Module 1

WANs and Routers

Introduction to WANs

WANs make data connections across a broad

geographic area
Connect various company site
Operates at layers 1 & 2
Exchange data packets/frames between
router/switches and supported LANs

WAN Standards

WAN standards are defined and managed by

a number of recognized authorities, including
the following agencies:

International Telecommunication UnionTelecommunication Standardization Sector (ITUT) - formerly the Consultative Committee for
International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT)
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

WAN Devices

Routers offer many services, including internetworking

and WAN interface ports.
Switches in the WAN provide connectivity for voice,
data, and video communication.
Modems include interface voice-grade services, channel
service units/digital service units (CSU/DSUs) that
interface T1/E1 services, and Terminal Adapters/Network
Termination 1 (TA/NT1s) that interface Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) services.
Communication servers concentrate dial-in and dial-out
user communication.

WAN Encapsulation Methods

Used on synchronous serial lines

WAN Technologies

Router LANs and WANs

Introduction to routers in a WAN

Is a type of computer
It has a CPU, memory, a
system bus, and various
input/output interfaces.
Routers connect and allow
communication between
two networks and
determine the best path
Routers need the
Internetwork Operating
System software (IOS) to
run configuration files

Introduction to routers in a WAN

RAM, also called dynamic RAM
(DRAM), has the following
characteristics and
functions:

Stores routing tables

Holds ARP cache

Holds fast-switching cache

Performs packet buffering

(shared RAM)

Maintains packet-hold queues

Provides temporary memory

for the configuration file of
the router while the router is
powered on

Loses content when router is

powered down or restarted

Introduction to routers in a WAN

NVRAM has the
following
characteristics and
functions:

Provides storage for the

startup configuration file
Retains content when
router is powered down or
restarted

Introduction to routers in a WAN

Flash memory has the
following characteristics
and functions:

Holds the operating system

image (IOS)

Allows software to be
updated without removing
and replacing chips on the
processor

Retains content when router

is powered down or
restarted

Can store multiple versions

of IOS software

Is a type of electronically
erasable, programmable
ROM (EEPROM)

Introduction to routers in a WAN

Read-only memory (ROM)
has the following
characteristics and
functions:

Maintains instructions for

power-on self test
(POST) diagnostics

Stores bootstrap program

and basic operating
system software

Requires replacing
pluggable chips on the
motherboard for software
upgrades

Management port connections

The console port and the

auxiliary (AUX) port are
management ports

Non-network
Initial configuration
Asynchronous serial ports

Aux port is mainly used to

remotely configure using a
modem
Console port is the
recommended port for
initial configuration

Debugging
Password recovery
troubleshooting

Router internal components

External
Components

Allows for frame entry & exit

Motherboard or modules
Connects LANs & WANs

Lab 10-1.1 (2500s)

connecting console interfaces

Identify connectors
& components

Ethernet interfaces
(AUI) {E0 and/or
E1}
Serial interfaces
(S0 and/or S1}
RJ-45 to DB9
Male Adapter
{connect to
computer COM1
or COM2 port
Rollover Cable

Lab 10-1.2 (2500s)

Connecting Router LAN Interfaces

Identify Ethernet (FastEthernet) interfaces on

the router

What device is needed for the Ethernet port on

the Cisco 2500s router?
Identify cables and connect the router to a switch

What type of cable is needed?

Turn on and check

Connecting console interfaces

To connect the PC to a router:

Configure terminal emulation

software (HyperTerminal) on the
PC for:

The appropriate com port

9600 baud
8 data bits
No parity
1 stop bit
No flow control

Connect the RJ-45 connector of

the rollover cable to the router
console port.
Connect the other end of the
rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9
adapter.
Attach the female DB-9 adapter to
a PC.

Hyperterminal

LAB 10-3
Connecting WAN interfaces
Connect 2 routers using directly attached cables to simulate a WAN link

Identify serial interfaces

How many serial ports are available?

What cables are going to be used?
One router will be the service provider (provide the
clocking), What cable end will be used on that router?

Routers - Cisco 3660s

Routers - Cisco 7200 and 7500

Routers Cisco 12000s

Cisco 12000s