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16 Lewis Structures
16 Lewis Structures
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Lewis Dot Structures
Gateway to Understanding Molecular
Structure
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Slide 2
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Slide 3
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Molecular structure:
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.. ..
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Slide 4
Molecular Structure
Two issues:
What is stuck to what?
How are they oriented?
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Slide 5
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Slide 6
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Slide 7
Two Rules
1. Total # of valence electrons the total
number of valence electrons must be
accounted for, no extras, none missing.
2. Octet Rule every atom should have an
octet (8) electrons associated with it.
Hydrogen should only have 2 (a duet).
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Slide 8
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Slide 9
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As is [Ar]4s23d104p3
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Slide 10
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Slide 11
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Slide 12
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!
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Slide 13
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Slide 14
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Slide 15
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Slide 16
15
16
3
5
6
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Slide 17
Central Atom
In a molecule, there are only 2 types of atoms:
1. central bonded to more than one other atom.
2. terminal bonded to only one other atom.
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Slide 18
Bonds
Bonds are pairs of shared electrons.
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Slide 19
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:Cl:
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Slide 20
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Slide 21
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Slide 22
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HOH
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Slide 23
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Slide 24
HOH
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Slide 25
7.
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Slide 26
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Formal charge (FC) is ideally 0, acceptably +/-1, on occasion +/2. The more 0s in a structure, the better.
The total of all the formal charges of each atom will always equal
the charge on the entire structure (0 for neutral molecules).
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Slide 27
HOH
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FC (H) = 1-1-0 = 0
FC (O) = 6 2 4 = 0
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Slide 28
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Slide 29
Clicker
Choose the best Lewis Dot Structure for: SCl2
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Slide 30
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N2S
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Slide 31
Another example
Lets try CO2
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Slide 32
7.
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Slide 33
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Slide 34
CO2
CO2
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Central Atom?
Either C or O could be a central atom. C is more likely
(to the left, to the left, to the left)
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Slide 35
CO2
CO2
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..
..
:O C - O:
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Slide 36
7.
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Slide 37
CO2
16 total valence electrons
..
..
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..
:O C - O:
Structure has 20 electrons in it. Too many!
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Slide 38
CO2
:O = C = O:
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Slide 39
CO2
:O = C = O:
..
:O - C O:
Which is correct?
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Slide 40
FC (O) = 6 2 4 = 0
FC (C) = 4 4 0 = 0
..
:O C - O:
FC (left O) = 6 3 2 = 1
FC (C) = 4 4 0 = 0
FC (right O) = 6 1 6 = -1
Based on formal charge the upper structure is the better one.
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Slide 41
..
:O - C O:
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Slide 42
..
:O1 - C O2 :
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Slide 43
Resonance
:O1
..
C O2 :
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:O1 - C O2 :
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Slide 44
Resonance
When you have resonance, the real structure is
not any one of the individual structures but
the combination of all of them.
You can always recognize resonance there are
double or triple bonds involved.
If you take the 3 different CO2 structures, the
average is the original one we drew with 2
double bonds.
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Slide 45
Resonance
Resonance is indicated by drawing all resonance
structures, separated by
:O
..
C - O:
..
:O - C O:
:O = C = O:
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Slide 46
Nitrite ion
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Slide 47
Nitrite LDS
Whats the central atom?
Nitrogen
ONO
.. .. ..
:O N - O:
Total number of electrons?
20 electrons too many
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Slide 48
Nitrite LDS
.. .. ..
:O N - O:
How do you fix the problem?
Make a bond
.. .. ..
:O = N - O:
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Slide 49
Nitrite LDS
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
:O = N - O: :O - N = O:
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Slide 50
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Slide 51
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N2H 2
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Slide 52
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Slide 53
Incomplete Octets
The most common elements that show incomplete octets are B,
Be besides H.
So, for example, BCl3 has the Lewis structure:
..
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: Cl B Cl:
|
: Cl :
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Slide 54
Expanded Octets
The most common atoms to show expanded octets are P and S.
It is also possible for some transition metals.
An example of an expanded octet would be PCl5:
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:Cl: :Cl:
Total valence e- = 40
..
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:Cl P - Cl :
FC(P) = 5 5 0 =0
|
: Cl:
FC (Cl) = 7 1 6 = 0
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Slide 55
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Slide 56
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Slide 57
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Slide 58
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Two ways:
Ionic Bonds attraction between ions of
opposite charges
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Na+ Cl-
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PF3
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Slide 59
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Mine
Yours
Mine
Yours
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Slide 60
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Sharing doesnt have to be equal!
Mine
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Slide 61
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Ionic
Covalent
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Slide 62
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Two extremes
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Mine
Yours
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Ours
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Slide 63
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Mine
Yours
Mine
Yours
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Slide 64
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Ionic
Uneven sharing
Polar
Equal sharing
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Non-polar
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Slide 65
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Slide 66
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Equal sharing!
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Slide 67
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H-Cl
Which case is this?
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Slide 68
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Slide 69
A metal + a non-metal =
An ionic compound!
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Slide 70
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Slide 71
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract
electrons to itself.
Electronegativity is important in predicting whether a
bond is ionic or covalent.
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Slide 72
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Slide 73
Loving electrons
I love pie.
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Slide 74
Loving electrons
I love pie.
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I get no pie.
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Slide 75
Loving electrons
I like pie.
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Slide 76
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Slide 77
Suppose Im oxygen
you need me to live!
Im oxygen. How much do I like pieer,
electrons?
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Check my electronegativity
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Slide 78
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Slide 79
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Slide 80
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O (EN = 3.5)
N (EN = 3.0)
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POLAR covalent.
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Slide 81
Arbitrarily:
The polarity of a bond is determined by the difference in
electronegativity between the atoms at either end of
the bond.
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Slide 82
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Cl Cl
NaCl
E.N. = 3.0 0.9 = 2.1
Ionic
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Slide 83
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Slide 84
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Cl Cl
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H-Cl
NaCl
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Slide 85
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