Applied Acoustics 89 (2015) 152158

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Acoustics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apacoust

Technical Note

Design and acoustical performance investigation of sound absorption

structure based on plastic micro-capillary lms
Zhongbin Xu a, Baicun Wang a, Sanming Zhang b,, Rongjun Chen c,
a

College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Street, Hangzhou 310027, China
Institute of Architectural Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Street, Hangzhou 310058, China
c
Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 3 April 2014
Received in revised form 10 September 2014
Accepted 19 September 2014
Available online 10 October 2014
Keywords:
Sound absorption structure
Acoustical performance
Micro-capillary lms

a b s t r a c t
Based on its constituting parallel micro-capillaries, the sound absorption behavior of multi-layer plastic
micro-capillary lm (MCF) structure has been investigated. The effects of micro-capillary diameter,
perforation rate and perforation diameter on the sound absorption performance of the multi-layer
MCF structures were studied using the standing wave tube method. It was demonstrated that the
multi-layer MCFs had good sound absorption especially at low frequencies around the resonant
frequency. The mechanical property of the MCF samples was measured by a strength tester and results
demonstrated this sound absorption structures had stable mechanical behavior. Compared to two
traditional sound absorption materials (perforated panel and porous material), the sound absorption
coefcients of the MCF samples are comparable and competitive to them. Therefore the novel multi-layer
MCFs, which are easy-to-manufacture and cost-effective, have promising applications in the eld of
sound absorption.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Due to the rapid industrial development, noise pollution has
become an important issue that needs to be addressed urgently
to maintain a good sound environment in the transportation and
building sectors. This is often achieved through the use of soundabsorbing materials and structures [13]. The research and development of efcient and environmentally friendly sound-absorbing
materials and structures is therefore very important [47]. A
sound-absorbing structure, typically a perforated plate or sheet
with a sealed cavity of a certain depth, is usually developed based
on the Helmholtz resonator [8] and can absorb low-frequency
noises around the resonant frequencies. In recent years, the sound
absorption bandwidths have been signicantly broadened through
combination of new resonance sound-absorbing structures and
porous materials, leading to their signicantly widened applications in the eld of sound absorption [811]. Currently, porous
materials, wood and metal are widely used for sound absorption
[12]. However, their applications are impaired due to their
relatively high costs and complicated processing. Therefore, it is
Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 13306710768; fax: +86 0571 88206329
(S. Zhang). Tel.: +44 20 75942070; fax: +44 20 75945638 (R. Chen).
E-mail addresses: zhangsm@zju.edu.cn (S. Zhang), rongjun.chen@imperial.ac.uk
(R. Chen).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2014.09.020
0003-682X/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

necessary to develop novel sound-absorbing materials and structures as an alternative option.

Many researchers have reported the use of polymer-based
sound-absorbing materials due to their wide versatility and relatively easy processing [1318]. Multi-porous polymer microspheres with interconnected cavities were studied and good
sound absorption was found especially in a low frequency range
(about 200500 Hz) [19]. Polyurethane (PU)/nano-silica nanocomposite foams were also investigated for use in sound absorption;
the increasing nano-silica content leading to the increase of sound
absorption ratio of PU/nano-silica foams [20]. Xiang et al. [21]
developed electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanobrous membranes,
which were combined with traditional acoustical materials (e.g.
perforated panels, foams and bers) to achieve greatly enhanced
acoustical damping performance in the low and medium frequency
range (2502500 Hz). In addition, the formation of a microperforated polymeric lm for sound absorption was reported. Such
lm with tapered holes can provide a particular sound absorption
spectrum [22]. Polycarbonate transparent micro-perforated membrane absorbers have excellent absorption properties, which was
investigated by Zhang [23] based on the micro-perforated panel
(MPP) theory presented by Maa [24]. Plastic micro-capillary lms
(MCFs), which are easy-to-manufacture, cost-effective, have been
widely studied in a variety of elds, such as heat exchangers,

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Z. Xu et al. / Applied Acoustics 89 (2015) 152158

chemical reactors, micro-pumps, and solar heat collectors [25].

However, research concerning the use of MCFs for sound absorption has not yet been extensively reported.
In this work, multi-layer MCFs have been developed and
perforated. The constituting arrays of parallel, hollow and microcapillary lms represent a new type of resonance sound-absorbing
structure. A standing wave tube method has been used to investigate their sound absorption performance by varying the microcapillary diameter, perforation rate and perforation diameter. The
MCF mechanical performance has been tested for soundabsorption application and the sound-absorbing performances of
typical MCF samples have been compared to two traditional
sound-absorbing materials. The potential application of these
multi-layer MCFs as an effective perforated sound absorber is
evaluated.
2. Experimental
2.1. Formation of MCFs
The plastic MCFs could be considered as a hybrid material with
characteristics of polymer lms, polymer hollow bers and polymer foams [26]. Low- and high-voidage MCFs have been successfully produced via the blown lm technique in our group [27].
Fig. 1a shows the 1-capillary and 28-capillary MCFs, which were
processed by the extrusion line, and their typical physical and
mechanical properties are listed in Table 1.

Table 1
Physical and mechanical properties of MCFs.
Material

Density
(g cm3)

Elasticity
modulus
(MPa)

Burst
pressure
(bar)

Microcapillary
diameter
(lm)

LLDPE (Linear Low Density

Polyethylene)

0.92

180

5070

200500

from the superimposition can lead to the enhanced mechanical

properties of the multi-layer MCF structure. The adjacent MCFs
were glued to each other after polishing the lm surface. The
multi-layer MCFs were then perforated with a diameter ranging
from 1 mm to 2 mm (Fig. 1c).
Before each measurement, the multi-layer MCFs in circular
shape (96 mm in diameter) were uniformly perforated using a perforating bit with a diameter of 1 or 2 mm (Fig. 2a). The perforation
diameter was kept constant to ensure the uniform size and shape
of the perforated holes within a single sample, whilst the number
of perforated holes was controlled by varying perforation rates. The
materials were micro-perforated with diameters between 1 and
2 mm with ordinary drilling machine. As shown in Fig. 2b and c,
the perforation and micro-capillary structure of the multi-layer
MCFs are different with traditional micro-perforated panels.
2.3. Testing and measurement of the sound absorption coefcient

2.2. Preparation of multi-layer MCFs structures

The standard design process for multi-layer MCFs is shown in
Fig. 1b. Typically, eight MCFs of the same size were superimposed
with the micro-capillary directions of adjacent lms being perpendicular to each other. The compression-resistant capacity resulting

The simple, precise and convenient standing wave tube method

is commonly used to determine sound absorption coefcients a.
According to the International standard, ISO 10534-1 [28], a system for the standing wave tube testing was set up in this work.
The type of standing wave tube is Brel & Kjr 4002.

Fig. 1. (a) Cross sections of the typical 1-capillary and 28-capillary MCFs, (b) schematic of the process for preparing multi-layer MCF structures, and (c) schematic of the
structure of perforated multi-layer MCFs for sound absorption.

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Z. Xu et al. / Applied Acoustics 89 (2015) 152158

Fig. 2. (a) photograph of the multi-layer MCF-based sound absorber: with a perforation rate of 1% and a perforation diameter of 2 mm; (b) diagram of the microstructure of
the multi-layer MCF and (c) optional micrograph showing the perforation and micro-capillary structure of the multi-layer MCF.

As compared with the testing of the sound absorption of perforated wood plates, it is much simpler to prepare the perforated
multi-layer MCF plates and it is much easier to ensure an accurate
gap between the sample plate and the standing wave tube due to
the good exibility of the material. A total of 9 multi-layer MCF
samples (shown in Table 2) were prepared to investigate the
effects of micro-capillary diameter, number of micro-capillaries
in each MCF layer, perforation diameter and perforation rate on
sound absorption performance according to the method described
in ISO 10534-1: 1996. The absorption coefcients a of various samples were tested in different center frequencies 100, 250, 500, 630,
800, 1000, 1250, 1600 and 2000 Hz. In this work, the frequencyaveraged absorption coefcient aaver was calculated based on the
absorption coefcient at frequencies of 250, 500, 1000 and
2000 Hz.
2.4. Mechanical property of MCFs
The mechanical properties of different samples were examined
by tensile testing for thermosetting and thermoplastic materials,
according to ISO 527-1/-2 [29] using the universal electronic

strength testing machine Zwick/Roell Z020 (Zwick Roell Group,

German). MCF samples were prepared into dog-bone shape. The
length of those MCF samples was 115 mm and their width
25 mm, with the width of the narrow section of 6 mm and the gage
length of 25 mm. The machine was set at a speed of 50 mm/min
and a preload of 0.5 N for testing.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. General discussion
In this study, the perforated multi-layer MCF structure (as
shown in Fig. 2b) was taken as an analogous perforated multi-layer
resonance plate, whilst the interleaved space was assumed to be an
equivalent air layer with a relatively small density. There are a
large amount of ne tubes, slits or holes in porous sound-absorbing
materials. In the Ruili model [30] where thin tubes are arranged
long side by long side, the valid sound density (i.e. the ratio of
the air volume within the material and the total volume) is equaled
to the value of a single tube divided by the porosity. In the perforated multi-layer MCF structure, perforated holes in the vertical

Table 2
Parameters of multi-layer MCFs as sound absorbers.
Sample
no.

Micro-capillary diameter (lm)

Micro-capillary number in each MCF layer

Perforation
diameter
(mm)

Perforation
rate (%)

Thickness
(mm)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

500
500
500
500
500
500
200
200

28
28
28
28
1
1
28
28
0

2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2

1
2
5
1
1
1
1
2
0

3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.0
2.0
2.0

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Z. Xu et al. / Applied Acoustics 89 (2015) 152158

direction make the whole structure a perforated resonant plate. On

the other hand, the strenuous vibration of air in the parallel microcapillaries is caused by vibration of acoustic waves. Therefore the
way this equivalent air layer inuences the sound absorption performance was investigated in this work.
According to the electro-acoustic analogy circuit of a perforated
double-layer plate [31], which is one of the most popular
approaches in acoustic system analysis, the characteristic impedance ratio (z) can be calculated from:

z r jx r 1 jxm1  jcotxD1 =c0 cot 2 xD1 =c0 =fr 2 jxm2

2

 jcotxD1 =c0  jcot xD2 =c0 g

where m1 is the acoustic mass in the perforated holes of the rst

layer, m2 is the acoustic mass in the perforated holes of the second
layer, D1 is the equivalent air thickness between the two layers, D2
is the cavity thickness.
The sound absorption a can then be calculated from: [32,33]

a 4r=f1 r2 x2 g

When the acoustic reactance ratio x = 0, a reaches a maximum

value at the resonance frequency. Therefore, the inuence of
micro-capillary diameter, perforation rate and perforation diameter
on the sound absorption and resonance frequency was discussed.
In order to validate the accuracy of the model based on Eq. (1) to
predict the sound absorption performance of MCFs and the
assumption of an equivalent air layer to represent the 8 MCF layers, the comparison of theory and experimental results was shown
in Fig. 3. The calculation results were obtained using MATLAB software according Eqs. (1) and (2). In MATLAB, we input the physical
parameters of the MCF, including perforation rate, perforation
diameter, total material thickness, equivalent air thickness D1
and cavity thickness D2 which can inuence the sound absorption
performance. In Fig. 3, the theory and experimental results were in
good agreement, suggesting that the assumption and the model are
effective and useful.

Fig. 4. Sound absorption of multi-layer MCFs with different micro-capillary

numbers in each layer (perforation diameter of 2 mm, perforation rate of 1% and
cavity depth of 50 mm), aaver is 0.55 and 0.39 for 28 micro-capillary and single
micro-capillary samples respectively.

MCF structure with single micro-capillary has little difference from

the perforated structures, so it also demonstrated that the perforated MCF structure has better sound absorption performance than
traditional perforated structures.
3.3. Effect of the micro-capillary diameter
The acoustic reactance ratio x in Eq. (2) was set equal to zero to
examine the effect of the micro-capillary diameter on the absorption coefcient. As the value of cot(xD1/c) is sufciently large,
Eq. (1) can be simplied as follows:

x xm1  cotxD1 =c cot 3 xD1 =c=fr 22 cot2 xD1 =cg 0

3

3.2. Effect of micro-capillaries

As shown in Fig. 4, the sound absorption coefcients of the
eight-layer MCFs with 28 micro-capillaries in each layer are higher
than those with a single micro-capillary in each layer except at
200 Hz, showing a 4 times better sound absorption capacity at
the highest frequency tested, i.e. 2000 Hz. In fact, the perforated

Set cot(xD1/c) equal to c/xD1, the following is obtained:

x2 cr2 =m1 D1  c2 1=D1 2 =r2

r22/2m1c,

4
2

In Eq. (4), when 1/D1 >

x would decrease when 1/D1
increases. There is little change of the values of r2 and m1 when f
changes. Therefore, x2 increases when D1 increases, and so does
the resonance frequency. This is in a reasonably good agreement
with experimental results. As shown in Fig. 5a, at a perforation rate
of 1%, the multi-layer MCFs with the higher micro-capillary diameter showed stronger sound absorption in the high and low ends of
the resonance frequency range tested (i.e. f < 600 Hz and
f > 1200 Hz), whilst weaker in the middle resonance frequency
range tested (i.e. 600 Hz < f < 1200 Hz). The similar resonance frequency dependent sound absorption behavior was observed for
the multi-layer MCFs at a perforation rate of 2% (Fig. 5b). This could
be due to the decreased equivalent air layer thickness in the interleaved space of the multi-layer MCFs with decreasing the microcapillary diameter. This suggests that suitable micro-capillary
diameters should be chosen to meet practical needs. The higher
sound absorption coefcients of the perforated MCFs at 2000 Hz
revealed that the micro-capillary structure contributed to the superior sound absorption performance of the perforated multi-layer
MCFs as compared to traditional perforated panels.
3.4. Effect of the perforation rate and diameter

Fig. 3. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results of sound absorption

performance of the MCFs. (perforation diameter of 2 mm, perforation rate of 1% and
cavity depth of 50 mm).

Due to the small D1 for multi-layer MCFs, the value of

cot(xD1/c) is very high in a low frequency range, therefore:

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Z. Xu et al. / Applied Acoustics 89 (2015) 152158

Fig. 5. Sound absorption of multi-layer MCFs with different micro-capillaries diameters, (a) 28 micro-capillaries, perforation diameter of 2 mm, perforation rate of 1%,
aaver = 0.54 for samples with micro-capillary diameter of 0.5 mm and aaver = 0.34 for samples with micro-capillary diameter of 0.2 mm, (b) 28 micro-capillaries, perforation
diameter of 2 mm, perforation rate of 2%, aaver = 0.57 for samples with micro-capillary diameter of 0.5 mm and aaver = 0.26 for samples with micro-capillary diameter of
0.2 mm.

cot2 xD1 =c=fr 2 jxm2  jcotxD1 =c  jcotxD2 =cg

 jcotxD1 =c

frequency, as shown in Fig. 6. It can be seen that the effect of the

perforation rate and diameter on the perforated multi-layer MCFs
is similar to that of the perforated panel and MPPs.

And,

z  r 1 jxm1  jcotxD1 =c jcotxD1 =c r 1 jxm1

It indicates that the acoustic impedance of the perforated multilayer MCF structure is close to that of the perforated single-layer
MCF at low frequency. According to the theory [25] the resonance
frequency increases with increasing the perforation rate, whilst
decreases with increasing the perforation diameter. This is in a
good agreement with the experimental results shown in Figs. 6
and 7. In Fig. 6, the resonance frequency was increased as the perforation rate was changed from 1% to 5%. However, the maximum
sound absorption coefcient was decreased with increasing the
perforation rate. It is noted that the sound absorption capacity
was enhanced in the higher frequency range tested with increasing
the perforation rate. Thus, the absorption peak could be manipulated through varying the perforation rate in combination with
other factors such as the perforation diameter, porosity, cavity
depth and lm thickness. Therefore, the high perforation rate
was not conducive to increase sound absorption at lower

3.5. Effect of structure parameters on the mechanical performance of

MCFs
Table 3 shows the structural parameters and mechanical
properties of typical MCFs. Samples 1115 all contain 28 microcapillaries except sample 13, which only contain one microcapillary. As shown in Table 3, the thickness of sample 11 is smallest,
while the thickness of sample 12 is biggest. Compared to sample
14, the microcapillary diameters of sample 15 is smaller. As seen
in Fig. 8, the mechanical properties of 28-microcapillary MCFs
changed with different structural parameters, compared with the
single-microcapillary MCFs (sample 13). The single-microcapillary
MCFs (sample 13) displayed the maximum strain compared to
other 28-microcapillary MCFs. Maximum tensile stress observed
in sample 14 containing 28 microcapillaries with diameter of
500 lm. Minimum strain observed in sample 11 with thickness
of 0.79 mm and microcapillary diameter of 500 lm.
These observations demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the multi-layer MCFs are affected by changing MCFs structural parameters. The mechanical properties of MCFs are stable
which is desirable for sound absorption materials.
4. Comparison with other sound absorption materials

Fig. 6. Sound absorption of multi-layer MCFs with different perforation rates,

aaver = 0.54, 0.57 and 0.48 for perforation rates at 1%, 2% and 5%, respectively.

The sound absorption behavior of the typical perforated multilayer MCFs was compared with the perforated galvanized steel
plate and porous materials. The sound absorption coefcients of
the perforated galvanized steel plate and the perforated multi-layer
MCFs were measured by the standing wave method in the same frequency range. The sound absorption coefcients of porous materials were calculated from the sound absorption theory based on
microporous viscosity in porous materials in Ruili model [30,34].
The parameters of the three materials were carefully chosen as
follows for comparison: (1) the perforated multi-MCFs: sample
diameter of 96 mm, thickness of 3.5 mm, perforation rate of 1%,
perforation diameter of 1 mm, micro-capillaries diameter of
500 lm, and cavity depth of 50 mm; (2) the perforated galvanized
steel plate: sample diameter of 96 mm, thickness of 10 mm, perforation rate of 1.37%, perforation diameter of 1.2 mm, and cavity

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Z. Xu et al. / Applied Acoustics 89 (2015) 152158

Fig. 7. Sound absorption of the multi-layer MCFs with different perforation diameters. (a) Micro-capillary diameter of 500 lm, 28 micro-capillaries, perforation rate of 1%,
aaver = 0.39 and 0.54 for samples with a perforation diameter of 1 and 2 mm respectively and (b) micro-capillary diameter of 500 lm, single micro-capillary, perforation rate
of 1%, aaver = 0.31 and 0.42 for samples with a perforation diameter of 1 and 2 mm respectively.

Table 3
Mechanical properties of typical MCFs with different structure parameters (DM-diameter of micro-capillaries of MCF, a0-thickness of sample,
b0-width of sample, E-elastic modulus, rs-yield strength, rb-tensile strength, dL-elongation).
Samples

DM (lm)

a0 (mm)

b0 (mm)

E (MPa)

rs (MPa)

rb (MPa)

dL (%)

11#
12#
13#
14#
15#

300
500
400
500
350

0.79
1.86
1.44
1.20
1.28

6.23
6.19
6.18
6.19
6.19

152
191
180
158
191

7.11
8.13
8.11
8.09
8.12

11.9
13.2
14.0
14.7
13.6

320.7
504.6
607.3
540.4
593.5

Fig. 9. Comparison of the sound absorption behavior of the perforated MCFs with
the perforated plate and porous material.
Fig. 8. Strainstress curves of MCF samples.

depth of 50 mm; (3) porous materials: thickness of 55 mm, pore

size of 0.4 mm, and porosity of 20%. As shown in Fig. 9, in the
frequency range of 7002000 Hz, perforated multi-layer MCFs
had signicantly enhanced sound absorption compared to the
galvanized steel plate, with the absorption almost doubled at the
frequency of 800 Hz. In the frequency range of 1001000 Hz, perforated multi-layer MCFs had signicantly enhanced sound absorption compared to porous material. In comparison with these two
typical sound absorption materials, the perforated multi-layer
MCFs have a number of advantages, including: (a) efcient sound
absorption, the perforated multi-layer MCFs achieving even better

sound absorption than the two traditional sound absorption materials, (b) simpler MCF processing using the extrusion technology
and easier perforation, (c) more energy-efcient and (d) cost-effective. Therefore, it is promising to use multi-layer MCFs as the novel
sound-absorbing material.
5. Conclusions
The plastic multi-layer micro-capillary lms (MCFs) have been
developed for sound absorption applications. The extrusion process for preparing the MCFs is simple and cost-effective. Using

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Z. Xu et al. / Applied Acoustics 89 (2015) 152158

the standing wave tube method, the sound absorption coefcients

of the multi-layer MCFs were obtained. The existence of microcapillaries within the multi-layer MCFs signicantly enhanced
their sound absorption capacity. The effect of the micro-capillary
diameter, perforation rate and perforation diameter were also discussed. The sound absorption of the multi-layer MCFs was much
stronger in the high and low ends of the resonance frequency range
tested (i.e. f < 600 Hz and f > 1200 Hz) with increasing the microcapillary diameter from 200 to 500 lm. An increased perforation
rate led to an increase in the value of the resonance frequency
and also the enhanced sound absorption in the high frequency
range tested. The sound absorption coefcient was decreased with
increasing the perforation diameter from 1 to 2 mm in lower frequency range of 200800 Hz. The mechanical properties of MCFs
are also stable which is good for MCFs practical use for sound
absorption. When compared to other traditional sound absorption
materials, the sound absorption coefcients of MCF samples are
comparable with them. This suggests the promising applications
of the multi-layer MCFs as a novel sound-absorbing material. The
sound absorption mechanism and effect of other structure
parameters such as the cavity depth and the number of MCFs will
be further investigated with theoretical analysis and numerical
simulations in future research.
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by the National Nature Science
Foundation of China (No. 51373153) and the National Basic
Research Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB057301), the Zhejiang
Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LY13E030002)
and the State Key Laboratory fund of Fluid Power Transmission and
Control, Zhejiang University (No. GZKF- 201206).
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