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CLASSICAL JOURNAL:
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VOL. XXI.
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CONTENTS OF NO. XI.II.

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P.I.Gt.

On the Instruction and Ci.iliaatioo of Modem Greece

Professor N OBH1>'BN - . ....
Remarks on a Hieroglyphic which Dr. Clarke terms a
Horae"s Head .
Platonic Demonstration of the Immortality of the Soul
On the Origin of the Drama ...

189
-

198

20 l

230
Ancient British I.anguage ofComwall. ltt. X . . 238

Translation and Observations on an Ode of Horace.

......................................

Some Emendations on Aristotle.

Rev. J.

SEAGER

8
.. 252

Cambridge Prize Latin Es.say,, 180i. i54

Important J?iseovery of the Origi~al of many o_f the Senteqces of Sextua Pythagoricus. which bave been hitherto
supposed to be alone extant in the fraudulent version of
the Presbyter Ruffinus. T. 1 . .A YLOR . . . . 266
Not!ceofResearchea in Greece, by William Martin-Leake 270

Miacellanea Classica, Nq. 1x. 276

'
Corrections in the common Trao&latioo of the N ew Testament. No. v. ....................... 280
Notice of Dr. Symmons'a Translation of the lEneui of
Virgil
~
"286
I ............. '

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190

On tlte

Irzst1~uction

and Civilisation

abode of thP Muses, is overwhelmed with ignorance :a nd barbar.

ism ; aod, ou the otl1er b-and,. to r..,onceive the idea of rescuing, by
our etfqrts, the c.ountry and its inhabitants frotn so deplorable a
co nditioo, and to restore them, in some degree, to tbose rights to
which they se.e m to be entitled-are matters wbieb cannot fait to
make a.n impression on th~ gent>rous feelings of the present euJightened age. The scholar, above ttie' rest of hi~ cotemporarles,
who owns pa:rtjcula.r obligations to that couutry, wilt be Qccessible
to such sentiments ; and it might thence be presumed, tbat in
England, where andtmt literature is so much esteemed, and tile
recoUection of ancient Greece aud Rome so fe-rvently d1erisbed,
numerous advocates would be found i.nt~:rested in this cause. h
deserves consideratio.u, that tbe modern Grecians sttll pre&erve
themselves as a distinct people, and that they are not confounded
witb t:bose who subduetl them ; and what is more, tbat they still
regard tbem:setve~S as the descendants of t.be Greeks of old, nor
have, io their misfortunes, lost the recollection of what they for~
merly were. They feel a strong dtsire to emancipate themselves
fmm that mental servitude, noder which tbey have been kept, and
to make amends for tbat degeneracy, with wbicb they have been
charged. These f:eelings have, at differeut times, been mani(e.s ted,
but more partietdarly of late: a nd they seem to show that 1he na~
t ion. is actually in a state of intellectual improvement. Som-e
individuals among them are even distioguislred for tbeir literary
acquirements; . and it is only neeessary to name Capo d' /atria,'
CfJ!~ar,' Mesto,idi/ I~natius," Rhasi~,s Antl~imos Gozy, 6 and
Ntc()Iupoulo,1 to convtnce us that learmog and knowledge are not
entirely lost among the descendants of Plato and Aristotle. Men
of tbis description wer-e alive to tbe situation of their country, and
animated witb tht' noble ambition. of raising it to a. level with tbe
rest of tbe el\1ilised world. Tbey were sensible that tllis could
only be done by spreading instruction and knowledge among the
people. For this pu.rJWSe tbey determined to combine their efforts,
and they formed, about the year 1813,8 a society at Athens, called

' A man known and eateeme.d fot" Jus enlightened and liberal mind.

" Jn~tly pJaeed among the literary m.eo of the present day : he g1lnerally
resides at l'aris.
.

3 Seeretary to the Senate at Cotfn.

4 An ernin~t tcelesia&tic of the Greek ehurda, and a z.ealous friend to
tbe cauae.
s Rhuis the elder is physician to tbe Grand Vbier at ConstantjoopJ.e; bif
son is profeaor .at Paris.
6 Cbiefputo.r of tho Greek congregation n.t Vienna, editor of a Greek
Le:deon, and of the well koown G reek J ournal, '.Epp.iis 6 Mywt.
, 1 One of the under librarians at tbe F rwcb Institute.
8 I am not in possession of dt!!tinct information concerning the date at
wltich the IIOCiery was eJtabli&b.ed, but 1813 seems to be t be year. 'fbls I
condudo from au address to the German!, written by a Orecian, to German,

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tke Frimds of th.e Jl1:uses, 'H 'Enicpla r~v tl>V..opovutdv., or, a 4>tA.6Jiovetos:Erctlpeca, on whom. it was imposed as a duty to promo.te literary
and po.:pular education, and as if were to bring back the Muses
iuto their desel'ted country.
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The sooiety had scarcely been established, wbeo it proceeded
to the execution of its desrgos : no time was lost. Tl1e first step
tbey took was the foundation of a school at Athens. There bad
been sebools at Atheus before, and Chandler particularises two,
which exis ted in his time, that is, in tlte yea rs 1765 and 1766.
One of tbem had an annual income, arjsiog from. a legacy wbicb a
benevolent Atbenian had bequeathed, and wbich wa.s to be paid
by the Bank of Venice. But the payments were not regularly
made, and ceased entirely wben the Bank of Venice was closed.c2.
These sGbools were not adequate to tbe purpose of furnishing the
nec~ssary iostruction, especially after tbe latter bad been deprived
ef .its resour-ces. The elder Rhasis, wbo visited Atbens about the
year '181 S, found them in a deplorable condition ; and he was the
first who thought of their re-no,ation and improvement. He used
ltis influt-nc.e t o that etft>et at Constantinople, with the govermru.nt,
and w.itll tbe Greek patriarch, and was a ssisted by the principal
inhabitants of Athens. He found a most active co ~operation from
the friends: of tbe Muses : and a school has, by these uuited endeavours, been established, which promises to extend its beneficial
influence not ouly over Attica, but the whole of Gr~ece. 'fhere
are schools in otber places, for tbe instruction of Greoian. youth,:
in Smyrua, Chios~ Constantinople, Bucharest, Ya~si (in 1\Ioldavia),
in Cydonia. (a stua.ll town in Asia Minor), and in almost every place
tJ1at calls its~l f a town; hut \ be sum total of what I hey have produced is much below what tbe country required. The foundatiou

of the new school at Athens, on a more c-omprehensive and efficient

plan, was thel'efore a llleasure of great importance.
Auother advantage was soon after gaine<l by the creatiotl of
a seco.ud e.~tablishment in Thessaly, near Mount Pelion. In this
undertaking tbe principal weit beiGngs to Antbimos Gazy. lJtleli~~,
tbe town where that esta.blisbmeut is situated, was his native place.
It had a scbool, upon a small seale, so early a.s 1770, when that
school was founded by a man of the nam-e of Antbimos1 wbo

~UlJ 5, 1Sl4, in which he says, tl1at the soe.iety .has scarcely existe.d a year.
flus papes, together wltb others, was con:unumcated to n1c by l'tofetaor
''l'hler.seb 1 at Mmucb,
1
See Cltandler's Travels in Greece, cbap. 25. p. 121. ( Oxford ed. 1776.
4to.) His words are.: "'~he A thenian_& hav? two .achools, one of wbieh pos.se$s~s a small coUeeuon ot b-ooks~. a.od 1s enu~ed to au anooal pa~ment from
Ventce., the t>ndowment of a cbari.table Atbenlao, but tlt.tt mouey IS not regularty t'enlttted /'
2. See JUillin'~ ftl<lga..~ EncycW~JUiqut for the yea.t 1815 1 vol. I. p. 818.

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On the Instruction and Civilisation

left a sum of money .to maintain it. Antbimos Guy, inspiRd

witb a love .for his native plaee, aod for bis country in general,
co_ucei.Yed .the design. of enlarging tbat s~haoJ, and forming it into
an institution, wl1ich m.igbt be extensively useful. He did not
lte61tate to Nnploy his fortune in tlte enterprise, and io c-oojun6tio~
.l''ith .s~lme friends, notuinaJiy two, Gt~ego-tift,, Cf.mstont.a, and Dd:Riel PMlippidcs, b.e carried his .views into execution. Tbns a
mosl respe.ctable seminary :arose, in tbe same spot; it is said, where
in old titnes Acl1iU~S> received bis education fr>Otn Cbiroo. It is
ca.lled J\{u,f:tllv Mt~~u...;n~()v:, ' or fvpvauwv MrrAu.h"tJ:ov ; and is pa.
bonised by the Gree k Patriarcband Synod of Ccrnstantjuople, bat
derb1es .its chief ~support from .the. society o f tbe Friends of tire
Mus:es at At.bens.. Antbimos Guy furnisbt.xl it with eon:sidernhle
buildiugs). for a. library, aod ~be different ro<ns aod apattments.
that were req uir'ed . He b.rives au a~uot of it, :t.n the '.l4>pfh 3 A6-yws, anti sta.t~s tbe numhu of the books in trbe library, at the tim.e,
when he wrote? (about five years since,} to amouot al ready to UJP..
wards of 80()0 l'olumes.~ It was desired that, it shout,d represen't
what we call a ouiversity, and that 1be .subjects taught dte~
sbould be ()ff a bigt~er order tba n those at ordimtrJ schools, e>r even
that of Athens. The situation of Mdi~s, at the foot of Mount
PeJiou, near. Zago~ anq Mac11ooissi, ~ is peculiarly fa~\'O.t'dbJe to a
retreat .of the Mu~s. Jt is remote from the _j ealous eye of th~
Turki.s h governo11, and still more &ecured from his eneroaehmeu~
~ eertaio privileges and immunities.~ "~ hicb lav~ been gmoted tQ
the town by the governntwt. Tbese ~ireum~tances fqlly justifY
.t be pref~renee given to tbat spot, over any otber purt of Gre~ce~
.for tbe site ,o f a literary establisbmettt, and bappUy coincided willi
ttJe predilection which Anthimos Oazy cherished.

'l'he- ~ooiety of the Friend.& of the Muses (rwv. f.>,'Aopoil<1wv) at

Athens, had not been tong instituted, when, in the year 1814, it
oceurred to some members of it residing at Vienna, that it might
~ pr-acti~able to obt.ain tbe aid of some of the enlightened and
liberal iubabihmts of other parts of Europ.e : and it seemed that
f;he C()tJgFess of tbe Europ~an n1)tiotts, which was. abot1t that time
assembling in the capital of d1e Austrian d.omiuipu s, afibrde:d an
opportunity peculiitrly fuvorabte. \VIren S9 .maoy strangers wen:
coHected. and amoug thttm persons of tbe lughest rank aud dis..
tinction., it was thought likely tha.t the caus-e of G reece would net
be ,Pleaded in ''ain bdore .t.he tribuJJal of geue=ro.sily. A subscr~
'Fbe names .of crx-oMJ., crxo.A.~(rv, AQI(floli1 -yvp.Jtcunov, migbt perhaps be promisenous'ly applied to both establis:lunenu ; but it ~~ml' that rrxo}..t!i~ b
nlore partieuhtrly approruiatetl to _tbat of Athens, and ')'V~-f-~M~JI to th!"t of
Mount P eliou; aod th.at t he latter ts in.t~ud.etl to denote au mstuotion. ba.gber
tbaa a &.eltool, one dtat aJ)proache1! to a univ~sity.
s Se:e Jlagazin Bncy<ilopidtpe, p. 112.
l Ibid. p. BU. note.
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