c) outline the process of cell signaling involving the release

of chemicals that combine with cell surface receptors on

target
cells,
leading
to
specific
responses

Cell Signaling
signaling molecules that are produced and
released by signaling cells
These molecules recognize and bind to
receptors on the surface of target cells
This then causes a cellular response

Cell Signalling
Signalling pathway includes receiving a
stimulus/signal, transmitting the message &
making an appropriate response.
Conversion of the original signal to a message
that is then transmitted is called transduction
Transmitting the message involves crossing
barriers such as csm

Basic Components of Cell Signalling

Cell Signalling
Involving Second
Messenger
Common signal molecules are
water-soluble
Signalling molecule bind onto
specific protein receptor in a csm
the signal causes a change in
the shape of receptor that spans
the membrane & is in effect
passed to the inside of the cell
(transduction)
details in diagram, G-protein
(binding of GTP molecule

Other Ways of Signals Causes Action

Other ways in which a receptor can alter the
activity of a cell : opening an ion channel, resulting in a change of
membrane potential. e.g. nicotine-accepting
acetylcholine receptors
acting directly as a membrane-bound enzyme. e.g.
Insulin receptor
acting as an intracellular receptor when the initial
signal passes straight through the csm. e.g. the
oestrogen receptor is in the nucleus & directly
controls gene expression when combined with
oestrogen

4.2 Movement of substances into and

out of cells

a) describe and explain the processes of diffusion,

facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport,
endocytosis and exocytosis (no calculations
involving water potential will be set)

b) investigate simple diffusion using plant tissue and nonliving materials, such as glucose solutions, Visking
tubing and agar

c) calculate surface areas and volumes of simple shapes

(e.g.cubes) to illustrate the principle that surface area to
volume ratios decrease with increasing size

4.2 Movement of substances into and

out of cells
d) investigate the effect of changing surface area to
volume ratio on diffusion using agar blocks of
different sizes
e) investigate the effects of immersing plant tissues
in solutions of different water potential, using the
results to estimate the water potential of the tissues
f) explain the movement of water between cells and
solutions with different water potentials and explain
the different effects on plant and animal cells

Movement Across the Membrane

Movt across memb:

Diffusion

Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Active tranport

the movt of molecules/ ions

from a region of their higher [ ] to a
region of their lower [ ] / down a [ ]
gradient
Until their [ ] becomes even thru out
the solution/ equilibrium is reached
NO cellular E needed
Because the molecules/ ions
move randomly due to their kinetic
E.

Another detailed animation: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_diffusion_works.

html

Movt across memb:

Diffusion Rate

- It is also affected by temp

Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Active tranport

c) calculate surface areas and volumes of simple shapes

(e.g. cubes) to illustrate the principle that surface area to
volume ratios decrease with increasing size

d) investigate the effect of changing surface area to

volume ratio on diffusion using agar blocks of different
sizes

9700/34 ; October/November 2011

e) investigate the effects of immersing plant

tissues in solutions of different water potential,
using the results to estimate the water potential of
the
tissues ; October/November 2007
9700/32