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Lecture 2
Lecture 2
Lecture 2
Introduction
Purpose is to identify key factors influencing
material selection for pipeline systems
The aim of performing materials selection is to
assess the feasibility of different candidate
materials (including CRAs) to meet functional
requirements for linepipe and for other
components of a pipeline system.
System Compatibility
Operational Parameters
Environmental Conditions
Corrosion Resistance
Linepipe Fabrication
Constructability
System Compatibility
Interface and Scope Break
Process equipment
Riser and landfall tie-in
Linepipe
Material constituents
Welding procedures
Corrosion control systems
Coatings
Components
Bends, fittings, wyes, tees
Expansion loops
Flanges, valves
Anchor flanges, supports
Operational Parameters
Fluid Composition
Product constituents
Time variation
Temperature
Steady state
Weld over- & under-match
Depressurization
Low temperature
fracture control
Environmental Conditions
Ambient Temperature
Installation
Riser tie-in
Soil Conditions
Corrosion Resistance
Internal Corrosion Factors
Fluid Composition
Sweet (CO2)
Sour (H2S)
Water (H2O, O2 and Cl)
Bacteria
Strength
Elastic modulus, Yield strength, Variation
Ductility
Ultimate to yield strength ratio, Elongation
Index Parameters
Hardness, Fracture toughness
Constructability
Coatings, Welding, Installation demand
Pipe specification
When the dimensions and service of the
pipeline are defined, the pipe material
specification can be defined.
This will require the pipe to conform to
requirements of the American Petroleum
Institute (API) 5L (or other standard, as
discussed later) with additional clauses to
ensure that the material will be fit for the
specific purpose.
Production testing
Despite everyones best efforts, it is possible for
the fabrication procedures to drift and produce
pipe that may not be fit for the purpose.
To avoid this risk, regular production testing is
done on a statistical sample of the produced
pipe.
Usually the testing is restricted to one pipe in
each heat or, for large heats, one pipe in every
50.
A heat is a single batch of cast steel, and the
volume varies widely among steel mills.
Material Properties
Strength requirement
A pipeline steel must have high strength while
retaining
ductility,
fracture
toughness, and
weldability.
Weldability
Alloying elements affect the weldability of the
steel.
During the welding, some hydrogen gas will be
dissolved into the austenite and will attempt
to escape when the material converts to
ferrite.
If martensitic or bainitic material has been
formed, the escape attempt can lead to
hydrogen cracking.
Measurement of strength
Yield strength is used as a major criterion for
design of a pipeline.
The standard strengths of line pipe are given
in Table 31.
The value generally quoted is the specified
minimum yield strength (SMYS).
The most common method of measurement
of yield strength (YST) and ultimate tensile
strength (UTS) is by pulling shaped samples
uniaxially.
Ductility
Ductility of steel inevitably reduces as the
strength is increased.
A correct blend of strengthening mechanisms
should ensure that strength is achieved
without sacrificing too much ductility.
Ductility is measured in a tensile testing
machine as the percentage elongation of a
sample of the material at a defined tensile
stress that is slightly above the nominal yield
strength.
Characteristic
Plastic deformation or strain to fracture
Typically ductility with strength
Minimum Elongation
20% to 40% depending on the tensile strength of the
steel
SMYS to SMTS Ratio
0.92-0.95 Longitudinal
0.90-0.93 Transverse
Bend Tests
Flattening
Surface cracking
Consequences
Tensile rupture not deformation
Buckling not bending
Toughness
Toughness is a measure of the resistance of
the pipe material to impact loading when an
artificial defect is present.
Resistance to Fracture
Yield with ductile flow (Pipeline steel good;
Gray cast iron poor)
Engineering Requirements
Absorbed energy
Fracture appearance and shear area
Low temperature transition
Engineering Tools etc