Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C 013210811
C 013210811
e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861. Volume 13, Issue 2 Ver. I. (Feb. 2014), PP 08-11
www.iosrjournals.org
I.
Introduction:
Oral mucosa response in different ways to quid. Quid is a substance or mixture of substances that is
placed in the mouth, where it is sucked or actively chewed and thus remains in contact with the mucosa over an
extended period. It usually contains one or both of 2 basic ingredients, tobacco and areca nut.1 Avarity of oral
mucosal lesions and conditions hace been reported in association with quid and tobacco use.1.2 Quid are
classified into three basic categories: 1.Quid with areca nut without tobacco products (pan or betel quid), 2.Quid
with tobacco products without areca nut (chewing tobacco, moist and dry snuff), 3. Quid with both areca nut
and tobacco products (gutkha).3 The specific components of this product vary between communities and
individuals.
The Betel quid or pan is mixture of areca nut (Areca catechu), catechu (Acacia catechu), slaked lime
(calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide) and several condiments according to taste, wrapped in a betel leaf (Piper
betle). Pan placed between the teeth and the buccal mucosa, and is gently chewed or sucked over a period of
several hours.1,4 The slaked lime acts to release an alkaloid from the areca nut, which produces a feeling of
euphoria and well-being.5 Other substances of local preference may be added, such as grated coconut or a
variety of spices, for example, aniseed, peppermint, cardamom and cloves.6 Variants of pan include use of
sliced areca nut alone and addition of sweeteners to make the product particularly attractive to younger children,
to whom it is sold under the names sweet supari, gua, mawa or mistee pan. Other variants such as kiwam, zarda
and mitha pan (also known as gutkha) may contain a variety of substances, including tobacco.4, 7
In india most habitual chewers of betel quid add tobacco. Tobacco may also be used as a component of
paan is called as gutkha. This product is basically a flavoured and sweetened by mixture of areca nut, catechu
and slaked lime with tobacco, this usage of gutkha is more carcinogenic and associated with oral diseases. The
product is basically a flavoured and sweetened dry mixture of areca nut, catechu and slaked lime with tobacco
(gutkha) or without tobacco (pan masala).1 These products have been strongly implicated in the recent increase
in the incidence of oral submucous fibrosis, especially in the very young, even after a short period of use. This
precancerous lesion, which has a high rate of malignant transformation, is extremely debilitating and has no
known cure. The use of tobacco with lime, betel quid with tobacco, betel quid without tobacco and areca nut
have been classified as carcinogenic to humans.3 Increase in oral cancer among the young due to increased
consumption of the alternative chewing products gutkha and pan masala. Pan masala and gutkha have become
very popular with all sections of Indian society, including school children. For most children, teenagers and
women, cigarette smoking still remains taboo in India.
Smokeless tobacco is a method of intra oral application and represents a nonhomogenous
group of compounds.8 The term smokeless tobacco also known as dip , plug , chew or spit tobacco ,
refers to both chewing tobacco (coarse cut ) and snuff ( fine cut ).9 Three types of smokeless tobacco are
commonly manufactured : loose leaf chewing tobacco , most snuff and dry snuff. 10 Tobacco products
which were usually consumed by a small section of the population are today part of the modern urban and rural
lifestyle.
www.iosrjournals.org
8 | Page
Effects Of Smokeless Tobacco, Betel Quid And Areca Nut On Oral Mucosa
9 | Page
Effects Of Smokeless Tobacco, Betel Quid And Areca Nut On Oral Mucosa
in all the cases.16 Hyaline deposition has been noted with in connective tissue and salivary glands. Increased
subepithelial vascularity and vessel engorgement often are seen. 5 Epithelial dysplasia is uncommon in tobacco
pouch keratosis.
ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS:
OSF is predominantly caused by the use of areca nut.18 Besides being regarded as a precancerous
condition; it is a seriously debilitating and progressive disease.
Marked by stiffening of the oral mucosa and development of fibrous bands, loss of elasticity of the mucosa
results in a progressive restriction of mouth opening. Affected users experience a burning sensation of the oral
mucosa, occasional mucosal ulceration, a peculiar marble-like blanching of the mucosa and palpable fibrous
bands of the buccal mucosa, soft palate. Moreover, the frequency of chewing rather than the total duration of the
habit was directly correlated with OSF.18 Oesophageal subepithelial fibrosis, an extension of oral submucosal
fibrosis, was seen more frequently in patients who had consumed pan masala, gutka, areca nut, tobacco or a
combination of some or all of these, with or without betel leaf.
The pathogenesis of OSMF is believed to be multifactorial. Factors that trigger the disease include
consumption of chewing areca nut, chilies, nutritional deficiencies, and immunologic processes. Areca nut
chewing is known to cause local trauma and injury to the oral mucosa due to its abrasive nature. This could be
more severe in users of pan masala and gutkha due to their fine particulate nature, with the high probability of
particle adhesion to the traumatized mucosa, leading to morphological changes and membrane damage. This
continuous local irritation by pan masala, gutkha or areca nut can lead to injury related chronic inflammation,
oxidative stress and cytokine production. Oxidative stress and subsequent Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
generation can induce cell proliferation, cell senescence or apoptosis, depending upon the level of ROS
production. During chronic exposure, these events can lead to preneoplastic lesions in the oral cavity and
subsequently to malignancy.17
Characteristics of Oral Submucous Fibrosis are palpable fibrous bands in buccal mucosa and soft
palate, tough, leathery texture of the mucosa, blanching of the mucosa (defined as a persistent, white, marblelike appearance of the oral mucosa, which may be localized, diffuse or reticular), accompanied by
histopathologic features characteristic of OSF (atrophic epithelium with loss of rete ridges and juxta-epithelial
hyalinization of the lamina propria and the underlying muscle).
Betel Chewers Mucosa:
Betel chewers mucosa is a condition of the oral mucosa in which, because of either direct action of the quid or
the traumatic effect of chewing (or both), there is a tendency for the oral mucosa to desquamate or peel. Loose
and detached white tags of tissue can also be seen and felt. 1 The underlying areas assume a pseudomembranous
or wrinkled appearance.
Quid-Induced Lesion:
A quid-induced lesion is a localized lesion of the oral mucosa corresponding to the regular site of
placement of quid. It is characterized by one or more of the following characteristics: change in colour, wrinkled
appearance, thickening of the mucosa, scrapable or non scrapable epithelial surface, and presence of ulceration.1
Areca-Nut-Related Lesion:
Areca nut chewers, like chewers of other kinds of quid, may have clinically healthy mucosa with
no textural or colour changes. However, the buccal mucosa, either bilaterally or unilaterally, may show an illdefined whitish grey discoloration that cannot be rubbed off. 1 In addition, the mucosa may show a rough, linenlike texture, and histologic examination reveals ortho-keratinized or parakeratinized epithelium.
Betel Quid Lichenoid Lesion:
A quid-induced lichenoid oral lesion has been reported exclusively among users of betel quid.19
It resembles oral lichen planus, but there are certain specific differences. The quid-induced lesions is
characterized by the presence of fine, white, wavy, parallel lines that do not overlap or criss-cross, are not
elevated and in some instances radiate from a central erythematous area. The lesion generally occurs at the site
of placement of the quid. This lesion was originally described as a lichen-planus-like lesion, but it is now termed
a betel-quid lichenoid lesion.1 This lesion may regress with decrease in the
frequency or duration of quid use or a change in the site of placement of the quid. There may be complete
regression if the quid habit is given up.
II.
Conclusion:
www.iosrjournals.org
10 | Page
Effects Of Smokeless Tobacco, Betel Quid And Areca Nut On Oral Mucosa
The oral mucosal lesion is generally influenced by the persons specific quid habits, and there seems to
be a significant relationship between quid cessation and a decrease in the incidence rate of white lesions. No
specific test is available to confirm whether a particular oral lesion was caused by the patients quid habit. The
diagnosis must be made on the basis of a history of repeated exposure to betel quid containing certain
ingredients, the clinical appearance and the texture of the tissue (especially for OSF). Incisional biopsy is
recommended, specifically biopsy of the most severely affected area (or any area of ulceration) to rule out
squamous cell carcinoma.20 Histopathologic examination may show a dense, chronic inflammatory infiltrate with
epithelial changes ranging from atrophy accompanied by hyperkeratosis to dysplasia to frank malignancy. The
management of such oral lesions depends on the type of quid-related lesion. The first option is no treatment,
accompanied by discontinuation of the betel quid habit and appropriate follow-up. Mild cases of OSF or patients
with limited jaw opening that still permits reasonable eating abilities and access for oral hygiene and dental care
may be treated without intervention but with a focus on quitting the quid habit. Severe cases can be successfully
treated, with return to near-normal jaw opening, bycomplete excision and surgery using mucosal or
nonvascularized split-thickness skin grafts of the affected areas.20 Successful prevention in the early stages of
these conditions may lead to improvement in symptoms. However, when the patient continues his or her betel
quid habit, the prognosis for an untreated lesion, regardless of its colour, degree of thickening, ulceration of the
epithelial surface or presence of thick fibrous bands, is progressive worsening, with a high risk for squamous
cell carcinoma.
Reference:
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
[6].
[7].
[8].
[9].
[10].
[11].
[12].
[13].
[14].
[15].
[16].
[17].
[18].
[19].
[20].
Zain RB, Ikeda N, Gupta PC, Warnakulasuriya KAAS, van Wyk CW,Shrestha P, and other. Oral mucosal lesions associated with
betel quid, Areca nut and tobacco chewing habits: consensus from a workshop held In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 2527,
1996. J Oral Pathol Med 1999; 28(1):14.
Yang YH, Lee HY, Tung S, Shieh TY. Epidemiologic survey of oral Submucous fibrosis and leukoplakia in aborigines of Taiwan. J
Oral Pathol Med 2001; 30(4):2139.
Sylvie Louise Avon, DMD, msc. Oral Mucosal Lesions Associated with Use of Quid. J Can Dent Assoc 2004;70(4):244-8.
Farrand P, Rowe RM, Johnston A, Murdoch H. Prevalence, age of onset and demographic relationships of different areca nut habits
amongst children in Tower Hamlets, London. Br Dent J 2001;190(3):1504.
Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE. Oral and maxillofacial pathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
Company;2002. p. 34950.
International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans.
Tobacco habits other than smoking; betel-quid and areca-nut chewing; and some related nitrosamines. Vol. 37. 291 pp. Lyon,
France: IARC, 1985.
Shah B, Lewis MA, Bedi R. Oral submucous fibrosis in a 11-year-old Bangladeshi girl living in the United Kingdom. Br Dent J
2001; 191(3):1302.
Greenberg . Glick . Ship. Burkets oral medicine. 11th edition,page 100-101.
Jagriti Gupta,Krishna kumar Gupta,Fajad mansoor samadi, Arpita Kabiraj. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer- A review. Year
2012; volume3; issue2; page 74-78.
WarnaKulasuriya KA, Ralhan R. clinical, pathological, cellular and molecular lesions caused by oral smokeless tobacco-A review. J
oral pathol med 2007; 36:63-77.
Hoffmann,D., Brunnemann,K.D., Prokopczyk,B. and Djordjevic,M.V. (1994) Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and areca-derived
N-nitrosamines: chemistry, biochemistry, carcinogenicity and relevance to humans. J.Toxicol. Environ. Health, 41, 152
Wenke,G., Rivenson,A., Brunnemann,K.D., Hoffmann,D. and Bhide,S.V.(1984) A study of betel quid carcinogenesis. II. Formation
of Nnitrosamines during betel quid chewing. In O'Neill,I.K., von Borstel,R.C.,Miller,C.T., Long,J. and Bartsch,H. (eds), N-Nitroso
Compounds:Occurrence, Biological Effects and Relevance to Human Cancer, IARC Scientific Publications no. 57. IARC, Lyon,
pp. 859866.
Stepanov I. Jensen J, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. New and traditional smokeless tobacco; comparison of toxicant and carcinogen
levels.Nicotine Tob Res.2008;10:1773-1782.
Pershagen G. smokeless tobacco.Br Med Bull 1996;52;50-7.
Warnakulasuriya S. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer. Oral Dis 2004;10:1-4.
Neville BW, Day TA. Oral cancer and precancerous lesions. CA Cancer J Clin 2002;52:195-215.
Auluck A, Rosin MP, Zhang L, Sumanth KN. Oral Submucous Fibrosis, a Clinically Benign but Potentially Malignant Disease:
Report of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature. J Can Dent Assoc 2008;74(8):735-40.
Murti,P.R., Bhonsle,R.B., Gupta,P.C., Daftary,D.K., Pindborg,J.J. and Mehta,F.S. (1995) Etiology of oral submucous fibrosis with
special reference to the role of areca nut chewing. J. Oral Pathol. Med., 24, 145152.
Daftary DK, Bhonsle RB, Murti PR, Pindborg JJ, Mehta FS. An oral lichen planus-like lesion in India betel-tobacco chewers. Scand
J Dent Res 1980; 88(3):2449.
Marx RE, Stern D. Oral and maxillofacial pathology. A rationale for diagnosis and treatment. Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc.;
2003.p. 3179.
www.iosrjournals.org
11 | Page