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c4 Aff SP
c4 Aff SP
Quadratic
affine forms
Affine forms
Definition
Let A be a K−affine space, with the director space dir (A) = L. An
affine function F : A −→ K is called an affine form on A.
Definition
Let A be a K−affine space, with the director space dir (A) = L. An
affine function F : A −→ K is called an affine form on A.
Remark
If F : A −→ K is an affine form, then there is a linear form f : L −→ K
such that for any points O, P ∈ A
Remark
If F : A −→ K is an affine form, then there is a linear form f : L −→ K
such that for any points O, P ∈ A
F (P) = f (r ) + b .
Remark
If F : A −→ K is an affine form, then there is a linear form f : L −→ K
such that for any points O, P ∈ A
F (P) = f (r ) + b .
Remark
If F : A −→ K is an affine form, then there is a linear form f : L −→ K
such that for any points O, P ∈ A
F (P) = f (r ) + b .
F (P) = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn + b .
F (P) = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn + b .
Definition
A function G : A × A −→ K is called a biaffine form, if for any points
P1 , P2 , Q ∈ A and any scalars α1 , α2 ∈ K, such that α1 + α2 = 1, the
following equalities hold:
Definition
A function G : A × A −→ K is called a biaffine form, if for any points
P1 , P2 , Q ∈ A and any scalars α1 , α2 ∈ K, such that α1 + α2 = 1, the
following equalities hold:
Remark
The system of forms associated to the biaffine form G , corresponding
to the origin O is given by
c = G (O, O)
f1 (OP) = G (P, O) − G (O, O)
f2 (OQ) = G (O, Q) − G (O, O)
g (OP, OQ) = G (P, Q) − G (P, O) − G (O, Q) + G (O, O) .
Remark
The system of forms associated to the biaffine form G , corresponding
to the origin O is given by
c = G (O, O)
f1 (OP) = G (P, O) − G (O, O)
f2 (OQ) = G (O, Q) − G (O, O)
g (OP, OQ) = G (P, Q) − G (P, O) − G (O, Q) + G (O, O) .
for any points P(xi ), Q(yj ) ∈ An . The scalars (aij , bi(1) , bj(2) , c) are called
the coordinates of G with respect to the frame F.
then
G (P, Q) = X t AY + B1 X + B2 Y + c .
ρ = rank(G ) := rank(D) .
The determinants
∆ := det(D) , δ := det(A)
ρ = rank(G ) := rank(D) .
The determinants
∆ := det(D) , δ := det(A)
∆ = cδ − B2 · A∗ · B1t .
r ≤ ρ ≤ r + 2.
Remark
1) G is symmetric if and only if g is symmetric and f1 = f2 .
2) If G is symmetric, then
Remark
1) G is symmetric if and only if g is symmetric and f1 = f2 .
2) If G is symmetric, then
Definition
If G : A × A −→ K is a symmetric biaffine form, the function
H : A −→ K, defined by H(P) = G (P, P), (∀)P ∈ A, is called a
quadratic affine form(associated to G ).
Definition
If G : A × A −→ K is a symmetric biaffine form, the function
H : A −→ K, defined by H(P) = G (P, P), (∀)P ∈ A, is called a
quadratic affine form(associated to G ).
Remark
Knowing the quadratic affine form H, one can determine the
corresponding symmetric biaffine form G , using the above formula. We
call G the polar form associated to the quadratic affine form H.
Remark
Knowing the quadratic affine form H, one can determine the
corresponding symmetric biaffine form G , using the above formula. We
call G the polar form associated to the quadratic affine form H.
H(P) = X t AX + 2BX + c .
H(P) = X t AX + 2BX + c .
Proposition
A point P0 ∈ A is a symmetry centre for the quadratic affine form H if
and only if
H(P) = G (P0 , P) , (∀)P ∈ A ,
where G is the polar form of H.
Proposition
A point P0 ∈ A is a symmetry centre for the quadratic affine form H if
and only if
H(P) = G (P0 , P) , (∀)P ∈ A ,
where G is the polar form of H.
Proposition
The set A0H of all centers of the quadratic affine form H is an affine
subspace of A. If A0H 6= ∅, the director space of this subspace is the
nullspace of the associated billinear form g .
Proposition
The set A0H of all centers of the quadratic affine form H is an affine
subspace of A. If A0H 6= ∅, the director space of this subspace is the
nullspace of the associated billinear form g .
Remark
A quadratic affine form H has a symmetry center if and only if
ρ ≤ r + 1.
Remark
A quadratic affine form H has a symmetry center if and only if
ρ ≤ r + 1.