PrOPErTIES).

Pump

H (m)

wooden or metal sheeting,

pile driven sheets.

Whichever technique is used, the earth pressure has to

be taken into consideration. Panels must be capable of
resisting a thrust over their whole height, given by the
formula:

q : 0.75 H tg 2

4
2
: soil density (in kg/m3) (approximately equal to
2 000 kg/m3)
: angle of internal soil friction.
q

: thrust (kg/m2).

H : depth (m).

The trench bottom must be levelled to comply with the

longitudinal profile of the main, and all stony protrusions
or rubble must be eliminated. Ensure that the pipe rests
on uniformly distributed soil.
Joint holes need to be excavated for EXPrESS and
anchored joints, to facilitate assembly.
Presence of water: excavation must be from downstream to upstream, to allow the water to drain by itself
from the trench bottom.
Pumping

shoring
horing

Pumping

shoring level
Probe

Probe

dry area

46

static
level

dynamic
level

eartH Works

If the trench passes through ground flooded with water

(water table) it may be necessary to remove the water
from the trench by:

pumping it out (directly from the trench or a sump at

the side),
dewatering with probes of filter wells.

Pipe bed

The trench bottom provides the pipe foundation. In cases

where the native soil is well broken up and relatively
homogeneous, the pipes can be laid on the trench
bottom, as previously described.

PD

It is essential to ensure that the pipes are properly

bedded on the soil, particularly in the case of large
diameters. If the trench bottom does not lend itself to
direct laying, a bed of pea gravel or sand must be laid,
over an approximate thickness of 10 cm.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Pipe bed:
pea gravel
or sand

pipe diameter,

types of soils encountered.

environment (earth loading, wheel loading, backfill

quality),

Pipe surround
and backfill

LO

refer to the section on soil DEPTHS OF COVEr for

details of the different types of surrounds and backfills,
in terms of:

Pipe surround

Two types can be distinguished:

a pipe supporting surround (to resist any ovality in the

case of large diameter pipes), consisting of soil free
from stones, etc., or brought-in material, compacted
on the sides;

a protective surround (in the case of very

heterogeneous soils) consisting of stone-free soil or
sand; this surround can act as both protection and
support.

main backfill

Ground level
main backfill

Pipe surround

Pipe bed

This is usually uncompacted infill with the original trench

soil (away from roads), or by brought-in compacted
material (beneath roads).

47

elastomers

elastomers

See also:

STOrAgE JOINT gASKETS

EPDM (Ethylene Propylene) elastomers are normaly used for

the joint gaskets of SADIP potable water and irrigation pipes.

PD

They are rigorously selected on the basis of criteria directed at

maintaining their long term physico-chemical properties.

elastomer aging

long
ong term
performance

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The purpose of elastomers used in jointing systems is to

guarantee that the gaskets will be perfectly tight as long
as the pipeline is in service. Pipeline experience acquired
by SADIP has allowed its research Centre engineers to
understand and measure the change in properties with
time of various types of elastomers, in order to find the
ones with the best performances.
The change in the mechanical properties of elastomers
with time can be indicated by two phenomena:

LO

48

creep (increasing
loading),

deformation

under

constant

relaxation (compression relaxation under constant

deformation).

In the case of socket joints, the seal is obtained by the

contact pressure between the metal and gasket. The
elastomer deformation produced during jointing remains
constant. The relaxation phenomenon is therefore the
only one of interest.

elastomers

relaxation measurement
Ft /F0

Relaxations at ambient temperature

ePdm
water
iso
standard

103

1 month

104

1 year

105

106

Hours

F0 : initial elastomer reaction force

10
50 100
years years years

relaxation of elastomers is determined by a procedure

which measures the change with time of the force
required to compress a specimen of fixed deformation.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The diagram opposite shows the relaxation at ambient

temperature of the EPDM used in the joints of SADIP
potable water supply and irrigation systems.

102

: relaxation rate at instant 1

F0 for a 25% relaxation rate
Ft : elastomer reaction force
at instant t

risk of leakage
10

Ft

PD

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

It can be seen that:

the EPDM used by SADIP ages less rapidly

than a material that exactly meets the
requirements of ISO Standard 4633,
long term, the contact pressure remains well
above the leakage danger threshold.

Examination of specimens taken from mains after

several years service has confirmed the excellent
long term performance of SADIP gaskets: all the
physical and chemical properties of the gaskets
tested had been maintained after many years of
service.

LO

49

elastomers

The principal properties of elastomers used by SADIP are

given in the table below.

Hardness range (Shore A)

Density (basic product)
Tear strength
T
Abrasion resistance

Nr Natural rubber
(Poly-isoprene)

EPDM
NBr Nitrile
(Ethylene propylene
(butadiene acrylonitrile)
polymer)

30-90

40-95

40-90

0.93

1.00

0.86

good to very good

moderate

good

excellent

good

good to excellent

good

Oxidation resistance

good

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Compression set resistance

Properties

unless otherwise specified, EPDM elastomer gaskets are

supplied.
Maximum usage temperature: 60 C.

LO

Certain storage precautions need to be taken (see

STOrAgE - JOINT gASKETS).

50

good

good

good

excellent

PD

Physicochemical
properties

elastomers

The properties and minimum fitness for purpose

requirements for gaskets are standardized.

reference Standards

Criteria

ISO 37

Creep

ISO 815

relaxation

ISO 3384

Tear strength
T

ISO 816

resistance to water and chemicals

ISO 1817

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Tensile (strength and elongation at break)

T

International

PD

Ageing

ISO 188

Low temperature brittleness

ISO 812

resistance to Ozone

ISO 1431-1
ISO 4633
EN681-1

Minimal fitness for purpose requirements

specifications
pecifications
and quality
control

specifications

Quality control

LO

ISO 9001:2008 requires purchased products to meet the

specified demands.
In view of the importance of gaskets in sealing pipe
systems, SADIP has instituted a more exacting
specific quality control procedure, including:

supplier acceptability, following an evaluation of his

ability to supply a product on a regular basis, meeting
SADIP technical requirements,
proving of the elastomer suitability,

acceptance of the manufacturing molds (design and

dimensions),
checking the quality of prototype gaskets, then of preproduction runs,

constant monitoring of the suppliers quality control

results and parallel tests in our own laboratories.

51

FlanGes
(dimensions - PitcH circles)

See also:

Flange dimensions and bolt pitch circles are set in British and
International Standards, to permit assembly of all types of
flanged products.

PD

JOINTS-F
-FLANgED
ASSEMBLy
SSEMBLy - FLANgED
SSEMBLy
ED JOINT
STANDA
TANDArDS

FlanGes (dimensions - PitcH circles)

ES
O
LU
TI
O

All flanges (fixed or rotatable) on SADIP pipes and

fittings may be delivered in accordance with the following
standards:

Bolts hole pitch circles

iso 2531
iso 7005-2
Bs en 1092-2
ansi B 16.5 class 150 (for steel) identical to ansi B
16.1 class 125 (for cast iron)

LO

Bs 10 table
t
e

Flange dimensions

iso 2531
iso 7005-2
Bs en 1092-2

nuts and bolts

Bs en 24014
Bs en 24016
Bs en 24032
Bs en 24034
iso 4014
iso 4016
iso 4032
iso 4034
The geometric features involved are given in the following
tables.

52

FlanGes
(dimensions - PitcH circles)

Pitch circles

iso 7005-2

iso 2531
Bs en 1092-2

c
d

350

400

450

500

600

700

340

400

455

505

565

615

670

780

895

800

1015

1000

1230

1200

1455

900

1100

DN
80

295

350

200

300

350

400

450

500

600

700

460

23

28

565

28

620

28

725

31

840

31

950

34

12

16

20

24

37

32

mm

mm

M27

M27

24

1270

Flange

M24

M24

20

1340

1380

M20

M24

20

28

37

M20

M20

16

34

1160

M20

12

1050

40

mm

32

Bolt
Nr

360

425

485

555

620

670

730

845

960

1000

1320

1200

1530

310

370

430

490

550

600

660

770

875

990

28

31

31

34

37

37

37

40

43

49

910

1485

mm

12

12

16

16

16

20

20

20

24

24

M24

M27

M27

M30

240

295

355

19

Nr

410

470

525

585

650

770

840

950

mm

M16

19

23

12

23

28

M16

M20

28

12

28

31

31

34

37

37

40

12

M20

M24

M24

16

M24

16

M27

20

M27

20

M30

20

M33

24

M33

24

M36

1050

40

28

M36

1355

1270

43

32

M39

mm
200

1170

1390

Flange
C

mm
160

235

190

300

250

375

450

515

220

320

385

450

43
49

28
32

PN 40
1

mm
19

Nr
8

28

31

34

34

M45

Bolt

23
28

M39

12

12

16

mm
M16
M20
M24

M24

M27

M30

M30

M33

M33

M36

M39

M45

1420

1310

56

32

M52

32

180

210

mm
See PN 40

Bolt

M33

M45

28

mm

1125

270

28

56

840

M36

M33

49

1420

640

715

1255

1090

56

520

580

M33

1185

1210

400

455

1025

M30

28

PN 25

285

340

M30

See PN 40

1085

1100

220

250

1115

800

900

23

515

125

250

23

400

100

150

23

mm

ES
O
LU
TI
O

250

300

mm

See PN 16

LO

150

200

Nr

100

125

mm
See PN 40

PN 16

PD

mm

Flange

mm

Bolt

80

PN 10

DN

Flange

M52
M52

53

FlanGes
(dimensions - PitcH circles)

Pitch circles
i

Bs 10 table
t
e

c
d

mm

PD

mm

mm

Nr

d
inch

184.1

146

17.5

5/8

100

215.2

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Bolt

80

177.8

17.5

5/8

150

279.4

235

22.2

3/4

200

336.6

292.1

22.2

3/4

250

406.4

355.6

22.2

12

3/4

300

457.2

406.4

25.4

12

7/8

350

527

469.9

25.4

12

7/8

400

578

520.7

25.4

12

7/8

500

705

641.3

25.4

16

7/8

600

825

755.6

33.5

16

1 1/8

W
LO
54

Flange

DN

BS 10 Table E

FlanGes
(dimensions - PitcH circles)

Pitch circles

ansi B 16.5 class 150 (for steel) identical to

ansi B 16.1 class 125 (for cast iron)

c
d

Flange

Bolt

mm

mm

mm

Nr

PD

DN

ANSI B 16.5 Class 150

J

mm

190

152.4

19.1

100

229

190.5

19.1

125

254

215.9

22.2

M20

150

279

241.3

22.2

M20

200

343

298.5

22.2

M20

250

405

362

25.4

12

M24

300

483

431.8

25.4

12

M24

350

533

476.3

28.6

12

M27

400

597

539.9

28.6

16

M27

500

699

635.2

31.8

20

M29

600

813

749.5

35.1

20

M32

700

927

863.6

35.1

28

M32

800

1060

977.9

41.28

28

M38

900

1168

1085.85

41.28

32

M38

1000

1289

1200.15

41.28

36

M38

1200

1511

1427.4

41.28

44

M38

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

80

M16
M16

55

FlanGes
(dimensions - PitcH circles)

rotatable
otatable flange
dimensions

iso 2531

g
d

Bsen 1092-2

PN 10
D

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

80
100

200
250
300
350
400

Mass

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

2.5

See PN 40

220

156

23

20

250

184

24.5

21.5

3.2

285

211

26

23

4.2

29

26

340

266

29

26

5.9

400

319

32

29

8.6

400

319

32

29

8.2

455

370

36

32

11.3

455

370

36

32

10.6

505

429

39

35

14.1

520

429

39

35

14.9

565

482

42

38

16.5

580

480

42

38

21

615

527

45

41

20.5

640

527

45

41

27

500

670

582

48

44

25

715

582

48

44

38

600

780

682

55

50

33

840

682

55

50

58

W
LO

266

PN 25
DN

PN 40

Mass

Mass

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

200

132

23

20

2.3

80
100

See PN 40

125
150

235

156

23

20

270

184

24.5

21.5

4.1

300

211

26

23

5.2

200

360

266

29

26

7.4

375

266

33

30

9.2

250

425

319

32

29

11.1

450

345

37

34

17.9

300

485

370

36

32

14.2

515

409

42

38

23.5

350

555

429

39

35

21

400

620

482

42

38

30

450

670

527

45

41

35

500

730

582

48

44

44

600

845

682

55

50

61

note:

56

PN 16

340

450

See PN 16

ES
O
LU
TI
O

125
150

kg

See PN 40

Mass

PD

DN

rotatable flanges in the ranges DN 80 to 200 PN 10-16-25-40 and DN 250 to 600 PN 10-16-25 are
interchangeable and fit on the rims of normal manufacture fittings. DN 250 to 300 PN 40 range rotatable
flanges are mounted on fittings equipped with special rims.

FlanGes
(dimensions - PitcH circles)

rotatable
otatable flange
dimensions
g
d

dimensions of flange whose pitch circles are

in accordance with Bs 10 table
t
e

c
a

BS 10 Table E
g

Mass

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

100

215.2

156

23

20

150

279.4

211

26

23

3.9

200

336.6

266

29

26

5.8

250

406.4

319

32

29

9.2

300

457.2

370

36

33

12.4

350

527

429

39

36

17.3

400

578

482

42

38

20

600

825

682

55

51

48

PD

kg

ES
O
LU
TI
O

2.2

LO

DN

57

FlanGes
(dimensions - PitcH circles)

rotatable
otatable flange
dimensions
g
d

dimensions of flanges whose pitch circles are

in accordance with ansi B 16.5 class 150

c
a

mm

mm

80

190

133

100

229

153

125

254

183

150

279

209

200

343

250

Mass

mm

mm

mm

kg

23

20

23

20

2.8

24.5

21.5

3.3

26

23

3.9

264

29

26

6.5

406

319

32

29

9.3

300

483

367

36

32

15.1

350

533

427

39

35

17.9

PD

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

DN

58

ANSI 150

FlanGes
(dimensions - PitcH circles)

integral
ntegral flange
dimensions

iso 2531
iso 7005-2
g
d

Bs 4504

c
a

100
125
150

mm
mm
See PN 40

266

20

17

300

455

370

24.5

20.5

480

24.5

20.5

600
700

615

670

780
895

37.5

32.5

1340

1221

42.5

37.5

1455

mm

901

1112

1328

mm

100

200

360

274

300

485

389

350
400
450
500
600
700

425
555
620
670
730
845
960

35

45

40

PN 25
a

mm

mm

22

5
5

5
5

30

26

553
609
720

34.5
36.5
42

28

30.5
32.5
37

41.5

1185

1028

55.5

50.5

1420

1242

64.5

59.5

1000

1320

1200

1530

928

1140

1350

51

60

69

285

211

340
400
455

520

580

640

715

46

55

64

184
266
319

PN 16
a

19

16

19

16

mm
mm
See PN 40
19
20
22

16
17
19

mm

370

24.5

20.5

480

28

24

429

544

26.5
30

22.5
26

609

31.5

27.5

794

39.5

34.5

1125

1001

46.5

41.5

1355

1215

53.5

48.5

840
910

1025

1485

448

32

156

23.5

21.5

503

220

1255

24.5
27.5

mm

19

330

mm

720

901

1112

1328

mm

36

43

50

57

PN 40
a

31

38

45

52

3
3
3

4
5

5
5
5

mm
200

mm
132

mm
19

mm
16

mm
3

270

184

23.5

20.5

284

30

27

235

46.5

1085

1100

40

30

820

800
900

35

See PN 40

125

250

25

1001

1200

150

30

22.5

1115

1230

80

682

26.5

21.5

27.5

1000

DN

582

25.5

20.5

32.5

1015

1100

527

24.5

794

800
900

429

19

500

565

22

450

505

319

LO

400

400

250

340

350

mm

See PN 16

200
250

mm

PN 10

PD

mm

80

ES
O
LU
TI
O

DN

300

375

156
211

19
26

16
23

3
3
3

4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5

59

FlanGes
(dimensions - PitcH circles)

Bolts
dimensions

Bs en 24014
p

Bs en 24016
Bs en 24032
Bs en 24034

iso 4014

iso 4016

iso 4032
iso 4034

Nr

80

HM

100

HM

125

150
200

HM

16

85/57

16

90/62

HM

16

90/62

HM

16

90/62

HM

16

90/62

HM

20

100/72

HM

20

100/72

HM

20

100/72

12

HM

20

100/72

250

12

HM

20

110/76

12

HM

24

110/82

300

12

HM

20

120/83

12

HM

24

130/93

350

16

HM

20

130/93

16

HM

24

130/93

400

16

HM

24

140/103

16

HM

27

150/105

450

20

HM

24

130/93

20

HM

27

130/90

500

20

HM

24

150/110

20

HM

30

160/110

600

20

HM

27

170/122

20

HM

33

180/117

700

24

HM

27

150/105

24

HM

33

150/100

800

24

HM

30

160/110

24

HM

36

160/92

900

28

HM

30

160/110

28

HM

36

160/92

1000

28

HM

33

180/117

28

HM

39

180/105

1100

32

HM

33

160/100

32

HM

39

180/105

1200

32

HM

36

180/110

32

HM

45

210/115

ES
O
LU
TI
O

R
W
LO

Nr

PN 16
Designation
HM
d
L/X
mm

85/57

16

PD

DN

Flange bolts
PN 10
Designation
HM
d
L/X
mm

steel type:
Flange nuts and bolts are made of 6/8 quality steel for 16 to 20 diameters and 4/6 quality
steel for larger diameters.

coatings:
Zinc 15 - 20

60

flanges
(dimensions - pitch circles)

PN 40

Designation
d
L/X
mm

HM

16

100

HM

20

125

HM

24

150

HM

24

200

12

HM

24

250

12

HM

27

300

16

HM

27

350

16

HM

30

400

16

HM

33

450

20

HM

500

20

600

20

700

24

800

24

900

HM

85/57

HM

16

85/57

100/72

HM

20

100/72

110/82

HM

24

110/82

110/82

HM

24

110/82

110/82

12

HM

27

130/90

130/90

12

HM

30

140/93

130/90

16

HM

30

140/93

140/93

150/100
150/100

HM

33

160/100

HM

36

180/110

HM

39

180/105

HM

45

190/110

28

HM

45

190/110

1000

28

HM

52

230/130

1100

32

HM

52

230/130

1200

32

HM

52

230/130

33

LO

80

Designation
d
L/X
mm

Nr

ES
O
LU
TI
O

HM

Nr

PD

PN 25

DN

Flange bolts

61

handling

handling

See also:

The mechanical strength of ductile iron pipes and fittings,

coupled with the robustness of their coatings, makes them
adequately suitable for site handling conditions.
A number of elementary precautions need to be taken however.

PD

Tra
TraNsPorT
sTorage
orage - PiPes
rePair
Pair - exTerNal
P
al Coa
CoaTiNg
rePair
Pair - iNTerNal
P
al liNiNg

Basic
instructions

Use sufficiently powerful lifting gear.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Guide the beginning and ending of the lift.

Manoeuvre gently.

Avoid swinging, impacts or pipes rubbing against

other pipes, the ground or trailer stanchions.
These precautions are particularly important for large
diameter pipes, or those having special coatings.

end lifting

Use appropriately shaped hooks, coated wtih a

polyamide type protection. Please consult us.

LO

lifting
ifting

Barrel lifting

Use wide flat slings maintained sufficiently widely

apart to prevent accidental slippage.
Prohibit wire ropes, which may damage the coating.

A single sling may be used on site. In this case, lift the

pipe at its centre of gravity, with the sling gripping the pipe
to prevent slippage.

62

handling

Bundle lifting

DN 60 to 300 bundles are unloaded with flat textile

slings.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

stringing
tringing out

Unless specified otherwise, string the pipes out along

the trench side opposite the excavated material, with
the sockets pointing in the direction of laying (spigot
end directed towards start of laying).
Avoid:

dragging the pipes on the ground, as this risks

damaging the external coating,

dropping pipes to the ground, even with tyres or

sand interposed,

LO

stringing out pipes in areas of risk : e.g. machines

passing frequently, use of explosives (risk of flying
stones).
depositing pipes on large stones, or precariously
balanced.

63

head losses
Head losses are hydraulic energy losses essentially caused by
the water viscosity and its friction against the pipe walls.
The effect is:
an overall pressure drop at the lower end of a gravity system,
an increase in energy consumption in a pumping main.
When choosing a ductile iron main lined with cement mortar a
roughness coefficient of k = 0.1 mm is generally taken.

formulae
ormulae

darcY formula

Head losses are calculated with the DArCY formula:

V 2 = 8Q 2
J=
D
2g
2 g D5
J :

:
D :

V :

head losses (in m of fluid head per m of pipe)

head losses coefficient

internal pipe diameter (m)

fluid velocity (m/s)

flow rate (m 3/s)

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Q :

CeMeNT (MorTA
T r LINING)
TA
DIAMeTer (SeL
LeCTIoN)
HeAD LoSSeS (T
(T bLeS)
(TA
eNgiNeeriNg
g Da
DaT
Ta
Ta

PD

See also:

head losses

g :

gravitation constant (m/s 2)

coleBrooK-White formula

The CoLebrooK-WHITe formula is now universally used for determining the

head losses coefficient:
1 = -2 log
2.51 +
k

re
re
3.71 D

LO

VD
re = (reYNoLDS

number)

: kinematic viscosity of the fluid at the operating temperature (m 2/s)

k : the equivalent pipe surface roughness (in m); note that k is not equal to the
k
height of the surface imperfections: it is a theoretical concept relating to the
surface roughness, hence the term equivalent.

The two terms in the logarithmic function correspond:

2.51
in the first term ,

to the portion of head losses due to the liquids

re
re

own internal friction acting upon itself;

in the second term k , to the portion of head losses caused
3.71 D
by the friction of the liquid against the pipe wall; for an ideally smooth
pipe (k=0), the head losses are only due to the internal friction of the fluid.

haZen-William formula

V = 0.355 CD 0.63 J 0.54

C : a coefficient dependent on the roughness and pipe diameter.

surface
urface
roughness of
cement mortar
linings
64

Spun cement mortar linings have a smooth, regular surface. A series of tests
have been carried out to determine the roughness value k of the surface of
freshly spun mortar. An average value of 0.03 mm was obtained, corresponding
to an extra head loss of 5 to 7% (depending on pipe diameter), when compared
to a perfectly smooth pipe having a value of k = 0 (calculated for a velocity of
1 m/s).
However, the equivalent surface roughness of a pipeline depends not only on
the regularity of the pipe surface, but also, and especially, on the number of

head losses

PD

Three comments can be made at this stage about head losses in pressurized
water mains:
head loss due to pipe surface roughness and local perturbations

(like joints, fittings, etc.) is generally much lower than that due to
the internal friction of the fluid: 20% maximum if the initial value of
k = 0.1 mm is maintained long term;
head loss caused by local pipe surface roughness is less than that

due to local perturbations ( 5 to 7% against 10 to 13%); a change in

the initial value of k between 0 and 0.03 mm is of minor importance;
it is essential however for the value of k to remain constant with
time.

the effect of surface roughness (CoLebrooK coefficient)

is marginal compared with that of the effective pipe diameter.

A reduction of 1 % in the effective diameter generates an increase
of about 5% in head losses; the effective internal diameter of ductile
iron pipes is very close to their nominal DN.

bends, tees and service connections present, as well as irregularities in the

pipeline profile. experience has shown that k = 0.1 mm is a reasonable value
for distribution mains. k can be slightly lower (0.06 to 0.08 mm) for long mains
having only a few fittings per kilometre.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

A series of investigations carried out on old and recent iron installations, lined
with cement mortar, has given C values (HAZeN-WILLIAM) formula) for a large
range of diameters and lengths of service.

changes
hanges with
time

The results are given on the table below, showing C values converted to
equivalent k values (in the CoLebrooK-WHITe formula).
Pipe
diameter
(DN)

Age when
assessed

250

300

1925

0.025

146

0.019

16

143

0.060

16

134

0.148

32

135

0.135

39

138

0.098

13

134

0.160

29

137

0.119

36

146

0.030

13

143

0.054

29

140

0.075

36

140

0.075

19

148

0.027

25

146

0.046

13

148

0.027

20

146

0.046

300

1928

(mm)

145

12

0
1941

150

C coefficient
k value
value
(CoLebrooK-WHITe)
(HAZeN-WILLIAM)

(years)

LO

Year
installed

1928

700

1939

700

1944

(AWWA Journal - June 1974).

The results cover different types of mortar linings and waters from widely
spread geographical locations. It can be concluded that:

cement mortar lined pipes provide a large flow capacity which

remains constant with time,

an overall value of k = 0.1 mm is a reasonably certain assumption

for calculating long term head losses in cement mortar lined pipes.

65

head losses (taBles)

head losses (taBles)

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

The head losses have been calculated for ductile iron pipelines
internally lined with cement mortar.
Hypothesis for the calculation:

pipeline is full of water,

DN 65 to 800,

roughness coefficient : k = 0.03 mm and k = 0.1 mm,

kinematic viscosity of water : = 1.301, 10-6 m 2/s,

water temperature : T = 10 C.

66

head losses (taBles)

DN 80

k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

V (m/s)

DN 100

j (m/km)*
k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

V (m/s)

j (m/km)*
k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

V (m/s)

1.60

4.706

5.117

0.48

1.80

5.813

6.358

0.54

2.00

7.026

7.727

0.60

2.20

8.343

9.223

0.66

2.40

9.765

10.847

0.72

2.60

11.289

12.597

0.78

4.121

4.480

0.52

2.80

12.915

14.473

0.84

4.709

5.138

0.56

3.00

14.642

16.476

0.90

5.333

5.838

0.60

3.20

16.470

18.605

0.96

5.992

6.582

0.64

3.40

18.399

20.860

1.02

6.686

7.369

0.68

3.60

20.427

23.240

1.08

7.415

8.198

0.72

3.80

22.554

25.746

1.15

8.180

9.069

0.76

4.00

24.781

28.377

1.21

8.978

9.984

0.80

3.039

3.289

0.51

4.20

27.106

31.134

1.27

9.812

10.940

0.84

3.318

3.600

0.53

4.40

29.529

34.016

1.33

10.679

11.940

0.88

3.609

3.923

0.56

4.60

32.050

37.023

1.39

11.581

12.981

0.92

3.911

4.261

0.59

4.80

34.669

40.155

1.45

12.517

14.065

0.95

4.223

4.611

0.61

5.00

37.385

43.413

1.51

13.487

15.191

0.99

4.547

4.975

0.64

5.20

40.198

46.795

1.57

14.491

16.359

1.03

4.882

5.352

0.66

5.40

43.109

50.303

1.63

15.528

17.570

1.07

5.228

5.743

0.69

5.60

46.116

53.935

1.69

16.599

18.823

1.11

5.585

6.146

0.71

5.80

49.220

57.692

1.75

17.704

20.118

1.15

5.952

6.563

0.74

6.00

52.421

61.575

1.81

18.842

21.455

1.19

6.331

6.993

0.76

6.20

55.718

65.582

1.87

20.013

22.834

1.23

6.720

7.436

0.79

6.40

59.111

69.714

1.93

21.218

24.256

1.27

7.120

7.893

0.81

6.60

62.600

73.971

1.99

22.456

25.719

1.31

7.531

8.362

0.84

6.80

66.185

78.352

2.05

23.727

27.225

1.35

7.953

8.845

0.87

7.00

69.866

82.859

2.11

25.032

28.772

1.39

8.385

9.341

0.89

7.20

73.642

87.490

2.17

26.369

30.362

1.43

8.828

9.850

0.92

7.40

77.515

92.246

2.23

27.739

31.994

1.47

9.282

10.372

0.94

7.60

81.483

97.126

2.29

29.143

33.668

1.51

9.746

10.907

0.97

7.80

85.546

102.131

2.35

30.579

35.383

1.55

10.221

11.456

0.99

8.00

89.704

107.261

2.41

32.048

37.141

1.59

10.706

12.017

1.02

8.20

93.958

112.516

2.47

33.550

38.941

1.63

11.202

12.592

1.04

8.40

98.308

117.896

2.53

35.084

40.782

1.67

11.708

13.180

1.07

8.60

102.752

123.400

2.59

36.652

42.666

1.71

12.225

13.781

1.09

8.80

107.291

129.028

2.65

38.252

44.592

1.75

12.753

14.394

1.12

9.00

111.925

134.782

2.71

39.885

46.559

1.79

13.291

15.021

1.15

9.20

116.655

140.660

2.77

41.550

48.569

1.83

13.839

15.661

1.17

9.40

121.479

146.662

2.83

43.248

50.620

1.87

14.398

16.315

1.20

9.60

126.398

152.790

2.89

44.979

52.714

1.91

14.968

16.981

1.22

9.80

131.412

159.041

2.95

46.742

54.849

1.95

15.547

17.660

1.25

10.00

48.537

57.027

1.99

16.137

18.352

1.27

10.50

53.168

62.654

2.09

17.658

20.140

1.34

11.00

58.002

68.542

2.19

19.244

22.010

1.40

11.50

63.037

74.693

2.29

20.894

23.961

1.46

12.00

68.275

81.105

2.39

22.608

25.993

1.53

12.50

73.714

87.780

2.49

24.387

28.107

1.59

13.00

79.354

94.716

2.59

26.230

30.302

1.66

13.50

85.196

101.914

2.69

28.136

32.579

1.72

14.00

91.239

109.374

2.79

30.107

34.937

1.78

14.50

97.482

117.095

2.88

32.141

37.376

1.85

16.50

40.914

47.947

2.10

18.50

50.699

59.817

2.36

20.50

61.493

72.987

2.61

22.50

73.291

87.456

2.86

PD

ES
O
LU
TI
O

LO

(l/s)

DN 65
j (m/km)*

67

head losses (taBles)

DN 125

Q
(l/s)

k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

DN 150
V (m/s)

j (m/km)*
k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

DN 200
V (m/s)

j (m/km)*
k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

V (m/s)

7.00

2.832

3.070

0.57

7.50

3.209

3.490

0.61

8.00

3.607

3.936

0.65

8.50

4.027

4.408

0.69

9.00

4.469

4.906

0.73

1.844

1.984

0.51

9.50

4.931

5.429

0.77

2.034

2.193

0.54

10.00

5.415

5.977

0.81

2.232

2.412

0.57

10.50

5.920

6.552

0.86

2.438

2.641

0.59

11.00

6.445

7.151

0.90

2.653

2.880

0.62

11.50

6.992

7.777

0.94

2.876

3.129

0.65

12.00

7.559

8.428

0.98

3.107

3.388

0.68

12.50

8.147

9.104

1.02

3.347

3.656

0.71

13.00

8.756

9.806

1.06

3.595

3.935

0.74

13.50

9.385

10.533

1.10

3.852

4.224

0.76

14.00

10.035

11.285

1.14

4.116

4.522

0.79

14.50

10.705

12.063

1.18

4.389

4.830

0.82

15.00

11.396

12.867

1.22

4.669

5.149

0.85

15.50

12.107

13.695

1.26

4.958

5.477

0.88

16.00

12.838

14.549

1.30

5.255

5.814

0.91

1.297

1.389

0.51

16.50

13.590

15.429

1.34

5.560

6.162

0.93

1.371

1.471

0.53

17.00

14.362

16.333

1.39

5.873

6.519

0.96

1.448

1.555

0.54

17.50

15.154

17.263

1.43

6.194

6.887

0.99

1.526

1.641

0.56

18.00

15.966

18.219

1.47

6.523

7.264

1.02

1.606

1.729

0.57

18.50

16.799

19.199

1.51

6.861

7.651

1.05

1.688

1.820

0.59

19.00

17.651

20.205

1.55

7.206

8.047

1.08

1.772

1.913

0.60

19.50

18.524

21.237

1.59

7.559

8.454

1.10

1.858

2.008

0.62

20.00

19.416

22.293

1.63

7.920

8.870

1.13

1.945

2.105

0.64

20.50

20.329

23.375

1.67

8.289

9.296

1.16

2.035

2.204

0.65

21.00

21.262

24.482

1.71

8.665

9.732

1.19

2.126

2.306

0.67

21.50

22.214

25.614

1.75

9.050

10.177

1.22

2.219

2.410

0.68

22.00

23.187

26.772

1.79

9.443

10.633

1.24

2.314

2.516

0.70

22.50

24.180

27.955

1.83

9.843

11.098

1.27

2.411

2.624

0.72

23.00

25.192

29.163

1.87

10.252

11.573

1.30

2.510

2.734

0.73

23.50

26.224

30.397

1.91

10.668

12.057

1.33

2.611

2.847

0.75

24.00

27.277

31.655

1.96

11.092

12.552

1.36

2.713

2.962

0.76

26.00

31.684

36.942

2.12

12.867

14.627

1.47

3.141

3.443

0.83

28.00

36.408

42.633

2.28

14.766

16.857

1.58

3.599

3.959

0.89

30.00

41.448

48.728

2.44

16.790

19.244

1.70

4.085

4.510

0.95

32.00

46.802

55.226

2.61

18.937

21.787

1.81

4.600

5.096

1.02

34.00

52.471

62.128

2.77

21.208

24.485

1.92

5.144

5.717

1.08

36.00

58.454

69.432

2.93

23.602

27.339

2.04

5.717

6.372

1.15

38.00

26.119

30.348

2.15

6.317

7.063

1.21

40.00

28.758

33.513

2.26

6.946

7.788

1.27

42.00

31.520

36.833

2.38

7.604

8.548

1.34

44.00

34.404

40.309

2.49

8.289

9.342

1.40

46.00

37.409

43.940

2.60

9.003

10.172

1.46

48.00

40.537

47.726

2.72

9.744

11.035

1.53

50.00

43.786

51.668

2.83

10.514

11.934

1.59

55.00

12.559

14.332

1.75

60.00

14.777

16.946

1.91

65.00

17.168

19.777

2.07

70.00

19.731

22.823

2.23

75.00

22.465

26.085

2.39

80.00

25.370

29.564

2.55

85.00

28.446

33.258

2.71

90.00

31.692

37.167

2.86

PD

ES
O
LU
TI
O

LO
68

j (m/km)*

head losses (taBles)

(l/s)

DN 250
j (m/km)*
k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

DN 300
V (m/s)

j (m/km)*
k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

DN 350
V (m/s)

j (m/km)*
k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

30.00

1.377

1.483

0.61

34.00

1.730

1.874

0.69

44.00
46.00
48.00
50.00
52.00
54.00
56.00
58.00
60.00
62.00
64.00
66.00
68.00
70.00
72.00
74.00
76.00
78.00
80.00
85.00

2.549
2.776
3.013
3.258
3.513
3.776
4.049
4.331
4.621
4.920
5.229
5.546
5.872
6.207
6.550
6.902
7.264
7.634
8.012
8.400

130.00
135.00
140.00
145.00
150.00
155.00
160.00
165.00
170.00
175.00
180.00
185.00
190.00
195.00
200.00
210.00
220.00

230.00

240.00

250.00

260.00

270.00

280.00

4.176
4.486
4.807
5.139
5.482
5.836
6.200
6.575
6.961
7.358
7.766
8.185
8.614
9.054
9.505

16.053

15.253

125.00

3.876

13.976

110.00

120.00

3.588

13.232

12.752

115.00

3.310

11.583

100.00
105.00

3.044

10.680

10.467

95.00

2.788

9.406

90.00

2.543

16.584
17.969
19.407
20.899
22.444
24.043
25.695

11.922

14.609
17.565
19.144
20.790
22.504
24.285
26.134
28.049
30.032

0.73

0.792

0.844

0.51

0.81

0.960

1.027

0.57

0.77
0.86
0.90
0.94
0.98
1.02
1.06
1.10
1.14
1.18
1.22
1.26
1.30
1.34
1.39
1.43
1.47
1.51
1.55

1.83
1.94
2.04
2.14
2.24
2.34
2.44
2.55
2.65
2.75
2.85

1.442
1.550
1.661
1.776
1.894
2.016
2.141
2.270
2.402

1.125
1.227
1.334
1.445
1.559
1.679
1.802
1.930
2.062
2.198
2.338
2.483
2.631

0.54
0.59
0.62
0.65
0.68

0.71

0.682

0.726

0.52

0.76

0.785

0.838

0.56

0.74
0.79
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.93

0.732
0.838
0.894
0.951
1.010
1.070
1.132

0.781
0.897

2.538
2.677
2.820
2.967

2.784
2.942
3.103
3.269

0.96
0.99
1.02
1.05

1.196
1.261
1.328
1.397

0.54

0.958

0.58

1.021
1.085
1.152
1.220
1.290
1.363
1.437
1.513

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.67
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.77

3.116

3.438

1.08

1.467

1.591

0.79

3.427

3.790

1.13

1.612

1.752

0.83

4.262
4.713
5.184

3.612
4.254
4.744
5.260
5.802

5.677
6.192
6.727
7.284
7.862
8.460
9.080
9.721

6.371
6.965
7.586
8.232
8.905
9.604

10.329

1.10
1.20
1.27
1.34
1.41
1.49
1.56
1.63
1.70
1.77
1.84
1.91

1.539
1.802
2.002
2.213
2.433
2.662
2.902
3.151
3.410
3.679
3.957
4.245

1.670
1.965
2.189
2.425
2.673
2.932
3.204
3.487
3.782
4.088
4.406
4.736

0.81
0.88
0.94
0.99
1.04
1.09
1.14
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40

1.98

4.542

5.078

1.46

11.066

12.659

2.12

5.166

5.796

1.56

12.495

14.343

14.007

2.95

10.383

11.770

1.339

0.934

11.080

1.238

3.834

1.142

1.73

1.049

3.270

1.63

0.874

1.59

PD

42.00

2.330

2.309

40.00

2.121

2.086

0.65

ES
O
LU
TI
O

38.00

1.921

1.673

36.00

1.549

32.00

LO

V (m/s)

13.240
14.794
15.602
16.431
17.281
18.151
19.042
20.886

11.856

13.488

15.224
16.131
17.064
18.023
19.008
20.019
21.056
22.119

24.323

2.05

2.19

2.26
2.33
2.41
2.48
2.55
2.62
2.69
2.76
2.83

4.849

5.492

5.828
6.173
6.528
6.892
7.266
7.649
8.041
8.443

5.431

6.173

6.561
6.961
7.373
7.796
8.231
8.678
9.136
9.606

8.855

10.088

10.594

12.131

12.484

14.361

14.523

2.97

9.706

11.520

13.485

15.599

16.712

11.086

13.223

15.546

16.777

18.055

19.379

1.51

1.61

1.66
1.71
1.77
1.82
1.87
1.92
1.97
2.03
2.08

2.18

2.29

2.39

2.49

2.60

2.70

2.81

2.91

69

head losses (taBles)

DN 400

j (m/km)*

(l/s)

k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

DN 450
V (m/s)

j (m/km)*
k = 0.03 mm

V (m/s)

k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

65.00

0.575

0.612

0.52

75.00

0.747

0.799

0.60

85.00
90.00
95.00

100.00
105.00
110.00
115.00
120.00
125.00

0.841
0.940
1.044
1.153
1.267
1.385
1.509
1.638
1.772
1.911

130.00

2.055

140.00

2.357

135.00
145.00
150.00

2.516
2.679
2.847

0.902
1.010
1.125
1.245
1.371
1.504
1.642
1.786
1.935
2.091
2.253
2.420
2.594

0.56

160.00
165.00
170.00
175.00
180.00
185.00
190.00
195.00
200.00
210.00

3.198
3.380
3.568
3.760
3.957
4.159
4.366
4.577
5.014
5.471

220.00

3.020

0.474

0.503

0.50

0.72

0.588

0.627

0.57

0.68
0.76
0.80
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.99
1.03
1.07
1.11

1.15

3.149

1.23

230.00

240.00
250.00

LO

260.00
270.00
280.00
290.00
300.00
310.00
320.00

5.946
6.440
6.953
7.485
8.035
8.605

3.345
3.548
3.756
3.971
4.191
4.417
4.648
4.886
5.129
5.634
6.161
6.712
7.286
7.883
8.504
9.148
9.815

9.193

10.506

10.426

11.956

9.800

11.219

0.64

2.773
2.958

1.19

0.530

1.27
1.31
1.35
1.39
1.43
1.47
1.51
1.55
1.59
1.67
1.75
1.83
1.91
1.99
2.07
2.15
2.23
2.31

2.39
2.47

0.564

0.650

0.694

0.713

0.764

0.780

0.837

0.850

0.913

0.922

0.993

0.997

1.075

1.075

1.161

1.155

1.251

1.239

1.343

1.324
1.413
1.504
1.598

ES
O
LU
TI
O

155.00

2.204

0.702

0.53
0.60

1.438

1.695
1.794
1.896
2.001
2.108
2.218
2.331
2.446
2.564
2.807

1.537
1.639
1.744
1.852
1.964
2.079
2.196
2.317
2.442
2.569
2.699
2.833

4.804
5.131
5.468
5.815

0.428

0.453

0.51

0.69

0.509

0.542

0.56

0.66
0.72
0.75
0.79
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.01
1.04
1.07
1.10
1.13
1.16
1.19
1.23
1.26

0.467
0.552
0.597
0.643
0.691
0.741
0.792
0.845
0.899
0.955
1.013
1.072
1.132
1.195
1.259
1.324
1.391
1.459
1.529

0.496
0.588
0.637
0.688
0.740
0.795
0.851
0.909
0.969
1.031
1.094
1.160
1.227
1.296
1.368
1.440
1.515
1.592
1.670

4.344
4.684
5.036
5.401
5.779
6.170
6.573

1.57
1.63
1.70
1.76
1.82
1.89
1.95

2.145
2.314
2.489
2.671
2.858
3.051
3.251
3.456

2.363
2.555
2.753
2.960
3.173
3.394
3.622
3.857

3.668

4.100

340.00

12.416

14.306

2.71

6.919

7.857

2.14

4.109

4.607

360.00

13.836

380.00

370.00
390.00
400.00
420.00
440.00
460.00
480.00

500.00

520.00

540.00

560.00

580.00

13.117

14.574

15.136
15.989
16.865

2.79
2.86

11.837

12.249

0.97
0.99
1.02

2.07

3.885

4.350

1.12
1.22
1.27
1.32
1.38
1.43
1.48
1.53
1.58

1.63
1.68

1.73

1.88

10.310

0.94

5.423

0.92

4.815

9.401

0.89

2.33

0.87

9.255

10.250

0.84

1.78

8.962

11.259

0.81

4.872

9.747

0.79

4.338

8.533

0.76

2.20

8.114

0.74

8.311

8.777

7.417

7.705

2.94

7.307

0.71

1.17

1.51

2.01

350.00

0.69

2.179

2.002

6.988

6.541

0.66

1.982

1.825

6.173

2.63

0.64

1.45

1.38

2.55

13.499

0.61

3.701

12.716

11.734

0.59

1.07

11.071

330.00

0.53

1.832

4.016

4.488

1.674

3.601
4.182

1.32

3.399

3.886

3.110

3.061
3.326

V (m/s)

0.63

80.00

0.659

PD

70.00

70

k = 0.10 mm

DN 500
j (m/km)*

10.767
12.958

14.129

2.26
2.39
2.45
2.52

2.64

4.574
5.062
5.316
5.575

1.99
2.04

7.255

8.263

2.34

7.862

6.304

1.94

2.14

6.003
6.928

6.671

5.709

1.83

6.111

2.77

2.89

5.144

8.493

7.581

8.974

9.714

9.147

10.483

10.526

12.109

9.825

11.251

11.282

12.965

2.24

2.44

2.55

2.65

2.75
2.85

2.95

head losses (taBles)

DN 700
V (m/s)

k = 0.03 mm

k = 0.10 mm

160.00

0.417

0.443

0.57

180.00

0.517

0.552

0.64

230.00
240.00
250.00
260.00
270.00
280.00
290.00
300.00
310.00

0.296

0.313

0.52

0.748

0.805

0.78

0.353

0.375

0.57

0.62

0.812
0.878
0.947
1.018
1.092
1.168
1.247
1.327
1.411

340.00

1.675

360.00
370.00
380.00
390.00
400.00
420.00
440.00
460.00
480.00
500.00
520.00
540.00
560.00
580.00
600.00
620.00
640.00
660.00
680.00
700.00
720.00
740.00
760.00
780.00
800.00
850.00
900.00
950.00

1 000.00
1 050.00
1 100.00
1 150.00
1 200.00

1 250.00

1 300.00

1 350.00

1 400.00

1 450.00

0.67

0.71

0.687

1.584
1.768
1.863
1.960
2.060
2.163
2.267
2.483
2.709
2.944
3.189
3.442
3.705
3.977
4.259
4.550
4.850
5.129
5.477
5.805
6.142
6.488
6.843
7.207
7.581
7.963

0.737
0.875
0.949
1.025
1.104
1.186
1.271
1.358
1.449
1.542
1.638
1.737
1.839
1.943
2.051
2.161
2.274
2.390
2.509
2.755
3.013
3.281
3.561
3.853
4.155
4.469
4.794
5.131
5.478
5.837
6.208
6.589
6.982
7.386
7.801
8.228
8.666
9.115

8.355

9.575

0.74
0.81
0.85
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.99
1.03
1.06
1.10
1.13
1.17
1.20
1.24
1.27
1.31
1.34
1.38
1.41
1.49
1.56
1.63
1.70
1.77
1.84
1.91
1.98
2.05
2.12
2.19
2.26
2.33
2.41
2.48
2.55
2.62
2.69
2.76
2.83

V (m/s)

0.60

0.673

1.496

350.00

k = 0.10 mm

0.628

320.00
330.00

k = 0.03 mm

0.324
0.383
0.414
0.446
0.480
0.514
0.550
0.587
0.625
0.664
0.704
0.745
0.787

0.343
0.407
0.441
0.476
0.512
0.550
0.589
0.629
0.671
0.714
0.758
0.804
0.850

0.55

0.60
0.65

0.68

0.251

0.265

0.52

0.73

0.287

0.304

0.56

0.70
0.75
0.78
0.81
0.83
0.86
0.88

0.269
0.306
0.326
0.346
0.367
0.388
0.410

0.284
0.325

0.830
0.875
0.921
0.967
1.015
1.064
1.165
1.270
1.379
1.493

0.898
0.947
0.998
1.050
1.103
1.157
1.270
1.388
1.510
1.638

0.91
0.94
0.96
0.99
1.01
1.04
1.09
1.14
1.20
1.25

0.433
0.456
0.479
0.504
0.528
0.554
0.606
0.660
0.717
0.776

0.54

220.00

V (m/s)

0.58

PD

210.00

0.611

k = 0.10 mm

DN 800
j (m/km)*

0.346
0.368
0.390

200.00

0.571

0.496

0.414
0.438
0.462
0.487
0.513
0.540
0.567
0.594
0.652
0.712
0.774
0.839

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95

1.611

1.771

1.30

0.837

0.907

0.99

1.860

2.053

1.40

0.965

1.050

1.07

1.733

190.00

0.466

k = 0.03 mm

LO

170.00

j (m/km)*

ES
O
LU
TI
O

(l/s)

DN 600
j (m/km)*

1.990
2.125
2.265
2.408
2.556
2.707
2.863
3.024
3.188
3.357
3.529
3.706
3.887

4.358
4.855
5.377
5.925
6.500
7.099
7.725

1.909
2.201
2.354
2.513
2.676
2.845
3.018
3.197
3.381
3.569
3.763
3.962
4.166
4.375

4.920
5.497
6.105
6.744
7.415
8.118

8.853

1.35
1.46
1.51
1.56
1.61
1.66
1.71
1.77
1.82
1.87
1.92
1.97
2.03
2.08

2.21
2.34
2.47
2.60
2.73
2.86
2.99

0.900
1.033
1.102
1.174
1.248
1.324
1.403
1.483
1.566
1.650
1.737
1.826
1.917
2.010

2.252
2.507
2.775
3.056
3.351
3.658

0.977
1.125

1.03
1.11

1.203

1.15

1.367

1.23

1.284
1.452
1.540
1.631
1.724
1.820
1.918
2.019
2.122
2.228

2.503
2.795
3.102
3.425
3.764

4.119

1.19
1.27
1.31
1.35
1.39
1.43
1.47
1.51
1.55
1.59

1.69
1.79
1.89
1.99
2.09

2.19

3.978

4.490

2.29

4.658

5.278

2.49

4.312

5.017

5.389

5.774

6.172

4.876

5.696

6.130

6.579

7.045

2.39

2.59

2.69

2.79

2.88

71

hYdraulic thrust

hYdraulic thrust

See also:

Hydraulic thrust forces occur at changes in direction,

reductions in diameter (bends, tees, tapers) and at the ends of
pipelines carrying water under pressure. They can be high and
must be counterbalanced by appropriate self-anchored joint
systems, or by anchor blocks.

PD

JoiNT-aNCH
aNCHoriNg
ANCHor bL
bLoCKS

Thrust forces occur in a pressurized main:

ES
O
LU
TI
O

at any change in direction (bends, tees),

at any change in diameter (tapers),

at each end (blank flanges).

either by using self-anchored joints,

These localized thrusts must be counteracted to prevent

joint separation:

or construction of concrete anchor blocks.

The forces can be calculated by the general formula:
F = K.P.S.

F : Thrust force (N)

P : Maximum internal pressure (site test pressure) (Pa)

LO

S : Cross section (internal for flanged joints, external

for all other types) (m2)

K : A coefficient which is a function of the shape and

dimensions of the pipeline component concerned.

72

hYdraulic thrust

s'

blank flanges, tees: K = 1

reducing tapers: K = 1 S / S (S being the smaller)

bends of angle : K = 2 sin
2
K

= 1.414 for 90 bends

= 0.765 for 45 bends

= 0.390 for 221/2 bends

= 0.196 for 111/4 bends

PD

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The table below gives the thrust forces for 1 bar pressure.
(For other pressures, multiply the pressure in bars by the
site test pressure).

Tees and blank

flanges
47

80

75

45
bends

22 1/2
bends

11 1/4
bends

66

36

18

107

58

29

15

LO

60

90
bends

(DN)

Thrust F in daN for 1 bar

100

109

155

84

43

21

125

163

230

125

63

32

150

227

321

174

89

44

200

387

547

296

151

76

250

590

834

451

230

116

300

835

1180

639

326

164

350

1122

859

438

220

400

1445

1106

564

283

450

1809

1385

706

355

500

2223

1701

867

436

600

3167

2424

1236

621

700

4278

3274

1669

839

800

5568

4262

2173

1092

900

7014

5368

2737

1375

1000

8626

6602

3366

1691

1100

10405

7964

4060

2040

1200

12370

9468

4827

2425

73

Joints

features
eatures of
joints

SADIP offers four types of joints to meet all requirements:

push-in joints,
mechanical joints,
self-anchored joints,
flanged joints.

Push-in joint

Mechanical joint

Self anchored

Flanged

end play

Features

yes

yes

yes

no

Angular deflection

yes

yes

yes

no

resistant to axial forces

no

no

yes

yes

simple

simple

simple

yes

no

ease of asembly

yes

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Jointing force required

very easy

74

JoiNTs - sPeCial
JoiNT
NT DeFle
leCTioN

PD

See also:

Joints

no

Joints

Type of joint

Name

range

sTa
T NDarD
Ta

DN 80 to 1000 pipes

TrIDUCT

DN 80 to 1000 pipes
DN 80 to 2000
fittings

exPress

DN 80 to 600
fittings

aNCHoreD
sTa
T NDarD
Ta

DN 100 to 1000
pipes

types
t
ypes of joints

Sketch

Push-in

Self-anchored
aNCHoreD
TrIDUCT

rotatable
flanges

DN 80 to 1000
fittings

DN 80 to 600 fittings

Flanged

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Mechanical

Integral
flanges

DN 80 to 2000
pipes & fittings

LO

Symbol

75

Joint - anchoring

Joint - anchoring

See also:

Self-anchoring of push-in joints is an alternative to concrete

anchor blocks for withstanding the effects of hydraulic thrusts.
It is used essentially where there are space constraints (urban
areas) or in poorly cohesive soils.

PD

HYDrAULIC T
THrUSTS
ANCHor bL
bLoCKS
JoiNT
NT - aNCHoreD sTa
sTaNDarD/
TrIDUCT
Tr
PIPe LAYING - STeeP
P INCLINe

principle
rinciple

ES
O
LU
TI
O

This technique consists of anchoring sufficient joints on

either side of a bend to make use of the pipe/soil friction
forces for counteracting the hydraulic thrust force.

LO

The length to be anchored can be affected by a safety

factor, which is a function of the:
care in laying,

quality and compaction of the backfill,

the uncertainty of the physical characteristics of the

backfill.
Please consult us for practical applications.

76

Joint - anchoring

practical
ractical
application

moderate mechanical strength soil:

ground: gravel / silt sand, clayey

angle of internal friction = 30
strength 0.6 daN/cm2
density = 2 t/m3
no water table

no polyethylene sleeving
safety factor : 1.2

length (in m) to be anchored either side for a test

pressure of 10 bars.
90 bend

45 bend

221/2 bend

111/4 bend

blank flange

Depth
of cover

1 m 1.5 m 2 m

1 m 1.5 m 2 m

1 m 1.5 m 2 m

1 m 1.5 m 2 m

1 m 1.5 m 2 m

DN

80

4.5

3.1

2.3

2.8

1.9

1.5

1.6

1.1

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.5

5.7

3.9

100

5.4

3.7

2.8

3.4

2.3

1.8

1.9

1.3

1.0

1.0

0.7

0.5

6.9

4.7

3.6

125

6.6

4.5

3.4

4.1

2.8

2.1

2.3

1.6

1.2

1.2

0.8

0.6

8.4

5.7

4.4

150

7.7

5.3

4.0

4.8

3.3

2.5

2.7

1.8

1.4

1.4

1.0

0.7

9.8

6.7

5.1

200

9.9

6.8

5.2

6.1

4.2

3.2

3.4

2.4

1.8

1.8

1.3

1.0

12.6

8.7

6.6

250

12.0

8.3

6.4

7.5

5.2

4.0

4.2

2.9

2.2

2.2

1.5

1.2

15.3

10.6

8.1

300

14.1

9.8

7.5

8.7

6.1

4.7

350

16.0

11.2

8.6

9.9

7.0

5.4

400

17.9

12.6

9.7

11.1

7.8

6.0

450

19.7

14.0

10.8

12.3

8.7

6.7

500

21.5

15.3

11.9

13.4

9.5

7.4

600

25.0

17.9

14.0

15.5

11.1

8.7

700

28.2

20.4

16.0

17.5

12.7

9.9

800

31.2

22.8

17.9

19.4

34.1

25.0

19.8

21.2

1000

36.9

27.2

21.6

22.9

ES
O
LU
TI
O
2.6

2.6

1.8

1.4

17.9

12.5

9.6

3.0

2.9

2.1

1.6

20.3

14.3

11.0

6.2

4.4

3.4

3.3

2.3

1.8

22.8

16.0

12.4

6.9

4.9

3.8

3.6

2.6

2.0

25.1

17.8

13.8

7.5

5.3

4.1

4.0

2.8

2.2

27.4

19.5

15.1

8.7

6.2

4.9

4.6

3.3

2.6

31.8

22.8

17.8

9.8

7.1

5.6

5.2

3.8

2.9

35.8

25.9

20.3

14.1 11.1 10.9

7.9

6.2

5.8

4.2

3.3

39.8

29.0

22.8

8.7

6.9

6.3

4.6

3.7

43.4

31.9

25.2

9.5

7.5

6.8

5.0

4.0

46.9

34.7

27.5

15.6 12.3 11.9

16.9 13.4 12.8

case of pressure p other than 10 bars

LO

3.4

3.9

900

4.9

5.6

3.0

PD

Correct value L in the table by the multiplying factor P/10

(where P is expressed in bars).
n

case when polyethylene sleeving is used

Multiply the length to be anchored by 1.9.

Calculation of length to be anchored for:
a 45 bend,

example
xample

a class K9, DN 500 main,

25 bars test pressure,

no polyethylene sleeving,
medium soil,

no water table,

depth of cover 1.5 m

For the average laying conditions previously defined,
the table gives:
L = 9.5 m P = 10 bars without polyethylene sleeving
L = 23.8 m P = 25 bars without polyethylene sleeving

77

Joint deflection

Joint deflection

JoiNT

SADIP socket joints permit angular deflection. In addition to

obvious advantages during laying and to accomodation of
ground movements, the angular deflection allows negotiation
of large radius bends without recourse to fittings, as well as a
certain amount of route adjustment.

STANDArD/TrIDUCT

The deflection given below apply to the following joints:

ES
O
LU
TI
O

permissible
ermissible
laying deflection

PD

See also:

exPress

ANCHoreD STANDA
ST
rD / ANCHoreD TrIDUCT

LO

DN

78

Permissible laying
deflection D

Pipe length
l

bend radius
r

Displacement
Dd

degrees

cm

80 150

69

52

200 300

86

42

350 600

115

32

700 800

200

25

Joint deflection

Some large radius bends can be negotiated

easily be successive joint deflections. In this
case, pipe jointing must be accomplished with
perfectly aligned pipes, both horizontally and vertically.
The joint must only be deflected when fully assembled.

Negotiated bend radius : r =

2sin

D
2

ES
O
LU
TI
O

where:

Length of direction change: C = N x L

PD

N=

Number of pipes necessary for change in direction:

Dd
d : pipe end displacement (in m)
d
L : pipe length (in m)
L

: angle of direction change (in degrees)

D : joint deflection (in degrees)

C : length of direction change (in m).

LO

79

Joints - special

Joints - special

See also:

ASSeMbLY - rePAIr PIeCeS

JoiNTs

Certain connections on site require special joint connectors,

SADIP offers methods for all the usual cases encountered
flange/spigot connection,
spigot/spigot connection,
flange/socket connection.
ductile iron/steel:

The connection is usually made with flanged joints, or change

collars with different diameter ends. It requires an insulating joint.

ductile iron/pVc:

Coupling, flanged adaptor fittings are used for the connection.

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

connectors
onnectors for
different pipe
materials

80

Joints - special

Connection
required

Methods
Type

DN range

Flange adapter

DN 80 to 1200

Flange socket

DN 80 to 1200

Coupling

DN 80 to 1200

Sketch

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Flange/spigot
connection

MJ + eXPreSS collar

DN

DN 80 to 1200

Spigot/spigot
connection

L
Collars DN 700 mm

Flange/spigot end

L
L1

DN 80 to 2000

Flange/socket
connection

LO

L
L1

81

Joint - standard/triduct

See also:

The STANDARD and TRIDUCT joints are push-in joints.

The seal is assured during assembly by radial compression of
an elastomer joint gasket.
Their main features are:
ease and rapidity of installation,
high pressure resistance,
possibility of end play and angular deflection
Standard: ISO 2531, ISO 4633.

PD

ASSeMbLY - STANDA
TANDArD/
TrIDUCT
IDUCT JoINT
JoiNT
NT - aNCHoreD sTa
sTaNDarD/
TrIDUCT
Tr
JoiNT
NT DeFle
leCTioN
JoiNTs
ProDUCT
DUCT DATA

Joint - standard/triduct

principle
rinciple

ES
O
LU
TI
O
R
W

Socket

LO

description
escription

The seal is provided by radial compression of the joint

gasket, simply achieved during assembly by introduction
of a spigot into the socket.

The socket chamber contains:

a deep housing with an annular anchor groove for the

gasket,
an annular cavity allowing pipe angular and longitudinal
movements.
The gasket has:

an anchoring heel,
Spigot

82

elastomer gasket

a bulky body with a centering chamfer.

Joint - standard/triduct

Pipes: DN 80 to 1000

range
ange

buried pipelines.

applications
pplications

Fittings: DN 80 to 2000

High pressures.

Laying below the water table.

These joints can also be used above ground because of
their ability to accommodate expansion and contraction
movements.

pressure resistance

contact pressure

performances
erformances

clearance

The STANDA
ST
rD and TrIDUCT joints are
designed so that the contact pressure between the
gasket and metal increases as the water pressure
increases. A perfect seal is thus guaranteed.

PD

ES
O
LU
TI
O

contact pressure

Water pressure

contact
pressure

tact
con sure
s
e
r
p

LO

initial
compression

r
ate re
W ssu
e
pr

safety

Water pressure

When tested to destruction the pipe bursts before

there is any joint leakage.
A feature of the STANDA
ST
rD and TrIDUCT joints
is their resistance to external pressure: resistant
to 3 bars (30 metres head). Please consult us for
higher pressures.

83

Joint - standard/triduct

angular deflection and end play

DN

displacement

Permitted angular
deflection

Pipe end
displacement

degrees

cm

80 to 150

52

200 to 300

42

350 to 600

32

700 to 800

25

900 to 1000

1.5

19

The degree of angular deflection afforded by the

ST
STANDA
rD and TrIDUCT joints allows great
flexibility in design and laying, enabling elimination
of some bends.

The STANDA
ST
rD and TrIDUCT joints accept
end play, enabling them to accommodate small
expansion and contraction movements.

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

deflection

84

end
play

DN

end play
mm

80

20

100

20

125

20

150

20

200

20

250

20

300

15

350

15

400

15

450

15

500

15

600

15

700

15

800

15

900

10

1000

10

Joint - standard/triduct

The withdrawal figures given opposite are maximum

values, including the 10 mm assembly safeguard (See
ASSeMbLY - STANDA
ST
rD/TrIDUCT JoINT).
The end play must be regarded as a safeguard and not
be used to accomodate repetitive backward and forward
movements.
The degree of angular deflection and withdrawal afforded
by the STANDA
ST
rD and TrIDUCT joints give
them an excellent performance in cases of ground
movement or undermining by soil scouring.

PD

assembly
ssembly
standards
tandards

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The STANDA
ST
rD joint complies with:
Ductile iron pipes fittings and
accessories for pressure pipelines.

ISo 4633:

rubber seals - joint ring for water

supply, drainage and sewerage
pipelines
specification
for
materials.

ISo 2531:

LO

See ASSeMbLY STANDA

ST
rD/TrIDUCT JoINT.

85

Joint - eXpress

Joint - eXpress

See also:

The EXPRESS joint is a mechanical joint. The seal is obtained

by axial compression of an elastomer gasket by means of a
gland and bolts. Its main features are:
assembly without jointing force,
the ability to orientate the castings,
its end play and angular deflection.
Standard: ISO 4633

PD

ASSeMbLY - eXPreSS
SS JoINT
JoiNTs
JoiNT
NT DeFle
leCTioN
ProDUCT
DUCT DATA

principle
rinciple

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The seal is obtained by axial compression of an elastomer

gasket, by means of a gland clamped by engagement of
bolts on the external socket rim.

dn 80 to 150

dn 200 to 800

LO

86

Joint - eXpress

gland

description
escription

The socket chamber contains:

rim

annular
cavity

a gasket seat,

a cylindrical bearing surface to align the spigot,

an annular cavity allowing angular and longitudinal

movement of the pipe or fitting.
The socket has an external rim, which anchors the bolt
heads during tightening.

The shape of the gland varies according to nominal

diameter.

both gland and bolts are made of ductile iron.

The ease of assembly and dismantling of this joint

makes it particularly suitable for situations where it
is difficult to apply a jointing force: jointing of fitings,
overhead mains, laying in congested ground, or in
tunnels.

resistance to pressure

range
ange

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Mains above or below ground

PD

Pipes and fittings: DN 80 to 800

performances
erformances

The joint seal is a direct function of the bolt torque. The

values stipulated by SADIP must be adhered to.

applications
pplications

(See ASSeMbLY - eXPreSS JoINT).

LO

gasket

cylindrical bearing
surface

orientation during assembly

before the bolts are tightened, castings can easily

be turned around their axis, making the joint
particularly practical for connecting fittings.

87

Joint - eXpress

angular deflection and end play

Permissible laying
deflection

Pipe end
displacement

degrees

cm

80 to 150

52

200 to 300

42

350 to 600

32

700 to 800

25

displacement

DN

deflection

The large deflection of eXPreSS joints allows

some bends to be eliminated.

The eXPreSS joint allows some end play,

enabling it to accomodate small amounts of
expansion.

PD

ES
O
LU
TI
O

DN

LO

end play

88

Withdrawal
mm

DN

Withdrawal
mm

80

30

350

40

100

30

400

40

125

30

450

40

150

30

500

40

200

30

600

50

250

40

700

50

300

40

800

50

Joint - eXpress

The end play given opposite are maximum values,

including the 10 mm jointing safeguard. (See ASSeMbLY
- eXPreSS JoINT).
The end play must be regarded as a safeguard and
not be used to accommodate repetitive backward and
forward movements.

The end play and angular deflection accepted by

the eXPreSS joint ensure excellent performance
in the face of ground movements or undermining
by soil scouring.

assembly
ssembly

The joint complies with:

standards
tandards

ISo 4633:

rubber seals-joints ring for water supply,

drainage and sewerage pipelines-specifications for materials.

Ductile iron pipes, fittings and accessories

for pressure pipelines.

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

ISo 2531:

PD

See ASSeMbLY - eXPreSS JoINT

89

Joint - anchored standard/

triduct

See also:

The STANDARD and TRIDUCT anchored joints are push-in self

anchored joints.
The anchoring mechanism takes up the axial forces and allows
concrete anchor blocks to be dispensed with.

PD

JoINT - STANDArD/Tr
/TrIDUCT
ASSeMbLY ANCH
NCHoreD
STANDArD/TrIDUCT J
IDUCT JoINT
JoiNT - aNCH
aNCHoriNg
JoiNT
NT DeFle
leCTioN
JoiNTs
ProDUCT
DUCT DATA

Joint - anchored standard/triduct

principle
rinciple

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The principle of joint anchoring consists in transmitting

the axial forces from one pipeline component to the
following one, thus ensuring that the joint does not come
apart.

Self-anchored joints allow the axial thrusts arising at

particular points (bends, tapers, tees, blank flanges) to
be distributed over one or more pipes, thus avoiding
installation of concrete anchor blocks.

description
escription

ANCHORED STANDARD
joint

LO

gland
Bolt

The axial force transmission is through a mechanical

arrangement, independent of that providing the seal,
comprising:
works applied weld bead on the pipe spigot,

locking ring Weld bead

ANCHORED TRIDUCT
joint

gland
Bolt

locking ring

90

The seal is provided by a STANDA

ST
rD or TrIDUCT
gasket.

Weld bead

a one-piece or segmented anchoring locking

ring (depending on the diameter), with a curved
external profile, which abuts against the weld
bead,
a special gland (different from the eXPreSS
gland), which blocks the locking ring: the gland
itself is gripped by bolts hooking on to the socket
rim.

Joint - anchored standard/

triduct

Anchored Standard

Pipes
Fittings

range
ange

Anchored Triduct

DN 80 to 1000
DN 80 to 1000

applications
pplications

The use of self-anchored joints is of particular

interest where congested conditions preclude
concrete anchor block construction or in poorly
cohesive soils.

PD

See ASSeMbLY - ANCHoreD STANDA

ST
rD/TrIDUCT
JoINT.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

leaktightness

The leaktightness of the push-in joints is well

recognized.

angular deflection
Permissible laid
deflection

DN

200 to 300
350 to 600
700 to 800
900 to 1000

LO

80 to 150

degrees

Pipe end
displacement

performances
erformances

Self-anchored joints combine the advantages of flexible

joint pipes and welded joint pipes.

installation
nstallation

displacement

cm
52

42

32

25

1.5

19

deflection

The angular deflections accepted by the

ANCHoreD STANDA
ST
rD and ANCHoreD
TrIDUCT joints are the same as those of the
ordinary STANDA
ST
rD joint (the curved exterior of
the locking ring acts like a pivot).

self anchoring

easy assembly

91

Joints - flanged

Joints - flanged

See also:

ASSeMbLY - FLANGe
eD JoINT
FLANGeS (DIMeNSIoNS
NS - PITCH
CIrCLeS)
JoiNTs
PreSSUreS (TerMIN
MINoLoGY)
ProDUCT
DUCT DATA

Flanged joints are composed of two flanges, an elastomer joint

gasket, and bolts, whose number and dimensions depend on
the PN and DN. The seal is obtained by tightening the bolts,
thus compressing the gasket.
The main features are:
precision of assembly,
the ability to assemble and dismantle in line.
With DN 600 the flanges can be rotated, facilitating bolts
insertion.

principle
rinciple

The seal is obtained by compression of a flat elastomer

gasket between two flanges.

PD

The compression is applied by tightening the bolts, the

number of which is a function of the flange PN and DN.
The effective seal is a function of:
the bolting torque,

ES
O
LU
TI
O

the gasket design (plain, or with reinforcement

insert).

The dimensions, positions and numbers of bolt holes are

laid down in british and International Standards, to allow
interconnection of all types of fittings, pumps, valves
or other accessories. See FLANGeS (DIMeNSIoNS PITCH CIrCLeS).

description
escription

A distinction is made between:

fixed flange joints.
n

rotatable flange joints

LO

rotatable flange joints,

rotatable flange joints have mobile flanges

mounted on the body. rotation of the flanges
facilities connection and bolts insertion.

fixed flange joints

Fixed flange joints have flanges which are integral with

the body of the castings. The flanges are either integrally
cast, or welded-on.

gaskets

There are two types of gaskets:

92

plain flat gasket,

Joints - flanged

gasket with metal reinforcement insert.

The plain gasket is used for normal situations.

metallic insert

because of its stiffness, the metal reinforced

gasket helps in assembly and reduces the risk of
extrusion in service, and is recommended:
for large diameters,

for high pressures,

when the joint is subjected to a bending

moment (e.g. installed as a beam),

when used with flanges having smooth coatings

(fused enamel or epoxy type).
Flanged pipes and fittings are generally used in above
ground assemblies and installations in valve chambers.

resistance to pressure

PD

pumping stations,
valve chambers,
overhead mains,
inspection ducts,
reservoirs, tanks.

The assembly precision of the joint, and the ability

for easy dismantling, makes it particularly suitable
for surface installations, or accessible manhole
chambers:

applications
pplications

metallic insert

elastomer

ES
O
LU
TI
O

elastomer

performances
erformances

The pressure resistance of a flanged component is

indicated by its PN. Flanged pipes and fittings must never
be used in service at a maximum pressure greater than
that corresponding with their PN (or ISo PN).

once the PNhas been determined, the appropriate type

of elastomer gasket must be selected, along with the
bolting torque enabling the assembled joint to sustain a
pressure equal to its PN (See ASSeMbLY - FLANGeD
JoINT).

LO

Depending on the type of gasket seat finish, use of the

gaskets indicated below is recommended:
Gasket seat
surface finish

DN

one of the flanges is

machined and bare,
or coated with
bituminous paint: or,
both flanges are coated
with bituminous paint
both flanges with
smooth coating,
enamel, epoxy type

Maximum service pressure (MSP) in bars

MSP 10

10 < MSP 16

16 < MSP 25

25 < MSP 40

40 < MSP 64

80 to 200
250 300
350 400
450 600
700 800

80 to 200
250 to 400
450 to 800

Metal insert reinforced gasket.

Plain or metal reinforced gasket.

See ASSeMbLY - FLANGeD JoINT.

assembly
ssembly

iso 2531:

standards
tandards

iso 7005:

Ductile iron pipes, fittings and accessories

for pressure pipelines.
Metal flanges - Iron flanges (part 2).

Bs en 1092-2

93

luBricating paste

luBricating paste

See also:

Sealing of push-in joints is obtained during assembly by

compression of the joint gasket.
This operation requires the use of a lubricating paste to reduce
the force necessary for the compression.

PD

ASSeMbLY STANDArD/Tr
/TrIDUCT
JoiNT
ASSeMbLY ANCH
NCHoreD
STANDArD/ TrIDUCT
IDUCT JoINT

packaging
ackaging

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Packaged in 0.850 kg containers, the lubricating paste is

supplied with the pipeline components.

First ensure that there is a good chamfer on the pipe

spigot end. If not, make one (See CUTTING PIPe).

procedure
rocedure

The jointing paste is then applied thinly by brush.

standard joint

standard joint gaskets (standard,

anchored standard Joints)

LO

The paste is applied to the exposed face of the gasket

when in its seat, and on the spigot up to the jointing
mark.

lubricating
paste

triduct joint

triduct joint gaskets (triduct,

triduct anchotriduct,
red triduct joints)

The paste is applied to the exposed face of the gasket

when in its seat, and on the inner surface of the socket
chamber, as well as on the spigot up to the jointing
mark.
lubricating
paste

94

luBricating paste

The lubricating paste:

reduces the jointing force by a factor of more than

three,
is easily applied on site,
performs well in water,

can be used over a wide temperature range (-20 C to

+ 60 C),

characteristics
haracteristics
of the
lubricating
paste

does not affect the physico-chemical and organoleptic

properties of the water carried,
inhibits bacterial growth,

has good storage and usage stability.

Nr of containers
2

100

2
2

ES
O
LU
TI
O

125

80

Quantities

PD

DN

The following table shows the usual number of lubricant

containers required to treat 100 joints.

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

600

700

13

800

15

900

17

1000

19

LO

150

95

manufacture

manufacture

See also:

Three stages are involved in the manufacture of pipes and

fittings:
metal preparation: blast furnace, cupola, metal treatment,
pipe spinning/foundry casting,
finishing/coatings.

iron ore

magnesium
treatment

Blast furnace

or

metal preparation

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

DUCTIL
UCTILe IroN
QUALITY Co
CoNTroL
WorKS Te
TeSTING

cupola

desulfurizing

LO

steel scrap

composition/t
omposition/temperature
omposition/t
temperature
adjustment

pipe spinning

manufacture of cores to
cast the sockets

96

pipe spinning

annealing

manufacture

Zinc coating

pressure test

cement mortar lining

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

finishing/coatings

curing of cement

Bituminous coating

metal preparation

pipe
manufacture

Molten metal can be obtained directly by reduction of iron

ore in a blast furnace, or by melting pig iron and scrap in
a cupola (or electric furnace). In all cases the materials
have to be selected and checked carefully, in order to
produce a very high purity base metal suitable for the
treatments described below.

packing storage

LO

After desulfurization, the iron temperature is adjusted

in an electric furnace, to provide the optimum casting
temperature. At this stage, corrections can be made to
the chemical composition by additions of scrap metal,
or specific ferro-alloys. Magnesium is introduced into the
molten metal, to render it ductile. (See DUCTILe IroN).

pipe spinning

The pipe spinning process consists of deposition of a

layer of molten iron inside a rapidly rotating cylindrical
mold, and solidification of the metal by continuous mold
cooling.
The principal methods used are the de LAVAUD
LA
process
and the WeT SPrAY process.
In the de LAVAUD
LA
process, molten metal is poured
into an uncoated steel mold and is subjected to rapid
cooling. A graphitizing, then ferritizing heat treatment is
necessary to obtain pipes with the required structure and
mechanical properties.

97

manufacture

In the WeT SPrAY process, before the iron is poured,

the internal surface of the mold is coated with a fine
layer of powdered refractory silica, which reduces the
thermal conductivity of the molten metal/mold interface.
The pipe therefore cools at a slower rate than in the de
LA
LAVAUD
process and consequently only a ferritizing
heat treatment is required.

finishing/c
inishing/ oatings
inishing/c

on leaving the heat treatment furnace, the pipes receive

an external coat of pure metallic zinc, applied by electric
arc melting of zinc wire and spraying with compressed
air.

PD

Many types of inspections and tests to guarantee quality

are carried out: checking the structure and mechanical
properties of the metal, visual inspection, dimensional
checks, individual hydrostatic tests.

Particular attention is paid to spigots and sockets because

of their importance in joint sealing.
The mortar lining is centrifugally applied. In the
method used by SADIP, the mortar is poured into
the pipe and then spun at high speed, which has
the effect of giving the lining good compaction.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The cement mortar is then cured under controlled

temperature and humidity conditions.

LO

After the mortar has cured, the pipes move on to the

coating lines. A layer of bituminous paint is then applied
by spraying on top of the zinc.

98

The pipes are then bundled (DN 300) and put into stock
to await dispatch.

manufacture

fittings
ittings
manufacture

Production of ductile iron fittings and accessory items

follows the same pattern (metal preparation, casting,
finishing and coating), except for the fact that sand
castings do not require heat treatment.

casting

Various molding processes are used in casting, depending

on the dimensions and type of casting being made. The
principal processes used by SADIP are:
compacted sand molding (flaskless or box) on high
output automatic lines, for small diameters,

vacuum sand molding (V Process) on an automatic

line for medium diameters,

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

on leaving the casting shop, the castings have their

running systems removed, then are shotblasted and
fettled. Finally they are air tested before being given a
dipped or sprayed bituminous coating.

PD

finishing/c
inishing/ oatings
inishing/c

self-setting sand molding, for large diameters.

99

marKing

marKing

See also:

QUALITY Co
CoNTroL
sTorage
orage - PiPes
STorAGe - JoINT G
GASKeTS

Pipes, fittings and joint gaskets supplied by SADIP carry a

number of markings for easy identification on site.

Position

ES
O
LU
TI
O

sadip dn 600 pn 16

Painted on the barrel

sadip 5.9 gs 00.1

Painted on the barrel

(welded flanges)
or cast on
(integrally cast
flanges)

LO

cast on

sadip ductile
made in saudi araBia

sadip dn 600 pn 16

flanged pipes
Plant
DN
PN
Working length
Material (GS)
Y
Year
of manufacture

Nature

Marking

600 std 2gs sadip 00.1

socket pipes
DN
T
Type
of socket
Material (GS)
Plant
Y
Year
of manufacture
saDiP logo

PD

Marking

pipes

fittings
ittings

Marking

Position

Nature

600

cast on
or
label
dn 600
pn 16

dn 600

dn 400
pn 16

sadip
dn 600

100

sadip
dn 600

flanged fittings
DN on flanges

sadip
dn

socket fittings
DN
T
Type
of socket
Material (GS)
Plant
Y
Year
of manufacture
PN
bend angle

6
dn

00

Marking examples

Socket type marked on socket interior or exterior

marKing

gaskets
askets
Marking

Position

Nature

Marking

Joint gaskets
Type of joint
aril logo
DN
Usage code
Material
Suppliers i.d. mark
Mold/imprint ref.
Year/Month of
manufacture

usage
sage code:
e-W
-W = Water

flat flange gaskets

1987

1988

1989

Plain
Year of manufacture

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

PD
N

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Yellow paint

Molded
or
painted on

marking

usage
sage code:
e-W = Water

Metal reinforced
Type (JAb)
aril logo
DN
Usage code
Material
Suppliers i.d. mark
Quarter/Y
Quarter/Year
of manufacture

Molded on

LO

For internal monitoring purposes the products may have additional markings.
SADIP reserves the right to change any of the markings indicated in the table.

101

pacKing

pacKing

sTorage
orage - PiPes
TraNsPorT
Tra

DN 300 : pipes bundled, fittings packed on pallets.

DN > 300 : pipes and fittings unpacked.

PD

See also:

DN 300 pipes

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Small diameter pipes are delivered from our works in

bundles. The bundles are designed to facilitate and
speed up pipe handling. See STorAGe - PIPeS.

dn > 300 pipes

102

DN

bundle
composition

overall
width
l

overall
height
H

Average
bundle
mass

no. beds x no. of pipes

kg

80

2 x 5

6.30

0.58

0.29

915

100

2 x 5

6.30

0.67

0.36

1130

125

3 x 4

6.30

0.65

0.61

1644

150

2 x 3

6.30

0.59

0.48

1030

200

2 x 3

6.30

0.75

0.58

1372

250

2 x 2

6.30

0.64

0.69

1200

300

2 x 2

6.30

0.74

0.80

1496

Pipes larger than DN 300 are not bundled.

packing

DN 300 fittings
and glands

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

When the quantity ordered corresponds with a complete

packaging unit (or a multiple), fittings and glands are
delivered on non-returnable pallets, covered with plastic
film.

These fittings and glands are not packaged.

Bolts

LO

Bolts are supplied in boxes or bags, depending on the

quantities ordered.

Dn > 300 fittings

and glands

103

pipe laying equipment

pipe laying equipment

See also:

AssemBly - sTA
sTAndArd/
TriducT
Triduc
T JoinT
AssemBly
ly - Anchored
sT ndArd/Triduc
sTA
rd/TriducT
T JoinT
hAndling
hA

Some standard field equipment is needed on site to assemble

SADIP push-in joint pipes and fittings: crowbar, straps, winches,
or the bucket of a hydraulic digger.

Jointing of
push-in joint
pipes and
straight fittings

crowbar: Dn 80 to 125

The crowbar levers against the ground.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

The pipe socket face must be protected with a piece of

hard wood.

assembly using digger bucket

Taking a few precautions, it is possible to use
the hydraulic force of the arm and bucket of a
mechanical digger to joint pipes and straight
fittings.
in this case:

LO

place a wooden batten

between the pipe and
digger bucket,

push
slowly
and
steadily, observing the
rules for pipe jointing.

mechanical winches

Dn 150 to 300

: TirFor 516 winch with wire rope

and protected hooks.

Dn 350 to 600

: TirFor 532 winch, with wire rope

and protected hooks.

Dn 700 & above : 2 TirFor 532 winches, diametrically

opposite, 2 wire ropes and 2 protected
hooks.

104

pipe laying equipment

Hydraulic unit

lever assembly tool:

Dn 80 to 400

LO

This equipment can also be

used for pipe jointing.

Jointing of
push-in joint
fittings

crowbar: Dn 80 to 125

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The number and disposition of the winches are identical

to that for the mechanical winches.

PD

This method is similar to the

mechanical winch method
(see opposite). it provides
excellent distribution of the
jointing force as well as
straight line movement of
the pipe being jointed. The
winches are controlled by a
hydraulic unit.

Hydraulic jack winch

Hydraulic unit
n

mechanical winches

Dn 500 to 1000 : 3 TirFor

532 winches arranged 120
apart, 3 shackles and 6 wire
ropes.

Hydraulic jack winches

same arrangement as for mechanical winches.

105

pipe laying aBove grounD

See also:

Laying of a main above ground involves determining:

the support system,
the accommodation of thermal expansion,
the anchorage of components subjected to hydraulic thrust.

PD

PiPe lA
lAying
ying Through
Tunnels
PiPe lAying
lA
- Bridge
crossing
rossing

pipe laying aBove grounD

Supports

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The following paragraphs give the general principles

usually followed when laying sTAndArd/TriducT
pipes above ground.

one per pipe,

a support saddle ( = 120 is a good precaution),

a fixing clamp with rubber lining.

rubber
lining

LO

Fixing
clamp

each support behind a socket,

concrete support

thermal
hermal
expansion

clamps
(fixed points)

Joints
(expansion accomodation

106

The advantage of ductile iron pipelines is that

they do not require the installation of expansion
absorbers.

pipe laying aBove grounD

Fixed point: every clamp must be sufficiently secured to

constitute a fixed point (use a clamp of adequate width).
expansion accommodation: the push-in joint between
each support acts as an expansion absorber, taking up
the expansion of the pipe length (within the permissible
limits of DT).

anchoring
nchoring

Any component subjected to hydraulic thrust (bends,

tees, tapers) must be stabilized with an anchor block.
directional changes involving large radius bends
can be negotiated simply by joint deflection (within
the specified limits). in this case, care must be
taken to reinforce the saddle anchorage of pipes
involved, having assessed the hydraulic thrusts at the
deflected joint positions.

PD
N

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Provision of an adequate safety margin on the support

dimensions (saddles and clamps) is recommended, to
compensate for hydraulic forces due to any misalignment
of the pipes.

107

pipe laying - BriDge croSSing

pipe laying BriDge croSSing

See also:

Bridge crossing with a push-in joint main involves determining:

the support system,
the accommodation of both bridge and main thermal
expansions,
the anchoring of components subjected to hydraulic thrust,
The protection against freezing, if necessary.
There are two principal installation systems, the choice
depending on the type of structure:
pipeline secured to the structure,
pipeline independent of the structure.

PD

PiPe lAying
lA
ABove ground
PiPe lA
lAying
ying Through
Tunnels
JoinT
T - Anchored sTA
sTAndArd/
TriducT
Triduc

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The systems shown below correspond with the usual

types of bridge crossings; they are merely given as
examples and do not represent the variety of situations
that may be encountered.
every bridge is a special case and must be specifically
studied. The initial concern is to ensure that the structure
can support the weight of the main and that provision of
anchorages is possible.

Typical support

LO

pipelines
ipelines fixed
solidly to the
structure

108

Tradition masonry shor span bridge

pipe laying BriDge croSSing

Typical support

every support behind a socket,

supporting saddles ( = 120 is a good precaution),

securing collars,

rubber protection.

one per pipe,

PD

Supports

thermal expansion

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Open and structure

relative expansion: every clamp must be adequately

secured and act as a fixture to the bridge. Between each
of these supports, which are solid with the pipe and
bridge, the push-in joints act as expansion compensators,
absorbing the expansion of a length of pipe.

LO

overall expansion (Dl): depending on its amplitude, the

overall expansion at the bridge ends is accommodated
by either a simple socket joint (in the case of a traditional
short span masonry bridge), or by an adequate size
expansion accommodator (in the case of an open end
bridge).

109

pipe laying BriDge croSSing

anchorage

every component subjected to hydraulic thrust (bends,

tees, valves...) must be held by an anchoring system.
The supports must be of sufficient dimensions to secure
the correct alignment of the pipes and to withstand
the hydraulic thrust. Provision of an adequate safety
margin on the support dimensions is recommended, to
compensate for hydraulic forces due to any misalignment
of the pipes.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

pipeline
ipeline
independent of
the structure

Supports

each support is solid with the pipeline and independent of

the bridge movements. several techniques may be used,
using sliding or rolling on rails or rollers, depending on the
magnitude of the expansions.
The support sliding forces must be compatible with the
anchoring system:
one support per pipe,

LO

110

pipe laying BriDge croSSing

every support behind a socket,

a securing collar,

a saddle support,

a rubber protection.

thermal expansion

The pipeline expands and contracts independently of

the bridge. The joints are self-anchored: they facilitate
assembly and play a part in distributing the overall
pipeline expansion. This expansion, Dl, is taken up by
an adequately sized expansion absorber at the free end
of the main.

every component subjected to hydraulic thrust (bends,

tees, valves...) must be stabilized by an anchoring system.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

sliding supports must be of adequate size to maintain the

pipeline correctly aligned and to withstand the effects of
hydraulic thrust.

PD

anchorage

LO

Provision of an adequate safety margin on the support

dimensions is recommended, to compensate for hydraulic
forces due to any misalignment of the pipes.

111

pipe laying in caSingS

See also:

JoinT
T - sTAndArd
rd / TriducT
Triduc
JoinT
T - Anchored sTA
sTAndArd/
TriducT
Triduc
JoinT - Anchoring
PiPe lAying
lA
equi
quiPmenT
siTe
e TesTing
Tes

Laying of a carrier pipe through a casing involves:

the centering and guidance of each component within the
casing,
anchoring the components together, to allow pulling of the
section through the casing.
Ductile iron socket pipes may easily be installed through
casings.
Clearing the accesses
and checking the casing

Before preparing the pipe guide sled:

clear the accesses to the casing,

ensure that the size of the guide sled is compatible

with the internal diameter of the casing.

check the condition and alignment of the casing,

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

pipe laying in caSingS

guide
uide sled
preparation

LO

Depending on the pipe diameter, the socket diameter

and possibly the anchoring gland, use, or construct,
the guide sled and centering collars most appropriate
for pulling the pipes through the casing.

Check that the tractive force does not exceed the

strength of the Anchored sTAndArd/TriducT
joint.

dn

maximum
tractive force

dn

kdaN

Casing

maximum
tractive force
kdaN

80

32

300

261

100

50

350

288

125

78

400

376

150

97

450

477

200

138

500

589

250

191

600

763

using
pipes

ancHoreD

StanDarD/tri
D/
D/tri
Duct

Pass a wire rope through the casing and attach it to

the first pipe.

Attach guidance and centering collars behind each

socket.

112

Pull the first pipe into the casing.

pipe laying in caSingS

casing

Joint the spigot into the

second pipe.

pulling
ulling the main
through the
casing

t
tackle
(trifor)
for assembly

pulling rope

Anchor the joint.

having
completed
operation:

Weld bead

pull the second pipe into the sleeve,

continue joining Anchored sTAndArd/TriducT

pipes on until the first pipe emerges from the other
end of the casing.

PD

guidance collar

With ordinary StanDarD/tri

D/
D/tri
Duct joint
and anchoring cable

this

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Pass a drag rope through

the casing, attached to
the anchoring cable.

casing

anchoring
cable

Attach guidance and

centering collars behind
each socket, equipped
with a fastening for the
drag rope.
Position the first pipe in
the casing.

guidance
collar

LO

Attach the anchoring

cable and pull the pipe.

Spools

Joint the spigot into the

socket of the second
sTAndArd/TriducT
pipe.
Attach the anchoring
cable to the second
support and continue
pulling the pipes.

Continue
joining
sTAndArd/TriducT
pipes on until the first
emerges from the other
end of the casing.

pulling
rope

Uncouple the drag rope attached to the first pipe,

leaving the anchoring cable in position.

Before connecting the two ends of the main in the casing

to the rest of the system it is advisable to subject it to a
pressure test, identical to that for the remainder of the
system.

pressure
ressure testing
113

pipe laying - Steep incline

See also:

Laying of ductile iron mains on steep inclines can be performed

in two ways:
using concrete blocks for each pipe,
using a concrete block at the head of an anchored length.

PD

JoinT-Anchoring
-Anchoring
Anchor Blocks

pipe laying - Steep incline

Beyond a certain angle, the friction between a main and

the ground is insufficient to hold the main. The longitudinal
gravitational movement then has to be counteracted
by the use of anchor blocks or anchored joints, or a
combination of both techniques.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

axial
xial force

Slip

in simple terms, it is found that a main needs to be

anchored when the incline exceeds:

LO

anchoring
nchoring every
pipe

114

unretrained
joints

20% for a surface main,

25% for a buried main.

This technique is quite suitable for surface mains.

clamps

An anchor block behind every pipe socket.

Sockets point uphill to take purchase on the blocks.

A clearance of 10 mm is left between the spigot end

and the back of the socket chamber to accommodate
expansion (usual eXPress and sTAndArd/
TriducT joint laying conditions).

pipe laying - Steep incline

This technique is quite suitable for pipes laid below

ground. it consists of anchoring a section of self-anchored
pipes:

or by an additional self-anchored length (l) installed

in the flat section behind the uppermost bend.

The maximum axial force is supported by the first selfanchored joint below the block. This force is a function of
the gradient, and also of the length of the self-anchored
section. The maximum permissible length therefore is
defined by the strength limit of the self-anchored joint.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

note: if the length of the incline exceeds the permissible

self-anchored length, the descent can be made
in several independent sections, each being
anchored at its head with a concrete block. The
end joints of the sections are not anchored in this
case.

uppermost self-anchored bend

anchored joints

PD

either by an anchor block situated behind the socket

of the leading pipe,

anchoring
nchoring with
self-anchored
joints

clamp

LO

note: The main must be laid downhill starting from the

highest point, so that the self-anchoring system is
fully engaged and tensioned.

115

pipe laying tHrougH tunnelS

pipe laying
tHrougH tunnelS

See also:

Laying a socket pipe system through a tunnel involves:

support,
accommodation of thermal expansion,
anchorage of components subjected to hydraulic thrust.
Ductile iron socket pipes provide a simple solution, particularly
if cramped conditions do not permit the use of large joint
assembly equipment.

PD

PiPe lAying
lA
ABove ground
PiPe lAying
lA
- Bridge
crossings
rossings
JoinT deFlec
lecTion

rubber
linking

Fixing
clamp

LO

rubber lining

Fixing clamp

116

one per pipe,

each support behind a socket,

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Supports

a support saddle ( = 120 is a good precaution),

a fixing clamp with rubber lining.

pipe laying
tHrougH tunnelS

thermal
hermal
expansion

clamps
(fixed points)

The advantage of ductile iron mains is that

expansion absorbers are not necessary.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

expansion accommodation: the push-in joint between

each support acts as an expansion absorber, taking up
the expansion of the pipe length (within the permissible
limits of DT).

Fixed points: every clamp must be sufficiently secured

to constitute a fixed point (provide a clamp of sufficient
width).

PD

Joints
(expansion accomodation)

example of a valve
support

anchoring
nchoring

every component subjected to hydraulic thrust (bends,

tees, isolating valves...) must be stabilized by an
anchoring system (rigid welding to fixing plates is often
a good method).

directional changes involving large radius bends

can be achieved simply by joint deflection (within
the specified limits).

LO

in this case, care must be taken to reinforce the support

anchorage of the pipes involved, having assessed the
hydraulic thrusts at the joint positions.
it is recommended to include a safety coefficient, to
compensate the hydraulic forces due to a possible
misalignment of the pipeline.

117

pipeline proFile

pipeline proFile

heAd losses
WAT
WA
ATer hA
hAmmer

Air is detrimental to efficient functioning of a pressure main. Its

presence can cause:
a reduction in flow rate,
energy wastage,
the risk of water hammer.
It can be prevented by taking a number of simple precautions
when planning the pipeline profile.

PD

See also:

Source of air in
pipelines

LO

effect
ffect of air in
mains

118

during filling following a hydrostatic test (or main

emptying), because of an inadequate number of
purging devices,

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Air can principally be introduced into a main:

through pump strainers, if the suction pipes or pump

seals are not leaktight,
as dissolved air under pressure (the air then
accumulates at high spots along the profile).

Air is detrimental to efficient functioning of a main. Air

pockets accumulate at high spots and distort under the
effect of the upstream pressure.

pipeline proFile

condition in a gravity main

statically, the air pocket transmits the pressure P on its

upstream face to the downstream face; the hydrostatic
level drops. The utilisable pressure h is reduced by
a quantity h, corresponding to the difference in level
between the extremities of the air pocket and the missing
head height.

normal hydrostatic level

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

lower
hydrostatic
level

LO

dynamically, it can be considered that, neglecting the

head loss due to any turbulence at this point, the
pressure reduction is also equal to h, and the flow is
correspondingly reduced.

119

pipeline proFile

pumping main conditions

in the same way as in a gravity main, the presence of

a pocket of air is detrimental to good performance of a
pumping main. in this case there is a pressure increase
h (height h of additional head to be lifted) which the
pump must supply in addition to pressure h, in order to
compensate for the increased head due to the air pocket,
with the hydrostatic level being raised by this value. For
the same flow rate, the energy consumption is increased
in the same proportions.

PD

Furthermore, these disadvantages are repeated at every

high spot if the main is inadequately vented. The effects
are additive and the throughput of the main drops. This
drop in throughput is sometimes incorrectly attributed
to other causes, such as a drop in pump efficiency or
deposition in the pipes. correct venting of the main is
sufficient remedy to restore the normal flow capacity
immediately.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Finally, there is a risk of large air pockets being entrained

by the flow and carried to points other than the high
spots. Their displacement, compensated for by a sudden
rush of water of equal volume, results in violent water
hammer.
summarizing, if high spots are not constantly vented:

water flow is diminished,

water hammer can occur.

energy is wasted,

raised hydrostatic level

normal hydrostatic level

LO

pump

120

pipeline proFile

A pipeline layout must be planned in a manner facilitating

air accumulation at well defined high spots, where venting
equipment must be installed.
The following precautions are advisable:

practical
ractical
recommendations

natural contour

Provide the main with a gradient to facilitate upward

movement of the air (an ideal pipeline has a steady
gradient: the desirable minimum gradient is 2 to 3
mm/m).

Avoid excessive gradient changes caused by following

ground contours, particularly for large diameters.

If the profile is flat, create as many artificial high and

low spots as possible, to give gradients of:
2 to 3 mm/m in ascending sections,

4 to 6 mm/m in descending sections.

Profiles of this type, with gradual ascents and rapid

descents, facilitate air collection at high spots, whilst
preventing any air entrainment.
The converse profile is inadvisable.

4 - 6 mm/m

a wash-out at every low spot.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

an air vent unit at every high spot,

LO

Install:

2 - 3 mm/m

PD

121

polyetHylene Sleeving

See also:

Polyethylene sleeving is a tubular film of low density

polyethylene slipped over and snugly fitted to a pipe at the
time of laying. It is used to supplement the basic pipe coating
(metallic zinc + bituminous paint) in certain cases of highly
corrosive soils, or in the presence of stray currents.
Standard: ISO 8180, AWWA C-105

PD

soil corrosivi
orrosiviTy
coATings - eXT
eXTernAl
PolyeThylene sleeving
leeving
(APPlic
licATion)
Zinc

polyetHylene Sleeving

Description

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The polyethylene film is made of low density polyethylene

(ldPe) in tubular film and is slipped over and snugly
fitted to a pipe by means of:

adhesive plastic tape at each end,

intermediate tie fasteners.

LO

Barrel Sleeve

Joint sleeve

122

The technique using a barrel sleeve (applied

outside the trench) and separate joint sleeve
(applied in the trench after jointing) is preferable
to the technique using a single sleeve (socket and
barrel), since it provides better protection.

polyetHylene Sleeving

protection
rotection
mechanism

Polyethylene sleeving supplements the zinc coating. its

protective mechanism consists of insulating the pipes
from corrosive soil (suppression of electro-chemical cells)
and from the ingress of stray currents.
even if a small amount of water infiltrates the sleeving it
still provides protection by substituting a homogeneous
environment (ground water) to a heterogeneous
environment (soil).

applications
pplications

sAdiP recommends the use of this additional protection

in corrosive soils (see soil corrosiviTy), such as:

low resistivity soils (an indication of high corrosivity),

soils where analysis shows high chloride or sulphate

contents, or bacterial activity.
it can be applied after the trench has been opened
if the local conditions justify its use.

sAdiP technical teams carry out soil surveys at

customers request, in order to recommend the
most suitable protection.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

if the environment is extremely corrosive (sea inlet

crossings, marshes, saline ground waters etc.), complete
insulation of the main is essential, restricted to the high
corrosivity area.

PD

stray current areas,

LO

see PolyeThylene sleeving (APPlicATion).

iSo 8180: ductile iron pipes Polyethylene sleeving.

AWWA c-105

application
pplication
Standard

123

polyetHylene Sleeving
(application)

See also:

Polyethylene sleeving is made up of overlapping elements:

a barrel sleeve along the barrel of every pipe,
a joint sleeve at every joint.

PD

PolyeThylene sleeving
leeving

polyetHylene Sleeving (application)

Basic
instructions

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Pipes and fittings must be as clean and dry as possible

before sleeving. in particular avoid soil entrapment
between the pipe and sleeving.
The pipe bed and natural soil, or backfill, must only consist
of fine material, to avoid sleeving damage occurring
during laying or in service (top loads, weight of full main,
wheel loads).
The sleeving must fit the pipes as snugly as possible
(importance of the fold and ties). see sketches opposite.

LO

The barrel and joint sleeve overlaps must provide total

continuity of protection.

The fold must always be made at the top of the pipes, to

limit the risk of damage during backfilling.
do not use ripped sleeving and avoid damage during
backfilling.
small tears can be repaired with adhesive tape. larger
defects can be covered with extra sleeving of the same
type, which must be sufficiently long to cover the damaged
area. The same application technique must be used as
for the joint sleeves.

124

The polyethylene sleeve must be stored under cover,

protected from heat and sunlight.

polyetHylene Sleeving
(application)

Sleeving
preparation

cut the barrel and joint sleeves to the dimensions indicated

in the section material required and dimensions.

Barrel sleeving

Barrel Sleeve

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Before lowering the pipe into the trench, raise it up

and slip the pleated sleeving along the barrel.

Soil

LO

With the pipe supported on two wooden blocks,

spread the sleeving along the whole length of the
barrel and fit it snugly to the latter by folding it over at
the top of the pipe. the sleeve must not billow.

adhensive tape

Fastening

Soil

Fasten the fold down with tape.

Fasten the sleeve ends to the barrel by wrapping

adhesive tape around the circumference, overlapping
the barrel sleeving junction, to give a watertight
overwrap.
Apply intermediate fastenings (plastic coated steel
wire) every 1.50 m.
Slip on the joint sleeve.

125

polyetHylene Sleeving
(application)

Joint
sleeve

Joint
sleeve

Soil

Lower the pipe into the trench.

Joint the pipe with appropriate equipment. The fold

must still be at the top of the pipe.

PD

Joint sleeving

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Soil

LO

Bring the joint sleeve over the socket and spigot. A

sufficiently large excavation must have been made
under the joint to allow satisfactory application of this
sleeve (room for tape wrapping and ties).

eXpreSS joint

plastic coated
fastening

Barrel
sleeve

Joint
sleeve

adhesive
tape

adhesive
tape

Joint
Fastening sleeve
Barrel
sleeve

adhesive
tape
adhesive
tape

Fold the joint sleeve over, fitting it as snugly as

possible, overlapping the barrels of the adjoining
pipes (the fold must again be made at the top).
Secure it with a tie, as near as possible to the gland
in the case of the eXPress joint, or the socket face,
in the case of the sTAndArd joint.

Fasten the ends on to the sleeves of the adjoining

pipe barrels with adhesive tape wrapped around the
whole circumference to make a watertight overwrap.

126

polyetHylene Sleeving
(application)

Soil

examples
cutting to length

PD
N

Bend

LO

Sleeving of
fittings

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Use the same polyethylene sleeving to protect fittings.

depending on their shape, two or three pieces of
sleeving may be necessary. Application must comply
with the same recommendations (particularly fitting
the sleeving as snugly as possible).

Successive assembly of barrel and joint sleeves must

form a continuous protection.

All socket tee dn <DN

127

polyetHylene Sleeving
(application)

application

All socket tee dn <DN

Bend

Securing the sleeve

fold

3 plastic
coated
fastenings

adhesive tapes

All socket tee dn <DN

adhesive tape
(on top of barrel sleeve)

plastic coated
fastenings

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Bend

Final assembly

PD

LO

materials
aterials
required and
dimensions

plastic
coated
fastening

The application of polyethylene sleeving to different types

of fittings is dealt with in a special leaflet. Please consult
us.
50 mm adhensive
tapes

i
(flat
width)

plastic coated
steel fastening 24/10

128

adhesive
tapes

polyethylene sleeving
(application)

Sleeve
barrel

Tie fasteners Adhesive tape

Joint

barrel

EXPRESS
STANDARD STANDARD
TRIDUCT
TRIDUCT
ANCHORED

DN

Sleeve mass per metre

No./
pipe

Lf

Lj

Length
per
pipe

Length
per
pipe

No./
pipe

joint
EXPRESS
STANDARD STANDARD
TRIDUCT
TRIDUCT
ANCHORED

kg

kg

kg

6 0.315 5.70

0.315

0.400

0.70

200

1.6 0.117

0.117

0.148

100

6 0.315 5.70

0.315

0.560

0.70

200

2.3

1.8 0.117

0.117

0.210

125

6 0.400 5.70

0.400

0.560

0.70

200

2.6

2.2 0.148

0.148

0.210

150

6 0.400 5.70

0.400

0.560

0.70

200

2.9

2.6 0.148

0.148

0.210

200

6 0.560 5.70

0.560

0.710

0.70

200

3.6

3.4 0.210

0.210

0.263

250

6 0.710 5.70

0.710

0.900

0.70

200

4.2

4.4 0.263

0.263

0.333

300

6 0.710 5.70

0.710

0.900

0.70

200

4.9

5.2 0.263

0.263

0.333

350

6 0.900 5.70

0.900

1.120

0.70

200

5.6

6 0.333

0.333

0.437

400

6 0.900 5.70

0.900

1.120

0.70

200

6.2

6.8 0.333

0.333

0.437

450

6 1.120 5.70

1.120

1.120

0.70

200

7.6

7.6 0.437

0.437

0.437

500

6 1.120 5.70

1.120

1.250

0.70

200

8.3

8.4 0.437

0.437

0.463

600

6 1.250 5.70

1.250

1.600

0.70

200

9.6

10 0.463

0.463

0.593

700

6 1.600 6.70

1.600

1.600

0.80

200

13.6 4 11.6 0.593

0.593

0.593

800

6 1.800 6.70

1.800

2.240

0.80

200

15.3

4 13.2 0.666

0.666

0.829

900

6 2.240 6.70

2.240

2.240

0.80

200

16.9

4 14.8 0.829

0.829

0.829

1000

6 2.240 6.70

2.240

2.500

0.80

200

18.5

4 16.4 0.829

0.829

0.925

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

80

129

preSSureS (terminology)

See also:

Pressures - mAX
mAXimum
PermissiBle
Permissi
Works TesTing
Tes
siT
Te TesTs
WAT
WA
ATer hA
hAmmer

preSSureS (terminology)
With the term pressure, a distinction needs to be drawn
between the terminology of the user (concerned with hydraulic
considerations) and that of the manufacturer (concerned with
product performance).

users
terminology

pmax.serv.

maximum service pressure

The highest pressure existing in a specific system

operating under permanent conditions.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

simple to determine in the case of a gravity system or

when pumping into an open tank or reservoir, but needs
study in the case of direct pumping into a pipe system.

pmax.serv.

pmax.serv. = pmax.serv.

LO

+ design margin

psite test

+ an increase

(applicable
pplicable in the
SaDip catalogue).

130

pmax.allow

maximum design pressure

maximum service pressure increased by a design safety

margin, to account for any unknown elements in the
estimates or transient surges (water hammer, etc.).
This pressure is the basis of the calculation of the internal
pressure resistance. The design margin can be more
or less reduced, depending on whether water hammer
suppression systems are installed or not, and on the
safety margin offered by the pipe material itself.

psite test = pmax.serv.

manufacturers
anufacturers
terminology

Site test pressure

Pressure applied to a main on site to determine its

stability and leaktightness before going into service.
it is obtained by increasing Pmax.serv. in compliance with
the applicable regulations.

maximum allowable pressure

The highest pressure that can be sustained by a pipeline

component at a given temperature, under permanent
conditions.
it takes into account the product dimensions, the material
properties and the safety factors employed by the
manufacturer.

preSSureS (terminology)

For sAdiP products, Pmax.op. = 1.2 Pmax.allow.

Please consult us for higher values.

maximum site test pressure

The highest test pressure that a pipeline component can

sustain during the site hydrostatic test, before the main
goes into service.

For sAdiP products, Pmax.site test = 1.5 Pmax.

allow.

pmax.op. = 1.2 pmax.allow.

pmax.site test
pmax.site test =
1.5 pmax.allow.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Please consult us for higher values.

pmax.op.

pn

numerical definition, expressed as a round number for

the purpose of references (iso 7268-83).

The highest pressure a pipeline component can sustain

in service at a given temperature, under transient surge
conditions.

PD

maximum operating pressure

pn
iSo pn

other
ther
manufacturing
definitions

All flanged equipment of the same nominal diameter

(dn), designated by the same Pn number, must have
compatible connection dimensions.

For each Pn (or iso Pn) thus defined, there is an

associated Pmax.allow. / temperature given in the relevant
component standard.

LO

For ductile iron components, the Pmax.allow. between - 10c

and 120c, expressed in bars, is equal to the Pn number
(e.g. Pn 16 corresponds to Pmax.allow. 16 bars between
10c and 120c).

pwork test

Works test pressure

hydrostatic pressure used to test pipeline components

in the works. it is defined by standards and the
manufacturer.

summarizing : when choosing a pipeline component it is

important to check the three inequations opposite.

pmax.serv. pmax.allow.
pmax.des pmax.op.
psite.test pmax.site test

pipeline
ipeline
dimensions

131

preSSureS - maXimum
permiSSiBle

preSSureS - maXimum permiSSiBle

See also:

SADIP pipes are designed to withstand high pressures,

generally much higher than those encountered in distribution
systems.
This is justified by the fact that pipelines must resist the high
stresses they are subjected to during installation and testing,
and, more important, during their life.

PD

Pressures (Terminology)
sAFeTy
yF
FAcTors
FlAnges (dimensions
imensions - PiTch
Pi
circles)
Works TesTing
Tes
siT
Te TesTs
WAT
WA
ATer hA
hAmmer

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The maximum permissible pressure indicates the highest

pressure that a pipeline component can permanently
sustain at a given temperature.
it corresponds with the maximum pressure for which the
product is offered. it takes into account the properties
of ductile iron, the dimensions, and the manufacturers
safety factors.

LO

132

This pressure must always be greater than, or

equivalent to, the maximum service pressure. For
sAdiP products it can be increased by:

20%, to take account of transient surges,

50%, for carrying out the site test.

Please consult us in other cases.

pressures - maximum
permissible

Socket pipes
Maximum permissible pressures (excepting surge pressures**)

80 64

125 64

200 44

25

450 33

25

600 24 31

1 200 23 27

30

30

30

25

30

25

700 24 29

27

25

25

900 24 27

25

25

22(*)
22(*)

ES
O
LU
TI
O

27

37

25

500 32

23

44

39

37

350 35

1 100

64

55

44

400 34

64

39

300 37

1 000 23 27

64

55

250 39

64

64

150 55

800 24 28

K9
bar

64

100 64

K9
bar

25
25

25

K9
bar

PD

K8

ANCHORED STANDARD
ANCHORED TRIDUCT

EXPRESS

DN

STANDARD
TRIDUCT (***)

Socket pipes
and fittings

22(*)

Please consult us
22(*)

** Transient surge pressures (water hammer) and hydraulic tests.

*** Type of joint may vary according to DN (see PRODUCT DATA).

Socket fittings
Maximum permissible pressures (excepting surge pressures**)
Non-flanged fittings

bar

bar

ANCHORED
STANDARD/
TRIDUCT

STANDARD
TRIDUCT (***)

EXPRESS

ANCHORED
STANDARD/
TRIDUCT

bar

bar

bar

bar

80
64 64 64 40 40 40

EXPRESS

100
64 64 64 40 40 40

125
64 64 64 40 40 40

LO

STANDARD
TRIDUCT (***)

DN

Fittings equipped with at least one flange

150
57 57 57 40 40 40

200
50 50 50 40 40 40

250
46 46 44 40 40 40

300
43 43 41 40 40 40

350
41 25 30 25 25 25

400
40 25 30 25 25 25

450
40 25 30 25 25 25

500
40 25 30 25 25 25

600
40 25 27 25 25 25

700
34 25 25 25 25 25

800 33 25 22(*) 25 25 16(*)

900 32 25 22(*) 25 25 16(*)

1 000 31 25 22(*) 25 25 16(*)

1 200 25 25 22(*) 25 25 16(*)

1 100
PC PC PC PC PC PC

** Transient surge pressures (water hammer) and hydraulic tests.

*** Type of joint may vary according to DN (see PRODUCT DATA).

See JOINTS - FLANGED.

Flanged pipes &

fittings
133

quality control

quality control

sTA
sTAndArds
cerTiiFicATes

SADIP has instituted a quality control organization complying

with Standard ISO 9002.
Its objective is to provide customers with products meeting
perfectly their stated requirements.

PD

See also:

quality
uality
assurance

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Achievement of quality is not simply a matter of inspection

of finished products, but also involves establishment
of an organization complying with specific regulations
concerning:

manufacturing methods,

the responsibilities of the people involved,

and which guarantee that all quality criteria are met at
all stages of production.

LO

134

operating methods (establishing procedures, defining

documents distribution),

quality control

sqA
Analysis
grading

Appearance
dimensions
leaktighteness

LO

sqA
composition
reception

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

sqA
Analysis
grading

Thickness

sqA
reception

sqA
reception

sqA
monitoring

Sqa

135

quality control

quality
uality
assurance at
Sa
aDip

The quality control and administration system instituted

by sAdiP has been certified as complying with standard
iso 9002. A reference work for the administering of
quality control in production, this standard also covers
the quality aspects relating to the provision of materials,
training, and customer contract handling.
on a practical daily basis the particular aims of the q.c.
organization are to:

control the manufacturing process by formalizing our

expertise, automating the processes and training
of operatives whilst making constant improvements
through analysis of the measurements made
throughout the manufacturing cycle,

check the consistency of incoming raw materials,

constituents and other items necessary for the
manufacture and usage of our products,

check at every stage of production that the products

meet the specifications, thus providing early detection
of any aberration, enabling it to be corrected.

PD

self-monitoring, which is the basis of the system in

manufacture and consists in delegating monitoring of
the results of their own work to operatives, within preestablished parameters.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The q.c. organization is founded on:

LO

136

auditing, which ensures in a systematic manner

that everyone is obeying the rules laid down and
checks on their efficacy. This applies to sAdiP and
all its suppliers and sub-contractors, with whom it
collaborates on quality assurance.

overall monitoring which on the basis of regular

measurements, allows process and product
performances to be quantified with respect to
established objectives, and constitutes the basis of
organized quality control management.
checking, if necessary, of particular properties of
products, raw materials or constituents, not covered
by the preceding arrangements.

quality control

quality
uality control
inspection test
plan

raw material Analysis of scrap, pig iron, sand, cement,

bituminous paint etc.
melting spectro analysis of molten metal before and
after mg. treatment.
casting Weighing of each pipe before heat treatment.
Heat treatment control micro structure of heat treated
pipe. (amount of perlite, ferrite, cementite and formation
of graphite)
Zinc coating weighing of zinc load to conform to
requirements which is minimum of 200 gm/m2.
ring flatenning check ductility of pipe aside from
micro test.

PD

ES
O
LU
TI
O

pipe Weight ensure that each pipes is weigh according

to the standard weight requirement.

mechanical test
t
controls traction test (Tensile strength,
elongation, elastic limit and hardness to conform to iso
2531)

t
test
Frequency control of testing done according to
requirement.

Hydro test
t
each pipe is hydro tested to comply to the
required specification dn 100-300 (50 Bars) dn 350-600
(40 Bars) dn 700-1000 (32 Bars)
Socket / Spigot control each pipes socket (inside
diameter) and spigot is controlled by a regularly calibrated
gauges.
visual inspection check physical appearance of every
pipes to sort out good and bad pipes and pipes endorsed
to quality control for evaluation.

LO

qc Dimensional inspection dimensional test randomly

performed by qc to control outside diameter of pipes by
circometer, thickness of the pipe by ultrasonic, and inside
diameter of socket by inside micrometer.

cement lining check visual appearance of cement

lining
check the thickness of cement
lining (fresh cement) by a calibrated
depth, gauge, and (dry cement) by
permascope. (non conductive thickness measurer)
check weight of cement lining applied
on pipes.
Bituminous paint coating control thickness of coating
to conform to the requirements of 100 microns minimum
at 1 point and 120 microns minimum average.
Zinc paint control thickness of paint applied in pipes
socket to conform to the requirement of 100 microns
minimum at 1 point and 120 microns minimum average.
Spigot marking check dimension of spigot markings to
ensure it satisfies the requirement.
Delivery yard
y
inspection checks for appearance and
possible defect which may occur during handling.

137

re-rounDing pipe

re-rounDing pipe

cuTTing
ing PiPe
Pi

Transport and handling can cause sufficient pipe ovality to

impede correct assembly of the components.
The methods given below cover DN 400 pipes.

PD

See also:

Definitions and
criteria

ES
O
LU
TI
O

% ovality =

DM dm

DM + dm

x 100

where:

dm: maximum measured diameter

dm: minimum measured diameter

LO

Dn 400 to 700

experience shows that cases of ovality prejudicial

to pipe assembly are extremely rare in the small
and medium diameters (dn < 400).

re-rounding can be carried out by one of the following

methods, taking care that the operation does not damage
the mortar lining.

equipment

TIRFOR 516 (1) wire rope winch

Supporting saddle with rope guide pulley (2)

A base plate with 2 rope guide pulleys (3).

procedure

Assemble the equipment as shown in the diagram

opposite. Tension the wire rope.

Check the re-rounding of the spigot end to ensure that

it does not go beyond circular.
Make sure that this operation has not damaged the
mortar lining.
Assemble the pipes with the equipment still in place.
The rope tension must be maintained during joint
assembly, to counteract any elastic pipe deformation.

138

re-rounDing pipe

DN 800

equipment

A hydraulic jack (1)

A block (or adjustable support) (2)

D mini

Two suitably sized rubber covered base plates (3)

procedure

Position the parts as shown in the diagram, to cope

with the ovality.
Adapt the adjusting support to the diameter.

Operate the jack and make sure that spigot rerounding does not go beyond circular.

Check that the operation has not damaged the mortar

lining.

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Block

Jack

PD

Assemble the joint with the equipment in position. The

equipment must remain in tension throughout jointing
to counteract any elastic pipe deformation.

139

repair - eXternal coatingS

repair eXternal coatingS

See also:

The basic external coating may become damaged during

transport, storage, or laying.
It can be repaired on site, or in the storage yard, with
bituminous paints, using a simple procedure.

PD

PolyeThylene sleeving
leeving
(APPlic
licATion)
Welding (Anchor BeAd)
Be

reparable
eparable
damage

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Two cases can be envisaged.

Slight damage (small areas, zinc not detached)

no repair necessary..
n

larger damage

LO

material
aterial

can be repaired with bituminous paint by the procedure

described below.

application
pplication
method

Surface
preparation
140

use bituminous paints of the following type:

endolAc 245-30 (BiTumes sPeciAuX)

hempel 104 sA

endolAc 245-30 sr (rapid drying) (BiTumes

sPeciAuX)

Brush, roller or spray gun (air or airless).

Brush lightly to remove dirt.

Dry the area being coated by the most appropriate

means (blowing with dry oil-free air, gas torch, etc.).

repair eXternal coatingS

In cases of low temperature, wet conditions, or

immediate pipe usage, it is essential to warm the pipe
to a temperature of about 50c with a gas torch (too
hot to touch).

coating
oating
application

Weld bead coating repair

PD

Apply the coating in criss-cross passes, until the

coating is up to the level of the undamaged coating,
overlapping the latter.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

see Welding (Anchor BeAd).

Special cases

polyethylene sleeving repair

LO

see PolyeThylene sleeving (APPlicATion).

141

repair - internal lining

See also:

The cement mortar lining may be damaged accidentally or by

rough handling.
A few simple and rapid procedures suffice to restore the lining
to its original condition.

PD

cemenT
T (morTA
T r lining)
TA

repair - internal lining

reparable
eparable
damage

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Any cement mortar damage caused accidentally or by

rough handling can be repaired on site, provided it is not
too severe:

area less than 0.10 m2,

no localized pipe deformation.

length less than a quarter of the pipe circumference,

otherwise, cut off the damaged section.

sAdiP can supply repair kits on request.

constituents

LO

repair
epair materials

repair
epair
procedure

142

parts by weight

chF 45, clk 45 / aluminous cement

100

Fine sand

200

emulsion: 50/50 water - PrimAl

l or icomenT

15

Water

20

concresive 2200 A+B, 1 Pack 3kg

material needed for mortar application:

brush,

trowel,

palette knife, or sleeker.

repair - internal lining

area preparation

lining repair must be carried out sheltered from frost.

Rotate the pipe so that the area to be repaired is as

close to the bottom as possible.

Remove the damaged area and 1 or 2 cm of

surrounding sound mortar with a hammer and cold
chisel.

The edges of the cleared zone must be vertical to the

iron surface.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Clean with a wire brush to remove non-adherent

material.

Moisten the repair area.

LO

A few minutes before making the repair, brush-apply

the water emulsion mixture, wetting the original mortar
over a width of about 20 cm around the edges of the
repair zone.

patching material preparation

see TABle above.

The emulsion must be the same as that used for the
keying coat.
Mix the two dry components, then the two liquids, to
give a pasty consistency mortar; adjust the amount of
water if necessary.

mortar application

Trowel the mortar on, compacting it adequately to

restore the thickness.

Smooth the repaired surface with a palette knife (or

sleeker).
Check that there are no gaps between the fresh
mortar and the original material.

Apply a protective coat of water + emulsion, not more

than 30 minutes after final smoothing, to prevent
the patch from drying too quickly and to give it good
strength (cover with a damp cloth until set).

143

SaFety FactorS

SaFety FactorS

See also:

The mechanical stresses (internal pressure, external loading)

to which pipelines are subjected in service can be accurately
evaluated.
It is much more difficult however to predict with certainty the
stresses the pipes will be subjected to, in course of time.
For this reason, SADIP has chosen high safety factors to
ensure the maximum possible life for its ductile iron pipes.

PD

Pressures - mAX
mAXimum
PermissiBle
Permissi
dePTh oF
F cover
dimensions
imensions
quAliTy conTrol

minimum
inimum
specified safety
factors

internal pressure: the working stress must not

exceed half the yield strength;

ES
O
LU
TI
O

sAdiP pipes are designed to the following criteria:

external loading: the working stress must not exceed

half the bending tensile strength.

LO

effective
ffective safety
factors

ovality (vertical deflection) must not exceed 3%, the

value recommended in the Ansi/AWWA c 150/A 21.50
standard, to guarantee good mortar lining performance
(principally for large diameter pipes).
however, the stiffness of the mortar, which participates to
the strength of the pipe, is not taken into account in the
calculation of the pipe.

The effective safety factors are higher in practice

than those quoted:

pipe manufacture

Actual pipe wall thicknesses are always greater than

the design values.
Pipes are designed on the basis of the yield strength,
not on tensile strength. Furthermore, elongation
before failure is high (ductility), giving a good safety
reserve.

actual laying conditions

The actual earth load is usually lower than the soil

prism weight used in the design calculation (prism
friction against the trench sides).

The design method in the ANSI/AWWA

ANSI/A
C 150/A 21.50
standard takes conservative values for the bedding
angle and modulus of passive soil resistance e.
The counteracting effects of simultaneous top
loading and internal pressure are not taken into
consideration.

144

SaFety FactorS

experimental
xperimental
evaluations

k9 PiPes

Maximum permissible pressures (1)

Minimum calculated bursting pressures for a K9

pipe (2)
Experimental bursting pressures (3).

P (bars)
600

400

500

PD

(3)

200

300

100

(1)

150

100

ES
O
LU
TI
O

(2)

200

250

Fittings

350

400

DN

500

Maximum permissible pressures (1)

300

Minimum calculated bursting pressures for a K9

pipe (2)

LO

Experimental bursting pressures (3).

P (bars)
600
500

(3)

400
300
200
100

(2)
(1)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

DN

145

Site teStS

Site teStS

See also:

Pressures (Terminology)
Pressures - mAX
mAXimum
PermissiBle
Permissi

Site tests check the stability and leaktightness of a main before

it goes into service.
A successful hydraulic test is a prerequisite for the
acceptance of a newly installed pipeline. one of the
objectives of that test is to check the leaktightness of the
joints.
The test must be carried out as soon as possible after
laying.
The instructions of the jobs Technical specifications
should be followed, or those of other valid regulations.

The test is usually carried out as described below.

1. t
test
est section
length

PD

The test section length depends on the layout

configuration.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

As recommended and unless otherwise stipulated by the

jobs Technical specifications, test lengths should not
exceed 500 m.
detection of leaks is more difficult the longer the test
section. in practice short lengths can be tested at the
beginning of a job and then extended to longer lengths.
responsibility of this lies with the contractor.

2. Self anchored
pipe sections

Testing of a self-anchored pipe section is carried out with

the main exposed, so that the main can go into traction
under the effect of pressure. Proceed in the following
manner in practice:

Lay all self-anchored sections, irrespective of length,

Hydraulically
restraints,

test

these

sections,

without

end

LO

Keeping the self-anchored sections under pressure,

backfill the trench to hold the pipes in position.

3. test
t
preparation

pile of soil

2/3 l
l

146

specification states: testing is carried out under conditions

which allow effective inspection of the test length, and the
joints in particular. For pipes laid in the ground this must
be done before backfilling, unless stipulated otherwise
by the jobs Technical specifications, or by the main
contractor. if the main is proved before backfilling, the
trench is partially backfilled with piles of soil deposited
on the middle of every pipe, to prevent any movement or
disjointing of the main.

Site teStS

See 1

See 2

See 4

See 5

See 1
See 6

See 7

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

See 3

See 8

147

Site teStS

Block the ends of the test section with blank flanges

(A and B) equipped with valves for water filling and air
venting.

PD

Calculate the hydraulic forces developed at the ends

of the main and install a suitably sized restraint
system. The forces are absorbed by timbers laid
across the trench, or by an equivalent arrangement
(sheet piling for example).

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Do not use the end of a previously laid hydraulically

tested pipe section as a buttress.

LO

4. pipe
ipe filling

The ends of a main under test may also move

sideways, therefore lateral support must also be
provided.

The main is gradually filled with water, preferably from

the low points. it is important to ensure that the main has
been completely purged of air at any high spots in the
section before it is pressurized.
during pressurization, the temporary end restraints
become compressed. if necessary any play has to be
taken up to restore the main to its initial length. Jacks are
used for this purpose, allowing precise adjustment.

If a pumping main is involved, pumps are used to fill

from the bottom end, limiting the flow rate.

In the case of a large diameter siphon it is preferable

to fill it from the lowest point by means of a small
diameter feed tube. The water then rises steadily in
both legs without turbulence.
Whenever possible, wait 24 hours before pressure testing,
for the main to reach equilibrium.

148

SITE TESTS

5. Checking
filling

Thorough removal of air from the main is essential. The

vital importance of this has already been indicated.
Check that the air valves are functioning,

Check that the valves at the base of the air valves are
open,
Use the wash out valves to check the progressive
arrival of water.

6. Pressurizing

For supply or gravity distribution:

if MSP 10 bars : STP = MSP x 1.5

PD

The 1979 edition of French specification 71

prescribes the following test pressures for ductile
iron mains:

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The pressure must be increased gradually, to allow

checking of the end restraints and for jack adjustments.
The pressure test must not only reveal any joint leakage
but provide a positive check on the main for any damage
caused during transport and laying.

First ensure that the test pressure is compatible with the

pressure each pipeline component in the test section can
withstand. If not, isolate those items.

if MSP > 10 bars : STP = MSP + 5 bars.

Where
MSP = Maximum Service Pressure
STP = Standard Test Pressure

For pumping:

STP = MSP + calculated water hammer pressure surge

+ 2 bars.

LO

In all cases, the test pressure must be equal to, or greater

than, 8 bars and never above the manufacturers stated
maximum value for each pipeline component.

Specification states: The test pressure is applied for 30

minutes, the pressure diminution not exceeding 0.2 bar

Empty the main, remove the test equipment and

connect up the section.
Flush out the main thoroughly to remove any stones
or soil trapped during laying. In the case of a potable
water main, sterilize it before it goes into serivce.

7. Results

8. Commissioning the main

149

SOIL CORROSIVITY

SOIL CORROSIVITY

See also:

Buried pipes are subjected to a variety of influences, including

the corrosivity of the soil and backfills.
Ductile iron pipes coated with metallic zinc present an excellent
resistance to corrosion. Nevertheless, it may be recommended
to use complementary protections when the pipes are to be laid
in very corrosive soils. In practice, experience has shown that
no additional protection is necessary if the soil resistivity is
above 2500 W x cm.
In case of doubt, SADIP technical teams are available to share
their experience with the customers.

PD

COATINGS - EXTERNAL

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The complete analysis of the corrosivity of the terrain (if

this is thought to be necessary) is carried out by a three
stage procedure:

topographical study

site survey

Topographical
study

LO

geological study

General corrosion indicators

The general corrosion indicators are determined with the

aid of a detailed map (Ordnance Survey type), which
indicates:

the ground contours: high spots are drier and better

aerated, therefore less corrosive; low spots are wet
and unaerated, therefore likely to be more corrosive.

water courses to be crossed, wet areas,

ponds, marshes, lakes, peat beds and other low

areas, rich in humic acids and bacteria, and often
polluted,

estuaries, polders, salt marshes and saline soils

bordering the sea.

150

SOIL CORROSIVITY

Pollution and specific corrosion indicators

Using drawings (obtained from public departments), the

following are determined:
areas polluted by various effluents, such as liquid
manure, distillery, dairy, papermaking waste (etc.) or
by sewage, mainly from households,
industrial wastes like slags, clinker, etc.

the proximity of other mains, like leaking effluent

mains,

The following types of ground can be distinguished as a

first analysis:

Geological
survey

low risk:

PD

This survey indicates the various strata traversed and

provides information on the nature of the terrain and its
natural corrosivity.

industrial plants or equipment using direct current

electricity (cathodically protected structures, electric
traction systems, plants, etc.).

ES
O
LU
TI
O

sands and gravels,

stony material,
limestones.

high risk:

marls,
clays.

very high risk:

gypsum,

pyrites (iron pyrites, copper pyrites),

salts used in chemical industry (sodium chloride,

calcium sulphate),

LO

combustible fossil substances (lignites, peats,

coal, bitumen).
Indications of the presence of fossil substances are to be
noted: pyrite ammonites in particular, which indicate that
the soil contains pyrites (iron sulphides) and is therefore
very corrosive, particularly since it is anaerobic.

151

SOIL CORROSIVITY

Hydrogeology

Moisture is a contributing factor in soil corrosivity.

A hydrogeological study identifies impermeable soils likely
to retain water, as well as the presence of water retaining
strata. The boundaries of these soils are often marked
by the presence of springs. These boundaries warrant
particular attention: the corrosivity of the impermeable
layer may be very high. The same applies for water
retaining strata if they drain neighbouring soils containing
soluble mineral salts (sodium chloride, calcium sulphate,
etc.).

Site surveys

PD

Through visual observations, measurements (resistivity)

and analyses (soil samples), site surveys help to confirm
and complement the topographical and geological
findings.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The resistivity of a soil gives information on its ability to

promote the phenomenon of electro chemical corrosion
of a metal. It is a particularly significant parameter,
because:

it integrates virtually all the factors that influence

corrosivity (presence of salts, water, etc.),

it is very easy to measure on site (Wenner, or four

pins, method).

LO

The measurements are made along the provisional

pipeline route, at intervals dictated by the topography of
the terrain and the results obtained.

152

The lower the resistivity, the greater the soil corrosivity.

Where the resistivity measurements fall below 3000
ohms x cm, it is considered advisable to take a soil
sample at the laying depth and measure its resistivity (as
received and minimum) in the laboratory.

SOIL CORROSIVITY

Ductile iron
pipe protection

Experience accumulated by SADIP over several

decades has shown that a high percentage of
soils is only slightly or moderately corrosive, thus
permitting the use of SADIP pipes provided with
their basic external protection: zinc spray coating
+ bituminous paint (see ZINC).

Extra protection is needed in certains areas (see

POLYETHYLENE SLEEVING). These are soils where the
analysis described above has revealed high corrosivity.
They also include:
made-up ground, containing rubble, clinker or industrial
waste (frequent in urban and industrial areas),

peaty soils (even if there is only a single layer of

peat),

PD

ES
O
LU
TI
O

soil affected by stray currents (railways, direct current

industrial equipment, the proximity of cathodically
protected structures with defective insulating
coatings...).

soils containing mining waste (slag tips),

soils contaminated with industrial, agricultural or

sewage effluents, etc.

When passing through severely corrosive soils (sea

inlets, marshes, saline ground waters), the pipes must be
completely insulated in the highly corrosive section.

At customers request, SADIP technical teams

carry out soil surveys to evaluate their corrosivity
and to recommend the most suitable protection.

LO

153

SOIL LOADS (PIPE PERFORMANCE)

SOIL LOADS
(PIPE PERFORMANCE)

SAFETY FACTORS
FACTORS
DEPTH OF COVER

The various types of pipes can be divided into three categories,

depending on their performance:
rigid pipes,
flexible pipes,
semi-rigid pipes.
Ductile iron pipes are classed as semi-rigid. They provide
a good compromise between resistance to top loading and
vertical deflection, thus providing long term operational
security.

Resistance

Top loading

Resistance

The mechanical performance of a buried pipe can only

be understood by considering the pipe/soil system:
the interaction of the pipes with the surrounding soils
depends on their stiffness or flexibility, which induces
stresses under different laying conditions.

Ground level

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Pipe/soil system

PD

See also:

Pipes can be divided into three categories, according to

their resistance to external loading;
rigid pipes,

flexible pipes,

semi-rigid pipes.

Resistance

Ground level

Bending stresses
= bedding angle

asbestos

cement,

prestressed

Performance: rigid pipes only accept a very small

amount of ovality before they fail. The deformation is

insufficient to bring the side support resistance of the
backfill into play. All the soil top load is supported by
the pipe, inducing high bending stresses in the walls.

154

Examples:
concrete.

LO

Rigid pipes

Design criteria: usually maximum crushing load.

Consequences:

rigid pipes favour loads

concentration at the pipe crown and invert. The
performance of the rigid pipe/soil system is highly
dependent on the bedding angle () and therefore
on good bed preparation, particularly if there is any
vehicle loading.

SOIL LOADS
(PIPE PERFORMANCE)

Examples: plastics, steel...

Performance: flexible pipes withstand high vertical

Flexible pipes

Ground level

deflection without failure. The soil top load is therefore

simply balanced by the pipe side support provided by
the surrounding backfill.

Design criteria: maximum permissible ovality, or

maximum permissible bending stress; also resistance
to buckling.

Consequences: the stability of the flexible pipe/soil

Examples: ductile iron.

Performance: semi-rigid pipes sustain sufficient

Ground level

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

system is directly dependent on the capacity of the

backfill to develop passive side support resistance,
therefore on its modulus of passive soil resistance E
and consequently on the quality of the backfill and its
compaction.

Semi-rigid pipes

ovality for part of the soil top load to mobilise backfill

side support. The forces brought into play are
therefore passive sidefill support and internal bending
stresses in the pipe wall. The resistance to top loading
is therefore distributed between the resistance of
the pipe itself and that of the soil surround, the
contributions of each being a function of the ratio of
pipe and soil stiffness.

Design criteria: maximum permissible bending

Consequences: by distributing the forces

between the pipe and backfill, the semi-rigid
pipe/soil system provides security against any
changes in mechanical stressing with time, or
of the support conditions themselves.

LO

stress (in small diameters) or maximum permissible

ovality (for large diameters).

155

SOILS
(MECHANICAL PROPERTIES)

See also:

The data given below covers the generally accepted values for
soil characterization. It does not dispense with actual site or
laboratory measurements.

PD

DEPTH OF COVER
PIPE LAYING
LA
STEEP INCLINE
ANCHOR BLOCKS
JOINT - ANCHORING
SOIL LOADS (PIPE
PERFORMANCE)

SOILS (MECHANICAL PROPERTIES)

Average
characteristics
of commonly
encountered
soils

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The values indicated in the table are those generally

accepted for soil characterization. They allow the use of
certain simplified design formulae given in this catalogue,
or an appreciation of the extent of their validity.
They cannot replace
measurements.

actual

Dry/Wet

Type of
ground

laboratory

Submerged

degrees

t/m3

degrees

t/m3

40

35

1.1

Gravel, sands

35

1.9

30

1.1

Sand/gravel Silts/clays

30

25

1.1

Silts/clays

25

1.9

15

Humus organic clays/silts

15

1.8

W
LO

No average characteristics

: Angle of internal friction (in degrees)

: Density (in t/m3)

156

or

Fragmented rock

site

SOILS
(MECHANICAL PROPERTIES)

Type of backfill soil

Modulus of passive resistance E

Degree of compaction (Proctor)(e)

Classification(b)

Good
(>95 %)

MPa

MPa

MPa

MPa

CH
MH
CH - MH

Soil necessitating study and specific measurements

CL
ML
ML - CL
CL- CH
ML - MH
CL
ML
ML - CL
CL- CH
ML - MH

Coarse-grained soils with

fines containing more
than 12% fines

GM
GC
SM
SC(d)

Coarse-grained soils with

little or no fines containing
less than 12% fines

GW
GP
SW
SP(d)

0.4

1.4

0.7

14

1.4

14

Fine-grained soils (LL < 50%)

Soils with medium to no
plasticity. With more than 25%
coarse-grained particles

Average
(85% - 95%)

PD

Fine-grained soils (LL < 50%)

Soils with medium to no
plasticity. With less than 25%
coarse-grained particles

Low
(<85%)

Fine-grained soils (LL > 50%)(c)

Soils with medium to high
plasticity

Uncompacted

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Description

Mean values of
backfill modulus
of passive
resistance (E)(a)

Crushed rock

20

20

(a) US Bureau of Reclamation assessment, applicable to

non-rigid pipes
(b) ASTM/D 2487 classification

(c) LL = limit of water saturation (liquid limit)

(d) or all similar soils commencing with these symbols

(e) Proctor density degrees by method D 698, AASHOT99 (Maximum dry density of a standard 598000 J/m3
specimen)

ASTM D 2487 soil classification

LO

GW : Well-graded gravels, gravel-sand mixtures, little or

no fines

GP : Poorly graded gravels, gravel-sand mixtures, little

or no fines
GM : Silty gravels,
mixtures

poorly

graded

gravel-sand-silt

GC : Clayey gravels, poor graded gravel-sand-clay

mixtures

SW : Well-graded sands, gravelly sands, little or no

fines
SP : Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, little or no
fines
SM : Silty sands, poorly graded sand-silt mixtures

SC : Clayey sands, poorly graded sand-clay mixtures

ML : Inorganic silts and very fine sand, silty or clayey

fine sands
CL

: Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity

MH : Inorganic silts, micaceous or diatomaceous fine

sandy or silty soils, elastic silts
CH : Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays.

157

STANDARDS

STANDARDS

CERTIFICATES
QUALITY CONTROL

SADIP products comply with European, British and International

Standards.

Model for Quality Assurance in Production, Installation and Servicing.

ISO 2531

Ductile Iron Pipes, Fittings and Accessories for Pressure Pipelines.

BSEN 545

Ductile Iron Pipes, Fittings and Accessories and their joints for water
pipelines. Requirements and test methods.

ISO 4179

Ductile Iron Pipes for pressure and Non pressure Pipelines -Centrifugal
Cement Mortar Lining - General Requirements.

BS 4027

Specification for sulfate-resisting Portland cement. Requirements

for composition, strength, physical and chemical properties of three
strength classes.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

ISO 9001 -2008

W
LO

ISO 8179

158

for Potable Water

Standard
Specifications
for Quality
Control

PD

See also:

Ductile Iron Pipes - External Zinc Coating.

BS 3416

Specification for Bitumen based coatings for cold application, suitable

for use in contact with potable water.

ISO 4633

Rubber Seals - joint Rings for water supply, Drainage and Sewerage
Pipelines-Specs for materials.

BS 2494

Specification for elastomeric seals for joints in pipe work and pipelines.

ISO 8180

Ductile Iron Pipes-Polyethylene Sleeving.

ANSI/AWWA
C105/A21.5-10

AWWA Standard for polyethylene encasement for ductile Iron Pipe

Systems

BS EN 1092-2

Flanges and their joints. Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings &
accessories PN designated. Cast Iron Flanges

ISO 7005-2

Metallic Flanges - Part 2 Cast Iron Flanges

ISO 4014

Hexagon head bolts - Produced grades A&B

ISO 4032

Hexagon Nuts, Style 1 - Produced grades A&B

STANDARDS

for Sewage Application

ISO 7186

Ductile Iron Product for sewage application

BSEN - 598

Ductile iron Pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for sewerage
applications - Requirements and test methods.

ISO 4633

Rubber Seals - joint Rings for water suppy, Drainage and Sewerage
Pipelines-Specs. for materials.

Standard
Specifications
for Quality
Control

for Gas Application

Ductile iron Pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for gas Pipelines
- Requirements and test methods.

ISO 6447

Rubber Seals - joint Rings used for gas supply, pipes and fittings
specifications for materials.

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

BSEN - 969

159

STORAGE - JOINT GASKETS

ELASTOMERS

Certain precautions need to be taken when storing gaskets,

because of their characteristics. These mainly concern:
the storage temperature,
the humidity or dryness of the storage atmosphere,
exposure to light,
length of storage

PD

See also:

STORAGE - JOINT GASKETS

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Standards ISO 2230 give detailed recommendations

on gasket storage, for conserving their properties and
performance.

Storage
temperature

The storage temperature must be below 25C.

LO

Gaskets must not be deformed at low temperature. Before

use, their temperature must be brought up to about 20C
over several hours, to allow them to recover their original
suppleness (e.g. by immersion in tepid water).

160

STORAGE - JOINT GASKETS

Humidity/
dryness of the
storage
atmosphere

Elastomers are sensitive to ultra-violet light and ozone.

Stored gaskets must therefore be screened from light
(direct sunlight and artificial light).

Exposure to
light

SADIP considers acceptable to use normal joint gaskets

and flat gaskets stored under the conditions* stipulated
in Standards ISO 2230, within a period of six years
following manufacture.

Storage period

PD

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

(* storage conditions for vulcanized elastomers).

Vulcanized elastomeric SADIP joint gaskets must be

stored under moderately humid conditions.

161

STORAGE - PIPES

STORAGE - PIPES

See also:

HANDLING
TRANSPORT
PACKING

Storage of pipes and fittings on site must permit correct

inventory control and facilitate any repair work.

Basic
instructions

The storage area must be level.

Avoid:

marshy ground,
shifting soils,

corrosive soils.

Deliveries must be inspected on arrival to the storage

area and if there is any damage (e.g. internal or
external coating damage), it must be repaired before
going into stock.

PD

Stack the pipes in homogeneous piles (same

diameter), in accordance with a rational storage plan.
The same applies for fittings and accessories.

Use sufficiently strong, good quality hard woods

(timbers, wedges).

ES
O
LU
TI
O

It is always desirable to reduce the storage time as

much as possible.
Precautions need to be taken if the pipes have special
coatings. Please consult us.

Stacking

Bundle stacking

LO

The bundles supplied by SADIP can be stacked in a pile

on 80 X 80 X 2 600 mm timbers, with 3 or 4 bundles per
row, not exceeding a stack height of 2.50 m.
Check the condition of the bundles periodically; in
particular, the condition and tautness of the straps, as
well as the general stack stability.
n

Pyramid stack, socket to spigot (Case 1)

In practice, this is the method of most interest from the

point of view of safety, cost of supporting materials and
the ratio of the number of pipes stored to stack volume.
This method, however, necessitates end-lifting by means
of hooks (see HANDLING); use of multiple hooks allows
lifting of several pipes simultaneously.
Bottom layer: the bottom layer is laid on two timbers,
arranged in parallel, one being 1 m from the socket end
and the other 1 m from the spigot end. The pipes are also
parallel with one another. The sockets touch and are not
in contact with the ground. The pipes at the two ends are
secured at the sockets and spigots with large wooden
wedges nailed to the timbers. The intermediate pipes are
only secured at the spigot end, using smaller wedges.
Upper layers: the upper layers consist of pipes laid
alternately socket to spigot, with all the sockets in one
tier overhanging the spigot ends of the tier below, by
the length of the socket plus 10 cm (to prevent spigot
deformation). The barrels of two consecutive tiers are in
contact.

162

STORAGE - PIPES

Uniform stack, sockets at same end (Case 2)

Bottom layer: the bottom layer is identical to the case

above.
Upper layers: the pipes are in line vertically. Each tier is
separated by timbers slightly thicker than the difference
in diameter (socket-barrel).
The end of pipes in each tier are secured by wedges
nailed to the timbers. This method allows all types
of lifting (end-hooks, slings around the barrels, forklift
trucks).

Square stacks (Case 3)

PD

Bottom layer: laying and wedging of the bottom layer

is identical to the first method, but the pipes are socket
to spigot; their barrels are in contact. In addition, the
sockets project beyond the spigots of adjacent pipes by
the whole socket length, plus 5 cm. For DN 150 pipes
stacking is on three timbers (instead of 2).

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Upper layers: each tier consists of parallel pipes laid

socket to spigot, as in the bottom layer. The pipes in
one tier run at right angles to those in the tier below.
The pipe ends are consequently wedged naturally by
the alternating sockets in the tier below. This method
keeps the packing material to a minimum, but involves
individual lifting of pipes because of the stack formation.
It is strongly recommended however that it should not be
used for pipes with special coatings, in view of the type
of support (point contacts).

Depending on the type of stacking, pipe class and DN,

it is recommended that the values below should not be
exceeded.

Stack height

DN

LO

Maximum number of tiers as a function of stack formation

Case 1

K7

Cases 2 and 3

K8

K9

K7

K8

K9

80

70

30

100

58

27

150

40

22

200

31

18

250

25

16

300

21

14

350

18

12

400

16

11

450

14

10

500

12

600

10

700

800

900

1000

163

TRANSPORT

See also:

Some simple loading and securing rules must be observed to

minimize the risk of accidents during transport.

PD

HANDLING
STORAGE - PIPES
PACKING

TRANSPORT

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Vehicles must be suitable for transporting, loading and

unloading ductile iron pipes and fittings. The following
basic rules must be observed:
Prevent any contact between the pipeline components
and metal surfaces (to avoid coating damage).

Prevent any direct pipe contact with the bottom of

the trailer (keep the pipes horizontal with two parallel
rows of good quality timbers fastened to the floor).

LO

Facilitate pipe loading and unloading under safe

conditions (use textile slings or protected hooks; do
not use wire ropes).
Ensure the load is in good order during transport.

Use vehicles and trailers equipped with side supports

to stabilize the load (adequately sized stanchions on
either side of the floor).
Secure the load with textile straps and a tautening
device.

Please consult us for further details on the recommended

handling methods, etc., depending on the means of
transport.
Particular precautions are needed in the case of special
coatings: Please consult us.

164

TRANSPORT

Bundle lifting

DN 60 to 300 bundles are unloaded with flat textile

slings.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Stringing out

Unless specified otherwise, string the pipes out along

the trench side opposite the excavated material, with
the sockets pointing in the direction of laying (spigot
end directed towards start of laying).
Avoid:

dragging the pipes on the ground, as this risks

damaging the external coating,

dropping pipes to the ground, even with tyres or

sand interposed,

LO

stringing out pipes in areas of risk : e.g. machines

passing frequently, use of explosives (risk of flying
stones).
depositing pipes on large stones, or precariously
balanced.

165

WATER - AGGRESSIVE

WATER - AGGRESSIVE

See also:

Waters conveyed through pipe systems can have very different

physico-chemical properties.
A water can be characterized by its corrosivity (propensity
to attack exposed metals) and its aggressivity (to cement
based materials). SADIP pipes are internally protected with
linings which enable them to carry the various types of waters
encountered.

PD

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The behaviour of a water towards ferrous metals

and cement based products depends on a number of
factors: the mineral salts and oxygen contents, electrical
conductivity, pH, calcium carbonate equilibrium, temperature, etc.
Two main types of waters have to be considered:

corrosive waters, capable of attacking unprotected

metal,

LO

Corrosive
waters

aggressive waters, capable of attacking cement based

materials.
n

Definition

Certain waters attack metal pipes which are uncoated

internally. In most cases the corrosion is due to the
oxygen contained in the water. The chemical reactions
produce ferrous, then ferric hydroxides, forming nodules
and tuberculation which can eventually reduce the pipe
cross section and significantly increase head loss.

Reality of the problem

This phenomenon is encountered in old mains

having no mortar lining. SADIP ductile iron pipes
are lined with cement mortar, which eliminates
this risk.

It should be noted that corrosion by potable waters

is generally a slow process. The potability Standards
recommend the distribution of non-corrosive, nonaggressive waters, thus guaranteeing both the
permanence of the water quality and the protection of
pipelines and public and private installations.

166

WATER - AGGRESSIVE

Aggressive
waters

Definition

The aggressivity of a water is defined as its propensity

to attack calcium containing substances (e.g. cements).
Depending on the chemical analysis, mineral content, pH
and temperature of the water, three cases can occur:
waters in calco-carbonic equilibrium neither cause
attack, nor calcium carbonate deposition at a given
temperature,
scale depositing waters have a tendency to deposit
calcium salts (carbonates...) on the pipe inner
surface,

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Aggressivity determination is based on water analysis,

either by means of graphs which indicate the position
of the water examined in relation to the equilibrium
curve, or more simply by a computer program. This
method allows rapid characterization of the water, in
particular at different temperatures, and allows the free
CO2 content and characteristic indices to be calculated,
e.g. the LANGELIER saturation index, which gives the
difference between the actual pH value of the water and
the saturation pH value.

PD

Determination

aggressive waters can attack certain components

of calcium containing cement mortars (lime, calcium
carbonates, calcium silicates or silico-aluminates).

Reality of the phenomenon

Water quality recommendations tend increasingly

towards improvement of potable waters quality by
demanding that these waters shall be neither aggressive
nor corrosive.

LO

However, given the wide variety of waters supplied, it is

possible to encounter low mineral content waters (soft
waters), which can attack materials in contact with them,
just like corrosive and/or aggressive waters.
SADIP has computer programs for water aggressivity
assessment to help select the best type of internal
lining.

167

WATER DEMAND / RESOURCES

WATER DEMAND /
RESOURCES

See also:

The design of a system must take into account:

the water demand, estimated by statistical or analytical
methods,
the water resources, determined from the appropriate
hydrogeological and hydrological data for each region.

PD

DIAMETER (SELECTION)

V
Volume

Assessment of
water demands

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The volume of water needed to supply a community

depends on:
the size and types of localities being served,

the municipal, agricultural and industrial demands,

the practices of the population.

In general, the following mean daily consumptions are

assumed per head of population:

LO

rural communities: 130 to 180 litres (excluding

agricultural requirements),
medium size communities: 200 to 250 litres (including
municipal requirements),

towns: 300 to 450 litres (including municipal

requirements), possibly more in urban areas.
It is advisable in all cases to design the water trunk and
distribution systems taking into account the prospects for
long term urban development in the area.
The presence of communal buildings or industrial
type units must be taken into account. The average
requirements for common examples are:
schools: 100 litres per pupil per day,

slaughter houses: 500 litres per head of livestock,

dairies, butter and cheese making: 5 litres per litre of

processed milk,
hospitals: 400 litres per bed per day,

wine making: 2 litres per litre of product,

fire fighting: a minimum reserve of 120 m3, capable

of supplying a DN 100 hydrant for 2 hours. Some
fire fighting departments may have additional
requirements.

168

industry: each case has to be studied separately.

WATER DEMAND /
RESOURCES

It is essential to provide a safety margin, to take into

account (a) the oversights and the inaccuracies which
may affect the estimates and (b) the effective yield of the
system, which is defined as:
Volume metered

y=

Volume supplied

Net requirement
Gross water requirement =
K
sec x Kcol
y
n

Flow rate

ES
O
LU
TI
O

where:

Vd Av.
3/h)
Qp = Kd x Kh xx (m
24

VdAv. =

V annual (m3)
365

: average daily consumption

throughout the year

Kh =

Vh max
Vd max

: hourly peak coefficient

Kd =

Vd max
Vd Av.

x 24

PD

Flow requirements are assessed as daily and hourly

peaks. A distribution system is usually designed to carry
the hourly peak demand.

Communities (large number of consumers)

: daily peak coefficient

Vhmax : volume used during hour of greatest consumption on the day of highest consumption
(m3/hour)

LO

Vdmax : volume used on the day of highest consumption during the year (m3/day).
Communal dwellings (small number of consumers)
Flow requirements are not calculated on the basis of the
number of consumers but on the basis of the number
of items of equipment (washbasins, sinks, W.Cs etc),
weighted by a coefficient of simultaneous usage:
Q = k.n.q.
where:
q : unit flow of a piece of equipment
n : number of items of equipment (n > l)
1
k=
: probability coefficient of simultaneous usage
n-1
(not significant for large values of n).

169

WATER DEMAND /
RESOURCES

Simple example n 1

Assumptions

Semi-rural community:

present village: 1 500 inhabitants

future housing developments: 1 000 inhabitants
(anticipating next 25 years)

Annual volume metered

Estimated system yield

: 75 000 m3
: y = 75%

Estimated peak coefficients : Kd = 2.5; Kh = 1.8

Calculations and results

Future annual volume:

Va future
148 000
= = = 1.97
Va annual
75 000

Kcol

PD

Vafuture = 75 000 + (0.2 x 1 000 x 365) = 148 000 m3

(estimated daily consumption per person: 200 1)

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Allowance for uncertainty of data: 20% (Ksec = 1.2)

Gross annual requirement :

Va
B = x Kcol x Ksec = 236 000 m3
y

Future average daily flow:

LO

236 000
QdAv.f = = 647m3
365

170

Future peak hourly flow:

Q
Qp = Kd x Kh x dAv.f = 121 m3/h
24
In this example a supply main for the village should
be designed to provide a delivery of 121 m3/h, looking
ahead for 25 years.

WATER DEMAND /
RESOURCES

Simple example n 2

Assumptions

Communal dwelling:

10 flats

7 items of equipment / flat

average unit flow per item: 0.1 l/s

Calculations and results

The booster pump supplying this building, for example,
must provide a flow Q = k.n.q where:
1
k = = 0.12

PD

(7 x 10) - 1

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Q = 0.1 x 70 x 0.12 = 0.84 l/s

Water can be collected from subsurface sources (aquifers,

springs), or surface sources (rivers, lakes, dams etc).

In all cases a precise study needs to be made of

the hydrology, hydrography and hydrogeology of the
catchment areas, the yield from which may vary very
considerably throughout the year.

Water resource
evaluation

LO

A series of gauge measurements of springs and rivers, or

pumping tests on subsurface waters, carried out over a
long period, enables a statistical assessment of changes
in flow to be made. From those figures, it is then possible
to assess the quantity of available water, particularly
during dry seasons.
Where the flow of a river is inadequate (low levels), a
reservoir has to be created by construction of a barrage
or earth dam.
If no measurements are available, the flow of a river can
be estimated at its outlet by various methods related to
the morphology and hydrology of its catchment basin.

171

WATER HAMMER

WATER HAMMER

See also:

During the design of a pipeline, the possible risk of water

hammer must be examined and quantified, in order to install the
necessary protection devices, particularly in pumping mains.
If protection devices have not been provided, ductile iron pipes
have a safety coefficient which is often useful when faced with
accidental pressure surges.

PD

SAFETY FACTORS
FACTORS
PRESSURES - MAXIMUM
PERMISSIBLE
DIAMETER (SELECTION)
PIPELINE PROFILE
ENGINEERING DATA
DA

Sources of
water hammer

ES
O
LU
TI
O

If the flow rate of a liquid in a main is abruptly altered,

there is a violent change in pressure. This transient
problem, known as water hammer, generally occurs when
ancillary equipment is interrupted or operated (pumps,
valves...). Waves of pressure surges and pressure drops
sweep through the main.
Water hammer can occur equally well in gravity and
pumping mains.
There are four main sources of water hammer:

LO

pump starting and stopping,

Consequences

closing of valves, fire and sluicing hydrants, etc.

the presence of air,
inadequate functioning of the protective equipment.

The pressure surges involved can rupture certain pipes

in critical cases, where the safety factors are inadequate.
The pressure drops can create pockets of cavitation,
prejudicial to pipes and valves, etc.

It should also be noted that ductile iron has a high

safety margin:

surges: SADIP allows a 20% excess over the maximum

permissible pressure for transient pressure surges;
see PRESSURES - MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
pressure drops: the joint guarantees a seal against
external ingress, even in the case of partial vacuum
in the main.

When the expected pressure variations are too important,

the pipeline may be equipped with water hammer
protection devices: compensatory water column, surge
tank, etc.

172

PD

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The surge tank volume can be determined from the

PUECH and MEUNIER graphs, or from computer
programs.

The pipeline profile is the determinant factor in deciding

the tank dimensions. In practice, the minimum pressure
drop curve (after installing protection devices) must not
fall more than five metres below the actual profile of the
main.

WATER HAMMER

173

WELDING (ANCHOR BEAD)

See also:

SADIP anchoring systems require a weld bead on the pipe

spigot. If a pipe is cut off on site, a new bead must be applied.

PD

JOINT - ANCHORED ST
STANDARD/
ANDARD/
TRIDUCT
CUTTING PIPE
REPAIR - EXTERNAL COA
COATING

WELDING (ANCHOR BEAD)

Material
required

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Electric welding unit: static, rotary or continuous, able

to deliver 150 amperes minimum.
Welders tackle.

Electric or pneumatic grinder.

Nickel-iron electrodes: brands recommended by

SADIP:
GRICAST 31 3.2 from MESSER GRIESHEIM,
UTP 86 FN/5 3.2 from DOGA,

LO

XUPER 2230 3.2 from CASTOLIN.

174

Copper guide ring (one per DN) for bead deposition,

having the characteristics given in the table below:

WELDING (ANCHOR BEAD)

Copper guide ring

DN

Holding lugs

BOLTS

dl

Mass

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

96

25

0.630

100

116

25

0.700

125

142

25

40

12.5

80/50

0.790

150

168

25

0.890

200

220

25

1.100

250

271

35

1.700

300

323

35

1.900

350

375

35

627

35

40

12.5

80/50

2.200

400

2.600

450

477

35

2.700

500

528

35

3.200

600

631

50

4.900

700

734

50

800

837

50

900

940

50

1000

1043

50

Surface preparation for welding

PD

80

5.600

40

12.5

80/50

6.400

7.000

7.800

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Ring

Procedure

LO

Mark the weld bead position on the spigot with the aid
of the copper ring.

Carefully grind the area for bead deposition over a

width of:
25 mm for DN < 1400

30 to 35 mm for DN 1400.
The grinding must not affect the pipe thickness.

175

WELDING (ANCHOR BEAD)

Position and clamp the copper ring behind the weld

position, paying attention to dimension a (in following
table).
The ring must fit the pipe snugly. Tap
T
it lightly with a
hammer if necessary to obtain a good fit.

Weld bead deposition

It is important to keep to the b and c bead

dimensions in the table.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Deposit the weld bead against the copper ring, to give

a flat face vertical to the pipe surface. The bead must
be applied in a single pass by an experienced welder
(for DN 1 200), using 3.2 mm diameter electrodes.

LO

Work preferably between marks A and B. Keep to this

working area by rotating the pipe.

External coating repair

After cleaning and brushing the weld bead, brushapply solvent free epoxy on the bead as well as on
the chamfer (if the pipe has been cut)

176

(Endokote 465-21, 465-30, or equivalent).

WELDING (ANCHOR BEAD)

Dimensions
and bead
location

Tolerance

Nominal

Tolerance

Nominal

Tolerance

Nr of passes

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

100

90

125

95

150

95

200

100

250

110

300

115

350

114

400

113

450

120

500

125

600

135

700

158

800

165

900

178

1000

204

LO

3.5

85

ES
O
LU
TI
O

80

Nominal

DN

PD

177

WORKS TESTING

See also:

PRESSURES (TERMINOLOGY)
MANUFACTURE
STANDARDS

Every SADIP pipe and fitting undergoes a works internal

pressure test, in accordance with International Standards.
The only purpose of this hydraulic pressure test is to check
the integrity of the castings: the maximum allowable service
pressures may be higher than the works test pressure (see
PRESSURES-MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE).

Socket pipes

Works hydraulic test pressure (bars)

DN

80 to 300
600

700

K8

K9

60

50

40

50

40

40

32

40

40

PD

350 to 500

K7

WORKS TESTING

ES
O
LU
TI
O

800 to 1000

Every pipe is subjected to a works hydraulic pressure

test at the pressure indicated in the table above.
Standards ISO 2531.

Socket fittings

DN

LO

178

80 to 1800

Leaktightness test

Air test at a minimum of 1 bar

Checked with foaming agent or
water immersion

Every fitting is subjected to an air test of at least 1

bar.
Standards ISO 2531.

WORKS TESTING

DN

Mechanical pressure
strength

Integral
flanges
700 to 1600

Welded-on

flanges
60 to 1400

Flanged pipes

Leak test

1 bar air test for 30 s.

Checked with
foaming agent
Hydraulic works
test at 1.5 PN

1 bar air test for 1 min.

Checked with
foaming agent

Checked individually in the works in accordance with

the above criteria.
Standards ISO 2531.

80 to 1800

1 bar air test for 30 s.

Checked with foaming agent

Every fitting is subjected to a 1 bar air test.

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Standards ISO 2531.

Flanged fittings

PD

Leaktightness test

DN

179

ZINC

ZINC

The SADIP pipe coating consists of a layer of sprayed metallic

zinc, covered with bituminous paint (pore-sealer).
It is an active coating, suitable for the majority of soils.
Standards: ISO 8179

See also:

The zinc coating comprises:

A layer of metallic zinc applied by electric arc spray

gun (minimum quantity: 200 g/m2, which represents a
50% increase over the International Standards, which
prescribed 130 g/m2),

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Coating
composition

PD

COATINGS - EXTERNAL
SOIL CORROSIVITY
POLYETHYLENE SLEEVING

A bituminous paint finish (pore-sealer), average

thickness120 microns.

Zinc coating is an active protection, due to the galvanic

action of the zinc/iron couple. It performs by a dual
mechanism:

LO

Protection
mechanism

Pore-sealer

Formation of a stable protective layer

In contact with soil, the metallic zinc is slowly

transformed into a dense, adherent, impermeable
continuous layer of zinc salts.

The bituminous paint (pore-sealer) acts as a membrane,

favouring the formation of insoluble zinc salts rather than
soluble zinc hydroxides.

180

Metallic zinc

Pipe wall

Zinc

Zinc corrosion
products
Zn++ions

current i

iron
Damage

Damage self-healing

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The Zn++ ions migrate through the pore-sealer to plug

the damage and are then converted into stable insoluble
zinc products.

PD

One of the particular features of external zinc

coating is its capacity for restoring the continuity
of the protective layer at points where it is locally
damaged.

This mechanism occurs first.

Since zinc based coating has shown itself to

be very effective in the majority of moderately
corrosive soils, SADIP has adopted it as the
standard coating for all its pipes.

Usage range

LO

There are however certain circumstances where the zinc

coating needs to be supplemented with polyethylene
sleeving.
(see POLYETHYLENE SLEEVING):

in cases where the protective layer of zinc salts

cannot form (acidic environments, pH < 5), or when
the salts formed are carried away by flowing water.
and, in general, in cases of very corrosive soils and
backfills. See SOIL CORROSIVITY.

In cases of extremely corrosive soils, complete shielding

of the main is recommended, limited to the highly
corrosive area.

SADIP technical teams carry out soil surveys at

customers request, in order to recommend the
most suitable external protection.

ISO 8179: Ductile iron pipes: external zinc

coating.

Standards
181

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PRODUcT
DaTa

PD

PRODUC

182

CT DaTa
JOinTS

Page

DN
D
N

80

to 1
1000
000

184

Anchored Standard/Anchored Triduct

DN

80

to 1000

186

Express

DN

80

to

800

187

Flange Joint PN10, PN16, PN 25, PN40,

DN

80

to 1200

188

BS 10- Table E Flange Joint

DN

80

to

600

192

PN 20 Flange Joint (ANSI 125 -150)

DN

80

to

350

193

Standard/Triduct

PD

PiPeS

DN

80

to 1000

194

DN

80

to

800

195

DN

80

to 1200

196

DN

80

to 1200

198

DN

80

to 1200

206

DN

80

to 1200

212

Flange branch on Double Socket Tees

DN

80

to 1200

214

All Flange Tees

DN

80

to 1200

226

Express K9 Pipes

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Flanged Pipes - Welded, Integrally Cast Flanges

Standard K9 Pipes Anchored Standard K9 pipes

BenDS

Double Socket Bend -90, 45, 22.5, 11.25

Double Flange Bend -90, Duct Foot, 45, 22.5, 11.25

TeeS

LO

All Socket Tees

ReDUcTiOn anD caPPing FiTTing

Double Socket Taper

DN

80

to 1200

234

Double Flange Taper

DN

80

to 1200

236

Reducing Flanges - Blank Flange

DN 200

to 1200

240

STRaigHT FiTTingS

Collars - Flange Socket

DN

80

to 1200

244

Flange Spigot - Pipe Blocks

DN

80

to 1200

248

Flange Pipes with Puddle

DN

80

to 1200

256

cOnnecTing anD RePaiR PieceS

Couplings Flange Adaptors Dismantling Joints

DN

80

to 1200

258
183

JOinTS

JOinTS

Standard Joint
Dn 80 to 1000

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Standard
Dn 80 to 1000

OD

ID

Gasket
mass

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

80

98

101

90

168

0.140

100

118

121

92

189

0.200

125

144

147

95

216

0.240

150

170

173

98

243

0.290

200

222

225

104

296

0.380

250

274

277

104

353

0.500

300

326

329

105

410

0.710

350

378

381

108

465

0.900

400

429

432

110

517

1.100

450

480

483

113

575

1.320

500

532

535

115

630

1.540

600

635

638

120

739

2.160

700

738

741

145

863

2.870

800

842

845

145

974

3.670

900

945

948

145

1082

4.610

1000

1048

1051

155

1191

5.590

LO

Nominal
diameter
DN

184

JOinTS

triduct Joint

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Triduct
Dn 80 to 1000

ID

OD

LO

Nominal
diameter
DN

Gasket
mass

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

80

98

101

84

168

0.140

100

118

121

88

189

0.165

125

144

147

91

216

0.200

150

170

173

94

243

0.235

200

222

225

100

296

0.390

250

274

277

105

353

0.510

300

326

329

110

410

0.715

350

378

381

110

465

0.830

400

429

432

110

517

1.150

450

480

483

120

575

1.300

500

532

535

120

630

1.700

600

635

638

120

739

2.400

700

738

741

150

863

3.500

800

842

845

160

974

4.900

900

945

948

175

1082

6.200

1000

1048

1051

185

1191

7.800

185

JOinTS

anchored Standard Joint

anchored triduct Joint

186

mm

STANDARD TRIDUCT

Bolt

Number

Masses

Diameter
Length

Gland

Ring

mm

kg

kg

Gasket
STANDARD TRIDUCT

OD

mm

mm

mm

90

84

234

3.500

0.550

0.140

0.140

92

88

255

4.800

0.480

0.200

0.165

LO

Nominal
diameter
DN

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

anchored
nchored
Standard
anchored
nchored
Triduct
Dn 80 to 1000

kg

kg

80

98

100

118

125

144

95

91

285

D2

7.900

0.680

0.240

0.200

150

170

98

94

311

22 x 70

7.500

0.930

0.290

0.235

200

222

104

100

364

9.500

1.500

0.380

0.390

250

274

104

105

457

21

2.800

0.500

0.510

300

326

105

110

516

28

3.700

0.710

0.715

350

378

108

110

570

28.500

4.500

0.900

0.830

400

429

110

110

618

10

36

4.500

1.100

1.150

450

480

113

120

671

14

41

5.500

1.320

1.300

500

532

115

120

734

16

58

6.700

1.540

1.700

600

635

120

120

840

20

63.500

9.600

2.160

2.400

700

738

145

150

958

24

109

14.600

2.870

3.500

D7
27 x 102

800

842

160

1069

30

4.900

945

175

1178

30

115
27
27 x 123 150

11.200

900

13.600

6.200

1000

1048

185

1286

30

188

15.300

7.800

per bolt
kg

0.350

0.750

0.920

JOinTS

eXPreSS Joint

80

mm
98

ID

Bolt

mm

mm

mm

101

90

249

OD

LO

Nominal
diameter
DN

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

express
xpress
Dn 80 to 800

Number

Masses
Diameter
Length

Gland

Gasket

Per
bolt

mm

kg

kg

kg

2.7

0.075

2.9

0.105

3.2

0.145

0.170

100

118

121

92

270

125

144

147

95

290

D2

150

170

173

98

324

22 x 70

200

222

225

104

364

0.250

250

274

277

104

417

6.2

0.310

300

326

329

105

474

0.440

350

378

381

108

529

0.570

400

429

432

110

582

11

0.640

450

480

483

113

669

16.5

0.810

500

532

535

115

725

10

19.5

0.900

600

635

638

120

836

12

D7

26

1.300

700

738

741

145

955

16

27 x 102

38

3.140

800

842

845

145

1068

18

47

4.070

D4

31 x 80

0.350

0.750

187

JOinTS

Pn 10 flanged Joint

Pn 10 flange
Dn 80 to 1200

Dn 80 to 600

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Dn 700 TO 1200

Bolt

mm

mm

80

200

132

100

220

156

125

250

184

150

285

200

340

250

400

300

188

mm

mm

LO

Number

23.0

23.0

Nominal
diameter
DN

24.5

211

26.0

266

29.0

319

32.0

455

370

36.0

350

505

429

39.0

400

565

482

42.0

450

615

527

45.0

500

670

582

48.0

600

780

682

55.0

700

895

794

32.5

24

800

1015

901

35.0

24

900

1115

1001

37.5

1000

1230

1112

40.0

1100

1340

1221

42.5

1200

1455

1328

45.0

12

16

20

28
32

Masses

Dimension
HM L / X

Bolt

Plain
gasket

Reinforced
gasket

mm

kg

kg

kg

HM 16 x 85/57

0.196

HM 16 x 90/62

0.198

HM 20 x 100/72

0.355

HM 20 x 110/76
HM 20 x 120/83

0.032

0.140

0.040

0.170

0.050

0.200

0.060

0.240

0.085

0.310

0.381

0.115

0.440

0.411

0.125

0.560

HM 20 x 130/93

0.433

0.240

0.890

HM 24 x 140/103

0.698

0.250

1.005

HM 24 x 130/93

0.655

0.260

1.100

HM 24 x 150/110

0.733

0.310

1.235

HM 27 x 170/122

1.055

0.370

1.800

HM 27 x 150/105

0.975

0.610

2.040

HM 30 x 160/110

1.335

0.790

2.845

0.880

3.155

HM 33 x 180/117

1.806

1.080

3.500

HM 33 x 160/100

1.680

1.250

4.540

HM 36 x 180/110

2.260

1.560

4.945

JOinTS

Pn 16 flanged Joint

Pn 16 flange
Dn 80 to 1200

Dn 80 to 600

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Dn 700 to 1200

Bolt

mm

mm

200

132

220

156

125

250

184

150

285

200

340

250

mm

mm

LO

Number

23.0
23.0

80
100

Nominal
diameter
DN

24.5

211

26.0

266

29.0

400

319

32.0

300

455

370

36.0

350

520

429

39.0

400

580

482

42.0

450

640

527

45.0

500

715

582

48.0

600

840

682

55.0

700

910

794

39.5

800

1025

901

43.0

900

1125

1001

46.5

1000

1125

1112

50.0

1100

1355

1215

53.5

1200

1485

1328

57.0

Masses

Dimension
HM L / X

Bolt

Plain
gasket

Reinforced
gasket

mm

kg

kg

kg

HM 16 x 85/57

0.196

16

20

24
5

28
32

0.140

0.040

0.170

0.050

0.200

0.060

0.240

0.085

0.310

0.115

0.440

0.125

0.560

0.240

0.890

HM 16 x 90/62

0.198

HM 20 x 100/72

0.355

HM 24 x 110/82

0.586

HM 24 x 130/93

0.655

HM 27 x 150/105

0.975

0.250

1.005

HM 27 x 130/90

0.885

0.350

1.100

HM 30 x 160/110

1.335

0.460

1.235

HM 33 x 180/117

1.806

0.600

1.800

HM 33 x 150/100

1.605

0.610

2.040

HM 36 x 160/92

2.100

0.790

2.845

0.880

3.155

HM 39 x 180/105

2.743

1.080

3.500

HM 45 x 210/115

4.081

1.250

4.540

1.560

4.945

12

0.032

189

JOinTS

Pn 25 flanged Joint

Pn 25 flange
Dn 80 to 1200

Dn 80 to 600

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Dn 700 to 1200

190

mm

mm

mm

Bolt

Nominal
diameter
DN

mm
200

132

235

156

125

270

184

150

300

200

360

250

LO

80
100

Masses

Dimension
HM L / X

Bolt

Reinforced
gasket

mm

kg

kg

23

HM 16 x 85/57

0.196

0.140

23

HM 20 x 100/72

0.355

0.170

24.5

211

26

266

29

425

319

32

300

485

370

36

350

555

429

39

400

620

482

42

450

670

527

45

500

730

582

48

600

845

682

55

700

960

820

46.5

800

1085

928

51

900

1185

1028

55.5

1000

1320

1140

60.0

1100

1420

1242

64.5

1200

1530

1350

69.0

Number

8
3

0.200
HM 24 x 110/82

0.586

0.310

12

16
4
20

24
5

0.440

HM 27 x 130/90

0.885

HM 30 x 140/93

1.226

HM 33 x 150/100

1.605

HM 33 x 160/100

1.672

1.235

HM 36 x 180/110

2.260

1.800

HM 39 x 180/105

2.743

2.040

HM 45x 190/110

3.861

28
32

0.240

0.560
0.890
1.005
1.100

2.845
3.155
3.500

HM 52 x 230/130

6.028

4.540
4.946

JOinTS

Pn 40 flanged Joint

Bolt

mm

mm

mm

mm

80

200

132

100

235

125
150

Nominal
diameter
DN

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Pn 40 Flange
Dn 80 to 300

Masses

Dimension
HM L / X

Bolt

Reinforced
gasket

mm

kg

kg

23

HM 16 x 85/57

0.196

0.140

156

23

HM 20 x 100/72

0.355

0.170

270

184

24.5

300

211

26

HM 24 x 110/82

0.586

200

375

266

33

HM 27 x 130/90

0.885

250

450

345

37

300

515

409

42

HM 30 x 140/93

1.226

Number

12
4

16

0.200
0.240
0.310
0.440
0.560

191

JOinTS

BS 10 - taBle e flanged Joint

BS 10 - e Flange
Dn 80 to 600

Dn 100 to 400 and Dn 600

192

Bolt

Masses

mm

mm

mm

mm

80

184.1

132

19

100

215.2

156

23

150

279.4

211

26

3/4 x 3 1/2 x 2

0.337

0.060

200

336.6

266

29

3/4 x 3 1/2 x 2

0.337

0.085

250

406.4

319

32

12

3/4 x 4 1/2 x 2 1/4

0.460

0.115

300

457.2

370

36

12

7/8 x 4 1/2 x 2 1/4

0.700

0.125

350

527

429

39

12

7/8 x 4 1/2 x 2 1/4

0.700

0.240

400

578

482

42

12

7/8 x 4 1/2 x 2 1/4

0.700

0.250

500

705

582

31.5

16

7/8 x 4 1/2 x 2 1/4

0.700

0.310

600

825

682

55

16

1 1/8 x 6 1/2 x 5

1.300

0.370

Nominal
diameter
DN

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Dn 80 and Dn 500

Dimension
HM L / X

Bolt

Plain
gasket

inch

kg

kg

5/8 x 3 x 1 1/2

0.173

0.032

5/8 x 3 x 1 1/2

0.173

0.040

Number

JOinTS

Pn 20 flanged Joint (anSi 125-150)

Nominal
diameter
DN

D
mm

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Pn 20 flange
(anS
Si 125-150)
Dn 80 to 350

Bolt

mm

mm

mm

Number

Masses

Dimension
HM L / X

Bolt

Plain
gasket

inch

kg

kg

80

190

132

23

HM 16 X 85/57

0.196

0.032

100

229

156

23

HM 16 X 85/57

0.196

0.040

125

254

184

24.5

HM 20 X 100/72

0.355

0.050

150

279

211

26

HM 20 X 100/72

0.355

0.060

200

343

266

29

HM 20 X 100/72

0.355

0.085

250

405

319

32

12

HM 24 X 110/82

0.586

0.125

300

483

370

36

12

HM 24 X 110/82

0.586

0.240

350

533

429

39

12

HM 27 X 130/90

0.885

0.250

Note: See page 55.

193

PiPeS

PiPeS

Socket PiPeS

Standard k 9 PiPeS - anchored Standard

k 9 PiPeS

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Standard
anchored
nchored
Standard
Dn 80 to 1000

STANDARD joint pipes are available in two versions:

unrestrained (all DNs),
self-anchored (DN 80 to 1000).

Pipes with ANCHORED STANDARD joint have an anchor bead welded at works.
The metric masses are calculated from the average manufacturing lengths.

These metric masses cannot, under any circumstances, be used as references during
commercial transactions or for inspection of the pipes.

194

Socket

Barrel
iron
thickness
e (K9)
mm

Nominal masses

OD

ID

per pipe

per meter

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

98

101

90

168

80

100

LO

DN

Average
working
length
L

Nominal
diameter

6.1

118

121

92

189

109

18.5

125

6.2

144

147

95

216

137

23

150

6.3

170

173

98

243

164

27.5

200

6.4

222

225

104

296

222

37

250

6.8

274

277

104

353

290

48

300

7.2

326

329

105

410

364

61

350

7.7

378

381

108

465

482

80.5

400

8.1

429

432

110

517

573

95.5

450

8.6

480

483

113

575

676

113

500

532

535

115

630

781

131

600

9.9

635

638

120

739

1018

170

700

10.8

738

741

145

863

1310

218

800

11.7

842

845

145

974

1605

267

900

12.6

945

948

145

1082

1925

320

1000

13.5

1048

1051

153

1191

2273

378

87.5

15

PiPeS

k 9 eXPreSS PiPe

EXPRESS pipes cannot be self-anchored.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

express
xpress
Dn 80 to 800

Anchored joint pipes can however be supplied, see:

ANCHORED STANDARD, ANCHORED TRIDUCT.

The metric masses are calculated from the average manufacturing lengths.

Nominal
diameter

Average
working
length
L

These metric masses cannot, under any circumstances, be used as references during
commercial transactions or for inspection of the pipes.

Barrel

Socket

Nominal masses

OD

ID

per pipe

per meter

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

80

98

101

90

168

100

6.1

118

121

92

189

109

18.5

125

6.2

144

147

95

216

137

23

150

6.3

170

173

98

243

164

27.5

200

6.4

222

225

104

296

222

37

250

6.8

274

277

104

353

290

48

300

7.2

326

329

105

410

364

61

350

7.7

378

381

108

465

482

80.5

400

8.1

429

432

110

517

573

95.5

450

8.6

480

483

113

575

676

113

500

532

535

115

630

781

131

600

9.9

635

638

120

739

1018

170

700

10.8

738

741

145

863

1517

218

800

11.7

842

845

145

974

1862

267

DN

LO

iron
thickness
e (K9)

87.5

15

195

PiPeS

flanged PiPeS

coatings:

lining: spun cement mortar,

Integral flange pipes:

internal and external: bitumen.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

flange and weld: bitumen.

PD

outside of barrel: zinc and bitumen,

Welded flange pipes:

Options

See USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING,

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

These pipes can be supplied in all lengths between:

0.3 and 5.90 m for DN 80 600

0.5 and 5.90 m for DN 700 1200

Welded flanges
Dn 80 to 1200

196

Welded flange PiPeS

PiPeS

Nominal
diameter
DN

iron
thickness
e (K 9)

80

100

Barrel
OD

per meter

mm

mm

kg/m

6.0

98

14.0

6.4

6.4

6.4

6.4

144

21.8

9.6

9.6

10.1

12.8

17.0

20.5

30.0

48.5

6.1

125

118

6.2

150

6.3

200

Masses
of two flanges
kg

7.4

12.1

35.2

PN 25

kg

7.4

26.2

222

PN 16

kg

17.4

170

6.4

PN 10

8.4

12.1

19.5

13.7

250

6.8

274

45.9

27.0

24.5

31.0

350

7.7

378

76.4

41.0

49.0

65.0

450

429

8.6

500

9.0

600
700

10.8

900

12.6

1100

14.4

800

1200

480

106.7

635

159.7

842

13.5

1048

15.3

1255

1151

61.0

59.0
98.0

205.4

134.0

300.7

215.0

180.0

354.3

412.0

8.4

17.6

113.0

98.0

126.0

151.0

269.0

kg

85.0

78.0

69.0

251.3

945

36.0

50.0

123.1

738

11.7

1000

90.6

532

9.9

34.5

8.1

57.6

179.0

PD

400

326

7.2

ES
O
LU
TI
O

300

PN 40

See integrally

cast flange pipes

343.0

474.2

409.0

integrally
ntegrally cast
Flanges
Dn 700 to 1200

LO

integrally caSt flangeS

Nominal diameter
DN
700
800
900
1000
1200

Iron thickness
e

Working length
Lkg

mm

21

21

23

25

27

27
20.4

20.4

PN 16
kg

PN 25
kg

424

519

541

699

761

23

25

Mass with flanges

PN 10

857

964

1093

1168

1330

1423

1840

1679

1
1

See welded
Flange
Pipes

652

804

1031

814

1021
1186

1835

Consult SADIP for other working lengths & diameters

197

BenDS

BenDS

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

douBle Socket BendS

internal and external coating:

bitumen.

Options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

198

90

BenDS

eXPreSS douBle Socket 90 Bend

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

express
xpress
Dn 80 to 1200

Fittings with EXPRESS joint are not self-anchorable.

Mass

mm

mm

kg

74

91

8.7

97

105

11.1

125

115

133

14.2

150

133

152

19.1

200

160

200

30.7

250

240

262

49.5

300

290

314

71.0

350

340

370

83.0

400

390

420

113.0

500

485

520

183.0

600

580

620

273.0

700

720

399.0

800

820

535.0

900

920

813.0

1000

1020

1045.0

1100

1120

1253.0

1200

1220

1663.0

100

LO

80

Nominal diameter
DN

199

BenDS

90

90

triduct douBle Socket 90 Bend

anchored triduct douBle Socket 90 Bend

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Triduct
Dn 80 to 600
anchored
nchored
Triduct
Dn 80 to 1200

Mass

mm

mm

kg

80

74

91

7.9

100

87

105

10.3

125

115

133

13.9

150

133

152

18.5

200

160

200

30.5

250

240

262

50.5

300

290

314

73.0

350*

340

370

83.0

400*

390

420

113.0

450*

435

470

143.0

500*

485

520

183.0

600*

580

620

273.0

900

920

813.0

1000

1020

1045.0

1100

1120

1253.0

1200

1220

1663.0

LO

Nominal diameter
DN

* TRIDUCT joint only.

200

45

BenDS

eXPreSS douBle Socket 45 Bend

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

express
xpress
Dn 80 to 800

Fittings with EXPRESS joint are not self-anchorable.

100
125

Mass

mm

mm

kg

95

56

8.1

115

65

10

80

LO

Nominal diameter
DN

158

83

12.8

150

177

92

17

200

193

100

24

250

297

145

41

300

346

167

57.5

350

346

168

72

400

392

189

91

450

452

216

120

500

501

237

155

600

595

280

224

700

725

335

312

800

809

364

417

201

BenDS

45

45

triduct douBle Socket 45 Bend

anchored triduct douBle Socket 45 Bend

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Triduct
Dn 80 to 800
anchored
nchored
Triduct
Dn 80 to 1200

Mass

mm

mm

kg

80

95

56

7.2

100

115

65

9.4

125

158

83

12.5

150

177

92

16.4

200

193

100

24.0

250

297

145

41.5

300

346

167

56.5

350

346

168

73.5

400

392

189

91.0

450

452

216

115.0

500

501

237

149.0

600

595

280

216.0

700

725

335

312.0

800

809

364

419.0

900

415

496.0

1000

460

635.0

1100

505

856.0

1200

550

986.0

LO

Nominal diameter
DN

202

221/2

BenDS

eXPreSS douBle Socket 22 1/2 Bend

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

express
xpress
Dn 80 to 1200

Fittings with EXPRESS joint are not self-anchorable.

Mass

mm

mm

kg

75

32

7.4

87

35

8.9

100

38

10.7

150

115

42

14.1

200

155

51

20.5

250

191

60

32.0

300

226

69

44.0

350

266

78

57.0

400

326

92

71.0

450

361

101

92.0

500

402

110

118.0

600

522

138

166.0

700

615

157

232.0

800

711

170

307.0

900

220

373.0

1000

240

470.0

1100

260

644.0

1200

285

716.0

100
125

W
LO

80

Nominal diameter
DN

203

221/2

221/2

triduct douBle Socket 22 1/2 Bend

anchored triduct douBle Socket 22 1/2 Bend

Nominal diameter
DN

R
mm

80

75

Mass

mm

kg

100

6.5

87

35

8.3

125

100

38

10.4

150

115

42

13.5

200

155

51

20.5

250

191

60

33

300

226

69

43

350

266

78

58

400

326

92

71

450

361

101

90

500

402

110

111

600

522

138

158

700

615

157

232

800

711

170

307

900

827

197

407

1000

917

217

517

ES
O
LU
TI
O

32

R
W
LO

Triduct
Dn 80 to 800
anchored
nchored
Triduct
Dn 80 to 1000

PD

BenDS

eXPreSS douBle Socket 11 1/4 Bend

express
xpress
Dn 80 to 1200

Fittings with EXPRESS joint are not self-anchorable.

204

111/4

Mass

mm

mm

kg

228

125

40

274

150

45

274

200

324

250
300

264

350
400

68

417

600

588

700

624

900

1000
1200

857

52.5
64.5
84.0

87

197.0

102

837

1100

41.5

106.0

90

705

20.0

71
92

533

800

30.5

58

391

500

45
53

316

450

14.4

50

290

9.2

11.1

46
52

238

7.6

125

Please consult us

148.0

139

100

40

PD

233

255.0
332.0
360.0
509.0

LO

triduct douBle Socket 11 1/4 Bend

anchored triduct douBle Socket 11 1/4 Bend

Nominal diameter
DN

Mass

mm

mm

kg

228

40

80

233

125

274

100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900

1000

274
324
238
264
290
316
391
417
588
533
624
705

837

40

8.5

10.8

52

20.0

45
50
53
58
68

13.8
31.5
40.5
54.0
65.0
80.0

71

100.0

87

197.0

92
90

102

117

Triduct
Dn 80 to 800
anchored
nchored
Triduct
Dn 80 to 1000

6.8

45
46

BenDS

80

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Nominal diameter
DN

111/4

136.0
257.0
333.0

418.0

205

BenDS

bitumen.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

206

internal and external coating:

PD

douBle flanged Bend

BenDS

douBle flanged 90 Bend

Flange
Dn 80 to 1200

Dn 80 to 300

Mass with flanges

mm

mm

Nominal
diameter

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Dn 350 to 1200

80*

74

100*

87

125*

115

150*

133

200*

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

kg

kg

kg

kg

165

10.4

10.4

10.6

10.6

180

13.0

13.0

14.0

14.0

200

17.6

17.6

18.4

18.4

220

23.0

23.0

25.0

25.0

160

260

37.5

37.5

40.5

44.0

250*

240

350

59.0

58.0

64.0

86.0

300*

290

400

85.0

83.0

91.0

122.0

350

366

450

124.0

129.0

144.0

400

409

500

167.0

166.0

191.0

450

452

550

207.0

221.0

239.0

500

495

600

265.0

287.0

306.0

600

581

700

388.0

431.0

453.0

700

695

800

564.0

561.0

640.0

800

785

900

782.0

778.0

886.0

900

875

1000

1030.0

1025.0

1154.0

1000

965

1100

1344.0

1348.0

1522.0

2745.0

LO

DN

1100
1200
* Rotatable flanges.

Please consult us
1200

1355

2552.0

2625.0

207

BenDS

douBle flanged 90 duckfoot Bend

Flange
Dn 80 to 1200

Dn 80 to 300

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Dn 350 to 1200

Nominal
diameter

Duckfoot

mm

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

74

165

110

180

13.8

13.8

14.0

14.0

DN

LO

80*

100*

87

180

125

200

17.2

17.2

18.2

18.2

125*

115

200

140

225

23.0

23.0

24.5

24.5

150*

133

220

160

250

31.5

31.5

33.5

33.5

200*

160

260

190

300

48.0

48.0

51.0

55.0

250*

240

350

225

350

85.0

84.0

90.0

111.0

300*

290

400

255

400

119.0

117.0

125.0

158.0

350

366

450

290

450

170.0

164.0

183.0

400

409

500

320

500

225.0

217.0

245.0

450

452

550

355

550

285.0

288.0

309.0

500

495

600

385

600

360.0

373.0

394.0

600

581

700

450

700

537.0

569.0

592.0

700

695

800

515

800

764.0

746.0

822.0

800

785

900

580

900

1026.0

1003.0

1112.0

900

875

1000

645

1000

1809.0

1751.0

1913.0

1000

965

1100

710

1100

2365.0

2303.0

2531.0

4146.0

4267.0

1100
1200

208

Mass with flanges

Please consult us
1200

* Rotatable flanges.

1355

840

1300

4073.0

BenDS

douBle flanged 45 Bend

Flange
Dn 80 to 1200

Dn 80 to 600

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Dn 700 to 1200

Mass with flanges

mm

mm

80*

95

PN 10

DN

Nominal
diameter

kg

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

kg

kg

kg

130

9.8

9.8

10.0

10.0

140

12.1

12.1

13.1

13.1

150

16.2

16.2

18.0

18.0

160

21.0

21.0

23.0

23.0

115

125*

158

150*

177

200*

193

180

31.0

31.0

34.0

37.5

250*

297

243

53.0

52.0

58.0

79.0

300*

346

274

74.0

72.0

79.0

113.0

350*

346

306

100.0

100.0

114.0

400*

392

337

124.0

133.0

151.0

450*

452

369

158.0

171.0

187.0

500*

501

400

197.0

223.0

235.0

600*

595

463

289.0

339.0

345.0

700

725

478

341.0

338.0

414.0

800

809

529

452.0

448.0

557.0

900

894

581

587.0

582.0

704.0

1000

976

632

777.0

771.0

948.0

1367.0

LO

100*

1100
1200

Please consult us
1200

* Rotatable flanges.

652

1116.0

1205.0

209

BenDS

221/2

douBle flanged 22 1/2 Bend

Flange
Dn 80 to 1200

Dn 80 to 600

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Dn 700 to 1200

Nominal
diameter

mm

80*

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

75

105

9.1

9.1

9.3

9.3

100*

87

110

11.0

11.0

12.0

12.0

125*

100

105

14.0

14.0

14.8

14.8

150*

115

109

18.2

18.2

20.0

20.0

200*

155

131

27.0

27.0

30.0

33.5

250*

191

167

40.0

44.5

50.0

70.0

300*

226

175

60.0

59.0

66.0

99.0

350*

266

215

84.0

85.0

98.0

400*

326

239

104.0

113.0

131.0

450*

361

253

128.0

141.0

157.0

500*

402

272

160.0

186.0

198.0

600*

522

320

234.0

284.0

290.0

700

615

300

261.0

258.0

334.0

800

711

335

340.0

336.0

445.0

900

827

375

442.0

437.0

559.0

1000

917

410

587.0

581.0

758.0

1174.0

LO

DN

1100
1200

210

Mass with flanges

Please consult us
1093

* Rotatable flanges.

485

905.0

1018.0

111/4

BenDS

douBle flanged 11 1/4 Bend

Flange
Dn 80 to 1200

Dn 80 to 600

Mass with flanges

mm

mm

80*

233

113

9.4

9.4

9.6

9.6

100*

228

Nominal
diameter

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Dn 700 to 1200

115

11.3

11.3

12.3

12.3

125*

274

111

14.4

14.4

16.2

16.2

150*

274

113

18.5

18.5

20.5

20.5

200*

324

132

27.0

27.0

30.0

33.5

250*

238

152

44.0

43.0

49.0

69.0

300*

264

156

57.0

56.0

63.0

97.0

350*

290

191

80.0

80.0

94.0

400*

316

205

97.0

106.0

124.0

450*

391

220

120.0

133.0

149.0

500*

417

233

148.0

174.0

186.0

600*

588

274

215.0

265.0

271.0

700

533

230

227.0

223.0

299.0

800

624

255

290.0

286.0

395.0

900

705

280

368.0

363.0

485.0

1000

837

310

488.0

482.0

659.0

1013.0

PN 10

LO

1100
1200
* Rotatable flanges.

DN

kg

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

kg

kg

kg

Please consult us
857

350

745

858.0

211

TeeS

TeeS

all SocketS tee

internal and external coating:

bitumen.

Options:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

see USERS GUIDE:

all SocketS eXPreSS tee

LO

express
xpress
Dn 80 to 200

Fittings with EXPRESS joint are not self-anchorable.

Nominal diameters
Body
DN

80
100

150

200

212

L1

H1

Mass

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

80

183

353

91

260

13

80

185

361

104

283

14.9

100

210

386

105

287

16.2

80

165

353

136

343

20.5

100

190

378

149

349

22

Branch
dn

150

305

493

152

368

28.5

80

170

370

166

399

27

100

195

395

170

405

29

150

250

450

177

419

34

200

360

560

180

427

42

TeeS

all SocketS triduct tee

all SocketS anchored triduct tee

Triduct
Dn 80 to 400
anchored
nchored
Triduct
Dn 80 to 400

Nominal diameters

200

250

400

Mass

mm

mm

mm

183

353

91

259

80

185

361

105

283

100

210

386

105

287

80

165

353

136

342

20.10

100

190

378

140

349

29.85

150

305

493

152

367

38.40

80

170

370

166

398

26.50

100

195

150

250

200

360

100

234

150

251

200

344

250

kg

mm

PD

15.00

20.00

21.95

395

170

405

28.50

450

177

418

33.50

560

180

427

41.50

444

185

448

47.50

461

190

459

59.00

554

200

475

63.00

404

614

205

485

71.50

237

457

210

502

54.50

347

567

220

518

69.85

347

567

220

524

72.00

250

467

687

230

539

86.00

300

467

687

235

549

91.00

100

195

415

230

550

68.75

150

315

535

240

566

85.45

200

315

535

250

582

88.50

250

369

589

255

592

103.00

300

435

655

285

111.00

350

485

705

265

607

123.00

100

195

415

260

606

83.00

150

315

535

270

622

101.00

150

350

H1

80

100
300

ES
O
LU
TI
O

150

L1

200

100

80

Branch
dn

LO

Body
DN

200

315

535

270

628

105.00

250

429

649

280

643

120.00

300

429

649

310

678

127.00

350

495

715

315

137.00

350

545

765

295

663

155.00

213

TeeS

TeeS

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

flanged Branch on douBle Socket tee

internal and external coating:

bitumen.

Options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

214
214

tees

Flanged branch on double socket

eXPress tee

PD

express
xpress
DN 80 to 150

Fittings with EXPRESS joint are not self-anchorable.

Body
DN

Branch
dn

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Nominal diameters
L
mm

150

H1

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

315

174

257

12.8

12.8

12.9

12.9

353

165

248

13.9

13.9

13.9

13.9

361

177

271

15.8

15.8

15.8

15.8

386

180

274

17.2

17.2

17.7

17.7

353

210

331

21.5

21.5

21.5

21.5

145

80*

183

80*

185

100*

210

80*

165

100*

190

378

215

336

23.5

23.5

23.5

23.5

220

408

210

331

25.5

25.5

26.5

26.5

305

493

220

341

30.5

30.5

31.5

31.5

LO

125*

150*
* Rotatable flanges.

100

L1

65*

80

Mass with flanges

215

tees

Flanged branch on double socket

eXPress tee

express
xpress
DN 200 to 500

Fittings with EXPRESS joint are not self-anchorable.

Nominal diameters

300

350

H1

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

80*

170

370

240

387

28.0

28

28.0

28.0

100*

195

395

245

392

30.0

30

30.5

30.5

150*

250

450

245

392

36.0

36

37.0

37.0

200*

360

560

260

407

45.5

45

47.0

48.5

45

80*

234

444

250

427

45.0

100*

234

444

270

447

46.0

150*

251

461

280

457

200*

344

554

290

467

250*

404

614

300

80*

237

457

100*

237

150*

347

200*

347

250*

467

300*

467

80*

195

100*

195

150*

315

200*

315

45.0

46.5

47.0

51.0

51

52.0

52.0

62.0

61

63.0

65.0

477

72.0

72

75.0

86.0

298

503

58.0

58

58.0

58.0

457

300

505

59.0

59

60.0

60.0

567

310

515

72.0

72

73.0

74.0

567

320

525

77.0

77

78.0

80.0

687

305

510

92.0

92

95.0

105.0

687

340

545

101.0

101

104.0

121.0

415

310

543

70.0

70

70.0

415

330

563

71.0

71

71.0

535

340

573

85.0

85

86.0

535

350

583

90.0

89

91.0

369

589

360

593

102.0

102

105.0

485

705

380

613

129.0

130

136.0

80*

195

415

340

600

83.0

83

83.0

100*

195

415

360

619

84.0

84

84.0

150*

315

535

370

629

100.0

100

101.0

200*

315

535

380

639

105.0

104

106.0

250*

429

649

390

649

125.0

124

127.0

300*

429

649

400

659

133.0

132

136..0

400*

545

765

420

679

162.0

167

176.0

100*

210

450

420

735

126.0

126

126.0

150*

325

565

430

745

150.0

150

151.0

200*

325

565

440

755

154.0

154

155.0

250*

443

683

450

765

179.0

179

182.0

300*

443

683

460

775

187.0

187

190.0

400*

555

795

480

795

221.0

226

235.0

500*

675

915

500

815

264.0

277

283.0

250*

LO

350*

400

500

* Rotatable flanges.

216

PD

45.0

46

ES
O
LU
TI
O

250

L1

200

Branch
dn

Body
DN

Mass with flanges

tees

Flanged branch on double socket eXPress tee

express
xpress
DN 600 to 1200

Fittings with EXPRESS joint are not self-anchorable.

Nominal diameters
Branch
dn

800

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

575

500

870

193

193

194

200*

335

575

500

870

200

200

201

300*

447

687

520

890

236

235

238

400*

565

805

540

910

278

283

292

600*

795

1035

580

950

381

406

409

150*

365

665

520

952

262

262

263

200*

365

665

525

957

266

266

267

250*

365

665

535

967

272

271

274

400*

585

885

555

987

347

351

360

600*

915

1215

585

1017

474

499

502

700

915

1215

600

1032

491

499

527

150*

361

681

580

1067

330

330

331

200*

361

681

585

1072

333

333

335

250*

361

681

585

1072

339

339

342

400*

581

901

615

1102

429

433

442

600*

1021

1341

645

1132

615

640

643

800

1021

1341

675

1162

661

672

713

200*

375

725

645

1186

419

419

420

375

725

635

1176

464

464

467

595

945

675

1216

530

535

544

1145

1495

705

1246

797

822

825

900

1145

1495

750

1291

865

876

924

150*

400

690

705

1301

451

451

452

200*

400

690

705

1301

453

452

454

250*

400

690

705

1301

454

453

456

300*

620

910

720

1316

574

573

578

400*

620

910

735

1331

582

587

596

600*

1280

1570

765

1361

950

975

977

1280

1570

825

1421

1058

1080

1143

LO

600*

1000
1100

PD

335

400*

1000

H1

100*

250*

900

ES
O
LU
TI
O

700

L1

600

Body
DN

Mass with flanges

Please consult us
200*

836

1140

883

1589

946

946

947

250*

840

1140

875

1581

968

968

971

300*

840

1140

840

1546

949

948

952

400*

840

1140

835

1541

951

955

964

600*

840

1140

865

1571

971

996

999

1000

1275

1575

920

1625

1357

1380

1443

1200

1510

1810

950

1655

1585

1641

1719

1200

* Rotatable flanges.

217

tees

Flanged branch on double socket trIduct tee

Flanged branch on double socket anchored
trIduct tee

PD

triduct
riduct
DN 80 to 150
Anchored
triduct
riduct
DN 80 to 150

Branch
dn

100

150

80*

183

80*

185

100*

210

80*

165

100*

190

125*

220

150*

305

mm

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

353

165

248

13.0

13.0

13.1

13.1

361

177

270

15.2

15.2

15.3

15.3

386

180

273

16.5

16.5

17.0

17.0

353

210

330

21.0

21.0

21.0

21.0

378

215

335

22.5

22.5

23.0

23.0

408

210

330

25.0

25.0

26.0

26.0

493

220

340

30.0

30.0

31.0

31.0

LO

* Rotatable flanges.

218

Mass with flanges

H1

mm
80

L1

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Body
DN

Nominal diameters

tees

Flanged branch on double socket trIduct tee

Flanged branch on double socket anchored
trIduct tee

triduct
riduct
Anchored
triduct
riduct
DN 200 to 350

Nominal diameters

300

H1

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

80*

170

370

240

387

27.5

27.5

27.5

27.5

100*

195

395

245

392

30.0

30.0

28.0

28.0

150*

250

450

245

392

36.0

36.0

37.0

37.0

200*

360

560

260

407

45.5

45.0

47.0

48.5

80*

234

444

250

426

45.0

45.0

45.0

45.0

100*

234

444

270

445

47.0

47.0

47.0

47.0

150*

251

461

280

455

52.0

52.0

52.0

53.0

200*

344

554

290

465

62.0

62.0

64.0

66.0

250*

404

614

300

475

73.0

73.0

76.0

86.0

80*

237

457

298

502

56.0

56.0

56.0

56.0

100*

237

457

300

504

57.0

57.0

57.0

57.0

150*

347

567

310

514

70.0

70.0

71.0

71.0

200*

347

567

320

524

74.0

74.0

76.0

77.0

250*

467

687

305

509

90.0

89.0

92.0

103.0

467

687

340

544

99.0

98.0

102.0

118.0

80*

195

415

310

542

72.0

72.0

72.0

100*

195

415

330

562

73.0

73.0

73.0

150*

315

535

340

572

87.0

87.0

88.0

200*

315

535

350

582

91.0

91.0

93.0

250*

369

589

360

592

104.0

104.0

106.0

350*

485

705

380

612

131.0

132.0

138.0

LO

300*

350

PD

ES
O
LU
TI
O

250

L1

200

Branch
dn

Body
DN

Mass with flanges

* Rotatable flanges.

219

tees

Flanged branch on double socket trIduct tee

Flanged branch on double socket anchored
trIduct tee

triduct
riduct
Anchored
triduct
riduct
DN 400 to 500

Nominal diameters

500

H1

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

80*

195

415

340

100*

195

415

360

150*

315

535

370

200*

315

535

380

250*

429

649

390

300*

429

649

400*

545

100*

80

80

618

84

84

84

628

100

100

101

638

105

104

106

648

125

124

127

400

658

133

132

136

765

420

678

162

167

176

210

450

420

734

119

119

120

150*

325

565

430

744

143

143

144

200*

325

565

440

754

147

147

149

250*

443

683

450

764

173

173

176

300*

443

683

460

774

181

180

184

555

795

480

794

215

219

228

675

915

500

814

258

271

277

400*

LO

* Rotatable flanges.

220

PD

80

500*

613

L1

ES
O
LU
TI
O

400

Branch
dn

Body
DN

Mass with flanges

tees

Flanged branch on double socket trIduct tee

Flanged branch on double socket anchored
trIduct tee

triduct
riduct
Anchored
triduct
riduct
DN 600 to 1200

Nominal diameters

1100

1200

* Rotatable flanges.

PN 10

mm

PN 16

PN 25

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

335

575

500

849

182

182

183

200*

335

575

500

869

192

192

193

300*

447

687

520

889

228

228

231

400*

565

805

540

909

271

284

600*

795

1035

580

949

150*

365

665

520

200*

365

665

525

250*

365

665

535

400*

585

885

555

600*

915

1215

585

700

915

1215

600

150*

361

681

580

200*

361

681

250*

361

681

400*

581

600*
800

LO

250*
400*

373

398

401

951

262

262

263

956

265

265

266

966

272

271

274

986

347

351

360

1016

474

499

502

1031

491

499

527

1066

332

332

333

585

1071

335

335

336

585

1071

350

349

352

901

615

1101

430

435

444

1021

1341

645

1131

617

642

645

1021

1341

675

1161

663

674

715

355

705

640

1180

381

381

382

355

705

645

1185

420

419

422

375

725

635

1175

474

471

477

590

940

675

1215

532

536

545

PD

275

200*

1000

H1

100*

150*

900

800

L1

700

ES
O
LU
TI
O

600

Branch
dn

Body
DN

Mass with flanges

600*

820

1170

705

1245

798

813

826

800

1050

1400

735

1275

808

823

876

150*

360

730

700

1295

464

464

465

200*

360

730

705

1300

510

510

512

250*

385

755

705

1300

570

519

522

400*

595

965

735

1330

639

644

653

600*

830

1200

765

1360

1007

1032

1035

800

1055

1425

795

1390

1006

1021

1074

200*

360

730

705

1300

510

510

512

400*

600

1000

795

1428

930

934

945

600*

830

1230

825

1458

1079

1102

1114

800

1065

1465

855

1488

1321

1335

1388

150*

375

805

820

1508

803

806

806

200*

375

805

825

1513

811

811

811

300*

605

1035

840

1528

917

917

923

400*

605

1035

855

1543

1010

1010

1031

600*

840

1270

885

1573

1000

1027

1067

800

1070

1500

915

1603

1190

1210

1295

221

tees

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Flanged branch on double socket

draInage tee

Internal and external coating:

bitumen.

Options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

222

tees

Flanged branch on double socket draInage

eXPress tee

PD

express
xpress
DN 250 to 800

Fittings with EXPRESS joint are not self-anchorable.

Body
DN

Branch
dn

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Nominal diameters
L
mm

Mass with flanges

L1

H1

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

444

270

447

46

46

46.5

47

457

300

505

59

59

60.0

60

415

330

563

71

71

71.0

415

360

619

84

84

84.0

100*

234

300

100*

237

350

100*

195

400

100*

195

500

100*

210

450

420

735

126

126

126.0

600

200*

335

575

500

870

200

200

201.0

700

250*

365

665

535

967

272

271

274.0

800

250*

361

689

585

1072

339

339

342.0

LO

* Rotatable flanges.

250

223

tees

Flanged branch on double socket draInage trIduct tee

Flanged branch on double socket draInage
anchored trIduct tee

PD

triduct
riduct
Anchored
triduct
riduct
DN 250 to 800

Body
DN

Branch
dn

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Nominal diameters
L
mm

L1

H1

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

444

270

445

47

47

47

47

457

300

504

57

57

57

57

415

330

562

73

73

73

415

360

618

84

84

84

100*

234

300

100*

237

350

100*

195

400

100*

195

500

100*

210

450

420

734

119

119

120

600

200*

335

575

500

869

192

192

193

700

250*

365

665

535

966

272

271

274

800

250*

361

681

585

1071

350

349

352

LO

250

* Rotatable flanges.

224

Mass with flanges

tees

Flange on trIduct level Invert tee

ES
O
LU
TI
O

L
mm

PN 16
kg

250

39.5

39.5

39.5

275

49.5

49.5

49.5

300

62.0

62.0

62.0

325

83.0

83.0

83.5

350

97.5

97.5

98.0

375

115.0

115.0

116.0

400

134.0

134.0

134.0

295

450

173.0

173.0

173.0

360

500

296.0

365

550

360.0

Small
dn

200

80

245

250

80

250

300

80

255

350

100

280

400

100

280

450

100

285

500

100

290

600

100

700

150

800

150

LO

large
DN

H
mm

PN 10
kg

Mass with Flange

PD

triduct
riduct
DN 300 to 1200

PN 25
kg

900

150

370

600

467.0

1000

200

435

650

569.0

1100

200

440

700

725.0

1200

200

445

750

840.0

* Rotatable flanges.

225

tees

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

all Flanged tee

Internal and external coating:

bitumen.

Options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

226

tees

all Flanged tee

Flange
DN 80 to 250

DN 500 - 700

PD

DN 80 to 400 - 500 - 600

mm
65*

Branch
dn

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

330

165

15.0

15.0

15.3

15.3

80*

330

165

15.3

15.3

15.6

15.6

65*

360

175

17.8

17.8

18.9

18.9

80*

360

175

18.1

18.1

19.3

19.3

100*

360

180

19.0

19.0

20.5

20.5

65*

440

200

29.5

29.5

31.5

31.5

80*

440

205

30.0

30.0

32.0

32.0

440

210

31.0

31.0

33.5

33.5

440

220

35.0

35.0

38.0

38.0

65*

520

225

43.0

43.0

46.0

51.0

80*

520

235

43.5

43.5

46.5

51.0

100*

520

240

44.5

44.5

48.0

52.0

150*

520

250

48.5

48.0

52.0

56.0

200*

520

260

52.0

51.0

56.0

61.0

65*

360

272

52.0

51.0

56.0

75.0

80*

430

250

57.0

56.0

62.0

80.0

100*

430

270

58.0

57.0

63.0

81.0

150*

447

280

63.0

62.0

68.0

87.0

200*

540

290

74.0

73.0

80.0

99.0

250*

600

300

84.0

83.0

92.0

118.0

100*

150*

100*
150*

200*

250*

80*

PN 10

LO

Body
DN

Mass with flanges

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Nominal diameters

* Rotatable flanges.

227

tees

all Flanged tee

Flange
DN 300 to 700

Nominal diameters
Branch
dn

PN 25

PN 40

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

450

297

74

72

79

113

80*

450

298

75

73

81

103

100*

450

300

75

74

81

108

150*

560

310

89

87

96

118

200*

560

320

93

120

100

129

250*

680

305

108

106

117

147

300*

680

340

117

115

126

165

65*

424

322

89

91

103

80*

470

310

97

98

110

65*

330

97

98

111

340

113

114

128

200*

590

350

119

132

R
500*

700

* Rotatable flanges.

470
590

W
LO

PN 16

100*

600*

228

mm

PN 10

150*

350*

400

ES
O
LU
TI
O

300*

PD

Body
DN

Mass with flanges

117

250*

644

360

129

130

145

350*

760

380

157

159

178

80*

490

335

112

121

140

100*

490

360

114

123

141

150*

610

370

133

142

160

200*

610

380

137

146

164

250*

724

390

158

167

185

300*

724

400

164

173

191

400*

840

420

195

208

235

100*

535

420

168

194

206

150*

650

430

192

218

230

200*

650

440

196

222

234

250*

768

450

223

249

261

300*

768

460

229

255

267

400*

880

480

263

293

314

500*

1000

500

306

345

363

100*

700

480

255

305

311

200*

700

500

265

315

321

300*

812

520

303

353

359

400

930

540

344

398

413

600*

1160

580

444

519

528

150*

650

520

282

299

355

200*

650

525

285

302

359

250*

650

535

291

308

366

400*

870

555

366

388

452

600*

1200

585

494

536

594

700

1200

600

510

536

619

tees

all Flanged tee

Nominal diameters

1100

mm

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

kg

kg

kg

kg

690

580

370

392

476

200*

690

585

372

395

479

250*

690

585

379

401

486

400*

910

615

468

495

587

600*

1350

645

654

701

787

800

1350

675

700

764

858

150*

695

635

432

480

200*

690

585

352

390

300*

800

600

413

443

400*

910

615

441

484

600*

1350

645

613

678

800

1350

675

657

715

900

1500

750

863

924

150*

715

695

534

582

200*

770

705

546

629

300*

880

720

651

739

400*

990

735

668

755

600*

1650

765

1007

1116

800

1650

795

1085

1168

900

1650

810

1095

1219

1000

1650

825

1105

1229

PD

400*

1030

795

839

913

600*

1250

825

990

1083

1470

855

1160

1245

1690

885

1345

1450

1800

900

1450

1555

150*

715

815

998

1084

200*

775

825

1000

1086

300*

890

840

1004

1160

400*

1010

855

1008

1122

600*

1240

885

1101

1256

800

1470

915

1291

1439

900

1585

930

1427

1662

1000

1700

945

1494

1664

1200

1935

975

1806

1970

800
1100

Flange
DN 800 to 1200

150*

1000

1200

mm

PN 10

ES
O
LU
TI
O

1000

900

800

Branch
dn

LO

Body
DN

Mass with flanges

229

tees

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

all Flanged draInage tee

Internal and external coating:

bitumen.

Options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

230

tees

all Flanged draInage tee

Flange
DN 250 to 800

DN 700

Nominal diameters
Branch
dn

Mass with flanges

PN 10

Body
DN

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

DN 250 to 600

mm

mm

kg

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

kg

kg

kg

100*

430

200

68

57

63

81

300*

100*

450

300

75

74

81

108

350*

100*

470

330

97

98

111

400*

100*

490

360

114

123

141

500*

100*

535

420

168

194

206

600*

200*

700

500

265

315

321

700

250*

650

535

291

308

366

800
250*
* Rotatable flanges.

690

585

379

401

486

LO

250*

231

tees

all Flanged level Invert tee

PD

Flange
DN 300 to 800

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Nominal diameters
Body
DN

300

LO

350

400

500

600

700
800

232

Branch
dn

Mass with flange

mm

mm

kg

PN 16

80

800

305

92.0

100

800

305

95.5

150

800

305

99.0

80

850

340

121.0

100

850

340

123.0

150

850

340

128.0

80

900

365

153.0

100

900

365

156.0

150

900

365

162.0

200

900

365

167.0

80

1000

400

237.0

100

1000

400

241.0

150

1000

400

248.0

200

1000

400

255.0

80

1100

435

350.0

100

1100

435

351.0

150

1100

450

360.0

200

1100

450

370.0

150

600

500

262.0

200

650

500

268.0

150

670

540

379.0

200

690

540

388.0

tees

all flanged tee WItH 45 angle BRanCH

45

K
L

Mas PN16

8.1

8.1

500

375

21.0

8.4

8.4

540

405

27.0

150 x 150

9.1

9.1

640

480

46.4

200 x 200

9.8

9.8

735

560

70.1

250 x 250

10.5

10.5

830

640

103.8

300 x 300

11.2

11.2

930

715

350 x 350

11.9

11.9

880

790

400 x 400

12.6

12.6

970

870

450 x 450

13.3

13.3

1060

950

500 x 500

14.0

14.0

1140

1025

350.0

600 x 600

15.4

15.4

1310

1180

540.7

PD

80 x 80
100 x 100

DN x dn

145.5

167.4
204.1

ES
O
LU
TI
O

277.0

all Flanged "Y" tee

LO

90

DN x DN x DN

Mass PN16

80 x 80 x 80

8.1

165

15.6

100 x 100 x 100

8.4

180

19.3

150 x 150 x 150

9.1

220

31.9

200 x 200 x 200

9.8

260

31.9

250 x 250 x 250

10.5

350

79.8

300 x 300 x 300

11.2

400

113.5

350 x 350 x 350

11.9

450

165.4

400 x 400 x 400

12.6

500

219.1

450 x 450 x 450

13.3

550

280.0

500 x 500 x 500

14.0

600

263.9

600 x 600 x 600

15.4

700

562.7

233
233

ReDUCtION AND CAPPING FIttINGs

ReDUCtION AND CAPPING

FIttINGs

double socket taPer

eXPress double socket taPer

Internal and external coating:

bitumen.

Options:

PD

Triduct

Nominal diameters
DN

100
150

200

LO

250

300

350

400

500

600

700

234

Express

Fittings with EXPRESS joint are not self-anchorable.

Mass

mm

mm

kg

80

104

277

8.7

80

170

349

12.6

100

130

312

12.6

100

230

418

18.3

150

125

319

18.0

150

225

424

30.0

200

125

330

30.5

150

325

529

40.0

200

225

435

40.5

250

125

340

39.0

200

360

552

49.0

250

260

458

49.0

300

188

408

55.0

250

360

543

60.0

300

260

445

57.0

350

177

397

69.0

350

360

590

97.0

400

260

490

91.0

450

160

358

78.0

400

460

690

137.0

450

360

563

123.0

500

260

500

125.0

500

480

720

189.0

600

280

525

166.0

600

480

725

237.0

700

280

560

220.0

ES
O
LU
TI
O

triduct
riduct
and express
xpress
DN 80 to 800

see USERS GUIDE:

COA
COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING
COATINGS
TINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

800

dn

ReDUCtION AND CAPPING

FIttINGs

trIduct double socket taPer

anchored trIduct double socket taPer

triduct
riduct
Anchored
triduct
riduct
DN 80 to 1200

mm

80

104

277

80

170

349

200
250

100

12.0

230

418

17.9

125

319

17.6

225

424

29.0

125

330

29.0

325

529

39.0

225

435

39.0

125

340

37.5

360

48.0

260

47.0

188

408

53.5

250

360

60.5

300

260

58.0

350

177

397

65.0

350

360

88.0

400

260

83.0

400

460

128.0

500

235

475

129.0

500

480

194.0

600

320

550

176.0

600

480

760

250.0

700

280

590

226.0

700

480

318

318.0

800

280

288

283.0

800

480

392

392.0

100
150
150
200
200

250

500
600
700
800
900
1000

LO

300

200

400

11.9

312

250
350

8.0

130

150
300

kg

ES
O
LU
TI
O

mm
100
150

Mass

PD

dn

DN

Nominal diameters

900

280

354

354.0

1100

1000

280

457

457.0

1200

1000

480

570

570.0

235

ReDUCtION AND CAPPING

FIttINGs

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

double Flanged taPer

Internal and external coating:

bitumen.

Options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

236

ReDUCtION AND CAPPING

FIttINGs

double Flanged concentrIc taPer

Flange
DN 80 to 800

200*
250*

300*

400

500

600

700

800

kg

266

9.3

9.3

9.4

264

10.1

10.1

10.7

80*

200

65*

356

80*

311

100*

272

100*

385

150*

300

150*

319

200*

300

150*

424

200*

PN 40
kg

9.4

10.7

9.3

9.4

9.9

9.9

15.6

15.6

16.7

16.7

15.6

15.6

16.6

16.6

15.7

15.7

17.2

17.2

22.8

22.7

24.7

26.5

23.5

23.5

26.0

28.0

35.0

34.5

38.0

47.0

33.5

33.0

37.0

53.0

46.0

45.5

50.0

64.0

323

46.5

46.0

51.0

67.0

300

44.0

43.0

49.5

81.0

300

67.0

67.0

76.0

600

109.0

101.0

120.0

300*

600

92.0

92.0

104.0

350*

300

77.0

82.0

97.0

350

600

160.0

160.0

184.0

400

600

127.0

145.0

160.0

450

300

69.0

76.0

86.0

400

600

210.0

450

600

223.0

500

600

174.0

212.0

221.0

500

600

281.0

266.0

328.0

600

600

317.0

308.0

375.0

500

804

500.0

600

600

458.0

700

600

410.0

370.0

483.0

250*
350*

kg

ES
O
LU
TI
O

150*

kg

65*

300*
250

100*

PN 25

65*

LO

80*

PN 16

mm

PN 10

dn

DN

Mass with flanges

PD

Nominal diameters

* Rotatable flanges.

237

ReDUCtION AND CAPPING

FIttINGs

double Flanged eccentrIc (Flat) taPer

Flange
DN 100 to 600

Nominal diameters
L

dn

DN

Mass with flanges

200

9.3
16.1

300

15.0

600

25.5

100

600

27.0

150

300

21.5

150

600

38.0

200

300

29.5

100

600

41.5

150

600

46.0

200

600

51.0

250

300

39.5

200

600

60.5

250

600

67.0

300

300

52.0

200

300

71.0

250

600

77.0

300

600

84.0

350

350

67.0

250

700

114.0

300

600

111.0

350

600

121.0

400

600

130.0

450

300

102.0

300

800

171.0

350

700

167.0

400

600

164.0

450

600

175.0

500

600

190.0

100

ES
O
LU
TI
O

80

200

250

350

LO

300

400

500

600

238

kg

400

80

150

80

PD

mm

100

PN 16

reduction and capping

fittings

Double flangeD flat taper

900

mm

kg

350

900

225

400

800

220

450

700

213

500

600

208

600

600

243

400

1000

293

450

900

287

500

800

285

600

600

275

700

600

295

300

1400

390

350

1300

400

1200

450

1000

370

800

360

700

352

600

352

1600

518

1500

511

1400

503

450

1300

495

500

1200

490

600

1000

490

700

800

442

800

700

448

900

600

438

500

1400

619

600

1200

604

700

1000

562

800

800

532

900

700

530

1000

600

543

500

1715

820

600

1530

809

700

1345

777

800

1160

758

900

975

726

1000

790

692

1100

605

655

500

800
350

LO

400

300

1200

378
372

700

1100

384

1100

600

1000

PD

800

PN 16

700

dn

flange
lange
dn 700 to 1200

ES
O
LU
TI
O

DN

Mass with flanges

Nominal diameters

239

reduction and capping

fittings

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

reDuCIng flanges

internal and external coating:

options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA

240

reduction and capping

fittings

reDuCIng flanges

300
350

400

1000

kg

Mass

mm

kg

Shape

Mass

mm

kg

mm

Shape

40.0

12.1

40.0

12.1

100

40.0

12.0

40.0

12.0

47.0

14.8

100

42.0

17.9

43.5

25.6

100

41.5

24.0

36.5

24.0

150

43.0

25.5

43.0

24.0

200

46.0

26.0

46.0

26.5

250

46.0

35.0

48.0

39.0

54.5

100

20.0

44.0

22.0

47.0

150

31.0

45.0

29.0

50.0

200

46.0

46.0

47.0

48.0

54.0

63.0

250

48.0

44.5

50.0

47.5

56.5

63.0

49.0

41.0

51.0

44.0

56.5

62.0

2.0

105.0

4.0

131.0

100

700

Mass

PN 25

80

300

600

250

Shape

PN 16

200

dn

LO

DN

PN 10

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Nominal diameters

PD

flange
lange
dn 200 to 1000

58.0

150

8.0

106.0

10.0

132.0

200

17.0

107.0

20.0

128.0

29.0

450

60.0

62.0

66.0

93.0

500

56.0

103.0

67.0

125.0

200

19.0

405.0

250

22.0

375.0

300

47.0

360.0

700

63.0

240.0

63.0

234.0

800

68.0

232.0

68.0

208.0

114.0

151.0

397.0

241

reduction and capping

fittings

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

blank flange

internal and external coating:

options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA

242

reduction and capping

fittings

blank flange

flange
lange
dn 80 to 1200

dn 300 to 700 pn 10 and pn 16

DN 150 to 700 PN25
dn 150 to 300 pn 40

Nominal
diameters
DN

PD

dn 80 to 250 pn 10 and pn 16
dn 80 to 100 pn 25 and pn 40

Mass

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

80

200

200

200

100

220

220

235

150

285

285

300

200

340

340

360

250

400

400

425

300

455

455

485

350

505

520

555

400

565

580

620

500

670

715

730

600

780

840

700

895

910

800

1015

1025

900

224

1000

293

1100
1200

3.5

3.5

235

4.3

4.3

3.5

4.2

4.8

5.8

ES
O
LU
TI
O

200

PN 10

7.2

7.2

8.6

12.3

375

11.0

10.8

13.9

23.4

450

16.9

16.6

22.0

34.5

515

26.5

26.5

33.0

51.0

32.5

37.5

47.5

45.5

45.0

63.0

70.0

84.0

101.0

845

106.0

133.0

156.0

960

153.0

166.0

221.0

300

214.0

230.0

311.0

387

405

518

575

662

LO

1085

286

243

straigHt fittings

straigHt fittings

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Collar

internal and external coating:

Cement Lining Internally

Zinc and Bitumen Externally

options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

244

straigHt fittings

MJ Collar

collar
ollar
dn 80 to 1200

eXpress Collar

L
Collars DN 700 mm

PD

L
L1

DN

Nominal diameter
DN

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Collars DN 600 mm

L
mm

L1

Mass

mm

kg

328

8.8

334

10.8

351

16.7

158

100

160

150

165

200

170

368

23.5

175

351

31.5

180

360

40.5

185

405

55.0

190

410

67.0

500

200

440

100.0

600

210

450

131.0

700

220

500

183.0

800

230

510

226.0

900

240

282.0

1000

250

349.0

1100

260

465.0

1200

270

560.0

300
350
400

W
LO

250

80

L
L1

* MJ bolts and nuts are hot dupped galvanized.

245

straigHt fittings

flange soCket

internal and external coating:

Cement Lining Internally

Zinc and Bitumen Externally

PD

options:
see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

ES
O
LU
TI
O

flange anD eXpress soCket pIeCe

LO

express
xpress
dn 80 to 800

Nominal
diameter
DN

246

L1

mm

mm

80*

128

100*

Mass with flanges

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

213

35

7.9

130

217

35

9.5

9.5

10

10

150*

125

209

10

15.1

15.1

16.1

16.1

200*

130

220

10

21

21

22.5

24

250*

135

230

10

35

34.5

37.5

46

300*

140

240

10

45.5

45

48.5

66

350*

145

245

10

58

59

65

400*

150

250

10

66

70

75

500*

180

290

10

93

106

112

600*

190

300

10

124

149

152

700

190

330

45

159

167

197

800

200

340

45

205

213

256

* Rotatable flanges.

straigHt fittings

flange anD trIDuCt soCket pIeCe

flange anD anCHoreD trIDuCt soCket pIeCe

mm

80*

110

195

100*

110

198

150*

115

209

200*

120

220

250*

125

230

300*

130

240

350*

135

245

400*

140

250

500*

170

290

600*

180

300

700

190

800

200

900

210

1000

220

1100
1200

340

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

kg

kg

kg

PN 40

mm

Mass with flanges

kg

7.5

7.5

7.6

7.6

9.1

9.1

9.6

9.6

15.0

15.0

16.0

16.0

21.0

21.0

23.0

24.0

35.5

35.0

38.0

46.0

44.5

44.5

48.0

62.0

59.0

59.0

66.0

65.0

69.0

78.0

85.0

98.0

104.0

124.0

149.0

152.0

158.0

166.0

196.0

ES
O
LU
TI
O

L1

Nominal
diameter
DN

PD

triduct
riduct
dn 80 to 1200
anchored
nchored
triduct
riduct
dn 80 to 1200

211.0

220.0

262.0

235

235.0

258.0

356.0

293

293.0

324.0

458.0

230

406.4

406.4

413.8

550.0

240

456.0

456.0

521.0

664.0

LO

360

* Rotatable flanges.

247

straigHt fittings

flange spIgot

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

flange spigot
pigot
dn 80 to 1200

internal and external coating:

Cement Lining Internally

Zinc and Bitumen Externally

options:

see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

248

straigHt fittings

Integrally Cast flange spIgot pIeCe

flange
lange spigot
dn 80 to 1200

Mass with flange

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

7.9

7.9

350

9.6

9.6

10.1

150*

400

17.1

17.1

18.1

200*

400

24.5

24

25.5

250*

400

33

300*

450

46

350*

450

58

400*

480

70

500*

520

104

600*

560

144

700

600

189

800

600

239

900

600

1000

600

1100

600

600

9.6

17.1
27.5

35.5

46

45

49

65

58

64

74

83

117

123

169

172

187

225

250

291

287

298

346

354

376

439

400

435

513

469

526

603

33

LO

1200
* Rotatable flanges.

PD

350

ES
O
LU
TI
O

80*
100*

PN 10

Nominal
diameter
DN

Integrally Cast flange anD anCHoreD spIgot pIeCe

Consult SADIP for other working lengths & diameters.

249

straigHt fittings

WelDeD flange spIgot pIeCe

flange spigot
pigot
dn 80 to 800

Mass
OD

Per meter

mm

mm

kg

98

14

6
6.1

118

150

6.3

170

200

6.4

222

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

kg

kg

kg

kg

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

17.4

3.7

3.7

4.2

4.2

26.2

6.1

6.1

6.8

8.8

35.2

8.5

8.5

10.3

14.9

6.8

274

45.9

12

12.2

15.5

7.2

326

57.6

17.2

18.6

24.5

350

7.7

378

76.4

20.5

24.5

33

400

8.1

429

90.6

25

30.5

42.5

500

532

123.1

34.5

49

63

600

9.9

635

159.7

49

75

83

700

10.8

738

205.4

67

93

113

800

11.7

842

251.3

90

125

146

900

12.6

945

300.7

107.5

147

1000

13.5

1048

354.3

134.5

184

1100

14.4

1151

412.0

171.5

215

1200

15.3

1255

474.2

204.5

260

LO

250
300

ES
O
LU
TI
O

100

of a flange

PN 10

PD

80

Barrel
Iron
thickness
e (K 9)

Nominal
diameter
DN

These flange and spigot pieces may be supplied in all lengths, between:

0.3 and 5.9 m for DN 80 to 600

0.5 and 5.9 m for DN 700 to 1200

WelDeD flange anD anCHoreD spIgot pIeCe

250

straigHt fittings

sHort Double flangeD pIpe

internal and external coating:

Cement Lining Internally

Zinc and Bitumen Externally

PD

options:
see USERS GUIDE:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

dn 80 to 400

flange
lange
dn 80 to 1200

L = 250 mm
Mass with flanges
PN 10
kg

LO

Nominal
diameter
DN

ES
O
LU
TI
O

dn 500 to 1200

L = 500 mm
Mass with flanges

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

PN 10

PN 16

PN 25

PN 40

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

9.6

9.8

9.8

12.9

12.9

13.3

13.3

80*

9.6

100*

11.5

11.5

12.5

12.5

13.4

13.4

16.9

16.9

150*

19.0

19.0

21.0

21.0

26.0

26.0

28.0

28.0

200*

26.5

26.0

29.0

31.5

36.5

36.0

39.5

42.0

250*

40.5

39.5

45.5

63.0

57.0

56.0

62.0

79.0

300*

53.0

52.0

59.0

84.0

75.0

73.0

80.0

106.0

350*

69.0

71.0

83.0

99.0

100.0

112.0

400*

80.0

88.0

106.0

113.0

123.0

141.0

500

95.0

122.0

157.0

104.0

117.0

138.0

600

129.0

178.0

201.0

139.0

166.0

215.0

700

207.0

170.0

265.0

289.0

255.0

350.0

800

267.0

223.0

352.0

373.0

329.0

458.0

900

318.0

264.0

426.0

447.0

393.0

556.0

1000

395.0

340.0

556.0

550.0

495.0

711.0

1200

549.0

661.0

822.0

* Rotatable flanges.

251

straigHt fittings

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

pIpe bloCks

It is always possible, using short double flange pipes, to shorten the distance between pipes
to be connected to less than 250 mm. A pipe block is used to make the final connection. It is
cut to the desired length, then assembled between two flanges, using threaded tie rods.

internal and external coating:

options:

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

see USERS GUIDE:

252

straigHt fittings

pIpe bloCks

flange
lange
dn 80 to 800

tie rods

Tie rods

Pipe blocks
L = 250 mm

PN 10

Mass

mm

kg

80

26.5

133

16

100

26.5

153

150

29.5

200

Number

Mass

mm

mm

kg

Mass

mm

kg

340

16

3.76

340

16

3.76

19

340

16

3.76

340

16

209

30

365

20

6.88

365

32

264

42

365

20

6.88

12

250

34.5

319

55

12

365

20

10.32

300

33.5

367

62

12

365

20

10.32

350

38.5

427

84

16

400

38.5

477

95

16

500

41

582

125

600

41

682

148

700

48.5

797

800

52

904

Number

PN 25

mm

Mass

mm

mm

kg

340

16

3.76

340

20

6.52

20

6.88

340

24

9.58

365

20

10.32

12

340

24

14.37

12

350

20

17.30

12

365

27

19.83

12

350

24

17.30

16

365

27

26.44

ES
O
LU
TI
O

e
mm

PN 16

Nominal
diameter
DN

PD

pipe blocks

Number

20

13.76

16

350

24

23.00

16

375

30

34.24

24

20.80

16

370

27

31.90

16

380

33

44.96

20

380

24

26.00

20

380

30

50.70

20

390

33

57.40

20

400

27

36.00

20

400

33

64.50

20

410

36

70.60

204

24

400

27

43.20

24

400

33

77.40

24

430

39

107

249

24

430

30

57.80

24

420

36

98.50

24

450

45

153.43

LO

365

380

253

straigHt fittings

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

flangeD anCHorIng pIpe WItH puDDle flange

The flanges and puddle flanges are either integrally cast or welded on, depending on the
length, the PN and the diameter.
for integral cast consult SADIP for lengths & diameters

for welded flanges can be supplied in all lengths & diameters

flange spigot and short double flanded pipes with welded flanges:
barrels external surface: zinc and bitumen,

LO

coatings:

internal surface: spun cement mortar,

flange, weld and rim: bitumen;

integral flange spigot and short double flanged pipes:

internal and external coating:

Cement Lining Internally

Zinc and Bitumen Externally

options:
see USERS GUIDE:

254

COATINGS - INTERNAL LINING

COA
COATINGS - EXTERNAL
COA

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

straigHt fittings

255

straigHt fittings

flange spIgot anD flangeD anCHorIng

pIpes WItH puDDle flange- WelDeD flanges

PD

flange
lange
dn 80 to 1000

L1

OD

b
mini

c
mini

of short flanged anchoring

pipes, with flanges

Mass

of flange spigot,
with flanges

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Nominal
diameter
DN

PN 10 PN 16 PN 25 PN 40 PN 10 PN 16 PN 25 PN 40

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

kg

600

mm
700

6.0

98

200

16.0

120

200

15.7

15.7

15.7

15.7

17.5

17.5

17.5

17.5

100

600

700

6.1

118

220

16.0

120

200

18.9

18.9

19.4

19.4

21.0

21.0

22.0

22.0

150

600

700

6.3

170

285

18.0

130

200

30.0

30.0

30.5

32.5

33.0

33.0

34.5

38.5

200

600

700

6.4

222

340

20.0

130

200

39.5

39.5

41.5

46.0

44.5

44.6

48.0

58.0

250

1000

1000

6.8

274

400

20.0

155

300

67.0

68.0

71.0

79.0

80.0

86.0

300

1000

1000

7.2

326

455

20.5

155

300

86.0

88.0

94.0

104.0

107.0

118.0

350

1000

1000

7.7

378

505

20.5

170

300

109.0

113.0

122.0

130.0

138.0

154.0

400

1000

1000

8.1

565

20.5

170

300

131.0

135.0

147.0

156.0

167.0

191.0

500

1000

1000

600

1000

1000

700

1500

1500

800

1500

900
1000

429

532

670

22.5

190

300

178.0

193.0

206.0

213.0

249.0

277.0

9.9

635

780

25.0

200

300

237.0

263.0

271.0

286.0

339.0

354.0

10.8

738

895

27.5

220

300

413.0

480.0

1500

11.7

842

1015

30.0

240

300

519.0

610.0

1500

1500

12.6

945

1115

32.5

260

300

621.0

729.0

1500

1500

13.5

1048

1230

35.0

300

300

745.0

880.0

LO

9.0

mm

mm

80

See integral flange

spigot anchoring
pipe w/puddle flange

See integral flanged

anchoring pipes
w/puddle flange

Above pipes can be supplied with different lengths, also one or more puddle can be made

256

straigHt fittings

Integrally Cast flange spIgot anD

flangeD anCHorIng pIpes WItH
puDDle flange

PD

flange
lange
dn 700 to 1200

Nominal
diameter
DN

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

kg

700

1400

1400

21.0

738

895

27.5

220

300

570

602

613

692

800

1400

1400

23.0

842

1015

30.0

240

300

733

768

792

891

900

1400

1400

25.0

945

1115

32.5

260

300

874

935

962

1084

1000

1400

1400

27.0

1048

1230

35.0

300

300

1070

1148

1193

1349

1200

2000

2000

20.4

1235

1455

40.0

340

300

1563

1619

1697

1698

1810

1966

b
mini

c
mini

OD

ES
O
LU
TI
O

of short flanged pipes,

with flanges

PN 10 PN 16 PN 25 PN 10 PN 16 PN 25

mm

kg

kg

of flange spigot,
with flanges

LO

Consult SADIP for other working lengths & diameters.

257

connecting and repair pieces

connecting and
repair pieces

PD

CouplIngs

to disassemble or repair pipelines,

to dissassemble flanged valves or hydrants. In this case, a flange spigot piece should be
placed between the flange and the coupling joint.

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Coupling joints are designed to connect two spigot ends. They are used:

258

connecting and
repair pieces

CouplIng

ES
O
LU
TI
O

couplings

PD

coupling
oupling
dn 80 to 1200 MM

DN (mm)

Range (mm)

Length (mm)

85-107

190

100

107-132

190

150

158-184

190

200

218-244

230

250

266-295

230

300

315-349

230

350

378

262

429

262

480

262

532

262

635

262

738

262

800

842

262

900

945

278

1000

1048

278

1100

1152

290

1200

1255

290

80

500
600
700

LO

450

400

NOTE: Please consult SADIP for more details.

259

connecting and
repair pieces

flange aDapter

PD

flange adapter
dapter
dn 80 to 600

Range (mm)

Length (mm)

80

85-107

124

100

107-132

134

150

158-184

134

200

218-244

134

250

266-295

146

300

315-349

155

350

378

108

400

429

108

450

480

108

500

532

114

600

635

114

700

738

114

800

842

114

900

945

114

1000

1048

114

1100

1125

127

1200

1255

127

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

DN (mm)

flange adaptor

NOTE: Please consult SADIP for more details.

260

CONNECTING AND
REPAIR PIECES

dismantling joints

Range (mm)

Dismantling Joints

Length (mm)

ES
O
LU
TI
O

DN (mm)

PD

Dismantling
Joint
DN 80 to 1200

80

85-107

213

100

107-132

213

150

158-184

213

200

218-244

213

250

266-295

213

300

315-349

213

350

378

260

429

270

480

270

532

280

635

300

738

300

842

320

900

945

320

1000

1048

340

1100

1125

350

1200

1255

370

400

600
700
800

LO

500

450

NOTE: Please consult SADIP for more details.

261

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Engineering
Data

PD

E n g i n ee r
262

ing Data

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Names and symbols of measurement units in the international system of units (SI)
(According to ISO standard 1000-1981 [F])
Basic Units

Quantity

Name of basic SI unit

metre

Mass

kilogramme

kg

Time

second

Electrical current

ampere

kelvin

Thermodynamic temperature

mole

PD

Quantity of a substance
Luminous intensity

candela

Plane angle
Solid angle

derived units

Quantity

Frequency

LO

Force

Energy, work, heat content

Power

Electric charge, quantity of electricity

Electrical potential, potential difference, voltage,

electromotive force
Electrical capacity

Electrical resistance

Electrical conductance

Magnetic induction flux, magnetic flux

Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction

Inductance

Temperature Celsius*
Luminous flux
Illumination

mol
cd

Name of basic SI unit

Symbol

radian

rad

steradian

sr

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Quantity

Additional units

Pressure, stress

Length

Symbol

Special name
of
derived SI unit

Symbol

Expressed as a function
of basic or
additional SI units or
as a function of other
derived SI units

hertz

Hz

1 Hz = 1 s-1

newton

1 N = 1 kg.m/s2

pascal

Pa

1 Pa = 1 N/m2

joule

1 J = 1 N.m

watt

1 W = 1 J/s

coulomb

1 C = 1 A.s

volt

1 V = 1 J/C

farad

1 F = 1 C/V

ohm

W 1 W = 1 V/A

siemens

1 S = 1 W1

weber

Wb

1 Wb = 1 V.s

tesla

1 T = 1 Wb/m2
1 H = 1 Wb/A

henry

degree Celsius

1 C = 1 K

lumen

lm

1 lm = 1 cd.sr

lux

lx

1 lx = 1 lm/m2

* In addition to the thermodynamic temperature (symbol T), expressed in kelvins, the Celsius temperature (symbol t) is used, defined by
the equation t = T T0, where T0 = 273.15 K by definition. The degree Celsius unit is equal to the Kelvin unit but degree Celsius
is a special name in lieu of kelvin for expressing Celsius temperature. An interval, or difference, in Celsius temperature can be
expressed in degrees Celsius or kelvins.

263

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Units of measurement

Conversion tables (standard nf x 02-051 August 1985)

The table below lists the principal units (other than British and American) as well their conversion to the international
system. The conversion is made by multiplying the value of the unit to be converted by the conversion factor, to give the
corresponding unit.

Angstrm

3 600

Light year

a.l.

Standard atmosphere

atm

Bar

bar

Are

New candle

Pa
Pa
Pa

Pa

4.1868

calI.T.

cd

Metric carat

Carnot
Horse power

J/K

entropy

106

s1
m 2

intrinsic permeability

7.35499 x 102
3.7 x 1010

ch

Curie

Ci

Darce

9.87 x 107

Darcy

Decibel
dB

Degree

Dioptre

Dyne

1.745329 x 102

dyn
eV

Electronvolt

Erg

erg

m2

Difference in level
logarithmic, base 10

105

1.60219 x 1019
107

N
J

LO

1.570796 x 102

kgf

9.80665
3.6 x 106

Kilogrammetre

kgm

Kilowatthour

kWh

Kilogramme-force

Lambert

9.80665

Litre

Maxwell

l, L

cd/m2

1
103

A/m
m 3

Mesh

Wb

sieve aperture

m
Nautical mile
1.852 x 103

Millimetres of water (conventional)

Millimetres of mercury (conventional)

Minute (angle)

mmH2O
mmHg

9.80665

1.333224 x 102
2.908882 x 104

Pieze

Poise

264

Oe

pz

P, Po

7.957747 x 10
103
101

energy (amount of heat

extracted from a system)
magnetic induction

electrical energy

luminance
1
x 104 cd/m2

C.G.P.M. 1964

magnetic induction flux

see standard NF X 11-508

aerial and nautical distance

(1 of angle)

Pa pressure

Pa

pressure (= 13.5951 mmH2O)

rad 2/21600 rad

m/s
Knot (international)
Kn
5.14444 x 101

rsted

quantity of electricity
(based on carbon 12)

3.183 x 103

108

Mx, M

refraction (optical systems)

rad 2/400 rad

Lenz

permeability

J
Frigorie
fg
4.186 x 103

T
Gauss
Gs, G
104
gr

radio activity

rad 2/360 rad

m1

C
Faraday
9.64870 x 104

m
Fermi
fm
1015

Grade

quantity of heat

4.1855 J
kg
precious stones
2 x 104

cal15

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Calorie 15 C

m2

105
101

Barye

/2 rad

1.01325 x 105
9.80665 x 104

at

Calorie I.T.

rad

9.46053 x 1015
102

Technical atmosphere

1.570796
10-10

Notes

PD

Ah

Right angle

Corresponding
unit

Ampere-hour

Conversion
factor

Symbol
or
abbreviation

Unit to be converted

A/m
Pa

Pa.s

speed (aerial and nautical)

1 nautical mile per hour
magnetic field

dynamic viscosity

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Symbol
or
abbreviation

Unit to be converted
Roentgen

Stere

st

Second (angle)

Sthene

sn

Conversion
factor

Corresponding
unit

2.58 x 104

C/Kg

4.848137 x 106

rad 2/1296000 rad

timber trade
m3

1
103

N force

104

m2/s
Tec
2.93076 x 107 J/kg




Therm
th
4.1855 x 106 J
St

Gross tonnage

2.83

m 3

6.283185

rad

torr

1.333224 x 102

Symbol
or
abbreviation

Conversion
factor

Torr

tr

quantity of heat

maritime vessels

1/760 standard atmosphere

angle (2 rad)

Corresponding
unit

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Unit to be converted

PD

Tour

Pa

kinematic viscosity

mass energy the value corresponds

with the p.c.i. (pouvoir calorifique
infrieur lower calorific value) of
the European Community Office
of Statistics

Stokes

Notes

Notes

Barrel (US)

1.58987 x 101 m3

petroleum industry

British thermal unit

1.055056 x 103

quantity of heat

Btu

5
( F + 459.67)
Tk =
F

Degree Fahrenheit

Fathom
Fluid ounce (UK)

fl oz

fl oz

Fluid ounce (US)

Foot

Ft

Foot of water
Gallon (US)
Grain
Horse Power (UK)

LO

Gallon (UK)

Inch
Inch of water
Inch of mercury

ftH2O
gal

gal
gr
hp
in

in H2O
inHg

1.8288

3.048 x 101

2.98907 x 103
4.54609 x 103
3.78541 x 103

6.479891 x 105
7.4570 x 102
2.54 x 102

2.49089 x 102
3.38639 x 103

Liquid pint (US)

Liq pt

Liquid quart (US)

Liq qt

9.46352 x

mile

1.609344 x

Mile

Kn

Nautical mile (UK)

Ounce

oz

Pound

lb

Pound force

lbf

Poundal

pdl

Quart (UK)

qt

104

103

1.853184 x 103
2.83495 x 102

4.535924 x 101
4.44822

1.38255 x 101
1.13652 x 103

m3
m3
kg
W
m
Pa
Pa
m/s speed
m3

m3
m
kg
kg
N
N
m3

Calth

4.1840 J
kg
3.11035 x 102

3.73242 x 101
9.144 x 101

also called statute mile

Thermomechanical calorie

yd

F 32)

9.07185 x 102

Yard

Pa

sh tn

Troy pound

C =9

Short ton

Troy ounce

2.84130 x 105 m3
2.95735 x 105
m3

5.14773 x 101
4.73176 x 104

Knot (UK)

Tk

1 Btu/lb = 2.326 J/g

kg

kg
m

265

hydraulic flow kinematics

Fluid flow conditions in pipes

Reynolds Number
Laminar flow: every fluid particle moves parallel to the axis of the pipe at a constant rate.
Turbulent flow: the various fluid particles move at variable rates in random directions and give rise to eddy formation.
These flow conditions are characterized by the value of the Reynolds number derived from the equation.

VD

Re =

where

V = the average flow rate of the fluid in the section of pipe under consideration, in metres per second.

D = the internal diameter of the pipe in metres.

PD

= the kinematic viscosity of the fluid in square metres per second.

With laminar flow, Re is less than 2 400*;
With turbulent flow, Re is greater than 2 400*;

When Re is close to 2 400, the system is unstable and oscillates between laminar and turbulent flow.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

It should be noted that in practice lamellar flow is limited to the particular cases of very low flow rates, very small diameter
pipes, and very high viscosities.

Fluid viscosities
Definitions Units

The viscosity of a fluid is related to the friction forces which oppose the relative displacement of its molecules when it is
set into motion.

The dynamic viscosity** of a fluid is a measure of the resistance that it presents to the movement within it of a plane
solid surface, in the plane of the latter.

LO

The dynamic viscosity of a homogeneous fluid is the force per unit area which has to be applied to a plane solid surface
plunged into the fluid in order to displace it over the plane, whilst maintaining a velocity difference equal to unity between
the plane surface considered and a plane taken parallel to this surface in the liquid a unit distance from the surface. This
quantity is generally denoted by ***.

The kinematic viscosity** of a fluid is equal to its dynamic viscosity divided by its voluminal mass+. This quantity is
generally denoted by ++.
The kinematic viscosity of a liquid is often measured by its rate of flow through a calibrated jet+++. The various methods of
making this measurement have given rise empirically to different scales of viscosity. The following can be quoted:

*
**

***
+

++

This is usually taken as the limiting value.

The term viscosity, without a qualifier, is often used for both the dynamic viscosity and the kinematic viscosity; in addition, dynamic viscosity is also
called absolute viscosity: to avoid confusion, it is recommended that they should always be defined precisely by the terms dynamic viscosity and
kinematic viscosity.
SI unit (poiseuille) and its decimal sub-multiple (poise).

The formula for the dimension of dynamic viscosity is L-1MT-1. However, in numerous calculations, it is convenient to use a viscosity which does not
contain the M dimension; this has led to division of the dynamic viscosity by a simple property of the fluid incorporating dimension M: its voluminal
mass+, whose dimensional formula is L-3M. This is how the kinematic viscosity has been obtained (dimensional formula L2T-1).

SI unit (square metres per second) and its decimal sub-multiple (stones).

+++ In fact, experience has shown that this velocity is inversely proportional to the viscosity.

266

hydraulic flow kinematics

Kinematic viscosity of water at different temperatures

Temperatures

Kinematic viscosity

Temperatures

Kinematic viscosity

cSt

cSt

1.79

50

0.556

20

1.01

70

0.415

10

1.31

30

0.804

40

0.661

60
80
90

100

0.477
0.367
0.328

0.296

HEAD LOSSES IN COMPLETELY FULL PIPELINES

Head loss of formulae

The darcy equation

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Since about 1950, a very large number of more or less empirical head loss formulae have been in use. Most of them have
gradually been discarded in favour of the Colebrook formula, which has the advantage of being logical and applicable to
any fluid; its only disadvantage is its complex mathematical form and, because of this, some equivalent empirical formulae
are still employed.

Sometimes also known as the Darcy-Weisbach equation. It is the fundamental equation for defining head loss in a main.
J=

V2
2gD

The manning equation

Used particulary for partially full collector mains it has the basic expression:
1
n

2
3

V=

1
2

The head loss for flow in a completely full main is written as:

LO

J = 6.35 (n . V)2 D

-4
3

Usual average values of coefficient n for various materials are:

PVC-GRP
: 0.009 to 0.013
: 0.010 to 0.013
Freshly coated iron
Encrusted iron
: 0.015
Concrete pipes
: 0.012 to 0.015
Coated steel
: 0.012

The hazen-williams formula

This is the most commonly used for the empirical formulae and it is still used in some countries, notably the USA and
Japan. The head loss is expressed as a function of the coefficient Cwh , which varies with pipe diameter, and particularly
with the condition of the internal surface.
The fundamental expression is:
V = 0.849 Cwh R0.63 J0.54
or, for a completely full main:
J = 6.824

( )
V

Cwh

1.852

D 1.167

267

hydraulic flow kinematics

Usual values of coefficient Cwh for various materials are:

PVC-GRP

: 140 to 150

Coated iron

: 135 to 150

Encrusted iron

80 to 120

Concrete, asbestos cement, coated steel: 130 to 150

It is applicable to any fluids, liquids and gases, where the conditions are turbulent (Re > 2 400) however, it is not valid for
suspensions and it is difficult to apply it in the case of gas transport over long distances.

= 2 log10

K
+
3.71 . D

2.51

Re

and gives the value of to be inserted into the fundamental Darcy equation

V2
2gD

ES
O
LU
TI
O

J=

notation
Notation

268

PD

This is written as:

The colebrook formula

Designation

Dimensions

Head loss in metres of fluid flowing through the main per metre of main

Dimensionless

Head loss coefficient

Dimensionless

Internal diameter of the main in metres

Average velocity of the fluid in the section considered, in metres per second

LT1

Acceleration due to gravity in metres per second per second

LT-2

Equivalent roughness coefficient in metres (Colebrook formula)

Re

VD

LO

Reynolds number Re =

Kinematic viscosity in square metres/second

Hydraulic radius =

S
P

in metres

Wetted section in square metres

L
Dimensionless
L2T1
L
L2

Wetted perimeter in metres

Roughness coefficient in the Manning equation

Dimensionless

Cwh

Headloss coefficient in the Hazen-Williams formula

Dimensionless

hydraulic flow kinematics

Head loss tables for water mains

The empirical head loss formulae used until about 1950 incorporated a prudent safety margin; the Colebrook formula,
which has succeeded them, has given a new scientific basis to head loss studies and has enabled them to be calculated
with greater accuracy. At the same time, it has been possible to unify and reduce the safety margins due to the general use
of modern spun coatings, which have excellent hydraullic properties and maintain them over long periods. Consequently
the engineer is in a better position to assess the effect of the quality of the water.
The values given in the tables of the following pages have therefore been calculated by the Colebrook formula,
supplemented by the Darcy equation.
They relate to a kinematic viscosity of 1.301 x 106 m2/s very close to that of water at 10C and to two equivalent
roughness coefficients:
k = 3 x 105 m = 0.03 mm;

k = 10 x 105 m = 0.1 mm.

PD

The k = 0.03 mm coefficient corresponds with the average single pipe head loss value, determined in 1960 by the
Sogreah laboratories, Grenoble, on iron pipes lined with spun cement mortar; these head losses give a margin of safety
close to 7%, compared with an ideally smooth surface. They served as the basis of agreement reached on the 19th March
1964, by the head loss Technical Committee of the National Public Health Employers Federation, which concluded that a
variety of materials had equivalent hydraulic properties: steel, asbestos, cement, spun concrete, iron provided with modern
spun linings, rigid PVC*.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The k = 0.1 mm coefficient is the one that SADIP Technical Services recommend should be used for mains in service
and which they themselves use. It includes an average safety margin of about 20% with respect to the head losses
for an ideally smooth surface, and of about 13%, with those corresponding to k = 0.03 mm; it is suitable, under normal
coniditions, for mains laid in accordance with the rules of the art, which carry waters that have been adequately filtered
and treated to avoid deposition and sedimentation problems.
It should be noted that ideally smooth conditions would give a coefficient of k = 0.

LO

The tables give the head losses and flows for the most common diameters. The diameter range used corresponds with
the general case for all materials: that is, internal diameters of 40 to 2 000 mm.

* The report issued by this committee includes the following passage:

At the conclusion of its work, the Technical Committee proposes to accept that, in practice, over the diameter range considered, pipes of PVC, asbestos

cement, internally spun coated iron, spun concrete and internally coated steel are hydraulically equivalent, that is to say, that for equivalent diameters
they provide the same flow for the same head loss, any differences calculated from the recognized formulae for each of these materials falling within
the probable experimental error of the fundamental investigations.

269

HYDRAULIC FLOW KINEMATICS

Table of head losses for water filled mains

(l/s)

DN 40

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 50

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 60

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

6.173 6.754 0.53

6.931 7.609 0.57
7.729 8.513 0.60
8.567 9.465 0.64
9.445
10.466 0.67
10.362
11.515 0.71
11.318
12.612 0.74
12.312
13.758 0.78
13.346
14.951 0.81
14.418
16.193 0.85
15.529
17.483 0.88
16.678
18.821 0.92
17.865
20.207 0.95
19.091
21.640 0.99
20.354
23.122 1.03
21.655
24.651 1.06
22.994
26.229 1.10
24.370
27.854 1.13
25.785
29.527 1.17
27.236
31.247 1.20
28.725
33.016 1.24
30.252
34.832 1.27
31.815
36.696 1.31
33.416
38.607 1.34
35.054
40.566 1.38
36.730
42.573 1.41
40.191
46.730 1.49
43.801
51.077 1.56
47.557
55.614 1.63
51.461
60.342 1.70
55.512
65.260 1.77
59.709
70.369 1.84
64.052
75.667 1.91
68.541
81.156 1.98
73.176
86.835 2.05
77.957
92.704
2.12
82.883
98.763
2.19
87.954
105.011
2.26
93.170
111.450
2.33
98.531
118.079
2.41
104.037
124.898
2.48
109.687
131.907
2.55
115.482
139.105
2.62
121.421
146.494
2.69
127.505
154.072
2.76
133.732
161.840
2.83
140.104
169.798
2.90
146.619
177.946
2.97

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

0.60
8.514
9.339
0.48
0.70
11.209 12.399
0.56
0.80
14.238 15.870
0.64
0.90
17.596 19.751
0.72

1.00 21.280 24.039 0.80 7.211 7.901 0.51

1.10 25.286 28.735 0.88 8.552 9.418 0.56

1.20 29.610 33.836 0.95 9.998 11.063 0.61

1.30 34.252 39.343 1.03 11.546 12.834 0.65

1.40 39.209 45.254 1.11 13.197 14.731 0.71

1.50 44.479 51.569 1.19 14.949 16.754 0.76

1.60 50.061 58.288 1.27 16.801 18.903 0.81

1.70 55.953 65.411 1.35 18.753 21.178 0.87

1.80 62.155 72.937 1.43 20.805 23.578 0.92

1.90 68.665 80.865 1.51 22.956 26.103 0.97

2.00 75.482 89.197 1.59 25.206 28.752 1.02

2.10 82.605 97.931 1.67 27.554 31.527 1.07

2.20 90.034
107.067 1.75 29.999 34.427 1.12

2.30 97.769
116.606 1.83 32.543 37.451 1.17

2.40 105.808
126.546 1.91 35.183 40.600 1.22

2.50 114.150
136.889 1.99 37.920 43.874 1.27

2.60 122.796
147.634 2.07 40.754 47.272 1.32

2.70 131.745
158.781 2.15 43.684 50.795 1.38

2.80 140.997
170.330 2.23 46.711 54.442 1.43

2.90 150.550
182.280 2.31 49.833 58.213 1.48

3.00 160.406
194.632 2.39 53.051 62.109 1.53

3.10 170.563
207.386 2.47 56.365 66.128 1.58

3.20 181.021
220.542 2.55 59.774 70.272 1.63

3.30 191.779
234.099 2.63 63.279 74.541 1.68

3.40 202.838
248.058 2.71 66.879 78.933 1.73

3.50 214.198
262.418 2.79 70.574 83.450 1.78

3.60 225.858
277.180 2.86 74.363 88.091 1.83

3.70 237.817
292.343 2.94 78.248 92.855 1.88

3.80
82.227 97.744 1.94

3.90
86.300
102.757 1.99

4.00
90.468
107.894 2.04

4.20
99.088
118.540 2.14

4.40 108.084
129.682 2.24

4.60 117.456
141.321 2.34

4.80 127.203
153.454 2.44

5.00 137.326
166.084 2.55

5.20 147.823
179.209 2.65

5.40 158.694
192.830 2.75

5.60 169.939
206.947 2.85

5.80 181.557
221.559 2.95

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.20

8.40

Values directly applicable to water at 10C

* Head loss in metres of the fluid carried by the main per running kilometre of main.

270

HYDRAULIC FLOW KINEMATICS

(l/s)

DN 65

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 80

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 100

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

1.60
4.706
5.117
0.48

1.80 5.813
6.358
0.54

2.00 7.026
7.727
0.60

2.20 8.343
9.223
0.66

2.40 9.765
10.847
0.72

2.60 11.289 12.597 0.78 4.121 4.480 0.52

2.80 12.915 14.473 0.84 4.709 5.138 0.56

3.00 14.642 16.476 0.90 5.333 5.838 0.60

3.20
16.470
18.605
0.96
5.992
6.582
0.64

3.40 18.399 20.866 1.02 6.686 7.369 0.68

3.60 20.427 23.240 1.08 7.415 8.198 0.72

3.80 22.554 25.746 1.15 8.180 9.069 0.76

4.00 24.781 28.377 1.21 8.978 9.984 0.80 3.039 3.289 0.51

4.20 27.106 31.134 1.27 9.812 10.940 0.84 3.318 3.600 0.53

4.40 29.529 34.016 1.33 10.679 11.940 0.88 3.609 3.923 0.56

4.60 32.050 37.023 1.39 11.581 12.981 0.92 3.911 4.261 0.59
4.80 34.669 40.155 1.45 12.517 14.065 0.95 4.223 4.611 0.61


5.00 37.385 43.413 1.51 13.487 15.191 0.99 4.547 4.975 0.64
5.20 40.198 46.795 1.57 14.491 16.359 1.03 4.882 5.352 0.66


5.40 43.109 50.303 1.63 15.528 17.570 1.07 5.228 5.743 0.69

5.60 46.116 53.935 1.69 16.599 18.823 1.11 5.585 6.146 0.71
5.80 49.220 57.692 1.75 17.704 20.118 1.15 5.952 6.563 0.74


6.00 52.421 61.575 1.81 18.842 21.455 1.19 6.331 6.993 0.76
6.20 55.718 65.582 1.87 20.013 22.834 1.23 6.720 7.436 0.79

6.40 59.111 69.714 1.93 21.218 24.256 1.27 7.120 7.893 0.81


6.60 62.600 73.971 1.99 22.456 25.719 1.31 7.531 8.362 0.84
6.80 66.185 78.352 2.05 23.727 27.225 1.35 7.953 8.845 0.87


7.00 69.866 82.859 2.11 25.032 28.772 1.39 8.385 9.341 0.89
7.20 73.742 87.490 2.17 26.369 30.362 1.43 8.828 9.850 0.92


7.40 77.515 92.246 2.23 27.739 31.994 1.47 9.282 10.372 0.94

7.60 81.483 97.126 2.29 29.143 33.668 1.51 9.746 10.907 0.97
7.80 85.546
102.131 2.35 30.579 35.383 1.55 10.221 11.456 0.99


8.00 89.704
107.261 2.41 32.048 37.141 1.59 10.706 12.017 1.02
8.20 93.958
112.516 2.47 33.550 38.941 1.63 11.202 12.592 1.04


8.40 98.308
117.896 2.53 35.084 40.782 1.67 11.708 13.180 1.07

8.60 102.752
123.400 2.59 36.652 42.666 1.71 12.225 13.781 1.09
8.80 107.291
129.028 2.65 38.252 44.592 1.75 12.753 14.394 1.12


9.00 111.925
134.782 2.71 39.885 46.559 1.79 13.291 15.021 1.15

9.20 116.655
140.660 2.77 41.550 48.569 1.83 13.839 15.661 1.17

9.40 121.479
146.662 2.83 43.248 50.620 1.87 14.398 16.315 1.20

9.60 126.398
152.790 2.89 44.979 52.714 1.91 14.968 16.981 1.22

9.80 131.412
159.041 2.95 46.742 54.849 1.95 15.547 17.660 1.25
10.00
48.537 57.027 1.99 16.137 18.352 1.27


10.50
53.168 62.654 2.09 17.658 20.140 1.34

11.00
58.002 68.542 2.19 19.244 22.010 1.40
11.50
63.037 74.693 2.29 20.894 23.961 1.46


12.00
68.275 81.105 2.39 22.608 25.993 1.53

12.50
73.714 87.780 2.49 24.387 28.107 1.59

13.00
79.354 94.716 2.59 26.230 30.302 1.66

13.50
85.196
101.914 2.69 28.136 32.579 1.72

14.00
91.239
109.374 2.79 30.107 34.937 1.78

14.50
97.482
117.095 2.88 32.141 37.376 1.85

16.50 40.914
47.947
2.10

18.50 50.699
59.817
2.36

20.50 61.493
72.987
2.61

22.50 73.291
87.456
2.86
Values directly applicable to water at 10C
* Head loss in metres of the fluid carried by the main per running kilometre of main.

271

HYDRAULIC FLOW KINEMATICS

(l/s)

DN 125

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 150

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 200

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

7.00
2.832
3.070
0.57
7.50
3.209
3.490
0.61
8.00
3.607
3.936
0.65
8.50
4.027
4.408
0.69

9.00 4.469 4.906 0.73 1.844 1.984 0.51

9.50 4.931 5.429 0.77 2.034 2.193 0.54

10.00 5.415 5.977 0.81 2.232 2.412 0.57

10.50 5.920 6.552 0.86 2.438 2.641 0.59

11.00 6.445 7.151 0.90 2.653 2.880 0.62

11.50 6.992 7.777 0.94 2.876 3.129 0.65

12.00 7.559 8.428 0.98 3.107 3.388 0.68

12.50 8.147 9.104 1.02 3.347 3.646 0.71

13.00 8.756 9.806 1.06 3.595 3.935 0.74

13.50 9.385 10.533 1.10 3.852 4.224 0.76

14.00 10.035 11.285 1.14 4.116 4.522 0.79

14.50 10.705 12.063 1.18 4.389 4.830 0.82

15.00 11.396 12.867 1.22 4.669 5.149 0.85

15.50 12.107 13.695 1.26 4.958 5.477 0.88

16.00 12.838 14.549 1.30 5.255 5.814 0.91

16.50 13.590 15.429 1.34 5.560 6.162 0.93

17.00 14.362 16.333 1.39 5.873 6.519 0.96

17.50 15.154 17.263 1.43 6.194 6.887 0.99

18.00 15.966 18.219 1.47 6.523 7.264 1.02

18.50 16.799 19.199 1.51 6.861 7.651 1.05

19.00 17.651 20.205 1.55 7.206 8.047 1.08

19.50 18.524 21.237 1.59 7.559 8.454 1.10

20.00 19.416 22.293 1.63 7.920 8.870 1.13

20.50 20.329 23.375 1.67 8.289 9.296 1.16

21.00 21.262 24.482 1.71 8.665 9.732 1.19

21.50 22.214 25.614 1.75 9.050 10.177 1.22

22.00 23.187 26.772 1.79 9.443 10.633 1.24

22.50 24.180 27.955 1.83 9.843 11.098 1.27

23.00 25.192 29.163 1.87 10.252 11.573 1.30

23.50 26.224 30.397 1.91 10.668 12.057 1.33

24.00 27.277 31.655 1.96 11.092 12.552 1.36

26.00 31.684 36.942 2.12 12.867 14.627 1.47

28.00 36.408 42.633 2.28 14.766 16.857 1.58

30.00 41.448 48.728 2.44 16.790 19.244 1.70

32.00 46.802 55.226 2.61 18.937 21.787 1.81

34.00 52.471 62.128 2.77 21.208 24.485 1.92

36.00 58.454 69.432 2.93 23.602 27.339 2.04

38.00
26.119 30.348 2.15

40.00
28.758 33.513 2.26

42.00
31.520 36.833 2.38

44.00
34.404 40.309 2.49

46.00
37.409 43.940 2.60

48.00
40.537 47.726 2.72

50.00
43.786 51.668 2.83

55.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

75.00

80.00

85.00

90.00

1.297 1.389 0.51

1.371 1.471 0.53
1.448 1.555 0.54
1.526 1.641 0.56
1.606 1.729 0.57
1.688 1.820 0.59
1.772 1.913 0.60
1.858 2.008 0.62
1.945 2.105 0.64
2.035 2.204 0.65
2.126 2.306 0.67
2.219 2.410 0.68
2.314 2.516 0.70
2.411 2.624 0.72
2.510 2.734 0.73
2.611 2.847 0.75
2.713 2.962 0.76
3.141 3.443 0.83
3.599 3.959 0.89
4.085 4.510 0.95
4.600 5.096 1.02
5.144 5.717 1.08
5.717 6.372 1.15
6.317 7.063 1.21
6.946 7.788 1.27
7.604 8.548 1.34
8.289 9.342 1.40
9.003 10.172 1.46
9.744 11.035 1.53
10.514 11.934 1.59
12.559
14.332
1.75
14.777
16.946
1.91
17.168
19.777
2.07
19.731
22.823
2.23
22.465
26.085
2.39
25.370
29.564
2.55
28.446
33.258
2.71
31.692
37.167
2.86

Values directly applicable to water at 10C

* Head loss in metres of the fluid carried by the main per running kilometre of main.

272

HYDRAULIC FLOW KINEMATICS

(l/s)

DN 250

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 300

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 350

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

30.00 1.377
1.483
0.61

32.00 1.549
1.673
0.65
34.00 1.730
1.874
0.69


36.00 1.921 2.086 0.73 0.792 0.844 0.51
38.00 2.121 2.309 0.77 0.874 0.934 0.54


40.00 2.330 2.543 0.81 0.960 1.027 0.57

42.00 2.549 2.788 0.86 1.049 1.125 0.59
44.00 2.776 3.044 0.90 1.142 1.227 0.62


46.00 3.013 3.310 0.94 1.238 1.334 0.65
48.00 3.258 3.588 0.98 1.339 1.445 0.68


50.00 3.513 3.876 1.02 1.442 1.559 0.71 0.682 0.726 0.52

52.00 3.776 4.176 1.06 1.550 1.679 0.74 0.732 0.781 0.54
54.00 4.049 4.486 1.10 1.661 1.802 0.76 0.785 0.838 0.56


56.00 4.331 4.807 1.14 1.776 1.930 0.79 0.838 0.897 0.58
58.00 4.621 5.139 1.18 1.894 2.062 0.82 0.894 0.958 0.60


60.00 4.920 5.482 1.22 2.016 2.198 0.85 0.951 1.021 0.62

62.00 5.229 5.826 1.26 2.141 2.338 0.88 1.010 1.085 0.64

64.00 5.546 6.200 1.30 2.270 2.483 0.91 1.070 1.152 0.67

66.00 5.872 6.575 1.34 2.402 2.631 0.93 1.132 1.220 0.69

68.00 6.207 6.961 1.39 2.538 2.784 0.96 1.196 1.290 0.71

70.00 6.550 7.358 1.43 2.677 2.942 0.99 1.261 1.363 0.73

72.00 6.902 7.766 1.47 2.820 3.103 1.02 1.328 1.437 0.75

74.00 7.264 8.185 1.51 2.967 3.269 1.05 1.397 1.513 0.77

76.00 7.634 8.614 1.55 3.116 3.438 1.08 1.467 1.591 0.79

78.00 8.012 9.054 1.59 3.270 3.612 1.10 1.539 1.670 0.81

80.00 8.400 9.505 1.63 3.427 3.790 1.13 1.612 1.752 0.83

85.00 9.406 10.680 1.73 3.834 4.254 1.20 1.802 1.965 0.88

90.00 10.467 11.922 1.83 4.262 4.744 1.27 2.002 2.189 0.94

95.00 11.583 13.232 1.94 4.713 5.260 1.34 2.213 2.425 0.99

100.00 12.752 14.609 2.04 5.184 5.802 1.41 2.433 2.673 1.04

105.00 13.976 16.053 2.14 5.677 6.371 1.49 2.662 2.932 1.09

110.00 15.253 17.565 2.24 6.192 6.965 1.56 2.902 3.204 1.14

115.00 16.584 19.144 2.34 6.727 7.586 1.63 3.151 3.487 1.20

120.00 17.969 20.790 2.44 7.284 8.232 1.70 3.410 3.782 1.25

125.00 19.407 22.504 2.55 7.862 8.905 1.77 3.679 4.088 1.30

130.00 20.899 24.285 2.65 8.460 9.604 1.84 3.957 4.406 1.35

135.00 22.444 26.134 2.75 9.080 10.329 1.91 4.245 4.736 1.40

140.00 24.043 28.049 2.85 9.721 11.080 1.98 4.542 5.078 1.46

145.00 25.695 30.032 2.95 10.383 11.856 2.05 4.849 5.431 1.51

150.00
11.066 12.659 2.12 5.166 5.796 1.56

155.00
11.770 13.488 2.19 5.492 6.173 1.61

160.00
12.495 14.343 2.26 5.828 6.561 1.66

165.00
13.240 15.224 2.33 6.173 6.961 1.71

170.00
14.007 16.131 2.41 6.528 7.373 1.77

175.00
14.794 17.064 2.48 6.892 7.796 1.82

180.00
15.602 18.023 2.55 7.266 8.231 1.87

185.00
16.431 19.008 2.62 7.649 8.678 1.92

190.00
17.281 20.019 2.69 8.041 9.136 1.97

195.00
18.151 21.056 2.76 8.443 9.606 2.03

200.00
19.042 22.119 2.83 8.855 10.088 2.08

210.00
20.886 24.323 2.97 9.706 11.086 2.18

220.00 10.594
12.131
2.29

230.00 11.520
13.223
2.39
240.00 12.484
14.361
2.49


250.00 13.485
15.546
2.60

260.00 14.523
16.777
2.70

270.00 15.599
18.055
2.81

280.00 16.712
19.379
2.91
alues directly applicable to water at 10C
V
* Head loss in metres of the fluid carried by the main per running kilometre of main.

273

HYDRAULIC FLOW KINEMATICS

(l/s)

DN 400

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 450

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 500

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

65.00 0.575
0.612
0.52
70.00 0.659
0.702
0.56


75.00 0.747
0.799
0.60

80.00 0.841 0.902 0.64 0.474 0.503 0.50

85.00 0.940 1.010 0.68 0.530 0.564 0.53

90.00 1.044 1.125 0.72 0.588 0.627 0.57
95.00 1.153 1.245 0.76 0.650 0.694 0.60


100.00 1.267 1.371 0.80 0.713 0.764 0.63 0.428 0.453 0.51
105.00 1.385 1.504 0.84 0.780 0.837 0.66 0.467 0.496 0.53


110.00 1.509 1.642 0.88 0.850 0.913 0.69 0.509 0.542 0.56

115.00 1.638 1.786 0.92 0.922 0.993 0.72 0.552 0.588 0.59
120.00 1.772 1.935 0.95 0.997 1.075 0.75 0.597 0.637 0.61


125.00 1.911 2.091 0.99 1.075 1.161 0.79 0.643 0.688 0.64
130.00 2.055 2.253 1.03 1.155 1.251 0.82 0.691 0.740 0.66


135.00 2.204 2.420 1.07 1.239 1.343 0.85 0.741 0.795 0.69

140.00 2.357 2.594 1.11 1.324 1.438 0.88 0.792 0.851 0.71

145.00 2.516 2.773 1.15 1.413 1.537 0.91 0.845 0.909 0.74

150.00 2.679 2.958 1.19 1.504 1.639 0.94 0.899 0.969 0.76

155.00 2.847 3.149 1.23 1.598 1.744 0.97 0.955 1.031 0.79

160.00 3.020 3.345 1.27 1.695 1.852 1.01 1.013 1.094 0.81

165.00 3.198 3.548 1.31 1.794 1.964 1.04 1.072 1.160 0.84

170.00 3.380 3.756 1.35 1.896 2.079 1.07 1.132 1.227 0.87

175.00 3.568 3.971 1.39 2.001 2.196 1.10 1.195 1.296 0.89

180.00 3.760 4.191 1.43 2.108 2.317 1.13 1.259 1.368 0.92

185.00 3.957 4.417 1.47 2.218 2.442 1.16 1.324 1.440 0.94

190.00 4.159 4.648 1.51 2.331 2.569 1.19 1.391 1.515 0.97

195.00 4.366 4.886 1.55 2.446 2.699 1.23 1.459 1.592 0.99

200.00 4.577 5.129 1.59 2.564 2.833 1.26 1.529 1.670 1.02

210.00 5.014 5.634 1.67 2.807 3.110 1.32 1.674 1.832 1.07

220.00 5.471 6.161 1.75 3.061 3.399 1.38 1.825 2.002 1.12

230.00 5.946 6.712 1.83 3.326 3.701 1.45 1.982 2.179 1.17

240.00 6.440 7.286 1.91 3.601 4.016 1.51 2.145 2.363 1.22

250.00 6.953 7.883 1.99 3.886 4.344 1.57 2.314 2.555 1.27

260.00 7.485 8.504 2.07 4.182 4.684 1.63 2.489 2.753 1.32

270.00 8.035 9.148 2.15 4.488 5.036 1.70 2.671 2.960 1.38

280.00 8.605 9.815 2.23 4.804 5.401 1.76 2.858 3.173 1.43

290.00 9.193 10.506 2.31 5.131 5.779 1.82 3.051 3.394 1.48

300.00 9.800 11.219 2.39 5.468 6.170 1.89 3.251 3.622 1.53

310.00 10.426 11.956 2.47 5.815 6.573 1.95 3.456 3.857 1.58

320.00 11.071 12.716 2.55 6.173 6.988 2.01 3.668 4.100 1.63

330.00 11.734 13.499 2.63 6.541 7.417 2.07 3.885 4.350 1.68

340.00 12.416 14.306 2.71 6.919 7.857 2.14 4.109 4.607 1.73

350.00 13.117 15.136 2.79 7.307 8.311 2.20 4.338 4.872 1.78

360.00 13.836 15.989 2.86 7.705 8.777 2.26 4.574 5.144 1.83

370.00 14.574 16.865 2.94 8.114 9.255 2.33 4.815 5.423 1.88

380.00
8.533 9.747 2.39 5.062 5.709 1.88

390.00
8.962 10.250 2.45 5.316 6.003 1.99

400.00
9.401 10.767 2.52 5.575 6.304 2.04

420.00
10.310 11.837 2.64 6.111 6.928 2.14

440.00
11.259 12.958 2.77 6.671 7.581 2.24

460.00
12.249 14.129 2.89 7.255 8.263 2.34

480.00 7.862
8.974
2.44

500.00 8.493
9.714
2.55

520.00 9.147
10.483
2.65

540.00 9.825
11.282
2.75

560.00 10.526
12.109
2.85

580.00 11.251
12.965
2.95
Values directly applicable to water at 10C
* Head loss in metres of the fluid carried by the main per running kilometre of main.

274

HYDRAULIC FLOW KINEMATICS

(l/s)

DN 600

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 700

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 800

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

160.00 0.417
0.443
0.57

170.00 0.466
0.496
0.60

180.00 0.517
0.552
0.64

190.00 0.571
0.611
0.67

200.00 0.628 0.673 0.71 0.296 0.313 0.52

210.00 0.687 0.737 0.74 0.324 0.343 0.55

220.00 0.748 0.805 0.78 0.353 0.375 0.57

230.00 0.812 0.875 0.81 0.383 0.407 0.60

240.00 0.878 0.949 0.85 0.414 0.441 0.62

250.00 0.947 1.025 0.88 0.446 0.476 0.65

260.00 1.018 1.104 0.92 0.480 0.512 0.68 0.251 0.265 0.52

270.00 1.092 1.186 0.95 0.514 0.550 0.70 0.269 0.284 0.54

280.00 1.168 1.271 0.99 0.550 0.589 0.73 0.287 0.304 0.56

290.00 1.247 1.358 1.03 0.587 0.629 075 0.306 0.325 0.58

300.00 1.327 1.449 1.06 0.625 0.671 0.78 0.326 0.346 0.60

310.00 1.411 1.542 1.10 0.664 0.714 0.81 0.346 0.368 0.62

320.00 1.496 1.638 1.13 0.704 0.758 0.83 0.367 0.390 0.64

330.00 1.584 1.737 1.17 0.745 0.804 0.86 0.388 0.414 0.66
340.00 1.675 1.839 1.20 0.787 0.850 0.88 0.410 0.438 0.68


350.00 1.768 1.943 1.24 0.830 0.898 0.91 0.433 0.462 0.70

360.00 1.863 2.051 1.27 0.875 0.947 0.94 0.456 0.487 0.72

370.00 1.960 2.161 1.31 0.921 0.998 0.96 0.479 0.513 0.74

380.00 2.060 2.274 1.34 0.967 1.050 0.99 0.504 0.540 0.76
390.00 2.163 2.390 1.38 1.015 1.103 1.01 0.528 0.567 0.78


400.00 2.267 2.509 1.41 1.064 1.157 1.04 0.554 0.594 0.80

420.00 2.483 2.755 1.49 1.165 1.270 1.09 0.606 0.652 0.84

440.00 2.709 3.013 1.56 1.270 1.388 1.14 0.660 0.712 0.88

460.00 2.944 3.281 1.63 1.379 1.510 1.20 0.717 0.774 0.92
480.00 3.189 3.561 1.70 1.493 1.638 1.25 0.776 0.839 0.95


500.00 3.442 3.853 1.77 1.611 1.771 1.30 0.837 0.907 0.99

520.00 3.705 4.155 1.84 1.733 1.909 1.35 0.900 0.977 1.03

540.00 3.977 4.469 1.91 1.860 2.053 1.40 0.965 1.050 1.07

560.00 4.259 4.794 1.98 1.990 2.201 1.46 1.033 1.125 1.11
580.00 4.550 5.131 2.05 2.125 2.354 1.51 1.102 1.203 1.15


600.00 4.850 5.478 2.12 2.265 2.513 1.56 1.174 1.284 1.19

620.00 5.159 5.837 2.19 2.408 2.676 1.61 1.248 1.367 1.23

640.00 5.477 6.208 2.26 2.556 2.845 1.66 1.324 1.452 1.27

660.00 5.805 6.589 2.33 2.707 3.018 1.71 1.403 1.540 1.31
680.00 6.142 6.982 2.41 2.863 3.197 1.77 1.483 1.631 1.35


700.00 6.488 7.386 2.48 3.024 3.381 1.82 1.566 1.724 1.39

720.00 6.843 7.801 2.55 3.188 3.569 1.87 1.650 1.820 1.43

740.00 7.207 8.228 2.62 3.357 3.763 1.92 1.737 1.918 1.47

760.00 7.581 8.666 2.69 3.529 3.962 1.97 1.826 2.019 1.51

780.00 7.963 9.115 2.76 3.706 4.166 2.03 1.917 2.122 1.55

800.00 8.355 9.575 2.83 3.887 4.375 2.08 2.010 2.228 1.59

850.00
4.358 4.920 2.21 2.252 2.503 1.69

900.00
4.855 5.497 2.34 2.507 2.795 1.79

950.00
5.377 6.105 2.47 2.775 3.102 1.89

1000.00
5.925 6.744 2.60 3.056 3.425 1.99

1050.00
6.500 7.415 2.73 3.351 3.764 2.09

1100.00
7.099 8.118 2.86 3.658 4.119 2.19

1150.00
7.725 8.853 2.99 3.978 4.490 2.29

1200.00 4.312
4.876
2.39

1250.00 4.658
5.278
2.49

1300.00 5.017
5.696
2.59

1350.00 5.389
6.130
2.69

1400.00 5.774
6.579
2.79

1450.00 6.172
7.045
2.88
Values directly applicable to water at 10C
* Head loss in metres of the fluid carried by the main per running kilometre of main.

275

HYDRAULIC FLOW KINEMATICS

(l/s)

DN 900

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 1000

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 1100

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

340.00 0.231 0.244 0.53

360.00 0.257 0.272 0.57

380.00 0.284 0.301 0.60

400.00 0.312 0.331 0.63 0.187 0.197 0.51

420.00 0.341 0.363 0.66 0.204 0.215 0.53

440.00 0.372 0.396 0.69 0.222 0.235 0.56

460.00 0.403 0.431 0.72 0.241 0.255 0.59

480.00 0.436 0.467 0.75 0.261 0.277 0.61

500.00 0.470 0.504 0.79 0.281 0.299 0.64 0.164 0.173 0.51

520.00 0.506 0.543 0.82 0.303 0.322 0.66 0.190 0.201 0.55

540.00 0.542 0.583 0.85 0.324 0.345 0.69 0.204 0.215 0.57

560.00 0.580 0.625 0.88 0.347 0.370 0.71 0.218 0.231 0.59

580.00 0.619 0.668 0.91 0.370 0.395 0.74 0.233 0.246 0.61

600.00 0.659 0.712 0.94 0.394 0.421 0.76 0.248 0.262 0.63

620.00 0.701 0.758 0.97 0.419 0.488 0.79 0.263 0.279 0.65
640.00 0.743 0.805 1.01 0.444 0.476 0.81 0.279 0.296 0.67


660.00 0.787 0.853 1.04 0.470 0.504 0.84 0.295 0.314 0.69

680.00 0.832 0.903 1.07 0.497 0.534 0.87 0.312 0.332 0.72
700.00 0.878 0.955 1.10 0.524 0.564 0.89 0.329 0.351 0.74


720.00 0.925 1.007 1.13 0.552 0.595 0.92 0.347 0.370 0.76
740.00 0.974 1.061 1.16 0.581 0.627 0.94 0.365 0.390 0.78


760.00 1.023 1.117 1.19 0.610 0.659 0.97 0.383 0.410 0.80

780.00 1.074 1.174 1.23 0.641 0.693 0.99 0.402 0.431 0.82
800.00 1.126 1.232 1.26 0.671 0.727 1.02 0.421 0.452 0.84


850.00 1.261 1.383 1.34 0.752 0.816 1.08 0.471 0.507 0.89
900.00 1.403 1.544 1.41 0.836 0.910 1.15 0.524 0.565 0.95


950.00 1.552 1.712 1.49 0.925 1.008 1.21 0.579 0.626 1.00

1000.00 1.709 1.890 1.57 1.017 1.112 1.27 0.637 0.690 1.05
1050.00 1.872 2.076 1.65 1.114 1.221 1.34 0.698 0.757 1.10


1100.00 2.043 2.270 1.73 1.216 1.335 1.40 0.761 0.828 1.16
1150.00 2.221 2.473 1.81 1.321 1.454 1.46 0.827 0.901 1.21


1200.00 2.406 2.685 1.89 1.431 1.578 1.53 0.895 0.977 1.26

1250.00 2.599 2.905 1.96 1.545 1.707 1.59 0.966 1.057 1.32

1300.00 2.798 3.134 2.04 1.663 1.840 1.66 1.040 1.139 1.37

1350.00 3.004 3.372 2.12 1.785 1.979 1.72 1.116 1.225 1.42
1400.00 3.218 3.618 2.20 1.911 2.123 1.78 1.194 1.313 1.47


1450.00 3.438 3.872 2.28 2.041 2.272 1.85 1.276 1.405 1.53

1500.00 3.666 4.135 2.36 2.176 2.425 1.91 1.359 1.499 1.58
1550.00 3.901 4.407 2.44 2.314 2.584 1.97 1.446 1.597 1.63


1600.00 4.142 4.687 2.52 2.457 2.748 2.04 1.534 1.698 1.68

1650.00 4.391 4.976 2.59 2.604 2.916 2.10 1.626 1.801 1.74
1700.00 4.647 5.274 2.67 2.755 3.090 2.16 1.720 1.908 1.79


1750.00 4.909 5.580 2.75 2.910 3.268 2.23 1.816 2.018 1.84

1800.00 5.179 5.894 2.83 3.069 3.452 2.29 1.915 2.131 1.89
1850.00 5.456 6.217 2.91 3.232 3.640 2.36 2.016 2.247 1.95


1900.00 5.739 6.549 2.99 3.400 3.834 2.42 2.120 2.365 2.00

1950.00
3.571 4.032 2.48 2.227 2.487 2.05
2000.00
3.747 4.235 2.55 2.336 2.612 2.10


2100.00
4.110 4.657 2.67 2.561 2.871 2.21

2200.00
4.489 5.098 2.80 2.797 3.142 2.31

2300.00
4.885 5.559 2.93 3.042 3.525 2.42

2400.00
3.298
3.720
2.53

2500.00
3.563
4.028
2.63

2600.00
3.838
4.347
2.74

2700.00
4.124
4.679
2.84

2800.00
4.419
5.022
2.95
Values directly applicable to water at 10C
* Head loss in metres of the fluid carried by the main per running kilometre of main.

276

HYDRAULIC FLOW KINEMATICS

(l/s)

DN 1200

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 1400

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 1500

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

600.00 0.162
0.171
0.53

650.00 0.188
0.198
0.57

700.00 0.215
0.288
0.62

750.00 0.244
0.259
0.66

800.00 0.275 0.293 0.71 0.130 0.137 0.52

850.00 0.308 0.329 0.75 0.145 0.153 0.55

900.00 0.342 0.366 0.80 0.161 0.170 0.58 0.115 0.121 0.51

950.00 0.379 0.406 0.84 0.178 0.189 0.62 0.128 0.134 0.54

1000.00 0.416 0.477 0.88 0.196 0.208 0.65 0.140 0.148 0.57

1050.00 0.456 0.490 0.93 0.215 0.228 0.68 0.153 0.162 0.59

1100.00 0.497 0.536 0.97 0.234 0.249 0.71 0.167 0.177 0.62

1150.00 0.540 0.583 1.02 0.254 0.270 0.75 0.181 0.192 0.65

1200.00 0.584 0.632 1.06 0.275 0.293 0.78 0.196 0.208 0.68

1250.00 0.630 0.683 1.11 0.296 0.317 0.81 0.212 0.225 0.71

1300.00 0.678 0.736 1.15 0.319 0.341 0.84 0.228 0.242 0.74
1350.00 0.728 0.791 1.19 0.342 0.366 0.88 0.244 0.260 0.76


1400.00 0.779 0.848 1.24 0.366 0.392 0.91 0.261 0.278 0.79

1450.00 0.831 0.907 1.28 0.390 0.420 0.94 0.279 0.297 0.82
1500.00 0.886 0.968 1.33 0.416 0.447 0.97 0.297 0.317 0.85


1550.00 0.942 1.031 1.37 0.442 0.476 1.01 0.315 0.338 0.88
1600.00 0.999 1.096 1.41 0.469 0.506 1.04 0.334 0.359 0.91


1650.00 1.059 1.162 1.46 0.496 0.536 1.07 0.354 0.380 0.93

1700.00 1.120 1.231 1.50 0.525 0.568 1.10 0.374 0.402 0.96
1750.00 1.182 1.301 1.55 0.554 0.600 1.14 0.395 0.425 0.99


1800.00 1.246 1.374 1.59 0.584 0.633 1.17 0.416 0.449 1.02
1850.00 1.312 1.448 1.64 0.615 0.667 1.20 0.438 0.473 1.05


1900.00 1.380 1.524 1.68 0.646 0.702 1.23 0.460 0.497 1.08

1950.00 1.449 1.603 1.72 0.678 0.738 1.27 0.483 0.522 1.10
2000.00 1.519 1.683 1.77 0.711 0.775 1.30 0.507 0.548 1.13


2100.00 1.665 1.849 1.86 0.779 0.851 1.36 0.555 0.602 1.19
2200.00 1.818 2.023 1.95 0.850 0.930 1.43 0.605 0.658 1.24


2300.00 1.977 2.204 2.03 0.924 1.013 1.49 0.658 0.716 1.30

2400.00 2.142 2.394 2.12 1.001 1.099 1.56 0.712 0.777 1.36

2500.00 2.314 2.591 2.21 1.080 1.189 1.62 0.769 0.841 1.41

2600.00 2.492 2.795 2.30 1.163 1.283 1.69 0.828 0.906 1.47
2700.00 2.677 3.008 2.39 1.248 1.379 1.75 0.888 0.974 1.53


2800.00 2.867 3.228 2.48 1.337 1.480 1.82 0.951 1.045 1.58

2900.00 3.065 3.456 2.56 1.428 1.583 1.88 1.016 1.118 1.64
3000.00 3.268 3.691 2.65 1.522 1.691 1.95 1.083 1.194 1.70


3100.00 3.478 3.934 2.74 1.620 1.801 2.01 1.152 1.271 1.75

3200.00 3.694 4.185 2.83 1.720 1.915 2.08 1.223 1.352 1.81
3300.00 3.917 4.444 2.92 1.823 2.033 2.14 1.296 1.435 1.87


3400.00
1.928 2.154 2.21 1.371 1.520 1.92

3500.00
2.037 2.279 2.27 1.448 1.607 1.98
3650.00
2.206 2.472 2.37 1.567 1.743 2.07


3800.00
2.380 2.673 2.47 1.691 1.885 2.15

3950.00
2.562 2.882 2.57 1.819 2.032 2.24
4100.00
2.750 3.099 2.66 1.952 2.184 2.32


4250.00
2.944 3.323 2.76 2.090 2.342 2.41

4400.00
3.144 3.555 2.86 2.232 2.505 2.49

4550.00
3.351 3.795 2.96 2.379 2.674 2.57

4700.00 2.530
2.848
2.66

4850.00 2.685
3.027
2.74

5000.00 2.845
3.212
2.83

5150.00 3.010
3.403
2.91

5300.00 3.179
3.599
3.00
alues directly applicable to water at 10C
V
* Head loss in metres of the fluid carried by the main per running kilometre of main.

277

HYDRAULIC FLOW KINEMATICS

(l/s)

DN 1600

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 1800

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

DN 2000

J (m/km)*

k = 0.03 mm k = 0.10 mm V (m/s)

LO

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

1100.00
0.122
0.128
0.55
1200.00
0.143
0.151
0.60


1300.00 0.166 0.176 0.65 0.094 0.098 0.51

1400.00 0.190 0.202 0.70 0.107 0.113 0.55

1500.00 0.216 0.230 0.75 0.122 0.128 0.59

1600.00 0.244 0.260 0.80 0.137 0.145 0.63 0.082 0.086 0.51
1700.00 0.273 0.292 0.85 0.154 0.162 0.67 0.092 0.096 0.54


1800.00 0.304 0.325 0.90 0.171 0.181 0.71 0.102 0.107 0.57
1900.00 0.336 0.360 0.94 0.189 0.200 0.75 0.113 0.119 0.60


2000.00 0.369 0.397 0.99 0.208 0.221 0.79 0.124 0.131 0.64

2100.00 0.404 0.436 1.04 0.227 0.242 0.83 0.136 0.144 0.67
2200.00 0.441 0.476 1.09 0.248 0.265 0.86 0.148 0.157 0.70


2300.00 0.479 0.518 1.14 0.269 0.288 0.90 0.161 0.170 0.73
2400.00 0.519 0.562 1.19 0.291 0.312 0.94 0.174 0.185 0.76


2500.00 0.560 0.608 1.24 0.314 0.337 0.98 0.188 0.200 0.80

2600.00 0.603 0.655 1.29 0.338 0.364 1.02 0.202 0.215 0.83

2700.00 0.647 0.705 1.34 0.363 0.391 1.06 0.216 0.231 0.86

2800.00 0.692 0.755 1.39 0.388 0.419 1.10 0.232 0.247 0.89

2900.00 0.739 0.808 1.44 0.414 0.448 1.14 0.247 0.265 0.92

3000.00 0.788 0.863 1.49 0.441 0.478 1.18 0.263 0.282 0.95

3100.00 0.838 0.919 1.54 0.469 0.509 1.22 0.280 0.300 0.99

3200.00 0.889 0.977 1.59 0.498 0.540 1.26 0.297 0.319 1.02

3300.00 0.942 1.036 1.64 0.528 0.573 1.30 0.315 0.338 1.05

3400.00 0.997 1.097 1.69 0.558 0.607 1.34 0.333 0.358 1.08

3500.00 1.053 1.161 1.74 0.589 0.642 1.38 0.351 0.379 1.11

3650.00 1.139 1.258 1.82 0.637 0.696 1.43 0.380 0.410 1.16

3800.00 1.229 1.360 1.89 0.687 0.752 1.49 0.409 0.443 1.21

3950.00 1.322 1.466 1.96 0.739 0.810 1.55 0.440 0.477 1.26

4100.00 1.418 1.576 2.04 0.793 0.870 1.61 0.472 0.512 1.31

4250.00 1.518 1.689 2.11 0.848 0.932 1.67 0.505 0.549 1.35

4400.00 1.621 1.806 2.19 0.906 0.997 1.73 0.539 0.587 1.40

4550.00 1.727 1.928 2.26 0.965 1.063 1.79 0.574 0.626 1.45

4700.00 1.836 2.053 2.34 1.025 1.132 1.85 0.610 0.666 1.50

4850.00 1.949 2.182 2.41 1.088 1.203 1.91 0.647 0.707 1.54

5000.00 2.065 2.315 2.49 1.152 1.276 1.96 0.685 0.750 1.59

5200.00 2.224 2.498 2.59 1.241 1.376 2.04 0.737 0.809 1.66

5400.00 2.390 2.689 2.69 1.333 1.481 2.12 0.792 0.870 1.72

5600.00 2.561 2.886 2.79 1.428 1.589 2.20 0.848 0.933 1.78

5800.00 2.737 3.090 2.88 1.526 1.701 2.28 0.906 0.999 1.85

6000.00 2.920 3.301 2.98 1.627 1.816 2.36 0.966 1.066 1.91

6200.00
1.731 1.936 2.44 1.027 1.136 1.97

6400.00
1.839 2.059 2.52 1.091 1.208 2.04

6600.00
1.949 2.186 2.59 1.156 1.282 2.10

6800.00
2.063 2.317 2.67 1.223 1.359 2.16

7000.00
2.180 2.451 2.75 1.292 1.437 2.23

7200.00
2.300 2.589 2.83 1.363 1.518 2.29

7400.00
2.423 2.731 2.91 1.436 1.601 2.36

7600.00
2.549 2.877 2.99 1.510 1.686 2.42

7800.00 1.587
1.773
2.48

8000.00 1.665
1.863
2.55

8200.00 1.745
1.954
2.61

8400.00 1.826
2.048
2.67

8600.00 1.910
2.144
2.74

8800.00 1.995
2.242
2.80

9000.00 2.083
2.343
2.86

9200.00 2.171
2.445
2.93

9400.00 2.262
2.550
2.99
Values directly applicable to water at 10C
* Head loss in metres of the fluid carried by the main per running kilometre of main.

278

hydraulic flow kinematics

Use of the tables for fluids of different viscosities

Where a fluid, liquid or gaseous, has a kinematic viscosity different from the fluid used in establishing the tables - this
fluid being referred to as the base fluid in the following the following procedure enables the tables to be used for
head loss calculations without having to solve the Colebrook equation for each particular cae. In effect, the problem
consists of determining , from which J can be calculated by the Darcy formula:

J=
D

V2
2g

Examination of the Colebrook formula:

1
= -2 log 10

3.71 D

2.51
VD

Which was used as the basis of calculation for the figures in the tables, shows that for fiven values of k and D,
is only dependent on the value of the ratio V

Throughout the reasoning given below it is understood that k, D and, of course g, remain unchanged.

f the kinematic viscocity of fluid f, whose head loss is required,

Let:

b the kinematic viscosity of the base fluid (i.e. very close to 1.30 x 10-6), both expressed in m2/s;

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

Vf the average velocity of fluid f in the section considered,

Vb the same velocity for the base fluid, so that the ratio V has the same value for both fluids, both expressed in

m/s;
Jf the sought head loss of fluid f,

Jb the head loss of the base fluid corresponding to velocity Vb, both expressed in m of the fluid considered per
m of main.

It can be seen that will be same for fluid f and for the base fluid, provided that:
Vf
Vb
=
b
f

That is, it will be obtained for a base fluid velocity

LO

(1)

Vb = Vf

The tables give the head loss Jb defined above (by interpolation if necessary), corresponding to Vb.

Finally, the head loss Jf is obtained with the help of the Darcy equation:
J=
D

2g

The latter, written out for for both fluid f and the base fluid, and relationship (1), Shows that
Jf

Jb

V2

from which:

Vf 2
Vb2

f 2
b 2

( )

Jf = Jb f 2
b

279

hydraulic flow kinematics

Procedure
Calculate

Vb = V f

1.30 x 106
f

f being expressed in m2/s.

Look in the column of the table corresponding with the given values of D and K for the value of Jb corresponding to Vb,
interpolating if necessary.
The required head loss is obtained from:
Jf= Jb

Example

1.30x106

Hot water at 50 C flowing through an iron pipe internally lined with a cement mortar coating

D = 200 mm,

Vf = 1 m/s (corresponding to a flow of 31.42 1/s),

f = 0.55 x 106 m2/s.

Vb = Vf

b
f

1x

1.30
= 2.3636 m/s
0.550

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Interpolation : for V= 2.35 m/s,

for V=2.40 m/s,

Difference

J= 0.02534
J= 0.02640
0.00106

Therefore, for Vb = 2.3636 m/s, :

f 2
Jf= Jb
b 0.02563

Jb 0.02563

LO

()

280

PD

k = 0.1 mm,

( )

0,550 2
0.02563 x 0.1790 0.00459 m/m
1.30

hydraulic flow kinematics

Wetted section - wetted perimeter - hydraulic radius

Under conditions of flow, the wetted section is the section in direct contact with the liquid.

The wetted perimeter P is that part of the perimeter of the wetted section which is in direct contact with the solid walls of
the channel or conduit in which the flow occurs.
It follows therefore, that in cases of flow in partially filled mains or open channels, the wetted perimeter does not include
the part in contact with air. The hydraulic radius R is the ratio of the wetted section S to the wetted perimeter P:
R=S
P
Note : In a circular conduit, the hydraulic radius is different from the geometric radius r of the section. For example, in a
full circular conduit the hydraulic radius is equal to half the geometric radius:
= r
2

r2
2 r

PD

R=

The Bernoulli theorem

For constant frictionless flow of an incompressible liquid, the sum of the positional energies, pressure and movement
(kinetic energy) of a liquid particle is constant throughout its passage.

Let:

g
v
z

ES
O
LU
TI
O

It can be seen therefore that the Bernoulli theorem expresses the conservation of mechanical energy under the perfect
flow conditions considered.
the density of the liquid in kilograms per cubic metre;

the acceleration due to gravity in metres per second per second;

the volume of the liquid particle in cubic metres;

the elevation of the liquid particle in relation to a horizontal plane of references, expressed in meters;
the pressure to which the liquid particle is subjected, expressed in pascals*;

the mean velocity of the liquid particle, in a pipe section, in metres per second.

pressure energy:

kinetic energy :

gv.z
=z
gv

LO

positional energy:

The weight of the liquid particle is equal to gv. The three forms of energy above have the following respectives values
per unit weight of liquid:

pv
p
=
g
gv

v2
2
v 2
**
= V
2g
gv

These three quantities are expressed in length units; they correspond to liquid heights; taking the selection of units
expressed above into account, they are expressed in metres.
The Bernoulli theorem is expressed by the identity:
2
p
=
z+
+ V te
g 2g C
This constant is called the total head and is expressed as the height in metres of the liquid considered.

* Note that the SI pascal unit is equal to 10-5 times its bar multiple, the unit generally used.
2
V
** The quantity
is the velocity head from which a previously static liquid particle must fall freely to reach velocity V.
2g

Cf. table of theoretical velocities V =

2gh.
281

hydraulic flow kinematics

Pressure head and hydraulic Gradient - Head and energy line (Total Head)
Using the same notation as above*, if, in the flow of a liquid a point P is considered to be vertically above a liquid particle
p
at an algebraically increased coordinate ofg , the elevation at P is known as the pressure head;
the locus of points P as the particle is displaced is the hydraulic gradient**.
2

A further increase in height above point P, equal to V , gives a point C whose position is the head at the point considered
2g
in the liquid: the locus of points C is the energy line of the flow.

PD

Singular Head Loss in circular conduits for liquids

The Bernoulli theorem, which applies to perfect flow, shows that in such flow the position of point C is constant and the
energy line is horizontal. On the other hand, under real flow conditions, friction causes the line to take a descending
path: the difference in head of the energy line between two points in the liquid is called the head loss between these two
points.

where

ES
O
LU
TI
O

V2
2g

Dh = k

In all the following cases, flow of the liquid to the singular point results in a head loss given by the equation:

D h is the head loss in metres of liquid,

V the average velocity of the liquid in the section considered, in metres per second***,
g the acceleration due to gravity in metres per second per second, and
k a dimensionless coefficient dependent on the nature of the singular point in question. It is given in the following
for the most usual cases.

Connection of a pipe to a Large Tank

1) OUTLET

Note: All the equations below are equally valid for pipes and nozzles with a vertical axis running from the invert of the tank
or connected to it at that point.

LO

a) Sharp angled connection,

flush with tank

k= 0.5;

h = 0.5

V2
2g

b) Projecting into the tank

k= 1****; D h =

V2
2g

* See the Bernoulli theorem, preceding page.

** The pressure represented by p is usually the relative pressure (absolute pressure reduced by the atmospheric pressure); under these conditions the
pressure head corresponds to the level that the liquid, and hence the liquid particle, would attain in a static pressure tube open to the atmosphere at its
upper end.
*** Where necessary, it is stated where this section is situated in the conduit.
**** Where the length of the protection is between 1 to 2 times the diameter.

282

hydraulic flow kinematics

c)

Rounded profile connection, not projecting into tank

k= 0.05*; D h = 0.05

Sharp angled connection, flush with tank and open end discharge

PD

d)

V2
2g

k= 1;

2
D h =V
2g

ES
O
LU
TI
O

D h =V
2g

LO

2) INLET

k= 1;

This equation is valid for the case illustrated but can also be applied when the pipe projects into the tank or the
connection has a rounded profile.

*This is an average value; k depends on the rounded profile.

283

hydraulic flow kinematics

bends
1) Rounded

V2
2g
k is given in the following table as a function of
k: see below; h = k

r = radius of curvature of the bend in metres;

d = internal pipe diameter in metres;
= angle in degrees.

90

1.5

0.037
0.074
0.098
0.147
0.294
0.588

0.021
0.043
0.057
0.085
0.170
0.341

ES
O
LU
TI
O

11.25
22.5
30
45
90
180

2r

()

( ) ]

3.5

0.131 + 1.847

PD

k=

from the Weisbach equation:

2.5

0.018
0.036
0.048
0.073
0.145
0.291

0.017
0.034
0.046
0.069
0.138
0.275

k: see below;

h =k

V2
2g

k is given in the following table as a function of

2) Sharp

LO

= angle in degrees.

()

22.5

30

45

60

90

0.07

0.11

0.24

0.47

1.13

Tees (90 branch of the same diameter as the straight pipe, sharp angled)
1) Branch off-take
Qr

Qr = Qt - Qb


Qb

284

k: see below;

2
Vt
h = k 2g

hydraulic flow kinematics

k and h each have two values, depending on whether the original straight pipe is being considered (k r and h r) or the
branch (kb and hb);
V t is the supply current velocity in metres per second.
k r and kb are given in the table below, as a function of
Q t = total flow (supply) in cubic metres per second;

Q b = flow in the branch (flow in the side leg) in cubic metres per second.
Qb
Qt
kr

kb

0
0.04
0.95*

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.08
0.88

-0.05
0.89

0.07
0.95

0.21
1.10

0.35*
1.28

PD

2) Supply intake connection

Qr

Qt = Qr + Qb

h = k

ES
O
LU
TI
O

k: see below;

Vt
2g

Qb
k and h each have two values, depending on whether the original straight pipe is being considered (kr and hr) or the
intake branch (kb and hb);

Qb
Qt

0.04
1.12*

Tapers
1) Convergent

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.17
0.40

0.30
0.08

0.41
0.47

0.51
0.72

LO

k
r
k
b

v is the issuing current velocity in metres per second.

t
k r and k b are given in the following table as a function of
Q b = flow in the branch (side intake flow) in cubic metres per second;
Q t = total flow (issuing flow) in cubic metres per second.

1
0.60*
0.91

Negligible head loss.

2) Divergent

D2

D1

a) Enlargement angle less than, or equal to, 10

k: see below;

* These are the values to which k r or k b tend when the

0 (no flow in the branch).

Qb
Qt

h = k

Vt
2g

ratio tends respectively towards 1 (no flow in the straight pipe before the branch) or towards

285

hydraulic flow kinematics

V1 being the average velocity prior to the enlargement in metres per second.
K = 3.2

( ) [ ()]
tg

1.25

D1

D2

where D 1 = the internal pipe diameter prior to the enlargement, in metres;

D 2 = the internal pipe diameter after enlargement, in metres.

b) Enlargement angle greater than 10
The head loss is given by the equation below for sudden enlargements*.

PD

Sudden changes in diameter

k: see below;

h = k

ES
O
LU
TI
O

D2

D1

1) Contraction

V22
2g

V2 being the average velocity after contraction in metres per second.

k = 0.5

[ ()]
1

D2 2
D1

k is given in the following table, as a function of

D1 = internal pipe diameter before contraction in metres;

D2 = internal pipe diameter after contraction in metres.

D2

LO

D1

2) Enlargement

k: see below;

h = k

V12
2g

V1 being the average velocity prior to the enlargement in metres per second.

[ ()]

k=

D1

D2

with

D1 = internal pipe diameter prior to the enlargement, in metres per second;

D2 = internal pipe diameter after the enlargement, in metres.

* In fact, streams of liquid become detached and the phenomenon becomes similar to that observed in the case of sudden enlargement.
For an enlargement angle of 10 transition point between the sphere of application of the two formulae -, it can be said that they give virtually the same
D
result when the 2 ratio is close to 1.25, a very common value.
D
1

286

hydraulic flow kinematics

Valves
1) Sluice gate valves

V2

k: see below; h = k

2g

The following table gives the average experimental values

for k, as a function of
D

p = the distance the gate penetrates into the section

(considered to be circular) provided in the valve for the flow
of liquid, expressed in metres;

1
8

2
8

3
8

4
8

0.07

0.26

0.81

2.1

5.5

6
8

7
8

17

98

ES
O
LU
TI
O

2) Butterfly valves

5
8

PD

p
D

D = the diameter of this section (internal diameter of the

valve), in metres.

V2

k: see below; h = k 2g

The following table gives the average experimental values of k, as a function of

= the angle formed by the butterfly and the axis of the main, in degrees.
10

0.24

0.52

15

0.90

20

30

40

45

50

60

70

1.5

3.9

11

19

33

120

750

LO

3) Rotary plug valves

V2

k: see below; h = k 2g

The following table gives the average experimental values of k, as a function of

= the angle formed by the axis of the bore of the plug considered to be of circular section and the same diameter as
the valve bore and the axis of the pipe, in degrees.

10

15

25

35

45

55

65

0.05

0.29

0.75

3.1

9.7

31

110

490

287

hydraulic flow kinematics

k: see below; h = k

4) Non return flap valves

V2

2g

The following table gives the average value of k, as a function of

20

30

40

50

60

70

75

1.7

3.2

6.6

14

30

62

90

PD

= the angle formed by the hinged flap and the pipe axis, in degrees; these values of k apply where the bore diameter d
at the flap seating is equal to 0.73 times the diameter d of the main.

5) Screw down valves, needle valves

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Head losses are too dependent on the internal shape of the device for an indicative general value to be given.

Pipes in parallel: comparison of flow rates

Internal
diameter
mm

Units
of flow

80

5.6

100

10.0

125

18.0

Approximate comparison table for flow rates of pipes of the same length and slope, but different diameters.

150

29.0

175

43.5

Units
of flow

250

111

300

Internal
diameter
mm

Units
of flow

600

1 099

179

700

1 645

350

268

800

2 333

400

380

900

3 174

450

517

1 000

4 182

LO

Procedure

Internal
diameter
mm

Internal
diameter
mm
1
1
1
1
1
2

200
400
500
600
800
000

Units
of flow
6
10
12
14
19
25

735
076
066
281
423
569

This consists of dividing the total flow rate of all the pipes operating in parallel into the proportional parts of the flow
corresponding with the internal diameter of the pipes.

Example
Two pipes with internal diameters of 150 and 300 millimetres provide outlets from a hydraulic machine or reservoir, and
together supply 110 litres per second. How much does each deliver?
According to the table, the two pipes total: 29 + 179 = 208 units of flow, and this corresponds with the total delivery of 110
litres per second.
The smaller pipe therefore delivers:
Q 1 (150) =
Q 2 (300) =

288

29
208
179
208

. 110 = 15.34 l/sec

. 110 = 94.66 l/sec

hydraulic flow kinematics

pumping mains: economic diameter

The head loss due to the friction of the water in the main varies inversely with pipe diameter: there is some interest in
increasing the latter to reduce the cost of the pumping force required but this increases the depreciation costs of the
main.
It is conceivable therefore that there is an economical diameter where the sum of these two costs is at a minimum.

The Vibert Equation

As a first approximation, the diameter to be selected is obtained from the Vibert equation:
D = 1.456 x

( )
ne

0.154

x Q 0.46,

where:
f

= the laid cost of the main in francs per kilogram;

D = the economic diameter of the main in metres;

PD

n = the daily pump operating period in hours, divided by 24; Q = the delivery in cubic metres per second.
e = the cost of the kilowatt hour in francs;

The factor of 1.456 in the above formula accounts for a depreciation rate of 8% over 50 years.

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Diameter D determined in this manner is a theoretical diameter and will only exceptionally coincide with a commercial
diameter.
In general, the main is constructed with pipes and accessories whose commercial diameters are immediately greater than
D; profitability calculations can also be made on the basis of commercial diameters immediately above and below D and
the one adopted that appears to be the most suitable, bearing in mind the parameters involved in the problem.

The Labye method

This method permits the direct determination of the commercial diameters to be employed, as a function of the flow in
different sections of a main, or even of a system; moreover, the diameter found need not be uniform over the whole length
of a section without off-takes.

If:

LO

1) Water

Power Consumption

Pumps

Q is the required pump delivery in cubic metres per second;

H the total pumping head in metres (sum of the geometric pumping head* and the head loss in the pumping main,
expressed as metres of water);
r the pump efficiency;

g the acceleration due to gravity ~ 9.81 m/sec/sec.

The power consumption, expressed in kilowatts, is given by the equation:
g .Q .H
P =
1 000 r
Values for r usually lie between 0.6 and 0.9.
2) Various liquids
The power consumption is given in kW by the equation:
P =

.g .Q .H
1 000 r

Difference in height of the pumping and suction levels.

289

hydraulic flow kinematics

where
Q and r have the same significance as above;
H is the total pumping head in metres (sum of the geometric pumping head* and the head loss in the pumping main,
expressed in metres of the pumped liquid);
is the density of that liquid.

The Effect of Rotary Speed on the Characteristics of a Pump

Flows Q, total pumping head H and power consumption P are respectively proportional to the rotary speeds n, and to the
squares and cubes of these speeds:
n
Q
=
n
Q

( )
( )

hydraulic motors**
If:

ES
O
LU
TI
O

n
P
The efficiency, r, is practically independent of the rotary speed.

PD

is the flow through the hydraulic motor, in cubic metres per second;

the fall height of the water***, in metres;

the hydraulic motor efficiency.

The power supplied, expressed as kW is given by the equation:

.g .Q .H .r
1 000

P =

Values of r usually lie between 0.7 and 0.9, depending on the type of turbine.

LO

WATER HAMMER

Propagation Rate, or Wave Velocity

Water hammer arises from pressure oscillations alternating pressure increases and decreases caused by a rapid
modification of the flow system in a main carrying a liquid. These oscillations run from one end of the main to the other,
in a periodic swinging motion; the propagation rate of the wave is given by the equation:
a =

1
+

C
Ee

* Difference in height of the pumping and suction levels.

** These types of machines are essentially turbines.
*** Difference in height of the water level in the reservoir and the hydraulic motor, reduced, if necessary, by the head loss in the supply pipe, expressed as
metres of water.

290

hydraulic flow kinematics

where
a

= the propagation rate, or wave velocity, in metres per second;

= the density of the liquid in kilograms per cubic metre*;

= the bulk modulus of the volume of liquid in newtons per square metre**;

= the internal diameter of the main in metres;

= the modulus of elasticity of the pipe material, expressed in newtons per square metre***;

= the pipe thickness in metres.

Pressure Increase and Decrease Values

Two cases can be distinguished:

An instantaneous change in flow rate: Allievi equation:

Where

aV

h =

ES
O
LU
TI
O

1)

PD

The following equations enable the maximum pressure increases and decreases to be calculated for simple cases, with
respect to the normal regime (pressure increases or reductions); these maxima are equal in absolute value.

h = absolute value of the maximum pressure increase or decrease expressed as conveyed fluid metres;
a = propagation rate, or surge velocity, of the pressure increase or decrease wave, expressed as metres per
second;
V = absolute value of the difference between the rates in the normal system, before and after water hammer,
expressed in metres per second;
g

= acceleration due to gravity in metres per second per second.

Taking approximate values of a = 1 000 and g = 10, the equation is obtained:

h = 100 V,
2)

with gives h as a first approximation.

Linear variation of flow with time: Michaud equation:

2LV

LO

h =

gT

with the same notation as above for the Allievi equation, plus:
L

= length of main in metres,

T = duration of velocity change, in seconds.

Full Calculations
The complete analysis of transient phenomena due to water hammer may be performed by a number of methods, either
using a computer, or graphically. One such graphical method has been given by Louis Bergeron in a work entitled Du
coup de blier en hydaulique au coup de foudre en lectricit (From water hammer to flashes of lightning), Dunod,
Paris, 1950.

**

***

For water, = 1000 kg/m3.

The bulk modulus of a volume of liquid is the ratio of an increase in pressure to the relative corresponding increase in specific mass:
For water at 10 c. = 2.05 x 109 N/m2
For ductile iron, E = 1.7 x 1011 N/m2.
for steel, E varies from 2 x 1011 to 2.2 x 1011 N/m2.

p
/

291

hydraulic flow kinematics

the hydraulic radius of partially filled circular collectors in relation to

content level
Let us assume that a main is filled to r % (ratio of liquid depth in the main to the diameter of the main) and let n be the
ratio of the hydraulic radius of the main and its diameter.
The values of n as a function of r are given in the following table:
20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0.121

0.147

0.171

0.193

0.214

0.233

0.250

0.265

0.278

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0.288

0.296

0.302

0.304

0.303

0.298

0.286

0.250

PD

The values of n given for r values that exceed 80 are only of theoretical interest: mains are not encountered in practice
where r presents stable values close to 100.

Note:

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Flows and velocities in partially filled circular collectors, in relation to

content level
Consider a circular section main of uniform gradient, carrying a liquid and only partially full.
Let

q
the flow in this main, considered to be filled to r % (ratio of the liquid depth in the main to the diameter of the
latter), and
the velocity corresponding with q;

the flow if it were completely full without the top layer of the liquid being subjected to any pressure*;

the velocity corresponding with Q i.e. completely full;

q = mQ, and v = p . V

q and v are obtained as functions of Q and V, by the relationships

10

m
p

0.021
0.401

r
m
p

LO

where m and p are coefficients given in the following table as a function of r.

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

0.049
0.517

0.088
0.615

0.137
0.700

0.196
0.776

0.263
0.843

0.337
0.902

0.416
0.954

0.500
1.000

0.586
1.039

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0.672
1.072

0.756
1.099

0.837
1.120

0.912
1.133

0.977
1.140

1.030
1.137

1.066
1.124

1.075
1.095

1.000
1.000

m and p are independent of pipe diameter and gradient.

Note: The values of m and p given for r values which exceed 80 are only theoretical interest; mains are not encountered in practice
where r has stable values close to 100.

* Q is therefore the flow in a main which is considered to be completely full, whose head loss is equal to its gradient.

292

hydraulic flow kinematics

Flow in sewers (closed pipes carrying solid matter in the liquid)

Formulae extracted from the Instruction technique relative aux rseaux dassainissment des agglomrations
(technical instructions relating to sewers in urban areas) issued by the Ministre de IIntrieur, de la Culture et de
lEnvironement, de lEquipement et Amnagement du Territoire, de lAgriculture, de la Sant et de la Scurit Sociale).
1977 Edition.

General
In general calculations are made using a flow formula derived from Chezys formula
V = C R . I
V

: average velocity in the section considered, in metres per second

: gradient at the ends of the section, in metres per metre

: wetted area, in square metres

: coefficient which can be adopted from the Bazin equation

87
C=
/
R
I+

F
PD

: flow in the section, in cubic metres per second

: hydraulic radius of the section, in metres

ES
O
LU
TI
O

: flow coefficient which varies according to the materials and the nature of the water carried

Separate system sewers

The film of grease which forms on the walls facilitates flow and, for standard diameters, the Bazin flow coefficients can be
taken as 0.25, which gives the equation
2

Q = SV

Q is given by

V = 70 R

LO

NB: if the sewer system is carefully constructed with selected materials, and well maintained, the Bazin coefficient can be taken as 0.16,
which increases the flows above by 20%. Alternatively, for the same flow, the gradient can be reduced by a third.

Combined or pseudo separate sewers; surface water drains as a separate system

Taking into account head losses due to carrying solid matter and, if necessary, deposition, the Bazin equation is taken as
0.46, which gives the equation
V = 60 R

Q is given by Q = SV

3
4

1
2

Note:
With a well maintained sewer, constructed with carefully selected materials, the flows calculated in this manner can be
increased 20%, which corresponds closely to a value = 0.30 for the Bazin coefficient. Vice versa, the sections corresponding to
the same flow can be reduced by a third.

Flow in channels and water courses

Bazin Equation
V = I, with =
Q = SV

87 R

V : average velocity in the section considered, in metres per second

I

: gradient around the ends of this section, in metres per metre

R : hydraulic radius, in metres

: roughness coefficient at the ends of the section considered

Q : flow through this section, in cubic metres per second

S : wetted area, in square metres

293

hydraulic flow kinematics

The following table gives the values of coefficient for different values of R and .
Roughness coefficients

Cement,
planed wood
= 0.06

294

Rubble

= 0.46

Smooth or
revetted
embankments
= 0.85

Ordinary
embankments
= 1.30

Very rough
embankments
(pebble, grass)
= 1.75

ES
O
LU
TI
O

PD

15.3
11.3 6.36 4.05 2.86 2.20
17.1
12.9 7.40 4.77 3.38 2.62
20.3
15.7 9.37 6.14 4.40 3.42
23.1
18.3 11.2 7.46 5.38 4.21
25.7
20.6 12.9 8.73 6.34 4.98
30.3
24.9 16.2 11.1 8.19 6.47
34.3
28.7 19.2 13.4 9.96 7.92
38.0
32.1
22.0
15.6
11.7
9.32
41.3
35.3 24.6 17.7 13.3 10.7
44.5
38.4 27.1 19.7 14.9 12.0
47.5
41.2 29.5 21.6 16.5 13.3
50.3
43.9 31.9 23.5 18.0 14.6
56.7
50.2 37.3 27.9 21.7 17.7
62.5
55.9 42.3 32.1 25.2 20.7
67.9
61.1 47.0 36.1 28.5 23.5
72.9
66.0 51.4 39.9 31.7 26.3
77.6
70.6 55.6 43.5 34.8 29.0
82.1
75.0 59.6 47.0 37.8 31.6
86.3
79.2 63.4 50.4 40.7 34.2
90.4
83.2 67.1 53.7 43.6 36.7
94.2
87.0 70.7 56.8 46.3 39.1
98.0
90.7 74.1 59.9 49.0 41.5
102 94.2 77.5 62.9 51.7 43.9
105 97.7 80.7 65.8 54.3 46.2
112 104 86.9 71.5 59.3 50.7
118 111 92.8 76.8 64.1 55.0
133 125 107 89.5 75.5 65.3
146
138
119
101
86.1
75.0
158
150
131
112
96.0
84.1
169
161 141 122 105 92.8
179
172 152 132 114 101
189
182 161 141 123 109
199
191 171 150 131 117
208
200 179 158 139 124
217
209 188 166 147 132
225
217 196 174 154 139
233
225 204 182 162 145
241
233 212 189 169 152
249
240 219 196 175 159
256
248 226 203 182 165
263
255 233 210 189 171
270
262 240 217 195 177

LO

0.05

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.16

0.20
0.24

0.28

0.32

0.36

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.50
3.00
3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

7.50

8.00

8.50

9.00

9.50

10.00

Timbers,
bricks,
cut stone
= 0.16

Water courses

Channels

Hydraulic
radius
R

hydraulic flow kinematics

The Manning-Strickler Formula

V = kR

V
R
I
Q
S

Q = SV

as above in the Bazin equation

k: coefficient with the values in the table below

Channels

Water courses

Timbers bricks,
cut stone

Rubble

Smooth or revetted
embankments

Ordinary
embankments

Very rough
embankments
(pebbles, grass)

k = 95

k = 80

k = 60

k = 50

k = 40

k = 30

PD

Cement,
planed wood

flow in partially filled closed conduits, and in channels and water courses:
area of application of various formulae

Circular partially filled conduits carrying solid free liquids

ES
O
LU
TI
O

The quickest method of calculation is to take the conduit as being completely full, but with no pressure, and apply
coefficient m whose value as a function of the content level is given in the second table on the preceding page.

Sewers (carrying water and solids)

See the equations in the Technical Instruction relating to sewers in urban areas.

Open air channels and water courses, not carrying solids

See the preceding page and above.

LO

Flow over rectangular weirs

perpendicular to the channels axis, thin vertical wall*, free nappe discharge
Without End Contractions

The equations given in this paragraph apply when there is no end contraction at either side of the weir, that is, when the
vertical edges of the weir are exactly in the plane of the walls of the approach channel and equally vertical.

q = mh

2 gh

Q = ql = mlh

2 gh

* The wall is said to be thin when its thickness is less than half the height of the water h above the crest. Thin wall weirs are only used
for flow measurement.

295

hydraulic flow kinematics

: flow per metre width of weir, in cubic metres per second

: water height above the crest (or head), measured upstream of the weir at a distance at least equal to 4 h,
expressed in cubic metres per second

: weir coefficient (see below)

: acceleration due to gravity in metres per second per second

: width of weir, in metres

: crest height above the upstream bottom, in metres

Note: These equations cease to be valid when the ratio

since the nappe is then no longer free flowing.

of the head to the crest exceeds a value of about 1.5,

0.405 +

)[

1 + 0.55

( )]
2

h+p

m=

0.003

ES
O
LU
TI
O

Bazin Equation

PD

Values for m are principally obtained from the following equations:

For different values of h and p, the following table gives the flow values per metre width of weir, calculated by the Bazin
equation, and expressed in litres per second (q x 103).

296

R
0.20

0.30

Crest height p (m)

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.50

2.00

Infinite*

q x 103 (l/s)

LO

Head h

0.05

0.06

23.5 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.0 23.0 23.0

0.08

46.3 45.4 45.0 44.8 44.7 44.5 44.5 44.4 44.4 44.3

0.10

64.6 63.0 62.3 61.9 61.6 61.3 61.2 61.1 61.0 60.9

0.12

85.3 82.7 81.5 80.8 80.4 79.9 79.7 79.4 79.3 79.2

0.14

108 104 103 102 101 100 99.7 99.3 99.2 98.9

0.16

133 128 125 124 123 122 121 121 120 120

0.18

160 154 150 148 147 145 144 144 143 143

0.20

189 181 177 174 172 170 169 168 167 166

0.22

220 210 205 201 199 196 195 193 192 191

0.24

253 241 234 230 227 224 222 220 219 217

0.26

288 274 265 260 257 253 250 247 246 245

0.28

324 308 298 292 288 283 280 276 275 273

0.30

362 344 333 325 320 314 311 307 305 302

0.35

** 440 425 415 408 399 393 387 384 379

0.40

** 545 526 512 503 490 483 473 469 462

0.45

** 659 635 618 606 590 580 566 561 550

0.50

**

** 753 732 717 696 683 666 658 644

0.60

**

**
1 010 982 960 929 909 882 869 844

0.70

**

**

30.5 30.1 29.9 29.8 29.7 29.7 29.7 29.6 29.6 29.6

**

1 260

1 230

1 190

1 160

1 120

1 100

1 060

hydraulic flow kinematics

SIAS formula (swiss engineers and architects association)

This formula gives a slightly different expression for m:
m = 0.410

With end contraction

1+

1
1 000h + 1.6

)[ ( ) ]
1 + 0.5

h+p

When the weir offers a water passage smaller than the channel of approach, it produces end contraction and flow Q is
reduced.

Corrections to be made to flows calculated by the bazin or SIAS equations

This method is only applicable if:

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the width of the weir l is equal to at least three times the head h;

a)

Q = q

10

the hgly formula

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Flow Q is then reduced respectively to

the distance, measured perpendicularly to the channel axis, between a) one edge, b) both edges of the weir and the
neighbouring upstream bank is at least 3 times the head h.

or to

Q = q

b)

2h
10

This formula is applicable whatever the respective values of l and h, the only condition being that h is a most equal to l m.
The equation

2 gh,

Q = ql = mlh

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is used, but m is given the value calculated by the Hgly formula:

m = 0.405 0.03

Ll
L

0.003
h

)[

1 + 0.55

( )( )]
l

h+p

where L is the width of the channel of approach in metres, the other notation being the same as above.
Note: If there is no end contraction L = l, the Hgly formula then supplies to the Bazin equation.

* The last column contains the limiting values that q x 103 tends towards when p has very high values compared with h.
** See the comment at the bottom of the preceding page.

297

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SADIP PG_V3 02-12-ENG

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This handbook is intended as a

guide only. All values listed in the
product specifications are nominal.
Unsatisfactory product results
may occur due to environmental
fluctuations, variations in operating
procedures, or inter polation of
data. We highly recommend that
any personnel using this data have
specialised training and experience
in the application of these products
and their normal installation and
operating conditions.
The engineering staff should always
be consulted before any of these
products are installed to ensure the
suitability of the products for their
intended purpose and applications.
We hereby state that we do not
accept any liability, and will not
be held liable, for any losses or
damage which may result from the
installation or use of any products
listed in this handbook as we have
not determined the degree of care
required for product installation
or service. We reserve the right
to revise this data, as necessary,
without notice. We welcome
comments regarding this handbook.