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Harmonic and Transient Overvoltage Analysis in Arc Furnace Power Systems
Harmonic and Transient Overvoltage Analysis in Arc Furnace Power Systems
Harmonic and Transient Overvoltage Analysis in Arc Furnace Power Systems
I. INTRODUCTION
337
Maln T r a n s f o r m e r
\t
Furnace Transformer
200-8OOV
C,rcult Breaker
I
t,9
12 t o 35KV
'
Lable
Vacuum
SwNtch
t o 230KV
I
Lead Impedance
A r c Furnace
A . Harmonics Analysis
The use of loads with nonlinear characteristics, such as arc
furnaces, result in harmonic voltage and current generation.
Of the many types of arcing devices on the power system
today, arc furnaces may be the most notorious harmonicproducers because they have great capacity lumped together
in one place. It has been found that the arc at the electrode
tips is basically a voltage clamp with a trapezoidal shape
waveform [2]. A theoretical arc furnace voltage and current
waveform is shown in Fig. 2.
Under unbalanced conditions of electrode arcing, there
could be significant amounts of third harmonic and its multiples. Also, fifth and seventh harmonics that occur under
balanced conditions could increase under unbalanced arcing
conditions. Measurements of arc furnace voltage have indicated a varying harmonic output. The recorded fifth harmonic voltage has varied from 8 % , 6%, and 2.5% of the
fundamental voltage during beginning of meltdown, end
of meltdown, and refining, respectively [l]. Also, the fifth
and seventh harmonics could increase significantly during
unbalanced arcing conditions.
Ferromagnetic devices such as transformers in the arc
furnace power system also produce harmonics due to the
nonlinear characteristics. Often, nearly 50% of the magnetizing (exciting) current will be third harmonic. It is also rich in
fifth, seventh, and ninth harmonics. Transformer harmonics
do not normally cause harmonic problems unless the system
is sharply resonant at a significant harmonic. They produce
more harmonics when the voltage rises (at low load levels)
as there is more significant saturation and the magnetizing
current increases [3].
Table I shows an example of an arc furnace harmonic
voltage distortion used in harmonic analysis studies. The
typical values used are considered to be present for long
periods of time. These numbers can be used to determine
system performance, especially when using the total harmonic distortion (THD) as the criterion. The worst case
values are used for short time durations. They can be used
for filter design and failure analysis. All values given in
Table I are based in part on field measured waveforms and
estimates of the worst case harmonic distortion at each
individual harmonic.
The arc furnace load actually looks like a voltage source of
harmonics behind a series of impedance consisting of the
secondary cables to the electrodes. A typical arc furnace
model for a simulation will include the furnace lead impedance
and a constant voltage source behind it at each harmonic of
Voltage
k!
\U
Fig. 2.
TABLE I
VOLTAGE
DISTORTIONS
USEDFOR TYPICAL
ARCFURNACE
HARMONIC
ANALYSIS
Harmonic
No.
Worst Case
(% of fundamental)
Typical
(% of fundamental)
17
29
7.5
10
3.5
8
2.5
5
5
20
3
10
1.5
6
1
3
concern. Usually, harmonics up to the ninth will be considered. In this model the lead impedance is highly critical as
it has a large voltage drop across it. Typically it will be in
the range of 3-6 mO with an X / R ratio of within 6-10 [I].
Fig. 3 shows an arc furnace harmonic model.
Harmonic analysis i s considered by many industrial facilities as the arc furnace technology is improving. Many steel
melt shops are incorporating ladle arc refineries [2]. Another
reason for interest in harmonic analysis is the application of
shunt capacitors to control power factor requirements.
Although capacitors do not generate harmonics, their interaction with other devices in the system could create dangerous resonant conditions. Also, many loads on the system
today are very sensitive to harmonic distortions [4]. Constant
distortion can also result in increases in motor losses and
cause heating. Transformers, switchgear, and capacitors may
experience excessive heating. Also, fuses, protective relays,
metering devices, and power electronic equipment could have
misoperations due to harmonics.
Presently, most harmonic analyses are performed with the
aid of personal computer programs. Modeling techniques
used in digital harmonic studies are usually conservative.
Worst case scenarios are analyzed to account for extreme
conditions. Generally, this type of method would be suffi-
338
3 000
v,
without filter
It'
I
2 a00
Arc
furnace
Transformer
Harmonic
Secondary Bus
Source
-
Fig. 3.
1.200
cient for most arc furnace applications. These digital computer programs have the capability of modeling very large
systems and use the personal computer efficiently. The
advantages of using a digital computer program to perform
harmonic simulations are [5] as follows:
0
0
0
J
0
000
0
ilter
6
Har.O"IC
12
14
16
Nu.brr
TABLE I1
HARMONIC
CURRENT
LIMITSFOR NONLINEAR
LOADSAT
THE POINT-OF-COMMON-COUPLING
WITH OTHER LOADS,
AT VOLTAGES
OF 2.4-69 KV
i""
< 20
20-50
50-100
10.0
100-1ooo 12.0
> IO00
15.0
2.0
3.5
4.5
5.5
7.0
1.5
2.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.6
1.o
1.5
2.0
2.5
5.0
8.0
12.0
15.0
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.4
1 t S h " " t
-j-
7
>
Isc/Il
339
;.a;ctov
1:
20.0
Notes: 1) Even harmonics are limited to 24% of the odd harmonic limits.
2) I,, = maximum short circuit current at PCC. I, = maximum load
current (fund frequency) at PCC.
3)For PCC's from 69 to 138 kV, the limits are 50% of the above limits. A
case-by-case evaluation is required for PCC's of 138 kV and above.
TABLE 111
HARMONIC
VOLTAGE
LIMITSFOR POWERPRODUCERS
(PUBLIC
UTILITIES
OR
COGENERATION)
AT PCC
Harmonic Voltage Distortion
(% of fundamental)
2.3-69 kV
69-138 kV
Maximum
individual harmonic
Total harmonic
distortion (THD)
> 138 kV
0
3 .O
1.5
1 .O
5.0
2.5
1.5
IO
15
11-
Fig. 6.
20
25
IO
IM5etl
10 000
000
In
rl
U
-6 000
8 000
340
PU
-2.41..
Fig. 8.
"
'
'
'
'
'
" "
34 1
111
+.e8
-+.e8
4.08
-t.w
t.tx
-10.88
I . . . . I . .
&. . .
. . I . . . . I . . . .
I . . . . I . . . _ I . . . . I .
Fig. 9.
342
REFERENCES
D. A. GonzPlez and J. C. McCall, Design of filters to reduce
harmonic distortion in Industrial power systems, IEEE Trans.
Industry Applications, vol. IA-23, no. 3, pp. 504-511.
121 W. S. Vilcheck and D. A. Gonzalez, Measurements and simulations-combined for state-of-the-art harmonic analysis, in Proc.
IEEEfiAS Conf. Rec. I988 Ann. Mtg., part 11, Oct 1988, pp.
1530-1534.
[3] Electric Power Systems Harmonics Design Guide, McGraw-Edison
Power Systems, Sept. 1987.
[I]
S. R. Mendis (M87) received the B.S.E.E. degree from Gannon University, Erie, PA, and the
M.S.E.E. degree from Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, MI.
He is a Senior Power Systems Engineer in the
Systems Engineering Group of Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI, where he performs a variety of power system analysis studies, primarily for
industrial power systems including harmonics,
transients, power flow, short circuit and coordination. motor startine.
, and flicker. He is also an
instructor in the Coowr Power Systems Overcurrent Protection, Power
Quality, and Harmonics Workshops.
Mr. Mendis is the current Chairman of the Power Quality Subcommittee
of the Industry Applications Society.