(10 F) FOOT: Bones, Tendons, and Ligaments

Dr. Abraham Cinio | 07 May 2015

ANATOMY

Audio: Blue
BONES

o
o

Can be palpated on the lateral side just anterior to

the lateral malleolus
Serves as the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch
of the foot
Flat foot With small arch of foot

Neck of Talus
o Constricted portion of talus
o Roughened surface for attachment of ligaments
o w/ a deep groove sulcus tali
for the interosseous ligament
between talus and calcaneus
o Left or Right Talus?
Identify first the head
Look for facet, attachments
Underneath look for the sulcus tali
Lateral process of talus
Tarsus

7 bones
o Posterior (2)
o Middle (1)
o Anterior (4)
Posterior

TALUS
Astralagus
Ankle bone
Below the tibia
Sits on the upper surface of the calcaneus
Rests on the anterior 2/3 of the calcaneus
Only tarsal bone without muscle attachment
Parts: body, neck, head
Top view: Facet for articulation of the fibula
Irregular bone
Head of Talus
o Anterior
o Articulates with the navicular bone
o Rests on the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring)
ligaments and calcaneus
o Forms a round prominence on the foot

Body of Talus
o Hidden below by the tibia
o Gripped by the 2 malleoli
o Posterior
With medial and posterior tubercle
In between is the groove for the flexor hallucis
longus tendon

CALCANEUS
Os calcis
Heel bone
Long arched anterior 2/3
Supports the talus
Largest and strongest bone of the foot
Articulates w/ the talus superiorly
Posterior 1/3: Prominence of the heel
Anterior surface:
o Articulates w/ the cuboid
o Posterior 1/3 of upper surface: saddle-shaped
Lateral surface:
o Subcutaneous (felt just beneath the skin)
Medial surface:

Sustentaculum tali:
Medial shelf-like horizontal projection
Supports the head of the talus
Groove on its inferior surface for the flexor hallucis
longus tendon

Metatarsus

Middle
NAVICULAR
Scaphoid
Medial side of foot
Posterior: articulates with the head of talus
Anterior: articulates with 3 cuneiforms
Medial: tuberosity (prominence inferior and anterior to
medial malleolus)
Anterior

CUNEIFORM BONES (3)

First: medial
Second: intermediate
Third: lateral
Articulate w/ navicular bone posteriorly
Articulate with the first 3 metatarsals anteriorly
Wedge-shaped
Are related to transverse arch of the foot
First and second cuneiform:
o Grip the base of the 2nd metatarsal
Second cuneiform:
o Shortest and smallest of the three
Third cuneiform:
o Articulates w/ the cuboid and 4th metatarsal
CUBOID

Lateral side of the foot

Articulates posteriorly w/ calcaneus
Articulates with 4th and 5th metatarsal anteriorly
Medial surface articulates w/ the 3rd cuneiform and
navicular bone
Plantar surface:
o Presents an oblique groove for the peroneus
longus tendon
Serves as the keystone of the lateral longitudinal arch
of the foot

5 bones
Medial to lateral (1st to 5th)
Head: Distal end
Body: Midportion
Base: Proximal end
Bases of 1-3:
o Articulate w/ the 3 cuneiforms
Bases of 4-5:
o Articulates w/ the cuboid
Bases articulate w/ each other
Head:
o Articulate w/ the proximal phalanges
Body:
o Triangular shape on cross section
o Concave on their long axis on the plantar surface
First metatarsus:
o Shortest
o Stoutest
o hallux
Fifth metatarsus
o digitus minimus
Base of the 5th
o Proximal to the main metatarsal joint line
Phalanges (14)
1st = 2 phalanges
2nd to 5th = each with 3 phalanges
Proximal:
o Articulates w/ head of metatarsal bone
(metatarsophalangeal joint)
Middle phalanx
o Articulates w/ the other 2 (interphalangeal joint)
Proximal end of each phalanx: Base
Distal end of each phalanx: Head
Accessory Bones: like sesamoid bones but with
difference in functions

Accessory Bones
Os tibiale externum
Os trigonum
Os versalianum tarsi
Secondary os calcis
Secondary cuboid
Astralagoscaphoid bone of Pirie
Intermetatarseum
Os intercuneiforme
Os paracuneiforme of Cameron & Carlier
Os uncinatum
Astralagus secundarius
Os subtibiale
Os sustentaculum proprium
Peroneal process of the os calcis
Sesanum peroneum
Sesamoid of the flexor hallucis brevis
Trochlear process of the head of the astralagus
Process from the middle of the upper surface of the
astralagus
19. Spurs of the os calcis
20. Spurs of the phalanges
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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8.
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10.
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12.
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14.
15.
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17.
18.

Tarsal JOINTS
INTERTARSAL JOINTS
A. Talocalcaneal joint / Subtalar:
Plane synovial joint (part of talocalcaneonavicular
joint)
Between:
o Large facet on the lower surface of the talus
o Corresponding facet on the middle of the upper
surface of the calcaneus
Possess a capsular ligament (no need to identify in
cadavers)
Anteriorly:
o Capsule blends w/ the interosseus ligament
firmly binds the 2 bones
Ligament attached to inferior surface of
the neck of talus & upper surface of
calcaneal bone
Capsular ligament:
o Attached to the bones near its margins of the
articular facet
o Divided into anterior, posterior, lateral, & medial
talocalcaneal ligaments
o Anterior: continuation of the interosseous
talocalcaneal ligament

B. Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Ball & socket joint (forms part of the transverse tarsal
joint)
Most important of the tarsal joints
Between the round head of the talus and a socket
formed for it by the posterior surface of the navicular,
upper surface of the spring ligament & sustentaculum
tali (of the calcaneus)

C.

Medial end of the ligamentum bifurcatum:

o Completes the lateral side of the socket
o Extends between:
Anterior part of the superior surface of the
calcaneus
Lateral side of the navicular and cuboid bone
o Bifurcates into cuboid and navicular
Joint is situated at the summit of the longitudinal arch
of the foot
Maintenance in normal position is dependent upon the
structures w/c protect the longitudinal arch
Supported by the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring)
ligament-passes b/n the anterior border of the
sustentaculum tali and navicular bone
o Is in contact w/ the inferomedial part of the head
of the head of the talus
Talocalcaneal segment:
o Undersurface of the talus articulates w/ the
anterior and posterior facets of the calcaneus
o The anterior talocalcaneal joint is continuous w/
the talonavicular joint
No actual communication between these
joints
o The 2 parts of the joint are separated by the
interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

Calcaneocuboid joint
Formed by the anterior surface of the calcaneous
o Articulates w/ the posterior surface of the cuboid
Cavity does not communicate w/ the cavities of the
neighboring joints
Has a capsular ligament
o Strengthened inferiorly by the long and short
plantar ligaments
Is part of the transverse tarsal joint
Resembles a saddle joint between calcaneus and
cuboid bones
Supported by the following:
a. Long plantar ligament (long plantar
calcaneocuboidal)
o lies superficial to the short plantar ligament
o attached posteriorly to the plantar surface of
the calcaneus
o attaches in front of the ridge of the cuboid
o Covers (bridge over) the groove for the
peroneous longus tendon
o Anteriorly to the cuboid (tuberosity) and to
the bases of the 2nd 4th metatarsal
o Supports the lateral side of the longitudinal
arch of foot
b. Short plantar ligament (short plantar
calcaneocuboidal)
o From the front of the undersurface of the os
calcis to the cuboid plantar surface
o add to the ridge forming the posterior
boundary of the groove on the cuboid
o Under cover of the long plantar

D. Transverse tarsal joint/ mid tarsal joint

collective term for the talonavicular part of the
talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid
joint
Importance: Inversion and eversion movements of
foot
do not communicate w/ each other but act together
functionally
E.

Cuneonavicular joint
Formed by the navicular bone behind and 3
cuneiforms in front
Cavity is continuous with the joint cavity of the
metatarsocuneiform and corresponding
intermetatarsal joint
Capsular ligament of the joint is strengthened by the
dorsal and plantar ligaments

F.

Cubometatarsal joint
Articulates with the 2 lateral metatarsal bones
Joint is placed b/n the cuboid bone behind and the
base of the 4th and 5th metatarsal bone in front

G. Tarsometatarsal joint
b/n the base of the big toe metatarsal and 1st
cuneiform
independent joint w/ a separate synovial lining
plane synovial joints
strengthen the transverse arch
bases of the 1st 3 metatarsal bones articulates with the
3 cuneiform bones
bases of the 4th and 5th metatarsal bones articulates w/
the cuboid bone
metatarsals are attached firmly to the cuneiform and
cuboid bones by the dorsal, plantar and interosseous
ligaments
H. Metatarsophalangeal joints
Ellipsoid/ condyloid synovial joints
Formed b/n the heads of the metatarsal bones and the
bases of the proximal row of phalanges
Capsular ligament w/c surrounds the joint is attached
to the bone near the margins of the articular surface
and is reinforced at the side to form the collateral
ligaments
Plantar part is thick to form the plantar ligament
I.

Interphalangeal joint
Hinge type/ ginglymus synovial joints
b/n the phalanges of the toes
ligaments that unite them:
o Articular capsule
o Collateral
o Dorsal
o Accessory plantar

LIGAMENTS
A. Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
o In the tarsal sinus
o Separate the posterior talocalcaneal joint from the
talocalcaneoavicular joint
B. Inferior calcaneonavicular ligament/ spring ligament
o form sustentaculum tali of calcaneous to the navicular
bone
o situated under the head of the talus
o support head of talus and medial longitudinal arch
o Spring ligament: with elastic fibers
o supported by the tendon of the tibialis posterior
C. Bifurcate ligament
o Ligament of Chopart
o From the front of the upper surface of the os calcis
o Divides into 2 branches w/c pass to the upper surface
of the cuboid and navicular

MINI QUIZ:
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Only tarsal bone without muscle attachment

(Ans : TALUS)
Serves as the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch
of the foot (Ans : TALUS)
Largest and strongest bone of the foot
(Ans: Calcaneus)
Shape of navicular bone (Ans: Scaphoid)
Shape of cuneiform bones (Wedge-shaped)
Cuboid articulates anteriorly with ____ and ____;
posteriorly with ____ ; medially with ______ and _____
(Ans: Anteroir: 4th and 5th metatarsal; post: calcaneus;
medial: 3rd cuneiform and navicular)
Most important of the tarsal joints
(Ans: talocalcaneonavicular joint)
Resembles a saddle joint between calcaneus and cuboid
bones
(Ans: Calcaneocuboid joint)

NOTE TAKERS:
ALONZO, Erika
PALMA, Raquel
Proofreader:
BITENG, Jonathan
III
//TEAMANATOMY