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p-Chart
np-Chart
c-chart
u-Chart
U-Chart

Proportion of nonconforming items with constant or variable sample sizes

Count or number of nonconforming items in a sample, using the count as basis of
chart, with constant sample size.
The total number of nonconformaties in samples of constant sample size or area of
opportunity, n.
The total number of nonconformaties in samples of variable sample size or area of
opportunity, n.
Chart for Demeritics: rates or assigns weighted values to demertis per unit.

(1 )/

(1 )
=

Let's first consider the concept of rectifying inspection

as it applies to lots that are rejected through sampling plans. Usually, such lots
go through 100% inspection, known as screening, where nonconforming items
are replaced with conforming ones. Such a procedure is known as rectification
inspection because it affects the quality of the product that leaves the
inspection station. Nonconforming items found in the sample are also replaced.

AOQL represents the worst average quality that would leave the inspection station, assuming rectification, regardless of the
incoming lot quality
average total inspection (ATI). The ATI represents the average number of items inspected per lot
Acceptance Sampling plans focus on final inspection and prevent nonconforming products from entering the distribution channel.They are a
reactive product sorting focus emphasizing inspection, testing, rework, returned goods adjustment, complaint response, warranty procedures, etc.
Source Inspection: Is proactive and directly related to mistake-proofing and process improvement.
Sorting Inspection: Is reactive and is done to determine if product meets or does not meet specifications.
100 Percent Inspection: Does not involve any statistical inference and is used to direct the disposition of each item.
For destructive sampling, 100% inspection is not feasible.
When inspection cost is high, sampling results in lower costs.
Sampling reduces inspection error.
When sampling, an entire lot is rejected if sample quality is poor. Hence it provides an incentive to send better quality lots.
There is a risk of rejecting a good lot or accepting a bad lot.
Producers Risk (): The risk of rejecting a lot of good quality at AQL.
Acceptable Quality Level (AQL): This is the level of quality of a good lot and is associated with Producers risk. The maximum percent defective that
is allowed as process average.
Consumers Risk (): The risk of accepting a lot of poor quality at LQL. It is seldom desirable to accept lots of this quality level.
Limiting Quality Level (LQL): This is a numerical definition of a poor lot and is associated with Consumers risk. It is used to define the level of
unacceptable quality. This is also known as LTPD (Lot tolerance percent defective). The level of quality of a submitted lot that has a 95% chance of
being accepted.
Average Outgoing Quality Level (AOQ): This is the average quality level of a series of batches that leave the inspection station.
Average Outgoing Quality Limit (AOQL): This is the maximum value, or peak, of the AOQ curve. This represents the worst average outgoing quality
that would leave the inspection station regardless of the incoming lot quality.
Average Total Inspection (ATI): This represents the average number of items inspected per lot due to rectifying inspection conducted on rejected
lots.
Average Sample Number (ASN): Average number of items inspected for a series of lots with a given incoming lot quality in order to make a decision.
Operating Characteristic Curve (OCC):
This curve measures the performance of a sampling plan.
Along x-axis: Proportion of nonconforming products, p
Along y-axis: Probability of accepting the lot, Pa
Type A OCC: Used for isolated or small lots. Hypergeometric distribution is used

Type B OCC: Used for large lots or on-going product acquisitions. Binomial distribution or Poisson approximation is used.
Procedure for Drawing an OC Curve for a Single Sampling Plan (n, c):
Starting with p = 0, select small increments of p (e.g., at 1% intervals)
Multiply p values by n to get np (mean)
Using Binomial tables or Poisson tables, determine cumulative probabilities corresponding to each np value and the c value
Plot the points with p along x-axis and Pa along y-axis and join them to get a curve
In attribute sampling plans, multiple characteristics can be judged simultaneously when inspecting each unit.
There are three types of sampling plans:
Single Sampling Plan (n, c)
Double Sampling Plan (n1, c1, r1; n2, c2, r2)
Multiple Sampling Plan
In all three plans, a decision is made to either accept or reject a lot from which the sample(s) are taken. This decision is made on the basis of the
quality of the sample(s).
Single Sampling Plan (n, c):
From each lot, select a sample of n units. Inspect all n units. If the number of nonconforming units does not exceed an acceptance number c, accept
the lot. Otherwise reject the lot.
d c = accept
Each rejected lot is screened (100% inspected), and all nonconforming units in that lot are replaced with good units.
Double Sampling Plan (n1, c1, r1; n2, c2, r2):
From each lot, select a sample of n1 units and inspect them all. If the number of nonconforming units (d 1) c1, accept the lot. If the number r1
reject the lot.
= 1 1 1 =
If between c1 and r1, take a second sample of size n2 and inspect all units. If the total number nonconforming in both samples (n1 and n2) is c2, accept
the lot. If the number r2, reject the lot. [r2=c2+1]
= 2 1 +2 2 = 2 + 1 =
Multiple Sampling Plan
An extension of double sampling plans, with as many samples as deemed necessary taken to make decision.
Example: N= 4000. Let a 3-level sampling plan be (20, 0, 3), (20, 1, 4), (20, 4, 5).
If 0 defectives in 1st sample, accept; if 3, reject lot.
If 1 or 2 defectives, take second sample of 20. If total defectives in 40 units 1, accept; 4, reject; if in between (2 or 3) take 3rd sample of 20.
If total defectives in 60 units 4, accept the lot; 5 reject the lot
Advantages and Disadvantages:
Single, double, or multiple sampling plans can be designed to be equivalent having the same probability of lot acceptance for batches of a given quality
level.
Single sampling plan is the easiest to use.
Double and multiple sampling plans result in smaller numbers being inspected. Hence they are cheaper if there is either very good or very poor
quality.
Administrative and training costs are lower for single sampling inspection.