Vibration monitoring and analysis

for rotating machine

Introduction to mechanical vibration

Outline

Introduction
Vibration monitoring and analysis

Vibration : Measurement
Data Acquisition

Types of transducer
Mounting method

FFT analysis
Example

Unbalance
Misalignment
Spur gear
Centrifugal pump

Introduction

Static equipment

Ex. Pressure vessel, Tank

Rotating equipment

Pump, Compressor, turbine

Vibration monitoring and analysis

Sensor
Raw Data
Time domain

FFT analyzer

Analysis data
Frequency domain

Vibration : Measurement
Amplitude
Displacement, D
Velocity, V
Acceleration, A

Units
Micrometer peak to peak
mm/s - peak or rms
mm/s2 - peak or rms

Types of transducer
Proximity Probe

Seismic Velocity
Probe

Acceleration Probe

Relative displacement

Velocity

Acceleration

0 1,500 Hz

8 1,500 Hz

1 20,000 Hz

Mounting method

Method
Hand held
Magnet
Adhesive
Bees wax

Stud

Frequency
limit (Hz)
500
2,000
2,500
4,000
5,000
6,000
10,000

FFT analysis

Fast fourier
transform (FFT)

Vibration monitoring and analysis

Sensor
Raw Data
Time domain

FFT analyzer

Analysis data
Frequency domain

Example

Unbalance
Misalignment
Spur gear
Centrifugal pump

Type of unbalance
1. Static unbalance
2. Couple unbalance
3. Dynamic unbalance

Static Unbalances

Corrected
balance weight in one plane at rotor centre of gravity (CG).
12

Couple Unbalances

180

Corrected
balancerequires correction in two planes at 180.

Dynamics Unbalances

static couple

Static
Couple

unbalance

Overhung Rotor Unbalance

Special case of Dynamics Unbalances

Corrected
Overhung rotors often have both static and couple unbalance each
of which may require correction.

 Balancing
cooling tower

Cooling Tower

(transducer)
1.

(Tachoprobe)

2.

1
(Magnitude :mm/sec)
-
- (phase angle)

3.

(trial weight)
Rotor

4.

2
(Magnitude :mm/sec)
-
- (phase angle)

5. Polar graph

(Trail weight) Wt = 30 x Wr / r

Wr Static weight : g
r



(radius of trial weight : mm)

(correct weight) Vc = Vo x Wt / Vt

Vo Unbalance : mm/sec
Vt : mm/sec

Reference by : Machinery vibration & Balancing /Victor Wowk.

 ( )

Frequency : 355.3
Amplitude: 4.379
Phase : 84 degree

spectrum cooling #4


1X rpm

Amplitude

Unbalancing

Vector correct & angle phase on Polar graph

Vector unbalance Vo: 4.379 mm/sec

Phase Vo: 84 degree.
Trial weight : 25 g (21 g)

Vector unbalance +weight V1: 7.4 mm/sec

Phase V1: 215 degree.

Vector from trial weight Vt: 10.8 mm/sec

Phase : 329 degree. (Vt-Vc)

Data: 1.Rotor & Fan weight : 26 kg ,(4x32 kg)

2. Radius of trial : 220 mm.

Position of point to correct (Balancing)

Before..
Trial weight : 25 g (21 g)
Phase : 84 degree.

After..
Correct weight ,Mc : 10.1 g
Correct phase : 31 degree.

 ( )

Amplitude: 1.684 mm/sec

4.375

Misalignment

Introductio
n
Misalignment
What is it ?

Misalignment is a condition
where the centerlines of
coupled shafts do not
coincide.

EX.

Introductio
n
Misalignment

Introductio
n
Misalignment
Bearing, Coupling, Seal and Shaft failure
Lost time to repair machine

Lost opportunity to run process

Lost Maintenance Cost

Type of
misalignmen
Misalignment
t

Detection
method
Misalignment

Introductio
n
Misalignment

Time- Frequency Domain

Detection
method
Misalignment

Fast fourier
transform (FFT)

Type of
misalignmen
Misalignment
t

Type of
misalignmen
Misalignment
t
Symptoms: 2X radial, smaller 1X
radial

Shear force
Bending moment

2X component will
be higher than 1X.

Depend on the
coupling type

Axial 1X and 2X
levels will be low

Type of
misalignmen
Misalignment
t
Symptoms: High axial vibration: 1X
strong (but 2X and 3X can also be
strong)

Bending moment
Also be fairly
strong radial
1X and 2X levels

Type of
misalignmen
Misalignment
t
Frequency: 1X and 2X (and 3X and
4X) axial and radial

Can be 3X, 4X all the

way up to 8X peaks

The noise floor is

not raised(unlike
rotating looseness)

Spur Gear

Failure Mode :
Backlash, Tooth wear and Broken teeth etc.

Normal

Backlash

Normal

Tooth wear

Normal

Tooth load

Normal

Broken Tooth

Normal

Broken Tooth

Normal

Vibration in centrifugal pump

Loosen components

Gap between blade vanes and case is too small

-the BPF will increase

Turbulence flow

-random amplitude
at low frequency

Cavitation

-random amplitude
at high frequency