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"nusaybah"

Umm Immarah Nusaybah:

Umm Immarah Nusaybah |

Sahabiyat:NusaybahbintKaabUmmImmarah
FemaleCompanionsoftheProphetMohammadsEra

Um Immarah Nusaybah | The Brave Worrier

NusaybahbintKaab(alsoUmmAmmarah)wasanearlyconverttoIslam.AmemberoftheBanuNajjartribelivinginMedina,NusaybahwasthesisterofAbdullahbinKab,andthemotherofAbdullahand
HabibibnZaydal-Ansari.

When74leaders,warriors,andstatesmenofMedinadescendedonal-AqabahtoswearanoathofallegiancetoIslamfollowingtheteachingofthenewreligionbyMus`abibn`Umairinthecity,Nusaybahand
UmmMuneeAsmabintAmrbinAdiweretheonlytwowomentopersonallypledgedirectlytotheprophetMuhammad.

Thelattershusband,GhazyahbinAmr,informedMuhammadthatthewomenalsowantedtogivetheirbayahinperson,andheagreed.ShereturnedtoMedinaandbeganteachingIslamtothewomenofthe
city.ThisbayahorpledgewasthedefactohandingoverofpowertoMuhammadoverthecity,byitskeyfigures.

Hertwosons,bothlaterkilledinbattle,werefromherfirstmarriagetoZaidbinAsimMazni.ShelatermarriedbinAmr,andhadanothersonTameemandadaughterKhawlah.

Battle of Uhud
Further information: BattleofUhud

Initially,NusaybahwasattendingtheBattleofUhudlikeotherwomen,andherintentionwastobringwatertothesoldiers,whileherhusbandandtwosonsfought.ButaftertheMuslimarchersdisobeyed
theirordersandbegandesertingtheirhighgroundbelievingvictorywasathand,thetideofthebattlechanged,anditappearedthatdefeatwasimminent.Whenthisoccurred,Nusaybahenteredthebattle,
carryingaswordandshield.
SheshieldedMuhammadfromthearrowsoftheenemy,andreceivedseveralwoundswhilefighting.

Whenahorse-mountedQuraishattackedher,shepulledonthehorsesbridleandplungedherswordintoitsneck,topplingthehorseontopofitsrider.Witnessingthis,MuhammadthenyelledforAbdullah
tohelphismotherandthepairdispatchedthestrugglingrider.ThepairthencircledaroundMuhammad,throwingstonesattheadvancingQuraishtroops,untilMuhammadnoticedNusaybahswoundsand
orderedhersontobandagethem,andpraisedtheirheroism.
Abdullahwaswoundedhimself,asaQuraishcutacrosshisleftarm,andNusaybahtreatedhimandtoldhimnottolosecourage.Pickingherswordbackup,shewascomplimentedbyMuhammadonherown
courageandhepointedoutthemanwhohadwoundedherson.Advancingtohim,shecuthislegoffwithablowofhersword,andhefelltothegroundwherehewaskilledbyotherfighters.
Nusaybahstwelfthwound,cutacrosshershoulderbyaQuraishnamedIbnQumiah,leftherunconsciousonthebattlefield.Whensheawokeafterthebattle,herfirstinquirywaswhetherMuhammadhad
survived.Thewoundwasnothealeduntilthefollowingyear.

In Popular Culture
Faisal Tehrani named the central figure of his novel 1511HKombat as Hajjah Nusaybah. He once stated that he named the character thus because both of them showed limitless courage, as well as being
visionarythatfarexceedstheirowngeneration.
HernameisUmmuImmarahNusaybahbintkaabibnAmral-Ansaariyyah,whowasknownasUmm`Immarah.ShewasmarriedtoZaidibn`AsembeforeIslamandhasgivenbirthtohersonsHabeeband
`Abdullah.Later,shewasmarriedtothebelievingMujahidGhuzayyahibn`AmrwhofatheredTamimandKhawlah.

Withdistinguishableachievementsattributedtohername,SheisknownforparticipatinginsignificanteventssurroundingtheMuslimsatthattime,includingthebattleofUhudwheresheusedherselfasa
humanshieldinprotectionoftheProphets,peacebeuponhim,life.Herlifeboasts,withAllahsgrace,ofIman,courageandheroism,makingherafineexampleandrolemodelforhersistersinIslamtofollow
forgenerationstocome.
IbnHajar,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,says:She(Umm`Imarah)witnessedthepledgeof`Aqabahandshealsopledgedallegiance.SheparticipatedinthebattlesofUhud,HudaybiyahandKhaybarand
participatedin`UmrahAlQadaa`.ShealsowitnessedthevictoryofMakkahandparticipatedinthebattlesofHunaynandYamamah.

KnownasthesecondAqabahpledge,NusyabhbintKaab,mayAllahbepleasedwithher,wasonlyoneoftwowomen,whojoinedagroupof73mentotraveltoMakkahandpledgeallegiancetotheProphet,
peacebeuponhim,tobelieveinAllahaloneandnottoassociateotherwithHim,theyalsopledgedthemselvestojihadincompleteobediencetotheProphetinease,hardshipandharshcircumstances.

Thefollowingnarrationgivesaninsightofthetrueresponsibilityofthispledgeandhowthiswoman,alongwithherfellowcompanions,fulfilledandshoulderedtheresponsibilitythatthispledgerequired.
TheuncleoftheProphet,al-AbbasibnAbdulMuttalibwasfirsttospeakatthehistoricmeetingwhichchangedthewholecourseofthestrugglebetweenIslamandpaganism.Hesaid:Oyoupeopleofthe
Khazraj[]allofyouknowthepositionthatMuhammadholdsamongus.Wehaveprotectedhimfromourpeopleasmuchaswecould.Heishonouredand

respectedamonghispeople.Herefusestojoinanypartexceptyou.So,ifyouthinkyoucancarryoutwhatourpromisewhileinvitinghimtoyourtown,andifyoucandefendhimagainsttheenemies,then
assumetheburdenthatyouhavetaken.Butifyouaregoingtosurrenderhimandbetrayhimafterhavinghimawaywithyou,youhadbetterleavehimnowbecauseheisrespectedandwelldefendedinhis
ownplace.
Kaab(thenarratorofthehadith)repliedWehaveheardyourwordsandnow,OmessengerofAllah,itisforyoutospeakandtakefromusanypledgethatyouwantregardingyourLordandyourself.
ImamAhmadrecordedfromJaabir,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,narrated:WesaidOMessengerofAllah!Towhatshallwepledge?TheProphet,peacebeuponhim,answered:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tolistenandobeyinalldifficultyandease.
Tospendinplentyaswellasinscarcity
Toenjoingoodandforbidevil
InAllahsservice,youwillfearthecensureofnone.
ToaidmewhenIcometoyou,andprotectmefromanythingyouprotectyourself,yourspousesandchildrenfrom,thenparadiseisinstallforyou.

Itwasadefiniteresponseshowingfulldetermination,courageanddeepfaithtoshoulderthegreatandfearsomeresponsibilityandbearitseriesconsequences.Allahsmessenger,peacebeuponhimthen
preachedthefaithandthepledgewastaken.

NusaybahbintKaab,mayAllahbepleasedwithher,provedtruthfultoherpledgeonmorethanoneoccasionthemostoutstanding,beingtheeventatUhudwheretrueheroismshinedthrough,forshe
shieldedtheProphet,peacebeuponhim,withherownbodyinamomentofmishaponpartoftheMuslimarmy.Nusyabah,mayallahbepleasedwithher,wentoutcarryingwater,offeringmedicalaidtothe
woundedandtenderingtotheirneeds.
Butasthebattleraged,andtheMuslims,whoinitiallyhadtheupperhandsuddenlyfoundthemselvesinavulnerablepositionduetoahastymistaketheymade,foundthemselvessuddenlyweakened.Chaos
thusbrokeout,leavingtheMessenger,peacebeuponhim,unprotectedandhislifeconsequentlyatstake.

InattempttomaketheMuslimarmyregroupandworktheirwaythroughthehillsofUhud,towardstheencompassedarmy,TheMessengerraisedhisnoblevoicecallinguntohiscompanionsOservantsof
Allah.Hedidthatknowingthatitwouldreachtheidolatersbeforehiscompanions,riskinghislifeinthisdelicatesituation.Theidolaterheardhisvoiceandtakingadvantageofhisvulnerableposition;they
concentratedtheirattackontheProphetandlookedforwardtokillinghimwithalltheirpowerbeforeanyofhiscompanionsrantohisaid.

Assoonasthecompanionsdidarrive,theyencircledthemessengerwiththeirbodiesandweaponsandwerealertenoughtopreventtheenemiesfromreachinghim,amongthem,NusaybahbintKaab.Her
heroismonthisdayaplanexampletothose,bothmenandwomen,whowishtoemulateher,forwhenshesawtheMessenger,peacebeuponhim,introuble,whosemolarteethwasbrokenandhewasinjured
intheface,she,alongwithagroupofothercompanions,helpedtoformahumanshieldaroundtheMessenger.
Umm`ImarahnarratedwhathappenedinUhudsaying,Iwentoutintheforenoonwithawatervesselinmyhand.IcametotheMessengerofAllah,whilehewaswithhisCompanionsandtheMuslimswere
abouttowinthewar.But
whenMuslimswerelaterdefeated,ImovedtothesideoftheMessengerofAllah(whosemolarteethwasbrokenandhewasinjuredintheface).IengagedinfightingandstartedprotectingtheMessengerof
Allah,withtheswordwhileshootingarrowsuntilIwaswounded.
UmmSa`dbintSa`dibnAr-Rabi`whoreportedthisspeechsaid:AndIsawadeepandhollowinjuryinhershoulder.

ThisdeepinjurywascausedbytheenemyofAllah,IbnQamiahwhotriedtokilltheProphet,butUmm`ImarahdefendedtheProphetandreceivedaheavystrikebysword,thensheattackedIbnQamiahby
strikinghimbyswordrepeatedly.Inadditiontothirteenotherwounds,shesufferedthisdeepwoundwhichshecontinuedtonursefortherestofherlifeuntilshedied.

ShestoodfirmdefendingtheMessengerofAllah,andhesawheraroundhimdefendinghimgloriously.Shetookashieldfromanescapee,thensomeknightfromtheenemieswasmovingclosertoherandhit
herwithhissword,butsheusedtheshieldcleverlythenhitthehockofthehorseandtheknightfelldown.AtthattimetheProphetcalleduponhersontohelpheruntiltheybothkilledthatknight.The
compassionateProphetsaid,MayAllahbless
thishousehold!MayAllahbemercifultowardyou! Healsosaid,ThestanceofNusaybahbintKa`abisbetterthanso-and-so Umm`Imarahreceivedthiscall,notonlywithherears,butwithherentire
being and feelings. She also felt it with all her senses and from within her love of faith that flourished in her heart. She then said: O Messenger of Allah, invoke Allah to make us your companions in
Paradise.ThatwasthegoalshewasaspiringforinthisworldandintheHereafter.

Therein,theProphet,supplicatedforhersaying,OAllah,makethem(Umm`Imarahandherfamily)mycompanionsinParadise.Umm`Imarahsaid:Afterthissupplication,Idonotcareaboutwhatever
happens.Commentingonherbraveryandsacrifice`UmaribnAl-Khattaab(mayAllahbepleasedwithhim)narratestousfromtheMessengerofAllah,hisnoblesaying,WheneverIturnedleftorrighton
theDayofUhud,Icouldalwaysseeher(Umm`Imarah)fightinginmydefense.

The supplication of the Prophet actualized on the entire household of Umm `Imarah. Her sons `Abdullah and Habeeb were martyred in the way of Allah. She also had an invocation directly from the
MessengerofAllah,andfromhisnobleheart,thatservedasaprovisionforherintheremainingyearsofherlifeandasalightthroughoutthedarknessofnightsanddaysandwithwhichshedispelledthe
darknessofevents,makingheraradiatingmodel.
BesidesthemedalthatUmm`ImarahcarriedsincethebattleofUhudandtheinvocationthattheProphetmadeforher,Suchdeterminedalsoextendedtoafterthedeathoftheprophet,DuringthetimeofAbu
Bakras-Siddeeqs(radiyallahuanhu)KhilaafahWhereshewenttoseekpermissiontojointheexpeditionofKhaalidbinWalidagainstMusaylamahal-Kadhdhaab(TheLiar),whoclaimedtobeaProphetin
thebattleofYamaamah.
AbuBakr(radiyallahuanhu)said,Weknowyourworthinwar,sogooutinthenameofAllaah. Shewaswoundedinelevendifferentplacesandhadherhandcutoff.HersonHabeebwasalsotorturedat
thehandsofMusaylamahandwasmartyredatthatexpedition.

AfterthebattlewasoveritwasKhaalidibnWaleedwhocametotreatherhandwithhotoiltosealthewoundandstopherbleeding.Thehotoilwasevenmorepainfulthanhavingherhandcutoff.The
scholarlyaspectofUmm`Imarahslifealsohaditsplaceandimportance.ShewasanarratorofHadithwithexcellentmemory.
SomeofhernarrationscontainedIslamicjurisprudence.Forexample,At-Tirmidhi,An-Nasai,andIbnMajahreportedintheirSunanontheauthorityofUmm`ImarahthattheMessengerofAllah,visitedher
andshepresentedsomefoodtohim.TheProphettoldher,EatShesaid:Iamfasting.TheProphetthensaid:Iffoodiseateninthehouseofafastingperson,theangelswillinvokeblessingonhim.

Al-WaqidireportedthatUmm`Imarahsaid:MenwereshakingthehandsoftheMessengerofAllah,inthenightof(thepledgeof)`AqabahwhileAl-`Abbas(hisuncle)washoldingtheProphetshand.When
it was only me and Umm Manee`, my husband, Ghuzayyah ibn `Amr, said: O Messenger of Allah, these are two women who came with us to pledge their allegiance to you. The Prophet said: I have
acceptedtheirpledgetowhatIacceptedyourpledgeto,forIdonotshakewomenshands.
At-TirmidhinarratedthatshecametotheProphet,peaceandblessingsbeuponhim,andsaid:Iseethateverythingisdirectedtomen,andthatwomenarenotmentionedatall so,theverse(ForMuslimmen
andwomen,forbelievingmenandwomen)(Al-Ahzab33:35)wasrevealed.

Asaforementioned,UmmImmarahalsowitnessedandparticipatedinHudaybiyahandKhaybarandparticipatedin`UmrahAl-Qadaa`.ShealsowitnessedthevictoryofMakkahandparticipatedinthebattle
ofHunayn.Asmentionedpreviously,shewasalsotestedthroughhersonHabeebwhowastorturedatthehandsbyMuslaymaantheLiar,after
defyingly refusing to accept his claim of Prophethood. As a result Habeeb had his limbs cut piece by piece while he was tied up. He uttered nothing but a testimony to the Oneness of Allah and that
MuhammadisAllahsMessenger.Heremainedinthatstateuntilhebreathedhislast.
February 10, 2013

Umm Haram bint Milhan

Umm Haram bint Milhan

{ }
By: MuhammadAliQutub
Sahaabiyaat: FemaleCompanionsoftheProphet

{}

Umm Haram
ThereisaconnectionbetweenthestoryofUmmHaramandUmmSulaymbecausetheyweresisters,broughttogetherbytheirIslaamandEemaan,aswellastheirloveforAllahandHisMessenger(peacebe
uponhim).TheirlifeafterIslaamisatestimonytothisfactandprovestheirselflesssacrificeinthewayoftheirloveforIslaam.Furthermore,theywereamongthemostprominentwomenofMadeenahin
termsofvirtueandpiety.

Theirhouse,whichisreferredtoasbeingMilhanshouse,wasoneofthedearesthousestotheProphet(peacebeuponhim).WehavealreadyseenthisinthebiographyofUmmSulaymandhowitwas
highlyrespectedbytheNobleMessenger(peacebeuponhim)aswellastheCompanions.Thiswasduetomanyreasons,suchasthefactthatshegavehersoninservicetotheProphet(peacebeuponhim)and
herparticipationinthebattlefieldsofJihaad.
WealsolookedatthelifeUmmal-Fadhl,themotherofAbdullahibnAbbaasandherservicestowardstheNoblefamilyoftheMessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhim).
NowwewillinshaaAllahstudythelifeofUmmHaram.AllahWilling,wewillrealisethatlikehersister,shetoowasveryactiveinherserviceofIslaam.
NowondertheProphet(peacebeuponhim)commendedthesesisterswhenhereferredtothemasbeing,TheBelievingSisters.

Her Husband
UmmHaram(mayAllahbepleasedwithher)wasmarriedtothegreatcompanionUbaadahibnas-Saamit(mayAllahbepleasedwithhim).

UbaadahwasoneofthefirstAnsarimentoparticipateinthePledgeofAqabah.HewasoneofthechiefsofhisclanandhewasoneofthosewhotookpartintheBattleofBadr.SuchwashisloveforIslaam
thatheneverfailedtoattendanybattleorcampaignwiththeMessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhim).HewasalsooneoftheshiningheroesinthebattleofApostasyandlaterfellamartyrintheBattleof
Yarmook.
UbadahwasthefirstteacherandjudgeinPalestine;apositionUmaribnal-Khattab(mayAllahbepleasedwithher)hadwiselyappointedhimto.HewitnessedtheconquestofEgyptandwastheleaderof
onequarterofthecontingent.
HisfirstmarinewarwasinordertoconquerCyprus.ItwasinthiswarthatUmmHaramparticipated.InshaaAllah,wewillmentionhowsheparticipatedinthiswarinalittlewhile.

Her Personality
BeforewementionUmmHarams(mayAllahbepleasedwithher)participationinJihaad,IwouldliketogiveyouabriefglimpseofherpersonalityandherrolearoundtheMessengerofAllah(peacebeupon
him).
ThefamilyhouseofMilhanwasinQuba.Theylivedamongpalmdatesandplantations,springsofpalatablewaterandpleasantbreezesandlivedanhonourablelifeanduprightlife.

WhentheProphet(peacebeuponhim)arrivedinQubaafromMakkah,peoplewerecompetingwithoneanothertohostthetheMessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhim)intheirhomes.Hestayedforsome
daysinthedwellingsofBanuAmribnAwfwhilehismosque,thefirstmosqueinIslaamwasbeingbuilt.
QubawasthereforethefirstplacetheMessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhim)haltedatwhenhewastravellingtowardsMadeenahasanemigrant.Therefore,hehadanattachmenttothisplaceandwhile
livinginMadeenahwouldvisititeverynowandthen.
WhenevertheMessengerofAllahvisitedQuba,hewouldvisitthehousesofhiscompanionsandtakeasiestathere.Hewouldholddiscussionswiththemandteachthem.Allofthemwouldrushtoservehim
andpresentdifferenttypesoffoodandsweettohim.

Milhanshouse,whichwasthehouseofUmmSulaymandUmmHaram,wasafamiliarhousetotheProphet(peacebeuponhim)inthisregard.Wehavealreadymentionedthatwheneverhewouldbeasked
abouthisfrequentvisitstotheirhousehewouldrespondbystatingthathedidsoasaconsolationforthefamily,andwouldadd,Theirbrotherwaskilledwhilefightingonmyside.Itwasthereforeoutofa
senseofobligationbytheProphet(peacebeuponhim)thatthesevisitsweremade.
Here,IfeelitisnecessarytomentionthehowtheirbrotherHaramibnMilhan(mayAllahbepleasedwithhim)wasmartyred.Thisisbecausefromthiseventwecancometoseethehighlevelofeemaanthe
membersofthishouseholdpossessed.

HaramwasamongthedelegatesofrecitersthatweretreacherouslykilledbyAmaribnat-TufaylonthedayofBirMaoonah.Thesereciterswereseventyinnumber,andwereallenclosedandkilled.They
wereamongthegreatestcompanionsoftheProphetintermsofknowledgeandpiety.TheirmartyrdomcausedtheMessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhim)muchgriefasHaram(mayAllahbepleasedwith
him)wasamanofgreatfaith,courage,decencyandknowledge.Wecanseethisinhisresponsetowardsmartyrdom.Whenhewasgoingtobestruckbyswordsandspears,hescreamedasloudashecould,
I won,bytheLordoftheKabah!

Itisashewasundergoingaverydifficulttest,orasifitwasamarketinwhichhewasselling,purchasingandgainingprofits.WhensomeofthepolytheistaskedeachanotheraboutwhatHarammeantbyhis
statement,someoneanswered,
HemeantParadise.

ThisiswhyitisnotstrangethattheMessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhim)wasthefirstpersontovisittheirhousehold,acknowledgeitsright,appreciateitsvirtueandconsoleitsinhabitants.

Duringoneofhisvisits,UmmHaramcheerfullyreceivedtheMessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhim).ShethenservedhimhisfavouritefoodafterwhichtheProphet(peacebeuponhim)thenwenttoa
sectionofherhometotakeasiesta.Afterashortnapheawokesmiling.UmmHaramaskedhimastowhyhewassmilingtowhichhereplied,
Somepeopleamongmyfollowerswereshowntomeridingoverthegreensealikekingsovertheirthrones.
UmmHaram,wiselytakingholdoftheopportunitymadearequest:

O MessengerofAllahinvokeAllahthatHemakesmeoneofthem.

TheMessengerofAlalh(peacebeuponhim)said,Youwillbeamongthefirst.

AfterthismanyyearspassedandUmmHaramcontinuedtowait,knowingfullwellthattheMessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhim)neverlied.

UmmHaramaccompaniedherhusbandUbadahibnas-Samit thegreatcompanionandtheknowledgeableMujaahid-whereverhewent.EspeciallysincehehadjoinedtheSyrianarmyunderthecommandof
AbuUbaydahandAmaribnAbdullahibnal-Jarrah,UbadahtookpartprominentlyinallthebattlesuntiltheMuslimsconqueredtheentireSyrianterritories.

ThenarequestcametoUmaribnal-Khattab(mayAllahbepleasedwithhim)fromthepeopleofPalestine.Theyneedascholarwhocouldteachthemthemattersoftheirreligionandajudgewhocould
arbitratebetweenthemandsettletheirdisputes.InordertodemonstratehisconfidenceinUbaadahandshowhisrecognitionofhisvirtues,knowledgeandstatus,Umarappointedhimastheteacherand
judgeforthePalestinians.
UbadahandhiswifeUmmHaramthenbeganlivinginPalestine.Ubadahdischargedhisdutiesinthebestmanner,whichmadehimapopularandwell-knownSahaabi.Thepeoplehighlyrespectedhisviews
andhisdecision-making.

Throughoutthisperiod,UmmHaramwasarighteouswifetoarighteoushusband.Shewasnevermovedbythepositionofherhusbandneitherwasshedeludedbythisworldanditsbeauties.Rather,she
remainedasshewaswhenshecameoutofherhumblehomeinQuba.
Oftentimes,shewouldrememberthedreamthattheProphet(peacebeuponhim)hadhadwhentakingasiestainherhomeandhissupplicationforhertobeoneofthefirstonestorideoverthegreensea,
fightinginthewayofAllahandholding-highthebannerofIslaam.
Shewoulddeeplyreflect,imagineandanticipatethecomingofthatmomentousday.Shewouldthensnap-backtoreality,waitingforAllahsdecreeandtheactualisationofProphets(peacebeuponhim)
prophecy.

Amribnal-AasleftPalestinetoconquerEgyptasthepresenceoftheRomanstherewasbecomingagreatthreattotheMuslimsinSyria.HeconsultedtheleaderofthefaithfulUmaribnal-Khattabandthe
latterissuedhisconsent.
AmrwentdeepintothelandofEgyptandfoughttheRomanarmyinanumberofwarsanddefeatedthem.WhenhecametotheBabylonfortressinoldEgypt,helaidsiegeonitandthesiegelastedforalong
time.

Atonepoint,Amr(mayAllahbepleasedwithhim)hadtorequesttheleaderofthefaithful,Umar(mayAllahbepleasedwithhim)forreinforcements.Anarmywassentasareinforcement,afourthofwhich
wascommandedbyUbaadah.

UmmHaramaccompaniedherhusbandinthisbattle.ThechivalrousUbaadahwasputtoameritorioustestinthelandofEgypt,strategicallymovingabout,fightinginthewayofAllahuntiltheRomanswere
defeatedanddrivenout.AfterthevictoryUbaadahwenttoDamascus,whichissituatedinSyriaandbeganlivingthere.
MuaawiyahibnAbiSufiyan(mayAllahbepleasedwithhim)wasthenitsgovernor.HebecameworriedaboutthebaysofDamascuswhichwerebeingintermittentlyattackedbytheRomanarmy.

MuaawiyyahknewthattheCyprusIslandwasthemarinestationforRomanshipswhichwereattackingSyrianharbours.HesentamessagetotheCaliphUmarexplainingthesituationtohimandasking
permissiontoinvadeCyprusandconquerit.Umarrefusedtherequest,forheopposedjeopardizingthelivesofMuslims,whomayhavetoplungeintothesea.

ThenwhenUthmaanbecamecaliph,Muaawiyyahrepeatedlymakethesamerequest.MuaawiyyahwasencouragedindoingsobyhisbloodrelationshipwithUthmaan,forbothofthemwerefromthe
Umayyadclan.
Finally,UthmaangaveintoMuawiyyahspersistentrequestsandpermittedhimtolaunchtheoffensive.ButhewarnedhimthatheshouldnotforceanyMuslimsunderhiscontroltoparticipateinthewar,
rathertheparticipationmustbeoptional.
skybluishWiththehelpofexperts,Muaawiyyahbegangettingthenecessaryshipsreadyforthewaruntilhehadamassedalargearmy.Hethencalledouttothepeopleandmadeanannouncement,asaway
ofencouragingthepeople,thatbothheandhiswifeweregoingtoleadthemarinecampaigntoCyprus.

InthosedaysDamascus,theheadquartersoftheSyriangovernoratewasfullofdifferentcivilizationsandcultures.Itwashugelypopulatedbypeople,especiallytheProphetscompanions.Thesecompanions
didntseekluxuryorenjoymentbutonlyknowledgeandguidance.TheywereonlyinterestedinspreadingtheteachingsoftheBookofAllahandtheSunnahofHisMessenger(peacebeuponhim).Someof
theseeminentcompanionswereAbooDharr,Ubaadahibnas-Saamit(thehusbandofUmmHaram),aswellasothers.
HardlyhadtheannouncerofthegovernorannouncedHayyaalaal-Jihaad(comeuntoJihad!)thattheMuslimsstartedjammingintotheships,glorifyingAllahandproclaimingHisoneness,hopingforHis
rewardandnotfearinganythingotherthanHim.
ThepeerlessCompanionsoftheMessengerofAllahlefttheirplacesintheMasjid,badefarewelltotheirhomesandjoinedtheflagofIslaam.

ThroughoutthejourneyUmmHaramwasfullofenergy,ambitionandyouthfulness.Shewasexcitedandoverjoyedtobeabletojointhisgreatbattle.Beforeleaveing,shebusiedherselfgettingthenecessary
thingsready.
SherememberedthefaceoftheMessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhim)smiling,gladdeningherandsupplicatingforhertobeoneofthefirsttomountthegreenseatofightinthecauseofAllah.

Ontheappointeddayshesawpeoplegatheringlikeseawavesattheseaport,biddingfarewelltotheMujaahidoonandwavingatthem.TheywereinvokingAllahtomakethemvictoriousandtoreturnthem
homesafeandsound.
UmmHaramwasthere,standingattheedgeoftheship,hereyesfulloftearswhichrolleddownhercheeks.Shewaswhisperingtoherself,
Yousaidthetruth,OMessengerofAllah!

imagesMuaawiyyahIbnAbiSufiyan(mayAllahbepleasedwithhim)thencommandedthearmytosailon.TheshipsweredetachedfromtheanchorsandsailedthroughthewavesintheNameofAllah.The
Sahaabahwerelikekingsovertheirthrones!
ItwasjusthowtheMessengerofAllahhaddescribed,thosewhowouldboardshipsandwithwhomtheshipswouldstormthewaveswhiletheywouldbeaboardlikekingsovertheirthrones!

UmmHaramhadabeautifulfeeling.Whileaboardtheship,shewouldsometimesseeherselfasifshewasinahighplacelookingdownatthebottomofamountain,andsometimesshewouldseethewaves
risinghighaboveher,allofwhichwaswithinmomentsandinsuccession.Shekeptsayingtoherself,
Yousaidthetruth,OMessengerofAllah!

O Messenger!MaythepleaseandblessingofAllahbeuponyou!Youdidnotseewhatyouprophesiedwithyoureyes,neitherdidyoustudyitfromabook;youdidnotreceivetheknowledgeofitfroma
scholarorateacher!GlorifiedbeHewhotaughtyoutheknowledgeoftheearlierandlatergenerations!GlorybetotheOnewhomadeyousaythetruth!

TheshipfinallyarrivedattheCypruscoasts.Thesoldierssurgedout,unloadedtheirluggageandpreparedthemselvesforJihaad,afteralreadyhavingdefeatedaRomanguard-boatwhichhadtriedtoimpede
theirway.TheMuslimsthenbeganplanninghowtocreepintotheheartoftheIsland.
UmmHaramhadleadamomentouslifeinMadeenahanddifferentpartsoftheworld,suchasHijaaz,Syria,Palestine,EgyptandthenbacktoSyriaandlastlyinCyprus.Itwasalifefullofthrillingevents,an
extensivelifefulloflongjourneys.
ItallstartedwithatestimonythatnonehastherighttobeworshipedexceptAllahandthatMuhammad(peacebeuponhim)istheMessengerofAllahandendedwithmartyrdominthepathofAllah!Yes,It
wasalifethatbeganwiththeShahaadah(TestimonyofFaith)andendedwithShahaadah(Martyrdom).Whatabeautifullifeandwhatanexcellentdeath!!
WhileinCyprus,UmmHaramwasridingonananimal.Thehorseshied,wasextremelyfrightenedandthenjumpedviolently.UmmHaramfelloffofitanddiedshortlythereaftersmilingandwasburied
whereshefell.MayAllahbepleasedwithherandpleaseher!
Today,centuriesafterthismemorableevent,thegraveofUmmHaram,therighteousandmartyredMuslimwoman,stillstandsinthelandofCyprusforalltosee.ThereisaMasjidnearbytestifyingthatUmm
Haramwasreallyoneofthefirst(i.e.todiethere)andthatindeedtheMessengerofAllah(maythepeaceandblessingofAllahbeuponhim)saidthetruth!
Female Companions of the Prophet:

Asmaa BintUmays
UmmHaraamBintMalhaan
HindbintUtbah11February
AsmabintAbiBakr11February
KhawlahBintThalabah
Khadijah(RA):GirlPowerWellBeforethe21stCentury
UmmAmarah:TheProphetsShieldatUhud
ZaynabtheGreat08March2011
UmmManee,AsmabintAmr(theMotherofMuaadhibnJabal)08March2011
Shayma,theProphetsFosterSister
Ruqayyah,theLadyoftheTwoMigrations
KhadeejahbintKhuwaylid
FatimahBintal-Khattab
Al-Khansa(TamadurbintAmribnShareed)
UmmWaraqah,theMartyr
UmmMabad,AatikahbintKhalid
UmmKulthoombintUqba
UmmHaani andNabah

Rufaydahal-Aslamiyah
UmmKulthum,theDaughterofAbuBakr
FatimahBintal-Khattaab
UmmKulthumbintUqba
Faatimahaz-Zahraa
Faatimahaz-Zahraa
Faatimahaz-Zahraa
UmmSulaymbintMilhan
UmmHabeebah,RamlahbintAbiSufyan
UmmHabeebah,RamlahbintAbiSufyan
TheWifeofJulaybeeb:OutstandingCompliance
Nusaybah,theMotherofHabib
ProphetMuhammad&LadyAishah
UmmSalamah,Hindal-Makhzoomiyyah
UmmSulaymbintMilhan
FatimahbintMuhammad
Barakah,UmmAyman
AsmabintAbuBakr
AishahbintAbiBakr
UmmSalamah,Hindal-Makhzoomiyyah
ZaynabbintKhuzaymah
ZaynabbintJahshAl-Asadiyah
Ummal-Fadhl
SafiyahbintHuyayibnAkhtab
Sawdah,AaishahandUmmRoomaan
SafiyahBintAbdulMuttalib
MariyahtheCopt
Juwayriyahbintal-Harith
Haleemahas-Sadiyah
HafsahBintUmaral-Khattaab
AsmabintUmays

December 28, 2014

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Source: Idealmuslimah.com

Zaynab Al-Ghazali:

Zaynab Al-Ghazali |
ShefoundedtheJamaatal-Sayyidatal-Muslimat(MuslimWomensAssociation)
ZaynabAl-Ghazali(2January1917 3August2005)wasanEgyptianactivist.ShewasthefounderoftheMuslimWomensAssociation(Jamaaatal-Sayyidaatal-Muslimaat),andwascloselyassociatedwith
theMuslimBrotherhood.
Zaynab Al-Ghazali

Born: 2January1917Egypt
Died: 3August2005Egypt
Residence: Mahmoudiyah,Egypt
Occupation: FounderoftheMuslimWomensAssociation(Jamiyyatal-Sayyidaatal-Muslimaat)
Religion: SunniIslam

Early life
Herfatherwaseducatedatal-AzharUniversityindependentreligiousteacherandcottonmerchant.HeencouragedhertobecomeanIslamicleadercitingtheexampleofNusaybabintKabal-Muzaniyya,a
womanfoughtalongsideProphetMuhammadintheBattleofUhud.Forashorttimeduringherteens,shejoinedtheEgyptianFeministUniononlytoconcludethatIslamgavewomenrightsinthefamily
grantedbynoothersociety.Attheageofeighteen,shefoundedtheJamaatal-Sayyidatal-Muslimat(MuslimWomensAssociation),whichsheclaimedhadamembershipofthreemillionthroughoutthe
countrybythetimeitwasdissolvedbygovernmentorderin1964.

Allegiance to Hassan Al-Banna

HasanAl-Banna,thefounderoftheMuslimBrotherhood,invitedal-Ghazalitomergeherorganisationwithhis,aninvitationsherefusedasshewishedtoretainautonomy.However,shedideventuallytakean
oathofpersonalloyaltytoalBanna.(Mahmood2005:68)ThefactthatherorganisationwasnotformallyaffiliatedwiththeMuslimBrotherhoodwastoproveusefulaftertheIkhwanwasbanned,asforatime
alGhazaliwasabletocontinuetodistributetheirliteratureandhosttheirmeetingsinherhome.[originalresearch?]

Muslim Womens Association

HerweeklylecturestowomenattheIbnTulunMosquedrewacrowdofthreethousand,whichgrewtofivethousandduringholymonthsoftheyear.Besidesofferinglessonsforwomen,theassociation
publishedamagazine,maintainedanorphanage,offeredassistancetopoorfamilies,andmediatedfamilydisputes.Theassociationalsotookapoliticalstance,demandingthatEgyptberuledbytheQuran.

Somescholars,likeLeilaAhmed,MiriamCooke,M.QasimZaman,andRoxanneEubenarguethatAlGhazalisownactionsstandatadistance,andevenundercutssomeofherprofessedbeliefs.Tothese
scholars,amongmany,hercareerisonewhichresistsconventionalformsofdomesticity,whileherwords,ininterviews,publications,andletterswhichdodefinewomenlargelyaswivesandmothers.

Ifthatdaycomes[when]aclashisapparentbetweenyourpersonalinterestsandeconomicactivitiesontheonehand,andmyIslamicworkontheother,andthatIfindmymarriedlifeisstandinginthewayof
DawahandtheestablishmentofanIslamicstate,then,eachofusshouldgoourownway.Icannotaskyoutodaytosharewithmethisstruggle,butitismyrightonyounottostopmefromjihadinthewayof
Allah.
Moreover,youshouldnotaskmeaboutmyactivitieswithotherMujahideen,andlettrustbefullbetweenus.Afulltrustbetweenamanandawoman,awomanwho,atheageof18,gaveherfulllifetoAllah
andDawah.IntheeventofanyclashbetweenthemarriagecontractsinterestandthatofDawah,ourmarriagewillend,butDawahwillalwaysremainrootedinme.(alGhazali2006)

Injustifyingherownexceptionalitytoherstatedbeliefinawomansrightfulrole,alGhazalidescribedherownchildlessnessasablessing thatwouldnotusuallybeseenassuch,becauseitfreedherto
participateinpubliclife.(Hoffman1988).Hersecondhusbanddiedwhileshewasinprison,havingdivorcedheraftergovernmentthreatstoconfiscatehisproperty.alGhazalisfamilywereangeredatthis
perceiveddisloyalty,butalGhazaliherselfremainedloyaltohim,writinginhermemoirthatsheaskedforhisphotographtobereinstatedintheirhomewhentoldthatithadbeenremoved.

Life in prison
AftertheassassinationofHasanal-Bannain1949,Al-GhazaliwasinstrumentalinregroupingtheMuslimBrotherhoodintheearly1960s.Imprisonedforheractivitiesin1965,shewassentencedtotwenty-five
yearofhardlaborbutwasreleasedunderAnwarSadatsPresidencyin1971.

During the imprisonment, Zainab Al-Ghazali and members of the Muslim Brotherhood underwent inhumane tortures. Al-Ghazali recounts her being thrown into a cell locked up with dogs to confess
assassinationattemptonPresidentNassir.Al-GhazzaliduringtheseperiodsofhardshipsheisreportedtohavehadvisionsofMuhammed.Somemiracleswerealsoexperiencedbyher,asshegotfood,refuge
andstrengthduringthosedifficulttimes.
Afterherreleasefromprison,al-GhazaliresumedteachingandwritingfortherevivalofMuslimBrotherhoodsmagazine,Al-Dawah.ShewaseditorofawomensandchildrenssectioninAl-Dawah,inwhich
sheencouragedwomentobecomeeducated,buttobeobedienttotheirhusbandsandstayathomewhilerearingtheirchildren.Shewroteabookbasedonherexperienceinjail.

Return of the Pharaoh

Shedescribesherprisonsexperience,whichincludedsufferingsofmanyheinousformsoftorture,inabookentitledAyyamminhayyati(literally,Daysfrommylife),publishedinEnglishunderthetitle
ReturnofthePharaoh.ThePharaohreferredtoisPresidentNasser.AlGhazalidepictsherselfasenduringtorturewithstrengthbeyondthatofmostmen,andsheatteststobothmiraclesandvisionsthat
strengthenedherandenabledhertosurvive.

Legacy
Zaynabal-Ghazaliwasalsoawriter,contributingregularlytomajorIslamicjournalsandmagazinesonIslamicandwomensissues.AlthoughtheIslamicmovementthroughouttheMuslimworldtodayhas
attractedlargenumberofyoungwomen,especiallysince1970s,Zaynabal-Ghazalistandsoutthusforastheonlywomantodistinguishherselfasoneofitsmajorleaders.

References:

1. MiriamCookZaynabal-Ghazl:SaintorSubversive? DieWeltdesIslams,NewSeries,Vol.34,Issue1(Apr.,1994),2.
2. LeilaAhmedWomenandGenderinIslam:HistoricalRootsofaModernDebate.(NewHaven:YaleUP,1992),199.
3. RoxanneL.Euben,MuhammadQasimZaman(eds.)Zaynabal-Ghazali PrincetonReaadingsinIslamistthought:TextsandContextsfromal-BannatoBinLaden.(Princeton:PrincetonUP,2009),275

________________________________

AlGhazaliReturnofthePharaohTheIslamicFoundation2006

 Hoffman,Valerie.AnIslamicActivist:ZaynabalGhazali. InWomenandtheFamilyintheMiddleEast,editedbyElizabethW.Fernea.Austin:UniversityofTexasPress,1985.
Mahmood,SabaPoliticsofPiety:TheIslamicRevivalandtheFeministSubject,PrincetonUniversityPress2005

Zaynab al-Ghazali
ZaynabAl-Ghazali(b.1917)istheprominentwriterandtheteacheroftheMuslimBrotherhoodandfounderoftheMuslimWomensAssociation(1936-64).HerfatherisanAl-Azhar-educatedindependent
religiousteacherandcottonmerchant.HeencouragedhertobecomeanIslamicleadercitingtheexampleofNusaybahbintKaabal-Maziniyah,awomanfoughtalongsidetheProphet(SAWS)intheBattleof
Uhud.ForashorttimeshejoinedEgyptianFeministUniononlytofinditamistakenpathforwomen.Athereighteen,shefoundedtheJamaaatal-Sayyidaatal-Muslimaat(MuslimWomensAssociation),
which,sheclaims,hadamembershipofthreemillionthroughoutthecountrybythetimeitwasdissolvedbygovernmentorderin1964.

AlthoughshehadacquaintancewithShaikhHasanAl-Banna,thefounderofIkhwan,sincethelate30sandactivelyparticipatedinmanyIslamicprograms,sheformallyjoinedtheMuslimBrotherhood(AlIkhwanAl-Muslimun)in1948.HerweeklylecturestowomenattheIbnTulumMosquedrewacrowdofthreethousand,whichgrewtofivethousandduringholymonthsoftheyear.Besidesofferinglessons
for women, the association published a magazine, maintained an orphanage, offered assistance to poor families, and mediated family disputes. The association also took a political stance, demanding that
EgyptberuledbytheQuran.
InIslamichistoryladieshavenotlaggedbehindinthestruggletoestablishtruthanderadicatefalsehood,toupholdIslamicvaluesandprinciples,andforthatmatterestablishIslamasaliving,thriving,and
forward-lookingreligion.ZaynabAl-Ghazaliisoneofsuchdynamicladies.

AftertheassassinationofHasanal-Bannain1949,Al-GhazaliwasinstrumentalinregroupingtheMuslimBrotherhoodintheearly1960s.Imprisonedforheractivitiesin1965,shewassentencedtotwenty-five
yearofhardlaborbutwasreleasedunderAnwarSadatsPresidencyin1971.Shedescribesherprisonsexperience,whichincludedsufferingsofmanyheinousformsoftorture,inabookentitledAyyammin
hayyati(Daysfrommylife).Shedepictsherselfasenduringtorturewithstrengthbeyondthatofmostmen,andsheatteststobothmiraclesandvisionsthatstrengthenedherandenabledhertosurvive.She
seesherselfastheobjectofPresidentGamalAbdulNassershatred.
Afterherreleasefromprison,al-GhazaliresumedteachingandwritingfirstfortherevivalofMuslimBrotherhoodsmagazine,Al-Dawah.ShewaseditorofawomensandchildrenssectioninAl-Dawah,in
whichsheencouragedwomentobecomeeducated,buttobeobedienttotheirhusbandsandstayathomewhilerearingtheirchildren.Godhadgivenhertheblessing-althoughnotviewedsuchbymost
people-ofnothavingconceivedanychildren(interview,13September1988).
Thisgaveheragreatdealoffreedom.Herhusbandwasalsoquitewealthy,soshehadservantstodoherhouse-works.ShebelievesthatIslamallowswomentobeactiveinallaspectsofpubliclife,aslongasit
doesnotinterferewiththeirfirstandmostsacredduty.Hersecondhusbanddiedwhileshewasinprison.Havingfulfilledherdutyofmarriage,shefeelsfreetodevoteallofherenergiestotheIslamiccause.

InadditiontobeingveryactiveinDawahwork,Zaynabal-Ghazalihasbeenaprolificwriter,contributingregularlytomajorIslamicjournalsandmagazinesonIslamicandwomensissues.Althoughthe
IslamicmovementthroughouttheMuslimworldtodayhasattractedlargenumberofyoungwomen,especiallysince1971s,Zaynabal-Ghazalistandsoutthusforastheonlywomantodistinguishherselfas
oneofitsmajorleaders.
Theconditionthatshemadetoherhusbandpriortotheirmaritalbondisasfollows:

However,IbelieveonedayIwilltakethisstepthatIwishanddreamof.Ifthatdaycomes,andbecauseofit,aclashisapparentbetweenyourpersonalinterestsandeconomicactivitiesontheonehand,and
myIslamicworkontheother,andthatIfindmymarriedlifeisstandinginthewayofDawahandtheestablishmentofanIslamicstate,then,eachofusshouldgoourownway.

I cannotaskyoutodaytosharewithmethisstruggle,butitismyrightonyounottostopmefromjihadinthewayofAllah.Moreover,youshouldnotaskmeaboutmyactivitieswithotherMujahideen,and
lettrustbefullbetweenus.Afulltrustbetweenamanandawoman,awomanwho,atheageof18,gaveherfulllifetoAllahandDawah.Intheeventofanyclashbetweenthemarriagecontractsinterestand
thatofDawah,ourmarriagewillend,butDawahwillalwaysremainrootedinme.
I acceptthatorderingmetolistentoyouisamongstyourrights,butAllahisgreaterthanourselves.Besides,wearelivinginadangerousphaseofDawah.

Theresponseofherhusbandwas:Forgiveme.CarryonyourworkwithAllahsblessing.IfonlyIcouldlivetoseetheestablishmentofanIslamicstateandtheIkhwansgoalachieved!IfonlyIwasstillinmy
youthtoworkwithyou!
September 30, 2013

Rumaysa bint Milhan Umm sulaim

Sahabiyyat | Umm Sulaim

ProphetMuhammad(PBUH)ERA.
Sahabiyat:Ummuhtul-Muminnin
(FemaleCompanionsoftheProphetMohammadtime)

Rumaysa bint Milhan Umm sulaim

RumaysabintMilhan,popularlyknownasUmmSulaim,wasoneoftheearliestwomenconvertstoIslaminYathrib.UmmSulaymwasfirstmarriedtoMalikibnan-Nadrandhersonbythismarriagewas
AnasibnMalik,anotablecompanionofMuhammad.

Followingthedeathofherfirsthusband,ZaydibnSahl,knownasAbuTalhaibnThabit,resolvedtobecomeengagedtoherbeforeanyoneelsedid.HewasconfidentthatUmmSulaymwouldnotpasshim
overforanother.Hewasquiterich,anaccomplishedhorseman,andaskilfularcherandhebelongedtothesameclanasUmmSulaym,theBanuNajjar.FollowingAbuTalhahsacceptanceofIslam,thetwo
marriedandwereconsideredamodelMuslimcouple.AbuTalhahdiedwhilehewasonanavalexpeditionduringthetimeofthecaliphUthman,andwasburiedatsea.
UmmSulaymwasnotedforhercourageandbravery.DuringthebattleofUhud,shecarriedadaggerinthefoldsofherdress,givingwaterandtendingtothewoundedandattemptingtodefendMuhammad
whenthetideofbattlewasturningagainsthim.

WhenitwasknownthatUmmSulaymhadbecomeawidow,oneman,ZaydibnSahl,knownasAbuTalhah,resolvedtobecomeengagedtoherbeforeanyoneelsedid.HewasratherconfidentthatUmm
Sulaymwouldnotpasshimoverforanother.Hewasafterallastrongandvirilepersonwhowasquiterichandwhopossessedanimposinghousethatwasmuchadmired.Hewasanaccomplishedhorseman
andaskilfularcherand,moreover,hebelongedtothesameclanasUmmSulaym,theBanuNajjar.
A narration attributed to Anas ibn Malik reports:

ThesonofAbuTalbawhowasbornofUmmSulaimdied.She(UmmSulaim)saidtothemembersofherfamily:DonotnarratetoAbuTalhaabouthissonuntilInarrateittohim.AbuTalhacame(home);she
presentedtohimthesupper.Hetookitanddrankwater.Shethenembellishedherselfwhichshedidnotdobefore.He(AbuTalha)hadasexualintercoursewithherandwhenshesawthathewassatisfied
aftersexualintercoursewithher,shesaid:AbuTalha,ifsomepeopleborrowsomethingfromanotherfamilyandthen(themembersofthefamily)askforitsreturn,wouldtheyresistitsreturn?Hesaid:No.
Shesaid:Iinformyouaboutthedeathofyourson.

Hewasannoyed,andsaid:YoudidnotinformmeuntilIhadasexualintercoursewithyouandyoulaterongavemeinformationaboutmyson.HewenttoAllahsMessengerandinformedhimwhathad
happened.ThereuponAllahsMessengersaid:MayAllahblessbothofyouinthenightspentbyyou!He(thenarrator)said:Shebecamepregnant.AllahsMessengerwasinthecourseofajourneyandshewas
alongwithhimandwhenAllahsMessengercamebacktoMedinafromthejourneyhedidnotenter(hishouse)(duringthenight).WhenthepeoplecamenearMedina,shefeltthepangsofdelivery.He(Abu
Talha)remainedwithherandAllahsMessengerproceededon.
AbuTalhasaid:OLord,youknowthatIlovetogoalongwithAllahsMessengerwhenhegoesoutandenteralongwithhimwhenheentersandIhavebeendetainedasThouseest.UmmSulaimsaid:Abu
Talha,Idonotfeel(somuchpain)asIwasfeelingformerly,sobetterproceedon.Soweproceededonandshefeltthepangsofdeliveryastheyreached(Medina)andachildwasbornandmymothersaidto
me:Anas,noneshouldsucklehimuntilyougotoAllahsMessengertomorrowmorning.AndwhenitwasmorningIcarriedhim(thechild)andwentalongwithhimtoAllahsMessenger.

He said: I saw that he had in his hand the instrument for the cauterisation of the camels. When he saw me. he said: This is, perhaps, what Umm Sulaim has given birth to. I said: Yes. He laid down that
instrument on the ground. I brought that child to him and placed it in his lap and Allahs Messenger asked Ajwa dates of Medina to be brought and softened them in his month. When these had become
palatableheplacedtheminthemouthofthatchild.Thechildbegantotastethem.ThenAllahsMessengersaid:SeewhatlovetheAnsarhavefordates.HethenwipedhisfaceandnamedhimAbdullah.
EvenbeforeIslamwasintroducedtoYathrib,Rumaysawasknownforherexcellentcharacter,thepowerofherintellectandherindependentattitudeofmind.Shewasknownbyvariousnamesincluding
RumaysaandGhumaysa,butthesewerepossiblynicknames.OnehistoriansaysthatherrealnamewasSahlahbutlatershewaspopularlyknownasUmmSulaym.
UmmSulaymwasfirstmarriedtoMalikibnan-NadrandhersonbythismarriagewasthefamousAnasibnMalik,oneofthegreatcompanionsoftheProphet.

UmmSulaymwasoneofthefirstwomenofYathribtoacceptIslam.Shewasinfluencedbytherefined,dedicatedandpersuasiveMusabibnUmayrwhowassentoutasthefirstmissionaryorambassadorof
IslambythenobleProphetmayAllahblesshimandgranthimpeace.ThiswasafterthefirstpledgeofAqabah.TwelvemenofYathribhadgonetoAqabahontheoutskirtsofMakkahtopledgeloyaltytothe
Prophet.ThiswasthefirstmajorbreakthroughforthemissionoftheProphetformanyyears.
UmmSulaymsdecisiontoacceptIslamwasmadewithouttheknowledgeorconsentofherhusband,Malikibnan-Nadr.HewasabsentfromYathribatthetimeandwhenhereturnedhefeltsomechangehad
comeoverhishouseholdandaskedhiswife:Haveyoubeenrejuvenated?No,shesaid,butI(now)believeinthisman(meaningtheProphetMuhammad).

MalikwasnotpleasedespeciallywhenhiswifewentontoannounceheracceptanceofIslaminpublicandinstructhersonAnasintheteachingsandpracticeofthenewfaith.Shetaughthimtosaylailahailia
AllahandAshhaduannaMuhammada-rRasulullah.TheyoungAnasrepeatedthissimplebutprofounddeclarationoffaithclearlyandemphatically.
UmmSulaymshusbandwasnowfurious.Heshoutedather:Dontcorruptmyson. Iamnotcorruptinghim, sherepliedfirmly.

Herhusbandthenleftthehouseanditisreportedthathewassetuponbyanenemyofhisandwaskilled.ThenewsshockedbutapparentlydidnotupsetUmmSulaymgreatly.Sheremaineddevotedtoher
sonAnasandwasconcernedabouthis.properupbringing.SheisevenreportedtohavesaidthatshewouldnotmarryagainunlessAnasapproved.
WhenitwasknownthatUmmSulaymhadbecomeawidow,oneman,ZaydibnSahl,knownasAbuTalhah,resolvedtobecomeengagedtoherbeforeanyoneelsedid.

HewasratherconfidentthatUmmSulaymwouldnotpasshimoverforanother.Hewasafterallastrongandvirilepersonwhowasquiterichandwhopossessedanimposinghousethatwasmuchadmired.
Hewasanaccomplishedhorsemanandaskilfularcherand,moreover,hebelongedtothesameclanasUmmSulaym,theBanuNajjar.
AbuTalhahproceededtoUmmSulaymshouse.OnthewayherecalledthatshehadbeeninfluencedbythepreachingofMusabibnUmayrandhadbecomeaMuslim.

Sowhat? hesaidtohimself.WasnotherhusbandwhodiedafirmadherentoftheoldreligionandwashenotopposedtoMuhammadandhismission?

AbuTalhahreachedUmmSulaymshouse.Heaskedandwasgivenpermissiontoenter.HersonAnaswaspresent.AbuTalhahexplainedwhyhehadcomeandaskedforherhandinmarriage.
A manlikeyou,AbuTalhah, shesaid,isnot(easily)turnedaway.ButIshallnevermarryyouwhileyouareakafir,anunbeliever.

AbuTalhahthoughtshewastryingtoputhimoffandthatperhapsshehadalreadypreferredsomeonewealthierandmoreinfluential.Hesaidtoher:
Whatisitthatreallypreventsyoufromacceptingme,UmmSulaym?Isittheyellowandthewhitemetals(goldandsilver)?

Goldandsilver? sheaskedsomewhattakenabackandinaslightlycensuringtone.Yes, hesaid.Isweartoyou,AbuTalhah,andIsweartoAllahandHisMessengerthatifyouacceptIslam,Ishallbe

pleasedtoacceptyouasahusband,withoutanygoldorsilver.IshallconsideryouracceptanceofIslamasmymahr.
AbuTalhahunderstoodwelltheimplicationsofherwords.Hismindturnedtotheidolhehadmadefromwoodandonwhichhelavishedgreatattentioninthesamewaythatimportantmenofhistribe
veneratedandcaredfortheirpersonalidols.
TheopportunitywasrightforUmmSulaymtostressthefutilityofsuchidolworshipandshewenton:DontyouknowAbuTalhah,thatthegodyouworshipbesidesAllahgrewfromtheearth? ..Thats
true,hesaid.

Dontyoufeelstupidwhileworshippingpartofatreewhileyouusetherestofitforfueltobakebreadorwarmyourself?(Ifyoushouldgiveupthesefoolishbeliefsandpractices)andbecomeaMuslim,Abu
Talhah,IshallbepleasedtoacceptyouasahusbandandIwouldnotwantfromyouanysadaqahapartfromyouracceptanceofIslam.
WhoshallinstructmeinIslam? askedAbuTalhah.Ishall, UmmSulaymreplied.How?

UtterthedeclarationoftruthandtestifythatthereisnogodbutAllahandthatMuhammadistheMessengerofAllah.Thengotoyourhouse,destroyyouridolandthrowitaway.
AbuTalhahleftandreflecteddeeplyonwhatUmmSulaymhadsaid.Hecamebacktoherbeamingwithhappiness.

I havetakenyouradvicetoheart.IdeclarethatthereisnogodbutAllahandIdeclarethatMuhammadistheMessengerofAllah.

UmmSulaymandAbuTalhahweremarried.Anas,herson,waspleasedandtheMuslimswouldsay:WehaveneveryetheardofamahrthatwasmorevaluableandpreciousthanthatofUmmSulaymfor
shemadeIslamhermahr.

UmmSulaymwaspleasedanddelightedwithhernewhusbandwhoplacedhisuniqueenergiesandtalentsintheserviceofIslam.HewasoneoftheseventythreemenwhosworeallegiancetotheProphetat
thesecondPledgeofAqabah.Withhim,accordingtoonereport,washiswifeUmmSulaym.Twootherwomen,thecelebratedNusaybahbintKabandAsmabintAmrwitnessedAqabahandtooktheoathof
allegiancetotheProphet.
AbuTalhahwasdevotedtotheProphetandtookenormousdelightinsimplylookingathimandlisteningtothesweetnessofhisspeech.Heparticipatedinallthemajormilitarycampaigns.Helivedavery
asceticlifeandwasknowntofastforlongperiodsatatime.ItissaidthathehadafantasticorchardinMadinahwithdatepalmsandgrapesandrunningwater.

OnedaywhilehewasperformingSalatintheshadeofthetrees,abeautifulbirdwithbrightlycoloredplumageflewinfrontofhim.Hebecameengrossedinthesceneandforgothowmanyrakatshehad
prayed.Two?Three?WhenhecompletedthePrayerhewenttotheProphetanddescribedhowhehadbeendistracted.Intheend,hesaid:Bearwitness,MessengerofAllah,thatIhandoverthisorchardasa
charityforthesakeofAllah,theExalted.
AbuTalhahandUmmSulaymhadanexemplaryMuslimfamilylife,devotedtotheProphetandtheserviceofMuslimsandIslam.TheProphetusedtovisittheirhome.SometimeswhenthetimeofPrayer
came,hewouldprayonamatprovidedbyUmmSulaym.Sometimesalsohewouldhaveasiestaintheirhouseand,asheslept,shewouldwipetheperspirationfromhisforehead.OncewhentheProphet
awokefromhissiesta,heasked:UmmSulaym,whatareyoudoing?Iamtakingthese(dropsofperspiration)asabarakah(blessing)whichcomesfromyou,shereplied.
Atanothertime,theProphetwenttotheirhouseandUmmSulaymofferedhimdatesandbutterfatbuthedidnothaveanyofitbecausehewasfasting.Occasionally,shewouldsendhersonAnaswithbagsof
datestohishouse.ItwasnoticedthattheProphet,peacebeonhim,hadaspecialcompassionforUmmSulaymandherfamilyandwhenaskedaboutit,hereplied:Herbrotherwaskilledbesideme.
UmmSulaymalsohadawell-knownsister,UmmHaram,thewifeoftheimposingUbadahibnas-Samit.ShediedatseaduringanavalexpeditionandwasburiedinCyprus.UmmSulaymshusband,Abu
Talhah,alsodiedwhilehewasonanavalexpeditionduringthetimeofthethirdCaliph,Uthman,andwasburiedatsea.

UmmSulaymherselfwasnotedforhergreatcourageandbravery.DuringtheBattleofUhud,shecarriedadaggerinthefoldsofherdress.Shegavewatertoandtendedthewoundedandshemadeattempts
todefendtheProphetwhenthetideofbattlewasturningagainsthim.AttheBattleofKhandaq,theProphetsawhercarryingadaggerandheaskedherwhatshewasdoingwithit.Shesaid:Itistofight
thosewhodesert.

MayAllahgrantyousatisfactioninthat, repliedtheProphet.Inthefaceofadversity,UmmSulaymdisplayedauniquecalmnessandstrength.Oneofheryoungsons(Umayr)fellsickanddiedwhileher
husbandwasawaylookingafterhisorchards.Shebathedthechildandwrappedhiminshrouds.ShetoldothersatherhomethattheyshouldnotinformAbuTalhahbecausesheherselfwantedtotellhim.
AnasibnMaliksaid,AsonofAbuTalhabecameill.AbuTalhawentoutandthechilddied.WhenAbuTalhareturned,heasked,Howismyson?UmmSulaymsaid,Heiscalmernowthanhehasever
been.Shebroughthimsupperandheateandthenhehadsexwithher.Whenhefinished,shesaid,Burythechild.
InthemorningAbuTalhawenttotheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandgranthimpeace,andtoldhim.Heasked,Didyouhaverelationswithyourwifelastnight? Yes, heanswered.TheProphet,may
Allahblesshimandgranthimpeace,said,OAllah,blessthem!andsheaterhadababyboy.

A fewdaysaftershegavebirth,shesentAnaswiththebabyandabagofdatestotheProphet.TheProphetplacedthebabyonhislap.Hecrushedthedatesinhismouthandputsomeinthebabysmouth.The
babysuckedthedateswithrelishandtheProphetsaid:TheAnsarareonlyfondofdates.Theprophetnamedhim`Abdullah.
AbdullaheventuallygrewupandhadsevenchildrenallofwhommemorizedtheQuran.

UmmSulaymwasamodelMuslim,amodelwifeandmother.HerbeliefinAllahwasstronganduncompromising.Shewasnotpreparedtoendangerherfaithandtheupbringingofherchildrenforwealth
andluxury,howeverabundantandtempting.

ShewasdevotedtotheProphetanddedicatedhersonAnastohisservice.Shetooktheresponsibilityofeducatingherchildrenandsheplayedanactivepartinpubliclife,sharingwiththeotherMuslimsthe
hardshipsandthejoysofbuildingacommunityandlivingforthepleasureofAllah.
January 4, 2013

Sahabiyyat

Sahabiyyat
Female Companions of the Prophet Mohammads era
Down Here: ListofSahabiyyatandUmmuhatulMuminiin

List Of Sahabiyyat
Female Companions of the Prophet Mohammads era
NUM:

NAME:

NUM:

002

AishabintAbuBakr(R.A.A.)

012

001
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
021

KhadijahbintKhuwaylid(R.A.)
FatimahbintRasulullahiMuhammad
HafsabintUmaribnAlKhattab
ZaynabbintJahsh

AsmaaBintAbuBakr
MariaA-Qibtiyya

JuwayriahBintal-Harith
SawdaBintZam`a

SafiyyabintHayayy
HalimaAs-Sadiyah

NAME:

011

AtikahbintNafil

013

Ramlahbintabusufyan UmmHabibah

014
015
016
017
018
019
020

UmmAymanBarakah

RumaysabintMilhan Ummsulaym
UmImmarahNusaybah

UmmHaramBintMilhan
UmmSulaim

UmmuUmara

Zaynabbintkhuzayma
KhawlahTheRider

TheArabicterma-aba(Arabic: ,thecompanions;fromtheverb

,accompany,keepcompanywith,associatewith)referstothecompanions,disciples,scribesandfamilyoftheIslamic
prophetMuhammad.Thisformisdefiniteplural;theindefinitesingularismasculineabiyy,feminineabiyyah.

LaterscholarsacceptedtheirtestimonyofthewordsanddeedsofMuhammad,theoccasionsonwhichtheQuranwasrevealedandvariousimportantmattersofIslamichistoryandpractice.Thetestimonyof
thecompanions,asitwaspasseddownthroughchainsoftrustednarrators(isnads),wasthebasisofthedevelopingIslamictradition.

Fromthetraditions(hadith)ofthelifeofMuhammadandhiscompanionsaredrawntheMuslimwayoflife(sunnah),thecodeofconduct(sharia)itrequiresandthejurisprudence(fiqh)bywhichMuslim
communitiesshouldberegulated.ThetwolargestIslamicdenominations,theSunniandShia,takedifferentapproachesinweighingthevalueofthecompanionstestimony,havedifferenthadithcollections
and,asaresult,havedifferentconstructedviewsabouttheSahabah.

Definitions:
ThemostwidespreaddefinitionofacompanionissomeonewhosawMuhammad,believedinhimanddiedaMuslim.AnyonewhodiedafterrejectingIslamandbecominganapostateisnotconsidereda
companion.ThosethatsawhimbutheldoffbelievinginhimuntilafterhispassingarenotconsideredSahababutTabi`in.ShiaMuslimsmakenodistinctionbetweentheseasregardstheirtrustworthiness.

However,scholarslikeJavedGhamidiandAminAhsanIslahistatethatnoteveryindividualwhometorhadaccidentallyseenMuhammadcanbeconsideredasaCompanion.Intheirview,theQuranhas
outlinedahighleveloffaithasoneofthedistinctivequalitiesoftheSahabah.Hence,theyadmittothislistonlythoseindividualswhohadsubstantialcontactwithMuhammad,livedwithhim,andtookpart
inhiscampaignsandeffortsatproselytizing.ThisviewhasimplicationsinIslamiclawsincenarrationsofMuhammadtransmittedthroughtheSahabahacquireagreaterstatusofauthenticity.
Listsofprominentcompanionsusuallyrunto50or60names,beingthepeoplemostcloselyassociatedwithMuhammad.However,therewereclearlymanyotherswhohadsomecontactwithMuhammad,
andtheirnamesandbiographieswererecordedinreligiousreferencetextssuchasIbnSadal-Baghdadis(MuammadibnSad)earlyKitbat-Tabqatal-Kabr(ThebookofTheMajorClasses).

ThebookentitledIstbfmarifat-il-AshbbyHafidhYusufbinMuhammadbinQurtubi(death1071)consistsof2,770biographiesofmaleand381biographiesoffemaleSahaba.Accordingtoanobservation
inthebookentitledMawhib-i-ladunniyya,anuntoldnumberofpersonshadalreadyconvertedtoIslambythetimeMuhammaddied.Therewere10,000bythetimeMeccawasconqueredand70,000during
theBattleofTaboukin630.SomeMuslimsassertthattheyweremorethan200,000innumber:itisbelievedthat124,000witnessedTheFarewellSermonMuhammaddeliveredaftermakinghislastpilgrimage
(hajj)toMecca.
TwoimportantgroupsamongthecompanionsarecalledtheMuhajirunorexiles thosewhohadfaithinMuhammadwhenhebegantopreachinMeccawhofledwithhimwhenhewaspersecutedthere
andtheAnsarpeopleofMedinawhowelcomedMuhammadandhiscompanionsandstoodastheirprotectors.Chapter(sura)9oftheQuran(Repentance(at-Tawba)),verse(ayah)100says;

Thevanguard thefirstofthosewhoforsook(theirhomes)andofthosewhogavethemaid,andthosewhofollowthemingooddeeds,&ndashwell-pleasedisGodwiththem,asaretheywithHim:forthem
hathHepreparedgardensunderwhichriversflow,todwellthereinforever:thatisthesupremefelicity.andcontinues;(ayat117);GodturnedwithfavourtotheProphet,theMuhajirs,andtheAnsarwho
followedhiminatimeofdistressafterthattheheartsofapartofthemhadnearlyswervedbutHeturnedtothem
In the Quran:

Friendship: In Islam there are three types of Sahabah:

1 As Sabiqoon Al Awaloon (Badriyans)
The people who were Muslims at the time of Badar. They are further classified into two:

1. Muhajreen(Immigrants fromMecca)
2. Ansar(Helpers inhabitantsofMadinah(previouslyknownasYathrib))TheyareidealsfortheotherMuslimsbecausetheyareWhomGodispleasedwith (Arabic: raiyul-Lhuanhu).

Thosewhobelieved,andwentintoexileandfoughtforGodscausewiththeirpropertyandtheirpersons,aswellasthosewhoshelteredandhelpedthem,- theseshallbefriends,oneofanother. andbe

not divided among yourselves; and remember with gratitude Allahs favour on you; for you were enemies and He joined your hearts in love those who are with him are strong against unbelievers but
compassionateamongthemselves.Youwillseethembowandprostratethemselves(inprayer).

2 Major Sahabah (Kubbar)

ThepeoplewhowereMuslimsbeforevictoryofMakkahandwentintoexileandfoughtforGodscauseinmostofthewars.TheyarealsohighindegreeespeciallythosewhowerepresentatHudabiyah.They
arealsoWhomGodispleasedwith(Arabic: raiyul-Lhuanhu)

3 Ashabuttulaqa (Forgiven people)

Theywerenon-MuslimatthetimeofvictoryofMakkah;afterthat,theywereforgivenbyMuhammad,thentheybecameMuslims.Theyarelowerindegreesascomparedtoothertwomentionedabove.
Status

AccordingtoSunnischolars,MuslimsofthepastshouldbeconsideredcompanionsiftheyhadanycontactwithMuhammad,andtheywerenotliarsoropposedtohimandhisteachings.Iftheysawhim,
heardhim,orwereinhispresenceevenbriefly,theyarecompanions.Allcompanionsareassumedtobejust(udul)unlesstheyareprovenotherwise;thatis,Sunnischolarsdonotbelievethatcompanions
wouldlieorfabricatehadithunlesstheyareprovenliars,untrustworthyoropposedtoIslam.WhomGodispleasedwith(Arabic: raiyul-Lhuanhu)isusuallymentionedbySunnisafterthe
namesoftheSahaba.
SomeQuranicreferencesareimportanttoSunniMuslimviewsofthereverenceduetoallcompanions;andHehasrestrainedthehandsofmenfromyouthatitmaybeasignforbelievers,Whilesura8
(TheSpoils(al-Anfal)),ayat74-5reads:

ThosewhobelieveandadoptexileandfightfortheFaithinthecauseofGod,aswellasthosewhogive(them)asylumandaid,theseareinverytruththebelievers:forthemistheforgivenessofsinsanda
provision most generous. And those who accept Faith subsequently, and adopt exile, and fight for the Faith in your company, they are of you. In another place the Quran distinguishes between the
communityinhonour:
Notequalamongyouarethosewhospent(freely)andfought,beforetheVictory,(withthosewhodidsolater).Thosearehigherinrankthanthosewhospent(freely)andfoughtafterwards.Buttoallhas
Allahpromisedagoodly(reward).QuranSura57(al-Hadid),ayah10
Itsometimesadmonishesthem,aswhenAisha,daughterofthefirstSunnicaliphAbuBakrandthewifeofMuhammad,wasaccusedofinfidelity:

Whydidnotthebelievers menandwomen whenyeheardoftheaffair,- putthebestconstructiononitintheirownmindsandsaythis(charge)isanobviouslie?.Behold,youreceiveditonyour

tonguesandsaidoutofyourmouthsthingsofwhichyouhadnoknowledge,andyethoughtittobealightmatter.(sura24(TheLight,an-Nur),ayat11-20)Andfromamongthosewhoareroundabout
youofthedwellersofthedeserttherearehypocrites,andfromamongthepeopleofMedina(also);theyarestubborninhypocrisy;youdonotknowthem;Weknowthem;Wewillchastisethemtwicethen
shalltheybeturnedbacktoagrievouschastisement.
InviewofsuchadmonitionsShiashavedifferentviewsoneachSahabi,dependingonwhatheorsheaccomplished.TheydonotacceptthatthetestimonyofnearlyallSahabaisanauthenticatedpartofthe
chainofnarratorsinahadithandthatnotalltheSahabawererighteousjustbecausetheysaworwerewithMuhammad.ShiasfurtherarguethattherighteousnessofSahabacanbeassessedbytheirloyalty
towardsMuhammadsfamilyafterhisdeathandtheyaccepthadithfromtheImamsoftheAhlal-Bayt,believingthemtobecleansedfromsinthroughtheirinterpretationoftheQuranSurah33Verse33and
thehadithoftheCloak.

Prophet Muhammads wives (SAW)

All of Prophet Muhammads wives are called the mothers of the believers:

TheProphetisclosertotheBelieversthantheirownselves,andhiswivesaretheirmothers.Blood-relationsamongeachotherhavecloserpersonalties,intheDecreeofAllah.Than(theBrotherhoodof)
BelieversandMuhajirs:neverthelessdoyewhatisjusttoyourclosestfriends:suchisthewritingintheDecree(ofAllah).
Another verse states:

O ConsortsoftheProphet!Godonlywishestoremoveallabominationfromyou,youmembersoftheFamily,andtomakeyoupureandspotless. Shiassupporttheirargumentthatonemustdiscriminate
betweenthevirtuesofthecompanionsbyversesrelatingtoMuhammadswives:

O wivesoftheprophet!whoeverofyoucommitsanopenindecency,thepunishmentshallbeincreasedtoherdoubly;andthisiseasytoAllah.AndwhoeverofyouisobedienttoAllahandHisMessenger
and does good, We will give to her her reward doubly, and We have prepared for her an honorable sustenance. The injunction to regard them as mothers overrules this in Sunni thought, particularly as
regardsAisha,whowasthedaughterofAbuBakr.

Tradition:
BecausethehadithwerenotproperlywrittendownuntilmanyyearsafterthedeathofMuhammad,althoughthereweremanyindividualwrittencopies,theisnads,orchainsoftransmission,alwayshave
severallinks.Thefirstlinkispreferablyacompanion,whohaddirectcontactwithMuhammad.ThecompanionthenrelatedthetraditiontoaTabiun,thecompanionofthecompanion.Tabiunhadnodirect
contactwithMuhammad,butdidhavedirectcontactwiththeahba.ThetraditionthenwouldhavebeenpassedfromtheTabiuntotheTbiat-Tbin,thethirdlink.
ThesecondandthirdlinksinthechainoftransmissionwerealsoofgreatinteresttoMuslimscholars,whotreatedoftheminbiographicaldictionariesandevaluatedthemforbiasandreliability.Shiaand
Sunniapplydifferentmetrics.
Regard for the companions is evident from the hadith:

ItwasnarratedfromAbd-AllahibnMasudthatMuhammadsaid:Thebestofthepeoplearemygeneration,thenthosewhocomeafterthem,thenthosewhocomeafterthem.

SunniMuslimscholarsclassifiedcompanionsintomanycategories,basedonanumberofcriteria.Thehadithquotedaboveshowstherankofabah,tbin,andtbi at-tbin.Al-Suyutirecognizedeleven
levelsofcompanionship.ShiadonothavearankingsystemdependentonwhentheSahabiembracedIslambutaccordingtowhattheydidduringtheirlife.IfaSahabamadeMuhammadangryorquestioned
hisdecisionseveraltimesthenheisviewedasunreliable.ShiasconsiderthatanyhadithwhereMuhammadisclaimedtohaveabsolvedallSahabafromsinisafalsereportbythosewhoopposedtheAhlalBayt.

TheShiabelievethatafterthedeathofMuhammad,themajorityofthesahabahturnedasidefromtrueIslamanddeviatedfromMuhammadsfamily,insteadelectingthecaliphbythemselvesataplacecalled
BaniSaqeefa,theydidthisbyamajorityvoteandelectedAbuBakrasthefirstCaliph.Althoughsomeofthesahabahrepentedlater,onlyafewoftheearlyMuslimsheldfasttoAli,whomShiaMuslims
regardastherightfulsuccessortoMuhammad.
Shiascholarsthereforedeprecatehadithbelievedtohavebeentransmittedthroughunjustcompanions,andplacemuchmorerelianceonhadithbelievedtohavebeenrelatedbyMuhammadsfamilymembers
andcompanionswhosupportedAli.TheShiabelievethatMuhammadannouncedhissuccessionduringhislifetimeatDawatZulAsheerathenmanytimesduringhisprophethoodandfinallyatGhadeere
Khum.
November 2, 2012

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