Part II: Course Syllabus

Table of Contents
Item

Page

Instructor Information

2-1

Course Information
2-2
Course Objectives
2-4
Learning Resources
2-22
Course Requirements & Grading

2-0

2-28

Instructor Information

DR. ESSAM HUSAIN JIFFRI (Course Co-ordinator)

Telephone:
Office: 6401000 Ex. 21137
Mobile: 0505613915
E-mail:
ejiffri@kaau.edu.sa
Office Location:
1st floor, Room No. 542/1
Office Hour: Sat: 10:00 12:00 PM
Wed:10:00 12:00 PM
DR. HAMED KHOUJA
- Telephone:
Office: 6401000 Ex. 22079 /20209
Mobile: 0504605257
- E-mail:
hkhoja@kaau.edu.sa
- Office Location: 2nd floor, Room No. 512/2
- Office Hour:
Sun 9:00 11:00 AM
Tue 9:00 11:00 AM
DR. ADEEL G. CHAUDARY
Telephone:

Office: 64O1000 Ex. 22135

Mobile: 0505689076
E-mail:
adeel_c@lords.com
Office Location:
2nd, Room No.552/2
Office Hour: Sat:
12:00 2:00 PM
Mon: 12:00 2:00 PM

Course Information
2-1

COURSE NAME:

Clinical Chemistry-1

COURSE NUMBER: MLT 301

COURSE MEETING TIMES:
Lecture hours: 3 hours/week for 14 weeks (Total 42 hours)
Practical hours:
hours)

2 hours/week for 14 weeks (Total 28

Tutorial hours: 1 hour/week for 14 weeks (Total 14 hours)

PRACTICALS
Two/Week

LECTURE
Three/Week

MALE

FEMAL
E

Sat 08:00-09:00
a.m
Tue 01:00-02:00
p.m

Sat 02:0004:00 p.m (Group

A)

Wed 08:0009:0
a.m

Wed 02:0004:00 p.m

(Group B)

Sun 08:00 09:00

a.m

Sat 10:0012:00 a.m (Group

A)

Mon 01:00 02:00

p.m

Mon 10:0012:00 a.m (Group

B)

TUTORIALS
One/Week
Sat 01:00
02:00p.m
(Group A)
Wed 01:0002:00
p.m
(Group B)
Sat 01:00 02:00
p.m
(Group A)
Sun 01:00 02:00
p.m
(Group B)

Wed 09:00 10:00

a.m

COURSE MEETING PLACES:

Male students:
3rd year classroom in the medical center,
Building number 5,
First floor,
Faculty of applied medical sciences,
Male section
Female students: 3rd year classroom in the medical center,
Building number 4,
Ground floor,
Faculty of applied medical sciences,
Female section
2-2

COURSE WEBSITE ADDRESS:

COURSE PREREQUISITES AND REQUIREMENTS:

A successful completion of Biochemistry (MLT 201) with a final
cumulative grade of above 60% is the pre-requisite for Clinical
Chemistry-1 (MLT 301).

ENTRY LEVEL SKILLS:

The student should display basic reading, writing, and mathematical
skills
DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE:
This course will be a detailed study of the chemical and
instrumental analyses of human biological material of clinical
significance. The student will be introduced to commonly used
clinical chemistry techniques. This course discusses the clinical
aspects of Lab Math, Sources of errors, carbohydrates, Aminoacidopathes, proteins, Vitamins, Trace Elements, enzymes,
electrolytes. This course will integrate the following topics into the
laboratory and lecture sessions: laboratory mathematics, quality
assurance, specimen collection and processing, sources of
biological variation, and evaluation techniques.

2-3

Course Objectives

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of this course the student will be able to:

Achieve the objectives designated by a bullet under each lecture,

group of lectures or practical sessions.

2-4

OBJECTIVES OF LECTURE TOPICS:

The course consists of lectures, practical classes, demonstrations
and tutorials. The following is a listing of lecture topics and number
of lectures for each topic:
NUMBER OF
LECTURES

LECTURE TOPICS
1- Course Scope

2- Basic & Lab Math

3- Source & Types of Errors &

QC

4- Carbohydrates

5- Proteins

6- Trace Elements

7- Vitamins

8- Enzymology

9- Electrolytes & Ca, Mg, P

TOTAL

42

2-5

1. BASIC SCOPE &LAB MATH

(Six lectures)
Objectives:
To make sure that the student is able to:
1. realize, understand and deal with numerical values in the
clinical lab in the best possible way to reflect accuracy and
precision of the given value (significant figures, decimals,
scientific notation, rounding off numbers)
2. recognize, understand and interpret SI units as applies to
mass, volume, lengths, area & concentrations
3. carry out conversions of single units within the SI system
4. carry out conversions of combined units within the SI system
5. recognize, understand and interpret commonly used
conventional units such as mg/dL; ng/mL, pg/mL
6. knowing the formula weight of substances, or appropriate
conversion factor, be able to convert from conventional to SI
units.
7. knowing the formula weight of substances, or appropriate
conversion factor, be able to convert from SI units to
conventional units
8. calculate the concentration of solutions in various terms such
as g/L; mol/L, mg/L.
9. calculate molarity and normality of solutions.
10.

express the amount of substances in terms of respective

percentages (i.e; % w/v; % v/v, % w/w).

11.

work out single, multiple, serial and parallel dilutions.

2-6

12.

calculate the concentration of analytes in the neat

sample which was diluted by a specific dilution factor.

13.

calculate the final concentration of solution which was

diluted by a specific dilution factor.

14.

work out how to prepare various solutions from stock

solutions
15.

work out how to prepare various reagents from various

compounds and substances

16.

knowing the specific gravity and % acids; work out how to

prepare weaker concentrations of acids from concentrated

stock solutions
17.

calculates the mean, SD & cv

18.

calculates % deviation

2. SOURCES & TYPES OF ERRORS

(Six lectures)
Objectives
The student must be able to;
1- describe the discipline of clinical chemistry.
2- explain the importance of clinical chemistry in lab medicine.
3- describe the function of the clinical chemistry lab.
4- describe the type of results obtained in the clinical labs.
5- describe the characteristics of quantitative results.
6- describe and perform calibration of pipettes used in the lab by
gravimetric procedures.
7- describes the basic quality control and quality assurance
requirements for the lab.
8- describe reliability, accuracy and precision of results.
2-7

9- describe sensitivity and specificity of procedures.

10-

describe the types of analytical errors in the lab.

11-

describe the effects of these errors on the result of tests.

12-

describe the three stages of quality assurance in the lab.

13-

explain the preanalytical factors that may lead to errors in

the analysis.
14-

explain the analytical factors that may lead to errors in

the analysis.
15-

explain the postanalytical factors that may lead to errors

in the reported results.

16-

describe limits of accuracy of the reported result in terms

of ;
a. reported values
b. decimal places
c. procedure limitations
d. instrument limitations
e. clinical significance
f. assay range
g. clinical range
h. extent of linearity
i. reagents
j. calibrators
k. temperature
l. humidity
m.

vibration

n. air current
o. interference
p. cross-reactivity
q. sensitivity limits
r. specificity
2-8

s. reagent blank
17-

describe how to spot errors in the lab.

18-

describe how to eliminate or minimize the size and

frequency of errors.
19-

outline ways to improve accuracy, precision of results.

20-

outline possible steps to improve the sensitivity and

specificity of methods in the lab.

21-

recognize the need for continuous development and

modifications of existing systems in the lab and outside the

lab.
22-

describe the major precautions that must be observed in

the lab to ensure the reliability of the reported results.

3. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
(Six lectures)
Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the student will be able to:
1- Identify the primary biological function of carbohydrate in
humans.
2- Describe, in general terms, the metabolism of
carbohydrates in humans.
3- Compare and contrast the four types of utilization of
glucose: glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis,
glycogenolysis.
2-9

4- Outline the formation of other constituents, such as

glycogen, galactose, fructose, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, from
glucose.
5- Discuss the importance of the anaerobic and aerobic
pathways and the pentose phosphate shunt in the
metabolism of glucose.
6- Identify and explain the role of the following hormones in
glucose metabolism;
a. Insulin
b. Glucagone
c. Epinephrine
d. Thyroxine
e. Adrenocorticotropic,
f. Cortisol
g. Hormones (ACTH)
h. Growth hormone
7- Discus the symptomatology of hypo- and hyperglycemia in
humans.
8- Characterized the following types of diabetes mellitus: type
1, type 2, and gestational diabetes mellitus.
9- Discuss the major acute and chronic complications
associated with diabetes mellitus.
10-Differentiate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA); hyperglycemic,
hyperosmolar, nonketotic coma (HHNC); and lactic acidosis
using arterial pH and PCO2 values with blood ketone
(acetoacetic acid) results.
11-Describe the action of insulin.
12- Describe how the following laboratory tests are used
the evaluation of hypo- or hyperglycemia;
2 - 10

a. Blood glucose
b. Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A 1c)
c. Ketones
13-Discuss the role of self-monitoring devices for diabetes in
the

measurement of blood glucose.

14- For Oral Glucose Tolerance and two Hour Post Prandial
Testing;
a. describe proper patient preparation, including dose
and administration of glucose.
b. describe specimen collection procedures, including
time
of collection.
15-

describe actual patterns of serum glucose levels in the

following conditions:
normal
malabsorption
diabetmellitus

emia
hyperinsulinism
16- Outline the current classification scheme for diabetes,
including
possible etiologies.
17- Compare and contrast anticoagulants/preservatives for blood
specimens for glucose analysis.
2 - 11

18- For each test listed below describe the rationale,

clinical usefulness, specimen requirements, patient
preparation, procedure, principle(s), measurement
used to
calculate activity, limitations, and reference range(s):
a - Glucose Enzymatic: glucose oxidase
b - Galactose
c - Glycosylated Hemoglobin = Hemoglobin A 1c
19- Compare methods for glycated hemoglobin analysis in
regard
to product measured and frequency of use in the
clinical laboratories.
20- Discus laboratory tests used to evaluate the presence
of ketoacidosis and microalbuminurea.

2 - 12

4. AMINO ACIDOPATHIES
(Three lectures)
Objectives:
Students are given the fundamental concepts of metabolic
disorders and their pathways. Accumulation and subsequent
overflow of precursors due to the deficiency or inactivity of a certain
metabolite (amino-acid containing protein or enzyme) are
considered the basis of these disorders. Detection of these
metabolites in blood and their overflow into the urine is clinically
significant.
Discuss the metabolic disorders are rare however some of them are
more common than others and these include:
Phenylketonuria: Inherited autosomal recessive disorder where
early detection of accumulating metabolite is crucial for better
prognosis
Alkaptonuria
Tyrosinuria: TypeI and Type II
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Homocystineuria
Cystinuria

2 - 13

The topics covered include various methods of detection, screening

tests and reference methods. Also criteria for blood and urine
sample collection is discussed

5. PROTEINS
(Three lectures)
Objectives:
The students are required to know the clinical significance of
proteins and to differentiate between various fractions of proteins
depending upon their functions. As laboratory technologists the
students must know different methods of detection and their
underlying principles.
The topics covered include:
Structures of proteins, amphoteric property, concepts of
catabolism and anabolism
General functions of proteins
Hyperproteinemia and hypoproteinemia
Methods of detecting total serum proteins
Protein electrophoresis and densitometery
Protein sub fractions covered in detail in this chapter include:
a. Pre-albumin
b. Albumin
2 - 14

c. Alpha-1 globulins
d. Alpha-2 globulins
e. Beta globulins
f. Gamma globulins
Sub fractions are also covered in details including alpha-1 acid
glycoproteins, alpha-1 antitrypsis, alpha feto proteins,
hepatoglobins, ceruloplasmin etc along with their functions, clinical
significance, methods of detection, pathophysiology.
Specific methods of detection for protein sub fractions include:
radial immunodiffusion, immuno electrophoresis, ELISA,
nephlometry.
Clinical significance of Albumin and globulin ratio is covered along
with its affect on total hyper and hypoproteinemia.
Other diseases that have profound affect upon specific protein subfractions are analyzed along with their densitometric patterns e.g.
liver cirrhosis, inflammation, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency,
monoclonal increase.
Certain globulinemias are clinically significant and have direct affect
on serum and urinary proteins and some of the disorders covered
are Multiple Myeloma, Franklins disease, Waldenstorms
macroglobulinemia.

6. VITAMINS
(Three lectures)
Objectives:
2 - 15

Students are made aware of the importance of vitamins as essential

component of daily nutrition. Important vitamins are covered that
includes: Vitamin-A, C, D, K and B complex. Their trivial names,
reference ranges, dietary source and functions are covered.
Topics including clinical symptoms due to their deficiency or
overdose are also explained followed by various methods of
detection which include:
In-vivo and in-vitro bioassays
Microbiological assays
Vitamin loading tests
Flourometric and Colorimetric analysis
HPLC
RIA & ELISA
Amperometry
Erythrocyte fragility test
Prothrombin and partial thrombin test
Activity coefficient test
To understand the advantages and disadvantages of each of the
above method is describes and the students are made well aware of
the reference methods and screening methods used.

7. TRACE ELEMENTS
(Three lectures)
Objectives:
2 - 16

To understand what these trace elements are? And to appreciate

their presence in the human body.
To understand the nutritional value and functional importance of
essential, moderately essential and non-essential trace elements.
To understand the nutritional value and functional importance of
ultra-tracelements
Trace elements covered in this chapter include:
Iron: normal ranges, proteins carriers, clinical significance,
methods of detection, transferring and ferritin, Iron saturation
and binding capacity. Iron picture in various types of anemias
Copper: clinical significance, functions and transporting
enzyme (ceruloplamsin), method of detection, types of sample
and interfering substances
Zinc: function, clinical significance, method of detection, types
of sample and interfering substances
Ultra-trace elements covered in this chapter include:
Selenium: Function in association with vitamin-E and
glutathione peroxidase, clinical significance, methods of
detection, types of sample and normal range
Manganese: function and clinical deficiency, type of sample
required
Cobalt: absorption in relation to vitamin B12 and intrinsic
factor.

8. ENZYMOLOGY
(Six lectures)
2 - 17

Objectives:
Upon completion of this chapter, the student will be able to:
1- Explain the different factors affecting serum enzyme:

Rate of entry of enzymes into blood

Enzyme inhibitors

Clearance of enzyme

2- Explain specificity of serum enzyme measurements:

Test results and clinical features
Test pattern recognition
Isoenzymes
3- Give examples of substances that act as inhibitors of enzyme
activity.
4- Identify and discus isoenzymes of clinical importance.
5- Discuss the clinical utility for the measurement of the following
major enzymes of diagnostic interest:
a. Phosphatases (ALP & ACP)
b. Transaminases (ALT & AST)
c. Amylase and Lipase
d. Cholinsterase
e. Creatin Kinase
f. Lactate dehydrogenase
2 - 18

g. Gamma-glutamyltransferase
6- Discuss the serum enzymes in diseases:
a. Myocardial infarction
b. Muscle Diseases:
1. Muscular Dystrophy
2. Toxic Myopathies
3. Malignant Hyperpyrexia
4. Traumatic Myopathies

c. Liver disease
d. Bone Disease
e. Haematological disorders;
1. G6PD
2. Haemolytic anaemia
3. Megaloplastic anaemia
4. Leukaemia
7- Explain the general consideration in enzyme assay in the
clinical laboratory.
8- Discuss the different methods for the determination in serum
and urine.
9- Assess specimen integrity for enzyme analysis based on
samples;
a. collection
2 - 19

b. precessing, and
c. storage conditions

9. ELECTROLYTES (Na, K, Cl,) & Ca, Mg, Pi

( Nine lectures)
Objectives:
The student must be able to;
1- describe the physiological roles of Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg & Pi
2- describe the major factors that influence the concentration of
these substance in the body and blood.
3- describe the clinical significance and correlations in the
measurements of Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg & Pi.
4- describe the specimen requirements for the determination of
Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg & Pi.
5- describe the possible sources of errors in the determination of
Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg & Pi.
6- describe the effects of such errors on the results obtained for
each of the analytes (i.e; false increase or false decrease).
7- describe major interfering factors that may affect the results.
8- describe how to eliminate interferences.
2 - 20

9- describe the ways to minimize or eliminate the various sources

of errors.
10-describe the reference methods for determination of Na, K, Cl,
Ca,
Mg & Pi.
11-describe the most commonly used methods for the
determination of
Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg & Pi which are used in the clinical lab.
12-explain how to use lab results to differentiate between
various types
of hyponatremia.
13-explain the term "panic values".
14-list the panic values for Na & K.
15-explain the relationship between acid base disturbances and
Na, K,
Cl, Ca & Mg.
16-write the MacLean-Hastings Formula for the calculation of
ionized
Ca (Ca2+).
17-calculate the Ca2+ concentration using the MacLean-Hastings
Formula.
18-list the conditions for the use of the MacLean-Hastings
Formula
for the calculation of Ca2+.
19-describe the common methods used to measure Ca 2+ .
20-write the formula used to calculate the anion gap (AG) in
blood.
21-write the formula used to calculate the AG in urine.
22-calculate AG values in blood and in urine.
2 - 21

23-describe the clinical significance for the calculation of AG in

blood;
a. increased AG
b. decreased AG
c. apparently normal AG
24-describe the clinical significance for the calculation of AG in
urine.
25-explain the effect of combined errors on the considerations
of the
AG values in clinical situations of metabolic acidosis.
26-explain how AG is used in the clinical lab.

LEARNING RESOURCES
TEXT BOOKS & READING MATERIALS:
Assigned Textbook :
Clinical Chemistry, Principles, Procedures, and Correlations, 3rd Ed.
By Michael Bishop, Edward Foddy, and Janet Duben
J.B. Lippincott , Philadelphia, 2005or latest edition.
Recommended References :
1- Clinical Diagnosis and Management, by John Bernard Henry,ed.
2 - 22

W.B. Saudners, Philadelphia.latest edition.

2- Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry Tietz, latest edition., W.B. Saunders Kaplan
& Pesce. latest edition.
3- Clinical Chemistrv Theory Analysis Correlation, latest ed. C.V. Mosby
Clinical Chemistry in Diagnosis and Treatment, Zilva & Pannell,
latest edition.
WEBSITE ADDRESSES:
http://www.Clinical Chemistry.net
http://www.Annals of Clinical Chemistry.com

2) Instructors handouts

LABORATORY MATERIALS / MANUAL / ATLAS TEXTBOOK:

-During each laboratory sessions practical procedure sheet will
be distributed to all students
LABORATORY LOCATIONS:
Male students:
Teaching laboratory in the medical center,
Building number 5,
Second floor,
Faculty of applied medical sciences,
Male section
Female students: Teaching laboratory in the medical center,
Building number 13,
Second floor,
2 - 23

Faculty of applied medical sciences,

Female section

2 - 24

LABORATORY HOURS:

MALE

FEMAL
E

PRACTICALS
Two/Week
Sat 02:00 04:00 (Group
A)
Wed 02:00 04:00 (Group
B)
Sat 10:00 12:00 (Group
A)
Mon 10:00 12:00 (Group
B)

LABORATORY SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

1) There will be no smoking and no eating or drinking
2) Use proper universal precautions and infection control
3) Handle all glassware, equipment and specimens with care
4) Follow the guidelines for waste disposal and avoid excess
biohazardous waste
5) Do not leave until you have cleaned up your work area and
returned supplies and equipment to the appropriate areas
REQUIRED PURCHASES:
- Laboratory coats and gloves
- Text book, atlas textbook and laboratory manual
- Calculator

2 - 25

PRACTICAL LABORATORY OBJECTIVES

Having attended all of the practical lab sessions, listened to and
understood the explanation of the procedure done, watched a
demonstration by the instructor (or the lab technologist in charge),
and read all the materials assigned, the student must be able to
perform all of the experiments (tests, procedures, etc.) explained
and taught. The student must be able to exhibit a satisfactory
competence level by achieving no less than 60% of any given
practical exam performed within a suitably assigned time.
General Laboratory Objectives:
1. Describe the types, preparation, use and storage of chemicals
used in
a chemistry laboratory.
2. Discuss the composition, use, and limitations of laboratory
glassware, plastic ware and tubing.
3. Identify the various types of volumetric equipment in
common usage in the chemistry laboratory.
4. Describe protocols for the calibration of volumetric
equipment, it's use and maintenance.
5. Explain the theories of operation of centrifuges and
balances.
6. Discuss calibration; maintenance requirements, and
environmental factors involved in the use of centrifuges
and balances.
7. Describe the principles of procedures used to prepare samples
and solutions for analysis.
8. Discuss the components, preparation, sources of error and
expressions of concentration of solutions.
2 - 26

9. Define the components of buffer systems and its role in the

maintenance of pH.
10.

Describe the types of safety hazards found in the

chemistry laboratory.
11.

Identify specific precautions and safety equipment

used to minimize or prevent laboratory hazards.

Laboratory Topics:
1.

Clin. Chem. Lab Function

2.

Sources of Errors Exercise

3.

Lab Math Exercise

4.

Glucose oxidase method

5.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Teas

6.

Glucose & Ketone Bodies in urine

7.

Determination of Total Protein (Biuret)

8.

Determination of Albumin (Dye Binding)

9.

Protein electrophoresis

10. Determination of : ALP, ALT, AST, CK, and LD activities (Kinetic

and end point Assay)
11. Na & K (Flame Photometry)
12. Determination of C & ionized Ca2+
At the completion of the practical course the student
should be able to:
1. Construct a frequency histogram.
2. Calculate the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of
variation from
a list of data.
2 - 27

3. When given absorptivity constant and concentration, calculate

the absorbance.
4. Assess albumin using the BCG dye method with results within 5%
of measured value.
5. Compare and contrast one-point calibration with that of a
standard curve.
6. Perform electrophoresis and identify a normal pattern.
7. When given a list of absorbance values calculate the change in
absorbance.
8. When given absorbance values, length of light path and molar
absorptivity of a substance, calculate the U value.
9. Compare and contrast endpoint and kinetic enzyme assays.
10. Adjust the aspirati6n rate of the atomizer on the flame
photometer.
11. Set the standards of the flame photometer.
12. Analyze controls and patient samples on the flame photometer;
13. Perform the chloride determination and calculate the
concentration of
the control and patient samples using the chloride meter.
14. Perform within 5% and with acceptable technique the various
glucose
test methods.
15. Perform the following assays with acceptable technique,
precision,
and accuracy:
16. Accession specimens and evaluate them as to their suitability for
the determination requested.
17. Prepare aliquots of specimens and distribute them for analysis.
18. Maintain record keeping for specimens.
19. Prepare reagents according to prescribed directions.
2 - 28

20. Demonstrate efficient operation of laboratory instruments to

acceptable levels for the instructor.
21. Perform and interpret analyses on patient specimens and
controls
according to protocol.
22. Evaluate test results with results acceptable to the instructor.

Course Requirements & Grading

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:
- In order to successfully complete MLT 301 the following
requirements must be met:
- Attend lectures and practical sessions consistently
- Take and pass two written tests, final written and the
practical examinations
ATTENDANCE:
- Learning in this class is an active, ongoing process.
Information will be presented in class that can not be
effectively communicated by reading another student's notes.
You need to experience each class yourself. Your performance
in class depends a great deal on your attendance. It is
important that you are on time, have few or no absences, and
remain in class the full period. Attendance is taken at the
beginning of class.
- Sometimes in-class quizzes or other graded activities occur.
These may be individual or in groups, as determined by the
instructor. If you miss a class in which one of these take place,
you have a zero for that quiz/activity
WITHDRAWALS:
- If a student wishes to withdraw from the course, it is his or
her responsibility to inform the instructor. Appropriate
withdrawal procedures will be followed. When a student
accumulates unofficial absences in excess of two lectures or
2 - 29

two labs, the instructor may, but is not obligated to file a

withdrawal.

2 - 30

EVALUATION STRATEGIES/GRADING

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT (35%)

Test 1

15%

Test 2

15%

Practical Reports & Assignments

5%

FINAL EXAMINATION (65%)

Final Practical Exam

20%

Final Written Exam

45%

Note: If a student must be absent on the day of a test, he/she

must notify the instructor prior to test time in order to be
allowed to take a make-up test. A grade of zero (0) will be
assigned if the instructor is not notified. If the student exceeds
the maximum absences of 10%, this will result in his/her being
dropped from the course and from the MLT program.

GRADING SCALE:
The following grade scale applies throughout the course:
Excellent =
90.0% - 100.0%
Very good = 80.0% - 89.0%
Good =
70.0% - 79.0%
Satisfactory =
60.0% - 69.0%
Fail =
less than 64.0%

2 - 31