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Glossary of Terms Used in Well Logging
Glossary of Terms Used in Well Logging
Glossary of Terms Used in Well Logging
org/
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GLOSSARY
USED
IN
OF
%VELL
TERIS
LOGGIiG
By
R.
E.
SHERIFF
Reprintedfrom
GEOPHYSICS
Society of Exploration
P.O.
Geophysicists
Box 3098
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GLOSSARY OF T/F!$
ROBERT
E.
SHERIFF*
Well loggingtechnologyhas seenrapid development in the last few years with the advent of several types of acoustic and radioactive logging
methodsand other new loggingtools. Computers
are beginningto have an impact on this field by
making readily available, from combinationsof
logs, information which previously could be extracted only by tedious methods.
The author believes that a "geophysicist"
should be conversantwith aspectsperipheral to
his central concern and central application, and
that a geophysicalinterpretation ought to be consistent with all available data of all kinds, not
merely with that portion of the data in which the
interpreter specializes.
Sonic logginginformation
is vital to seismic interpretation and density
logginginformationto gravity interpretation.But
vital also are measurementsof other physical
propertieswith which an interpretationought to
be consistent, just as a seismic interpretation
oughtto be consistentwith gravity and magnetic
observations.In a rapidly changingfield such as
ours,the boundaries
betweenareasof specilization
must be crossed more and more often as we ad-
nition or explanation.
3. Wordsunderlinedwith a singleline are listed
themselves and should be referred to in order
4. Wordshavebeendefinedastheyareactually
used.
6. Whereseveraltermsare essentially
equiva-
* ChevronOil Company,Houston,Texas.
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I wish to expressmy appreciationto the companiesand peoplewho have helped me, including
do not know.
I want to
Fro.
1. Idealized
1117
R. E. Sheriff
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1118
Sheriff
BEFORE
SQUEEZE
AFTER
SQUEEZE
,diP*
I,,,
FIc. 2. Microseismogram
log usedas cementbond log. CourtesyWelex.
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MUDCAKE
O
rn
IDEPTH I
INTERVAL
TRUE
DRIFT
DIRECTION
OF HOLE
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1120
Sheriff
SPOHTANEOUS
POTEHTIAI
1E$ I $ T I V I TY
mllllval,i
//
ohms,.m'/m
AMPLIFIER
AND
OSCILLATOR
RECEIVER
,/ HOUSING
/ COIL
RECEIVER
AMPLIFIER
GROUND
LOOP
FOUCAULT
CURRENT
T RANSM
ION
I TTER
IITRANSMITTER
::R
OSCILLATOR
COIL
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? oo.....
o-
..
RADIAL
FOR MATION
WATER
)__! ..........
........................
DISTRIBUTION
OF
FLUIDS
i
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
Rxor ....
RrncI" -If
Rm
iRADIAL DISTANCE
i
RADIAL
II
DISTRIBUTION
I
I
I
OF RESISTIVITY
II
ii
itz
i1 i
!1
11:::)I
I I
II
MUD ;
CAKE I
Rt
!1
11LI
BOREHOLE
ABOUT
ABOUT BOREHOLE
-I . iNVADED I
I
ZONE
I
I
1
UNCONTAMINATED
ZONE
1121
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1122
Sheriff
LXTEROLOG
CONDUCTIVITY
400
200
.:_:::::.=5:::::
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GJossa':y
of Tea'msUsed in Well Logging
RESISTIVITY
RESISTIVITY
ohml - ml/m
ohml - m/m
1123
io
cro
Nm.mal 2"
I0
MICROCALIPER
ORRELATioN
.....
CUEVE
COUNTS
PER
MINUTE
..........
....
SIGMA
.
_..
...................................
POROSITY
Per
Cent
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1124
Sheriff
NEUTRON
160
GENERATOR
METER
a
GENERATOR
ME TE R
CING
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1425
14'iC;.
1l. (a) Neutron log. (b) Sidexvallneutronlog. CourtesySchlumberger.
CALIPER
HOLE
BHC
iNCHES
SONIC
LOG
2 SPAN
DIAM.
At u SEC/FT.
!oo
7o
40
,.
Ri
LOWER
TRANSMITTE/
1/////////
a
!3. (a) Schema'it BHC sonic log sonde. (b) Sonic log. Courtesy Sclllumberger.
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1126
Sheriff
S.R
o rnv
--
I+
RESISTIVITY
0 SHORT
0
NORMAL
LONG
NORMAL
!0
I0
SAND-LINE
J SHALE
?AS,E
-LINEI
,
i!'i
'
,,
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1127
MICROSECOND----.>
1000
BOUNDARY.WAVE
SHEAR
'
WAVE
1500
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1128
Sheriff
gation.
an aspect
of acoustic
In some acoustical
logs
tinuous velocity
log),
the traveltime
of the
compressional wave between two points is mea-
sured.
sured perpendicular
to the buddn
sured parallel
to the bedding.
wave propa-
(soni,
con
In others (amp_l.
itud.e...].,o.), the ampli-
a__nn_o_U]_u.s:
(1) That space between a drill ;i:, and
the formations through which the returr,]ng olling fluid (mud) returns to the surfcu.
2) Tne
space between tubing and casing or between casing
and formation.
(3) A low resistance ring seinetimes produced by invasion processes in hydrocarbon-bearing beds.
Because of their greater
orol,
VDL
log,
microseismogram
log,
display
most
of the v&avetrain
insignature
wiggle
variable density form. Still
others (cement
bond log, fracture log) are characterized
the objective
of the measurements rather
their
form.
tical
log also--pically,
wave:
from
'
Borehole
: elastic
Specifically,
the
emission
of
televiewer
is
mobility,
by
than
tion
an acous-
a sonic log_,
pulse
of various
by a
of energy transfer.
The first arrival usually
results from compressional (P or longitudinal)
Figure
ity
as
in the
API cali-
wit
fresh
water)
is
defined
units.
arrival.
The resistivity
log,
ence of
adjacent
)
A
which
mud column,
beds, etc.
fo rm 1ai:
tween
the
times
written
zone,
Empirical
formation
recurdd
from the
influence
of
relationships
resistivity
FR), porosity
factor
water
F (some-
saturation
F : R0/R
w= a c-m,
R0/Rt : Sw ,
(t_G__JYj=JL
(electrochemical):
a substance
where m
some nuclei
into
radioisotopes
is measured after
a time lag.
: acoustic velocity
to enter
into
The relative
a reaction.
electrochemical
SP can
be
found
from
tendency
= proportionality
to
or cementation
facbetween 1.5 and 3,
constant
varying
from
1.5,
R0 : resistivity
of the formation
when 100
percent saturated
with formation
water,
When
the
= porosity
exponent
tor, which varies
0.6
ac-
tivities
(equiValent concentrations of dissolved
salts) of the formation water and mud fittrate.
saturation
exponent;
often
n = 2.
j=p( S__P
:S :). Theratioofp.s_eudostatic
SPto static
"ArchiJ'sLaw"assumes
that m: 2 anda = 1
_.D.._l_._.__9.q,:_
heborehole
ofused
theamplitude
a portion of t A
acoustic lo
w ve
in acoustic of
logging,
by
true
invaded
See
differs
of the formation
that
transmute
whose radiation
the
sections
saturated
API
resistivity
CtJv_o__t]o.n_
19:
Awe.
techniqeUe
in
-E5
-ormation
is ll
irradloqing
ated with
n utrons
of
and is
lOO0
an electrical
t.
forma-
6.
The difference
LS,....i]:
Rayleigh arrivals
(not Rayleigh waves as used
in seismology).
Compressional waves travelling
through t13e mud usually have relatively
high
frequency content.
One or more modes of high
amplitude, low frequency tube waves or Stonetey
a very distinct
farther
conductive
modes
waves travelling
in the formation;
h inverse of
its velocity
is measured by the sonic 1o.
A
second arrival
is sometimes iden"Ffied as shear
(S) wave travel
in the formation,
sometimes as
See Figure
than
water.
zone
invaded
g9m_9-r.
which results
an acoustical
the
I==UJ.___.._..t,:
(l) A unit of counting rate for the
beyond
2.15
and
is
the special
case where m =
a = 0.65.
log,
j gg'nlJa
bow
spring
orlever
connected
a
sonde
which
presses
against
the o
ore.,_
._: olheVariation
of aalephYnsical
depending
orientation
g whic roperty
it is
hole wall to centralize
the tool, to push the
measured.
(2) "Microscopic
anisotropy"
is a
variation
of a property
of a formation
measured
perpendicular
to the bedding from that measured
parallel
to the bedding because plate-like
mineral grains and interstices
tend to orient
themselves parallel
to the sedimentation.
(3) "Macroscopic anisotropy"
is a variation
due to the volume over which a measurement is made, including
.thin
(4)
differ
tool
to the opposite
side
of the borehole,
.azro:::plo
or
drift
: _a_dole plot:
A display
of dipmeter
data.
appreciably.
The resistivity
anisotropy
coefficient
square root of the ratio of the resistivity
is the
mea-
= lO-
- ture cross-section.
or
(2)
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ease-line
silift:
shale
base line
occur
when
separated
fect
on the
waters
of
by shale
cationic
SP curve.
differerst
when
depth
in
the
the
are
membranes,
water salinity
changes
or when the resistivity
it
A $hkft
sllnities
the
act
,G.,aQ$_U_.
e._C,
rQ_S
-__s
_6_]0.: ( 1 ) "A t omi c c a pt u r e c r o s s -'--
for neutrons
is the effective
area within which a neutron
has to pass in order to be
as per-
captured
bilistic
formation
',vithin a permeable
bed,
of the mud changes ,zith
of
: borehole
compensated
sonic
log.
a Dresser
Atlas
by an atomic nucleus.
value dependent on the
particle
as
well
nucleus.
as
Atomic
the
capture
of
the
cross-section
See com-
BHCis a Schlumberger
BHC Acoustilog
the
capturing
borehole.
pensated lo.
1t29
effective
cross-sectional
area per unit
volume
of material
for
capture
of neutrons;
hence,
it
depends on the number of atoms present
as well
traderlame.
as
their
atomic
capture
cross-sections.
The
B....H_=
: bottom hole temperature.
B__H._T_]
: borehole
r
units."of1 c.u.
: ]O'cm
TM
. ith
3)The
-ate "sigma
of absorption
therma
neutrons
a
televiewer.
.b._!..]_n__.z..A?:
A portion
of a formation
in which a
logging tool response is too low; also called
"shadow
zone."
A blind
zone
occurs
because
of
the finite
size or configuration
of tha logging
tool.
For the lateral
curve,
a blind
zone (ab-
normally
low reading)
is recorded
velocity
A distortion
cause
of the size
hole
or sometimes
borehole
and
the
of
influence
invaded
a well
of
zone.
A unit
log
the
laterolog,
sidewall
of macroscopic
capture
cross-
microlaterolog,
sonic,
density,
and
neutron logs which includes
a secondarz
]'9]ltFndex
be-
bore-
1ot.
A well
narrow acoustic
log sys-
(sonar)
amplitude of the
tube (television
ing a picture of
fractures,
rugs,
of measure
section.
1o__.9_
= wel 1 1og.
b.ou%e_b_9_]e
!;..e]_?__v_i_ewec
: seisviewer'
tqus
when a bed
which is highly
resistive
compared to the overlying and underlying
formations
is present between current
and measuring electrodes.
b__f_ehf_e_6_ii:
v is
reflected
wave on a cathode ray
screen) is photographed yieldthe borehole wall, revealing
etc.
BHTV is a Mobil Oil trade-
c..a_t_i.=_nJ,,,...,m_,mb.e:
A me mb r a n wh i c h p e r mi t s t h e
passage of cations
but not of artions.
Shale
mark.
b_o._.n.d.
wat_e/_: Water absorbed in or chemically
bined with shales,
gypsum, or other material
which
is
not
free
to
flow
under
natural
comand
condi-
= continuous
dmeter.
rti_a._G.,.E.:
The exponent
m in
the
rchie
formula.
tions.
nt=
b_r_i_d/: The insulation-covered
lower
the cable to which the logging tool
portion of
is con-
nected.
_b_J_ktc
k _e_]_E.6_t_r__4__
: Lu_a
rd el ec trodes.
b_u]]_t:
cores.
butl;or[:
The small
resistivity
circular
electrode
of
bo_n_d
..]._:
the
acoustic
before
sonde.
and/or
after
test
records run
to the
logs.
cal.j_er
Awell
logwhich
measures
di........
=m'e"e
r,lo:
-open
hoe caliper
logging
too ole
s some
times
have 1, 2, 3, or 4 arms.
Also
called
tne
degree
Calibration
indi.cates
on a micro-
the
ter log,
acoustic
_81ib_ati:
c.ba.
acoustic
wave
three-D,
signature
train
such
as
the
charac-
microseismogram,
VDL, or
log.
See Figure 2.
: signature
log:
A display
of the
acoustic
wave train
to the similar
sort
density
gram, or VDL log.
1,
1o,
fracture
.G.hl_oni_ne
:
A log based on the counting rate of
capture gamma rays produced by capture of thermal
neutrons by chlorine
in the formation.
By limiting the count to a certain energy range, the tool
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30
is
Sheriff
made
more
sensitive
to
chlorine
and
rela-
continuous
tively
insensitive
to formation
porosity.
The
chlorine
log is now essentially
replaced
by the
neutron lifetime
loq and thermal decay time log.
cvcleskip.:
arrival
the
cbro_at:
See
arion
gas chromatograph.
locator.
.c_O_l_p_a_j_on
c_,_r_e_.LJD_:
An empirical
correction
applied to porosity
derived
from the sonic log in
uncompacted
formations
such
depths or formations
under
sures.
Undercompaction
is
mally low sonic velocities
as sands
at
from a secondary
detector
to
effect
of mud cake and small
correct
for
the
irregularities
in
the borehole wall.
The compensated sonic log
(BHC) uses a special arrangement of the trans-
ducers
hole
to correct
size
and
for
sonde
irregularities
in
is
sometimes
receiver
closest
= sonic
long_.
logging
strong
enough to
to
transmitter
the
the firs1
trigger
but
not
shallow
.cm_.__n__s
t_e:
Awel
1 1og
madte
a sonde
designed
to correct
out
unwan
ed with
effects.
The
compensated density
log
or sonic
the farthest
receiver,
which may then be triggered by a later
cycle resulting
in an erroneously high transit
time.
This situation
is
called
"cycle skipping."
Its onset is characterized
by an abrupt deflection
corresponding
to an added cycle of travel
between receivers.
"Short cycle skipping"
where the near receiver
is triggered
a cycle too late can also occur,
resulting
in an abnormally
short traveltime.
J_et_: Containing
no appreciable
amount of clay
or shale.
Applied to sandstones and carbonates.
Compare _!_tjL.
;_O_l]_dc__]_D:
: ccollar
velocity
In acoustic
bore-
A unit
of permeability;
the permeability
which will
allow a flow of one milliliter
per
second of fluid
of one centipoise
viscosity
through one square centimeter
under a pressure
gradient
of one atmosphere per centimeter.
The
commonly used unit is the millidarcy
or 1/1000
darcy.
_DarcJL_s
law'
rate
A relationship
flow
q.
tilt.
kA
,ojl_n___te__%_ej:
(1) Water trapped in sediments at
the time of deposition.
_ec_t.OL:
against
(2)
A microloE
the
borehole
Formation
wall.
Welex tradename.
_Q..e
_n_a_l:
as
are analyzed
and up to three
smooth
sity.
stratigraphic
ferent
well
tures
wells.
position
of
Similarities
serve
as
markers
(2)
wel I data
or
.rossplotz:
in
different
the
in dif-
char. acter
of distinctive
from
is
one
well
of
feato
in
the
same
wells.
A graph to determine
the relationship
cr__c9_Sse
icLi_O_: See cpture
cross-section.
pressed
and detector
against
compensated density
are
on a skid
the borehole
logging
tool
wall.
The
(FDC) includes
a secondary detector
which responds more to the
mud cake and small borehole
irregularities;
the
response of the second detector
is used to correct the readings of the main detector.
Density
is related
to porosity
by the equation
q= Pma
' Plog,
side
of equivalence
formations
in
The source
which
Pma-
borehole.
c r_r:
in
feet
so shielded
that it records backscattered
gamma
rays from the formation.
This secondary
radiation
depends on the density
of electrons,
which is roughly proportional
to the bulk den-
c.q._=__5_l.,._i_g_ez:
device
using
which cuts aA
triangular
corediamondt-edged
abou one incbades
on
a side
A well
is a Dresser
tiondensity.
Th
logging
tool
consists
ofa
e.g.,
Cs?)
and
a detector
depth.
of
Densilog
tradename.
area,
across
gamma-ray source
for porosity,
permeability,
fluid
content
and identification,
lithology,
and structure
(fractures,
cross bedding, etc.).
Results are
often illustrated
on a log or coregraph on which
porosity,
permeability,
water saturation,
oil
saturation,
and lithology
are graphed against
._r_:
Atl
.dei_...t._..
:
CVL i s a
1 trademark.
where k : permeability,
A : cross-sectional
= viscosity,
,p = pressure differential
the thickness,
x.
.d9...si]_ = densi.
n_g9_u_s ._e]_zJ___y.
_ : son i c l og.
Bi rdwel
water.
q --- --x
'
Pf
hotS.
a__tur
See Figure
curve:
3.
de?thof
ep.th of investJ.gation:
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sonde within
which material
nificantly
to the readings
contributes
sigfrom the sonde.
of the hole.
The tape is
the log.
Welex tradename.
dual inducti'
._.d_e_t.i:
A borehole log plotted at a scale
larger than conventional
(1 inch per 100 ft);
specifically,
inches
an electric
per
eLi:
log at a scale
of
_d_iP_.og= dieter.
survey_and
two
played
back to obtain
An induction
induction
curves
with
log consisting
different
deoths
of
investigation.
Usually
run with a focused resistivity
device with a shallow
depth of investigation,
such as a shallow laterolog.
of 5
100 ft.
See drift,
13
rectify.
= deep well
temperature
thermometer:
logs,
tradename.
.c[!'._p____..:
(1) A well
to
determine
the
differences
in
(3)
SP curves,
three
wall
scratchers,
lated
stick
azimuth
sur_e:
and
vertical.
inclination
of
a borehole
survey
is
measurements
with
are
made
at
plot
with
the
the
made
discrete
levels
amount of
shale dispersed
in the interstices.
Such shale
lowers the permeability
and effective
porosity
and affects
the readings
of many types of logs.
down.hole_____ground:
A long electrode often attached
to the logging cable some distance (perhaps 100
ft)
above an electrical
just
below the casing,
electrode
instead
of a reference
the surface,
Used in the case
ference
from electrical
surface
tell
uric
__.f.t_:
borehole
azimuth
through
axis
a borehole.
and
is the angle
the borehole
is the angle
the
vertical;
formation,
often
between
the
between a vertical
and north.
indicative
of
which
: electrolog:
usually
consists
a unit
wave
a Dresser
A borehole log
resistivity
Atlas
elec-
logs.
Electrolog
tradename.
determined
formation
by the ratio
water
The liquid
drift
plane
penetration
into
to
that
junction
of the activits.
of
the
potential
of the
mud filtrate.
is produced in
the formation
at the contact
between
the invasion
filtrate
and the
formation
water
as a result
of the differences
in ion diffusion
rates
from the more concentrated
to the more dilute
solution
("concentration
cell").
The negatively
charged chloride
ions have greater
than the positive
sodium ions and an
excess negative
charge tends to cross the
boundary, resulting
in an emf.
The shale po-
mobility
tential
results
because
the
shale
bed
acts
as
a cationic
membrane permitting
the sodium
cations to flow through it but not the chloride
anions.
The liquid
junction
potential
and
shale potential
are additive.
elect__r_
k_c__
?._Lte__.nij...a_..]
: streaming potential
=
----ectrofiltration
potential:
A component of the
as a result
of movement of the
Variations
inva-
in
ion concentration
produced by the processes which
generate the electrochemical
SP tend to be swept
along by the movement of the invading
fluid
and
this flow of charge results
i n the el ectrokinetic
potential.
The electrokinetic
potenti al i s usual 1 y cons i dered smal 1 compared to
the electrochemical
SP and is often
neglected
when estimating
formation
water resistivity
from
the
SP.
zone.
elecron.__denit:
!]...ling
= seismic
e]_e_c]ric 1%=
-fon fluid
The drif
?i]]ing___bak:
An increase in the penetration
speed of the drill
bit caused by a change in
a porous
ee]_e_l;ric_al_
10:
trical
logs.
SP produced
of
electrode
at
of bad SP interfacilities
or
currents.
The attitude
wave
wave.
e_]eCrochem:
often
Containing appreciable
wall.
or
a photoclinometer.
dir_fw = shaly:
borehole
w__a_v_e.
= acoustic
sonic
is
elastic
the
calcu-
Measurements of drift,
A directional
against
resistivity
etc.
dips
dire_ti_o]
of
_5?c.n_t.e
'._:
%jm]_O:
thickness
of
formation.
or
d__i._]__l_p_i_p_e
Awell
obtained
from
a logging lo_:
instrument
wog
i chwich
as a is
self-contained
recording
mechanism.
The log consists
of an SP
and short and long normals.
The tool is lowered
through the drill
pipe and the flexible
electrode assembly is pumped through a port in the
bit.
The log is recorded by a tape recorder
within
the tool during the process of coming out
See density
1og.
gas.
A s ne
e=oo_ithe_r_m
.1.n:
E..S: electrical
1og.
See neutron loq.
survey.
with air
Downloaded 06/28/14 to 134.153.184.170. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
1132
Sheriff
F__&_]
: formation
anal sis lo .
F_D_C.
= compensated formation
F
: formation
F_F__=
= free
ifl_,?,
_f__%h_:
Very low in dissolved salts.
,used
densi.
fluid
Gas
a low FFI.
densi., loci.
index:
comparatively
with
respect
Sometimes
to normal
sea
water
with
than
2000
mud flitrate.
"Fresh
ppm dissolved
water"
has
less
salts.
= mud cake.
]_a_t-__t_o_j=n=q=:
A maximumbeyond which values are
not
recorded,
1]ion of
Loss
some part
of
of
sensitivity
the
due
measuring
to
satura-
q:NN===__,:
system.
flow
stream
in
a borehole;
sometimes
a packer.
of
through
it
is
m._=.r__]g:
radioactivity,
reflects
See inner
ing
imZ,:
l_!d
See format
,.[_:
See
ion
"'--
invaded
as
zone.
-''stivity
based on induction
pretation
in
terms
their
t i,_o:
the
of
content.
evaluation
sonic
or
T h e a na 1y s i s a nd i nt e r -
nature
are
to
drillstem
the
The
tests,
formations
objectives
ascertain
if
etc.
and
of
= F:
tivity
the
The
of a formation
water
formation
fined
with
which
factor
is,
ratio
of
to the resistivity
it
is
See microlaterolo,
_e]o:
tude
tool
zone
the
sands (for
Welex tradename.
the
shear
SP for
correlation
for
3, 7, and ll,
radioactive
(2)
Used in explora-
minerals.
weight-
and therefore
the
ver-
and the
resistivity
uncontaminated
duction laterolog
laterolog.
zones,
of
both
based
invaded
on a dual
and a proximity
in-
log or micro-
,.q,cJ.__e.]_co.J...e
= bucking electrodes:
from
which
current
flows
so
that
the
is
...d__j_=.. : laterolo
uard electrodes.
: focused log:
dipmeter:
Electrodes
current
focused
into
to
fluid.
Hydrostatic,
are recorded,
arrival
the
run on a wireline
_:
for
de-
1 a.
A tool
in clays
While
speaking,
.[mimo_$__Le_:
contain-
most common of
ing factor
for determining
how the conductivities
of each medium in the vicinity
of a sonde affect
the apparent
conductivity
measurement,
especially
used with the induction
log.
of
saturated.
strictly
minerals
(the
tend to concentrate
9,.g$__e_t_tF_i_r.._ajf_,G$_o_r_:
The geometry dependent
resis-
which it is nearly
independent
of the fluid
resistivity),
it is often used without
this
restriction.
Apparent formation
factor
is a
function
of porosity,
pore structure
and size
distribution,
and clay content.
See Archie's
formu
tion
commerci-
the
a substitute
See Figures
forma-
ally
productive
hydrocarbons are present and
the best means for their
recovery
and to derive
lithology
and other information
on formation
characteristics
for use in further
exploration.
_o0_
because
isotopes
of v'"'i-'i--logdata,
of
fluid
tion
content
and shales.
Volcanic
ash, qranite
wash, and
some salt deposits
may also give significant
gamma-ray readings.
The log often functions
tester.
sity
shale
radioactive
which is potassium)
s u v..
Z.
See de ns__i_ty.
A well log uhich records the natural
(1) In sediments the log mainly
= high resolution
A dipmeter
which
in
sonde
velocity.
wave.
.Ce,.fluid
id
= FFI:
The percent of the bulk
volume occupied by fluids
which are free to flow
h,i.b _reso]_u=tioo];_b__m_e:
A small-diameter
fastresponse thermometer for logging open or cased
_h_otwi]_e_:
A device used to detect hydrocarn gases returned
to the surface by the drilling mud. Basically
a Wheatstone bridge,
two
Downloaded 06/28/14 to 134.153.184.170. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
the pressure
that
applicable
in granular
form of Archio's
where
F = formation
rion.
formula,
is
linear
with
and linear
with
resistivity)
ure
for
conductivity
(the
=h===ro
e:
pared with
that
in fresh
mainly
ume filled
with
filtrte.
trate
of
Neutron
survey:
al,,ot
is
all
,:f
may [ush
a bank
intervals,
of
f<:rma!:ien
the
fli-
ware, ahead
low resistivity
important witt
electrical
.han
cke"
log
index.
hydrocarbons.
IEL = induction
"rilud
iFom ,lcn
deep iFesigating
volume com-
water.
great,'r
A
limitin d furIFr
into th furma-
of it to lJroduce a relatively
"annulus" w)lich is especially
See Fig-
on hydrogen
!_L.d_...r...,.0_._..a_r__b_0n
s__Lturai_o_9_:
Fraction
S.
reciprocal
depends
behind
zone"
modl rather
which
1o,; resistivities
7.
response
resistivity
laterclogs
kept
fluids.
tivities
and other pro,,Jerties and tensefluently
the value which logs read.
The "depth of
vasion" is the equivalent
depth in an delzed
and = porosity.
used with
Directly
"flushed
(sucrosic)--6's:
factor
the mud is
formation
formation
water and most of the h'/drecarbc, ns
have been displaced
by filate.
ThL, invasion process alters
the distribution
of resis-
F = 0.62
.,b__ri__....]_e:
A scale
of
the
Humbl_e.fo_rmula:
A special
of
1133
an equilibrium
situation.
It differs
from
"residual
water saturation,"
the value measured by core analysis,
because of filtrate
invasion
and the gas expansion
ttat occurs when
A bore-
the
core
is
removed
to the
surface.
froIll
the
bottom
of
the
hole
]LL_d
= deep i nvesti gati on i nducti on 1 oq..
I_L_nl: medium investigation
induction
loq.
l__a__te_r.9]_:
A resistivity
.n___G_ti_n__
electrical
conductivity/resis'i---il : logAn
based
on e 1ectromagnetic
induc
tion
principles.
A high-frequency
current
of constant
flow
the
in
intensity
formation.
This
alternating
induces
current"
flowing
intheformation
"geround
1o"causes
an alternating
magnetic fi ld whic
reduces a
current in a receiving
coil.
The receiving
coil
current
is nearly
proportional
to the conductivity
of the formation.
Induction
sondes may
have several
transmitting
and receiving
coils
to produce a highly focused log.
An induction
fluid
conductive
or
muds or gas.
base
nonconductive,
See Figure
5.
?]_L,..s,_t_j.._tJ_a.l__,L.,L_:
Water
as in
i n the
oil
is
ces or
pressional
tance,
P-wave
usually
The traveltime
of a com-
hence proportional
to the reciprocal
of
velocity.
Measured in the sonic log,
in microseconds
per foot.
i nt r i ns_r
ma 1 n__e__u_t_Q_n__d_e_C___.
_te__: The t r ue
decay time of the formation as opposed to the
measured decay time which is sub3ect to hole and
diffusion
effects.
See neutron
lifetime
loq.
inva.ded zone:
The portion about a wellbore
into
which drilling
fluid has penetrated,
displacing
some of
takes
the
place
formation
fluids.
This
nvasion
on the
A constant
while
the po-
to the "spacing,"
the distance
current
electrode
the potential
feet
current
A on the bridle
surface
difference
is measured across two elecM and N, located
on the sonde; see
8 inches.
electrodes,
A "short
between the
typically
lateral"
between
about 18
sometimes
The potential
electrodes
are usually
below tte current
electrode but on the reciprocal
sonde the functions
are interchanged
so that
trodes
the
are
lateroloq.
i ntersti
tential
trodes,
Figure 12.
current
"Foucault
log.
and an electrode
above
= guard
the potential
current
elec-
electrode.
log : focused
log:
A resis-
tivity
log made with a sonde that is focused
by use of guard or bucking electrode
arrangements, which force the "surveying
current"
to
flow nearly
at right
angles to the logging
sonde.
One type uses three electrodes
and
guard electrodes.
In the lateroleg-7,
sufficient
current
is fed into the bucking electrodes,
A and A, above and below the current
electrode
so
electrode
A flows
that
right angles
lustration).
and 1.1' are
trode
trode.
nearly
used :o adjust
currents
until
this
and guard
above
and
See Fiqures
Schlumburqer
current
from
in
The lateroleg-3
electrodes
the
out
below
the
flow
the
a sheet
current
at
elecexists.
7 and 5.
current
elec-
Lateroleg
is
trademark,
l_iu i dZu_nc_jt
ion_=_==p_Q_$]t
i]_a_!_
= 1i quid boundary potent-':
See el ectrochemi
cal
SP,
Downloaded 06/28/14 to 134.153.184.170. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
1134
Sheriff
lttle
s_la
= small
slam.
]_j.']_h_Q]:
A log showing lithology as a function of depth in a borehole.
Sometimes a strip__
lo__0_9.
based on samples,
other
borehole
See we!l
sometimes interpreted
from
logs,
values
for
= 1/1000
material
rance
of
pos ire
being
the
A unit
the
that
the
curren
flow
is
concentrated
into
is
of
a small volume of formation in front of the pad.
For the proximity
log the electrodes
are mounted
on a wider pad and the focusing is such that
8.
mark.
Micro!aterolog
See Figure
is a Schlumberger trade-
wall.
The
pressed
lower
against
electrode
is
the borehole
the
gives
a 2 inch
micronormal
and the
dif-
ment).
ciably
ference
in the invaded
zone.
cake:
wall
as
The residue
the
deposited
mud loses
retard
See
further
invaded
loss
zone.
of
on
filtrate
fluid
to
the
borehole
wall.
=:
See
also
invaded
zone.
resistivity
of
the
the measuring
pad
borehole
wall.
Meamud at in-hole
con-
ditions.
j:
have
entered
to detect
the
signs of
mud from
tions.
Hydrocarbons may be evidenced
rescence,
by chromatographic
analysis,
the
forma-
by fluogas, and
other ways.
The mud is also monitored
for
salinity
and viscosity
to indicate
water loss
cut.
Plots
sample
):jp.]
to
of
such
........
measure
several
data
often
time
curve.
_t.ool: A device
the
direction
levels,
of
include
run in a borehole
the
borehole
See directional
at
survey.
smaller
microinverse
normal
The
inci-
ELUJL.f._i_]_C2Lt_:
Fluid which enters permeable formations from the mud, leaving a mud cake on the
or
A current
electrode.
The potential
of the upper electrode
with respect to a reference
electrode
on the
surface
two curves
tivity.
fluid
the
borehole
fluids
a pad which is
first
9.
mud._.cu: A container
gradually
flaring
tube.
Since the spacing
small, the log responds to the resistivity
thicker
the
hydrocarbons
tends
to
formation.
of ohm-meter.
log = FoRxo =
t--
.'
A microresistivity
log of the
!aterolog
type wit h a bucking electrode
and two
monitor
electrodes
arranged concentrically
on a pad which is pressed against
the formation
so
between
min ifocused
pororesis-
m__u_d___c_a_ke
: filter
of
of a
See microlo.
microlateroloe.
separation
conductivity
Rec iprocal
tivity
residual
a meter
c ube of which
offers
a resisone ohm t o current
flow between op-
.j,c.
nv..e_.
e
'
.........r o)]i n
conduction,
of ohm.
zparent
water
porosity
of theflusheid
one" xo
fromfialled
shallow
investigation
res s-
See Figure
mud filtrate.
faces.
A unit of electrical
tivity eviceSUCh
asthe!aerolog;
and"ap-
ll.r.hrOr:r,,,per.:r.t_=_r
- lOO0 mmho per meter:
conductivity,
See Figure 2.
darcy.
used with
the
See
Izo=v_o_ble_l
..
: MOP: A well log calculated from
other logs on which three "porosity" curves are
plotted: "total porosity," qt, such as is derived
_.r_oic
.i_Q_=:
Resistivity
perpendicular
to the bedding which differs
froin resistivity
parallel
to the bedding because of the inclusion
of interbeds of markedly different
resistivity.
Subscript
lo:
apart.
__= millidarcy
_mmho
: mil!imho:
__: Subscript
used with log terms to indicate
values appropriate
to the rock matrix.
three-D
m..ini].:
log.
lo.j. normal:
A normal resistivity
log made with
the A and M electrodes in the sonde (usually)
64 inches
microlo.g.and microlaterolo 9.
microse___im_o_cLr_am
]qL : variable density log :
resistivity
will
(called
read
less
present.
"separation")
than
the
This
indicates
micro-
dif-
a per-
meable formation.
A caliper
log is usually
corded at the same time.
Microlog is a
Schlumberger trademark.
See Figure 8.
.m_cronormal:
re-
See microlog.
micm.
oresisti.vitv
lo): Awell
log
to
m-easur6
he-Fs'ivity
of the
f esigned
ushed zone
neutro.Q lifetime
time
log.
tor
of
!og:
A well
cross-section.
Similar
log of thermal
A Van de Graaff
which
enter
the
neutron
neutron
releases
formation
capture
genera-
a burst
and begin
At two discrete
time
burst,
intervals
after
a neutron
measure-
decay time
log,
whereas measurements
are
Downloaded 06/28/14 to 134.153.184.170. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
made
of
the
thermal
lifetime
log.
the reciprocal
unit
of
time,
sometimes,
lation
called
the
to
I i fetime
neutrons
in
the
neutron
The quantity
plotted
is sometimes
of the percentage
which decay per
fall
time
to
the
for
thermal
the
half
value,
L; sometimes
the
decay
thermal
time
neutron
called
the
macroscopic
popu-
is a part.
decays very
The sgnal
from
rapidly
because
(from steel
response.
fluid
going (2 = 4.55/
and water).
lost:
A well
log of
hydrogen
density.
Fast
neemitted
by a source in the tool are
slowed to thermal speed by collisions
with (main-
(the
Thus the
FFI
hydrogen in free
Gas gives
by
of measuring
tie
Fluids
bound to sur-
ciable
the uorehole
fluid
of disseminated
iron
slightly
delaying
the time
hole signal
is minimized.
faces
neutron
cap_ture
35
indicates
fluid
the
free
hydrocarbons
a low reading
because of
T='meter, being th i
cube
which
offers
vity of a meter
resistance
flow of current
between
rocal
of mho per meter.
of
one
opposite
ohm
faces.
to
the
Recip-
rial
(mainly chlorine
characteristic
The neutron
log
is given off.
the capture
gammarays (n -y),
thermal neutrons (n - n), or
epithermal neutrons (those just above thermal
speed).
A low hydrogen density indicates
low
liquid-filled
porosity.
Porosity calculated
from
the neutron
log is affected
tion
and by the
matrix
presence
of
gas.
Neutron
logs are used in crossplots to detect gas and determi ne 1 i thol ogy.
Neutron 1 ogs are sometimes
scaled in API units,
sometimes in porosity
units
assuming a limestone matrix.
See also sidewall
neutron log.
The neutron log can be recorded in
cased hol es
See Figure 11.
another
reference
and N).
electrode
electrode
about
16 inches
for
is
in
at the
The "spacing"
A and M electrodes
used
the
sonde
surface
and
normal.
for
the
between the
A spacing
short
normal
normal.
of
and
See
be sensitive
Ur__l_aroj_ejLim
].O.q= NML - free
fluid
log'
'V-611
'i6-'-hihS
dependent
on the alignment
of
the magnetic momentof protons (hydrogen nuclei)
nature
of
the molecule
of
A footing
against
on the end of an
the
borehole
which
the
wall.
_pt.jti?_._.n___qas__c.
h__r_o_m_a_t9_q=r_r
.a.h_: A de v i ce f or q ua n t i tative
analysis
of hydrocarboq
constituents.
A fixed quantity
of sample is carried
,;ith a
stream of sweep gas through a partition
column
packed with an inert
sol i d coated with a nonvolatile
organic
liquid.
The lighter
fractions
traverse
the
fractions
ately
at
can
be
column
faster
than
the
heavier
measured.
_.._
r_fo_cat!:
r:
so
into
that
the
fluids
borehole.
can
flow
from
the
formation
permits
a fluid
Measured in millidarcy
to flow
(1/1000
tirough
darcy)
it.
units.
ph_h_O_t_oclin.me__Jze.
J?_:
Arecords
wellloggin
device
'-p-h'o-togr'aphiCally
the
ngle
andwhich
azimuth
of
borehole
deviation
from
the
vertical.
proton
Com-
pare potecIinometer.
)l_..ql
ear cemen%I oR: A wel 1 1og of scattered gamma
rays, differing
from the density loll in that the
gamma-ray source and detector are so spaced as to
nulus.
fluids
pad:
presses
(electrodes
is the distance
the
arm which
a formation
formation
[Lp_r_lsa.L:A resistivity
well log in which a constant
current is passed between a current electrode
in
the sonde and one at the surface (electrodes
A
and B) while the potential
difference
is measured
between
[a__d_
= sidewall
gamma rays,
differing
from a densit1o
in that tile
is not pressed against the borehole wall
hence is especially
sensitive
to changes
hole diameter
or density
of the fluid
in
sonde
and
in
the
borehole.
__:
Often
Pore
volume
erunivolume
offormation.
indicated y th symbo . Porosity is determined from sonic loqs using the [,]zllie rela-
oresi
sti{-i'"6-g"S--by
assumi
-l-q-{i
on-
lp...
See movableoil
remaining after
"Secondaryporosity"
is the additional
porosity created by such
chemical changes, especially fissures, frac-
Downloaded 06/28/14 to 134.153.184.170. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
tures,
solution
vugs, and porosity
created
by dolomitization.
"Effective
porosity"
is
the porosity
available
to free fluids,
excluding
unconnected porosity
and space occupied by
bouncJ :ate'
,:-o.qi
and
ferent
logs
during
arm
the
needle
tanc
i'
so
angle
on top
tat
with
the
the
jc,a:
based on dif-
acous
of each other.
resistance
vertical
moves another
arm
is a measure
of te
dipmeters.
J.! = pars
values
a log
resistor
shale.
?orosity
plotted
.?tectinneter:
and direc'ion
cf
disseminated
overlay:
is
a measure
and a compass
so that
a2imuth,
another
Often
Con,pare otoclinometer.
.e.,:
or
injection
well.
Small diameter
sondes are
used so that they can be lowered through 2 inch
ID tubing.
Devices
include
continuous
flowmeter,
packer flot,meter,
gradiomanometer,
mano-
tracer
collar
j::=:
watercutmeter,
thermometer,
tools,
through-tubing
calilocator,
and fluid
sampler.
A microresistivity
the microIaterolo
cake ticknesses.
log similar
to
gn=j)o.?_:ometE=___,jja]
fac?_,_O:A coefficient
the response
used for
of a resistivity
surzmentRa at different
mea-
invasion depths:
To adjust
contaminated
geometrical
zone resistivity,
zone resistivity,
factor,
a function
e..EdOS]_O:.],_c_.
= PSP:
sand.
Static
: porosity
SP refers
unit
to
a clean
= 1 percent
Rt : un-
The "static
SP"of
sand.
makes
them
on a
log for
true
ver-
di ffi
cult
a shaly
resistivity
of total
porosity occupied by disSee _rodu__cibili_t.y_.inde___Zx.
correl
ate
with
read-
formation.
_elat[e
b9__
i:
Azimuth
respect to the reference
of
hole
deviation
with
sonde
on the meter
(such as the No. 1 electrode).
The ability
of a porous
= specific
of
tri
cal
material
which
current.
resistance:
resists
The property
the
flow
re_3_.t]]
= Ro/Rt:
of
The
of resistivity
is conductivity.
)arent
resistivitz.
elec-
reciprocal
See also
The ratio
of the re-
sistivity
of a formation
bearing
hydrocarbons
to the resistivity
it would have if 100 percent
saturated
with
Archie'
s formulas.
porosity.
to
the formations
difused for correcting
_.f_n_:
An increase in resistivity
ing as the upper (A) electrode
of a lateral
sonde (see Figure 12) passes a thin high-
j.l:
and induction
:q=: The fraction
persed shale.
in the drillpipe
a borehole
sti
The fluid
_t.i.:
trademark.
estimating
(2)
tical
depth.
Logs in slant holes are usually
recorded
in distance
measured along the hole,
]LO....dJt.j...,9_]],: A well
radioactive
per, casing
See
which
densimeter,
wave in a borehole.
amount cut.
_:
per million.
.howing ,'Lffective
porosity
and the percent
q of
the total
porosity
occupied by clay.
Low clay
content and high fluid-filled
porosity
suggest
good permeability.
meter,
A surface
ytp_..._sp.:
A sonde witn the current and
measuring trodes
interchanged.
See lateral.
drill
fluid
resisrun
,ave.
lo
formation
water.
See
S.
eeMnormal,
lateral,
late,
'siEi-''-"
logs
derive
hand derive
cubic
inches
of
their
readings
material
near
from
the
a few
borehole
wall.
_a.j_O...t]_V.__tn.ac._e_r__],_:
A 1og i nvo1v i ng t he de tection
water
of
radioactive
or oil
to detect
materials
movement
dissolved
of fluids.
in
A
slug of radioactive
material
might be injected
into the fluid
and movement of the slug monitored to detect
casing lea';<s or points
of fluid
entry or exit;
or points
where fluid
enters
formations
might be shown by residual
radioacti vi ty at those 1 evel s,
.sit:
readings
Irregularity
of
logging
of a borehole
tools
which
wall.
have to
The
be held
sal_n_t:
Refers to total
salts
in solution
Downloaded 06/28/14 to 134.153.184.170. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
(sodium, potassium,
_$_a.,d
count:
---permeable
other
section
electrical
of
zones.
shale
Often
permeable
etc.)
of thick
thickness of
streaks
from
sands separated
by imper-
zones.
sand
line:(1)deflections
Alinethat
can
berawn
through
for
thic
, clean
sands
-thimum
water
is of constant
salinity.
shales
See SP and
resistivity
conduction
measurements
_s.ho.r];o_mal:
inside
the
pipe.
with
saturation
exponent:
sawtooth
SR:
When a very
sand containing
fresh
See Archie's
cumulate
just
below
streak
the
filtrate
the
shaly
streak,
cell
to
appearance.
a sawtooth
5_C]3_m.d''
dip or drift
from the
to
setting
diagram
the
dip
alteration
tures,
of
ti on,
Porosity
the
vugs,
resulting
formation
solution
such
channels,
from the
as
by frac-
in
conjunction
with
either
density
or
from
a densit f (or
neutron
log and calneutron
logvalues.
qD
is theorosity
cu ated
sonic
is the porosity
calculated
from a sonic
: borehole
televiewer.
two curves
resistivity
different
on a log.
readings
thicker
where
formations
shallow
measurement
to
(see Figures
mud cake,
meable,
which
are
more
resistivity
be lower
per-
of a
than
that
of
line
drical
bullet
shadow
See
minimum dctions
blind
(1)
zone.
A line
of imper-
which
their
formation
waters.
(2)
about
bed effect:
Effect
tool
sample obtained
from which
a hollow
fired
the
is
into
with
cylin-
formation
and
lo
- SNP'
An epithermal
to
minimize
borehole
into
The
to
neutron
the mud
effects.
SNP
See Figure
is
11.
sidertall
pad: A measuring
device which is pressed
against
the side of a borehole,
such as used
with microresistivity
logs, density
logs, many
radioactivity
logs,
etc.
A wireline
cross-secti
device
A unit
for
taking
of measure of
on.
en=
of the d""f'rection of a boreho e at a particular
depth.
See directional
survey.
to
ductor.
magnetic
The characteristic
flow
near
the
surface
of
con-
results
in a phase shift
which shows up as a
reduction
in apparent conductivity.
In induction logging in high conductivity
formations,
is
made
for
this
effect.
m l__sl__5.]_.:
A log combination and computation
procedure for calculating
the resistivity
of
characteristic
adjacent
o:
zone:
sonde
retrieved
by cable attached
to the bullet.
type of bullet
and size of charge is varied
optimize
recovery
in different
formations.
a correction
plot_.
the
single.hot
tool: A deviceto obtalnonemeasure-
= SP.
Low resistivity
A formation
a wire
capture
in reading between
depths of investigation
5 and 8).
effect
&ddeall_:
._.
becomes
bed
Birdwell
trademark.
e_B_a.ratiQQ:
(1) A difference
log made
in
apart.
idewall.,
samoler:
'i dbwall c e'
.%e__.OgaLL_q9.
: ..a.
1i per 1og.
Seivie
M electrodes
lo__9_.
made
witha si which
is pressed
A measure of the
calculated
wave.
of adjacent
beds on a log reading.
For example,
high resistivity
beds adjacent
to a low resistivity
bed may result
in more current
flowing
in the low resistivity
bed than if the high
resistivity
bed were not present,
thus changing
the apparent
resistivity
of the low resistivity
cake
values
A and
the borehole
secondary porosity,
acoustic
A n_.orm_.9_at
- resistivity
$.i.dewall_ neutron
dolomitiza-
etc.
electrical
bed.
or
center.
5_e.c..ondary_
porosity.:
because
indicates
drift
magnitude.
In the "modified
Schmidt diagram" used for plotting
low dips, zero dip is
on the outside and dips become larger
toward
the
the
shoulder
ac-
direction
origin
water
A polar plot
indicates
tance
salt
tends
See
16 inches
is invaded by
up an electrochemical
develop
formula.
permeable
a shaly
mud filtrate,
SP.
in a
_s_b_e_rwave:
tools
log.
of the electrochemical
dominantly
nonshale formation.
The degree to
which ion exchange processes contribute
to
drill
A part
h_s_b_a]_ines__.
_ :
The content of shale (or clay)
often
shale.p..ot_en._ti.Ll:
or
determined
separate
e
sulfate,
effective
excluding
impermeable
meabl
chloride,
1137
the invaded
zones, the true resistivity,
the
diameter
of invasion,
and the water
saturation
based on a dual induction-laterolog
and a
porosity
often
a sonic
lo_9..
.
log.
Downloaded 06/28/14 to 134.153.184.170. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
1138
She,iff
A poorly
consolidated
sand-shale
sequence.
,t_iC_t__9__k
= sedimentary rock: Usedto distinguish
between mining (hardrock) and petroleum (softrock)
objectives.
&Jzz]_d_:A logging
ehole
acti vi ty,
tool
such as is lowered
to record resistivity,
velocity log:
= tatic
would
be
self
recorded
of
actual
SP
to
The maximum
SP that
potential:
when the sonde passes -Fom a
el ectroki
neti
c SP
approximately
is often
neglected)
is
giv en by:
SSP = -K log
log = continuous
ratio
position
well ins idea
very thick,
porous,
permeable,
clean sand to a point well within
thick
shale
The electrochemical
SSP (the
= acoustic velocity
(transit
into
sonic, radio-
The
;Pred.
uction_fa_ctor
lO[aw/amf]
'
are
theactivity.
of theformawhere
a and
. Betion wa:er
anmmfu
d
filtra{
e, eSpectively
used
forhPOrosity
byte
l_.
Wis
ip.
Thedetermination
interval
transit
ime
between activity
equation can be
written:
relations
integrated
traveltime.
averaging
SSP
:-KlOglo
IRmfe/Rwe).
two transmitters
the measurements
errors
size.
tends
to cancel
or changes in hole
three-D 1,
character lOcL,cementbondlo..q.,and-ractureloq.
See Figure
correction
should be
K = 60 + 0.133 T, where
the-wall
(2)
13.
: spontaneous potential
: self potential:
ducing
of a movable electrode
in the borehole and a
fixed reference electrode at the surface.
The
SP results from electrochemical
SP and electro-
satic
the borehole.
this
SP = SS_.__P
= static
st.ckplQ:
where the
according
a vertical
this plane
$:t.oe]e_v..a..:
to shale.
In impermeable shales, the SP is
fairly
constant at the "shale base line" value
the deflection
In ermeable formations
between
See acoustic
s_te_amng
potentia.l:
str!p:]:O:
In thick,
formations,
permeable,
clean
nons hale
formation
water
disseminated
salinity
clay
chanle
s le In
, tsnd
e P
containing
static
be recorded.
The SP is
with
hole
See also
fluid.
fluids
fresher
SSP.
vnet:
that
pendently.
J;L:
The separation of certain electrodes
or sensors on logging sondes.
In nuclear
devices usually the distance from the source
to the detector.
See Figures 3 and 12. See
a 1so
to
the
ndP6-'-nt
of the corresponding
receiver pair.
See Figure 13.
s_D_an
ad.iustment:
calculation
ofof
a log
W''dha'e
rsultA
ed
row heuse
a which
different
sp_inner.
survej:
used.
specified
levels
in the wellbore.
soontan.e.ou.s.
potential
- self
potential
See flowmeter.
= SP.
in colors
potential.
and symbols)
by a borehole,
indiof oil,
gas, etc..
A unit
for
cross-section.
bination
trademark.
A record (often
capture
results
a line
1 onto
dip in
segments.
wave.
or pro-
potential.
See electrokinetic
of the lithology
penetrated
cating also shows and tests
constant
will
self
A presentation
of dipmeter
well bore is represented
by
to the projection
of the wel
plane and the components of
are indicated
by short line
device
separation.
than
from
the
Synergetic
J;Jld.p.].e::.p!__o.t
: arrow plot:
elements
treated
inde-
Log is a Schlumberger
A plot
of dipmeter or
drift
results
where the dip angle is plotted
versus depth as the displacement
of a dot.
A line segment points from the dot in the direction of dip using the usual map convention of
north being up. See Figure 4.
tel, eviewer:
See borehole
televiewer.
.._kp__Cjl_tu
re l og: A w
"'m
de wi ''h- a-fe s i s t a nce th rmometer (thermistor).
Used for locating
t he top of cement behind
casing (because the setting
of cement i s exothermic
and hence
r aises temperature),
interval s which are prod uci ng gas (because the
the borehole
expansion of gas as i t enters
ell log
e of temperature,
often
Downloaded 06/28/14 to 134.153.184.170. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
of
The
differential
temperature
log records
the difference
between two thermometers
usually
about
6 ft apart and is especially
sensitive
to
very small changes in temperature
gradient.
.%enl; old:
Sudden deflections
resulting
with
water
''
cut:
from
DT is a Schlumberger
1o.
trademark.
_ii_hmlr_:
log.
wave
train
received
a short
Having very
ime
distance
1 ow permeabi 1 i ty.
con_stLD_iL: A time
over
which
nuclear
log
are
individual
curves
into
wave
over
one-ft
made
which
are
also
by a cable.
Examples
(natural
radioactivity,
neutron
etc.
Well
lowered
into
log recorded
the
porosity
hole
by a sonde which
by a cable.
times:
a compressional
distance.
themselves,
the hole
calculating
of
of depth
sometimes
logs, etc.),
and miscellaneous measurements
(hole size, temperature, etc.).
(2) Other
types of well logs are made of data collected
at the surface; examples are core logs, drilling
time logs, etc.
(3) Still
other logs show
quantities
calculated
from other measurements;
examples are movable oil plots, synergetic
is
readings.
The traveltime
is
called logs.
(1) Wireline logs are recorded
by means of sondes carrying sensors which are
W l=!Ree
]Jtt_jo.nh:
time:
acoustic
the
wi_r__elin:
fluctuations,
sonde.
transit
Distinction
logs,
readings
produced
measurements as a function
a borehole.
surements
of water
Drilling
in
lowered
hjxptro_pi__c:
A property of gels which allows
them to become liquid
when agitated.
muds are often thixotropic.
See Archie's
a well.
physical
water.
_well
!___ = borehole log:
volts.
formation
formulas.
sticking.
y_._is:gosi.i__:
Resistance
ofa fluidtoflow;
(stressi
(rate
of shear
.
of a sonic log
1139
See sonic
At - Atma
1.
um?.e[:
A microlateroloq,
electrodes
electrode
trated
are concentric
about the current
so that
the current
flow
is concen-
in a tube which
gradually
flares
where/t : observed
interval transit tie,
5tf = transit time in the pore fluid, and
Atma= transit time in the rock matrix This
out.
formations
with
uniformly
In vuggy formations,
ltralq..g.l=p],,].9
= ULSEL: A modified
logs indicate
Used to
nearby resistivity
define
150,
Differences
between the meaand anticipated
resistivifrom conventional
resistivity
the
distance
to
pores.
overestimate porosity.
In such cases the
formula may be empirically modified to give
better
values.
anomalies.
a salt
dome
flank.
x__o_:
Subscript used with log terms to indicate
values appropriate
cent
log = three-
log"'= V'D
k 1g,"
VDL lo: = three-D
l.ocimeter_:
log:
Schlumberger
trademark.
flow;
a fl owmeter.
.vi__..[scomet_ezi:
A device for measuring visc.o..sity.
Also
distributed
reflect
the secondary porosity;
and in unconsolidated
formations,
this relationship
may
called
viscosimeter.
to
the
borehole.