45 NOTES TO PG

Dr. Ankit Yadavendra, M.B.B.S., Dr.V.M.G.M.C., Solapur

08-PHYSIOLOGY, FORMULA, VALUE

FORMULA
gain=correction applied/residual error
1osmol=1mol/no. of freely moving particle in soln
plasma osmol(mosmol/l)=2[Na](mEq/l)+ 0.055[glu](mg/dl)+
0.36[BUN](mg/dl)=2[Na](mEq/l)+ glu(mg/dl)/18+ BUN(mg/dl)/2.8
osmol(mosmol/l)=freez pt soln/0.00186
osmol gap=pl osmol(freez pt)calc pl osmol
Ficks law of diffusion
J(net tpt)=D(diff coeff) dC(conc grad ) A(surf area) x(thickn of memb)
D(diffusion coefc)=K (lipid solubility)/(molec wt)
Gibbs-Donnan equation
at equilib-[Kx][Cly]=[Ky][Clx]
Poiseuille-Hagen formula
R(periph resist)=[8(viscos) L(vess lth )]/r(radius)
Ohm law
flow=(Pa-Pb)/R
Poiseuille equation
F(bld flow rate)=[Pa-Pb(press diff b/n 2end)] /8 1/(bld viscosity)
radius(r)/L(vess lth)
Re(Renold no.)=[(densit) D(diam) v(vel)]/(viscos)
Laplace law
sphere
P(press)=2T(surf tension)/R(radius)
cylinder
P(press)=T/R

thick wall cylinder

P=TW(wall thickn)/R
Nernst equation
ENa=61.5log[Na(o)/Na(i)]
Goldmann-Hodgkin-Katz equation
RMP(mV)=61.5log[(conc +ve ion out perm +ve ion)+(conc ve ion inperm ve
ion)]/[(conc +ve ion inperm +ve ion)+( conc ve ionperm of ve ion)]
(100HCT)/100=pl vol/bld vol
(100HCT)/100=ren pl flow/ren bldflow
GFR=Kf10
Filtration Fraction=GFR/RPF
clearance(C)=conc in urine(U)rate of urine flow(V)conc in plasma(P)
fractional excretion Na(FeNa)=[U(Na)/P(Na)][U(creat)/P(creat)]100
free H2O clearance(CH2O)=V-(Uosm/Posm)V
total(pulm) ventil=RRTV
alveol vent=RR(TVDS)
alveolar gas equation
pAO2(partial press O2 alveol)=[patm(atm press) pH2O(part press H2O in resp
tract)] fract conc O2 in air [pACO2(part press CO2 in alveol)/R(resp quot)]
IC=TV+IRV
EC=TV+ERV
FRC(relaxat V)=ERV+RV
VC=IRV+TV+ERV
TLC=IRV+TV+ERV+RV
breathing reserve=MVV(max volunt ventil) RMV(resp min vol)
compliance=vol/press
elastance=1/compliance

sp compliance=compliance/FRC
O2 content(g)=Hb(g/dl)1.34sO2
RQ=vol of CO2 produ/vol of O2 consum
solubility coeff=conc of dissolv gas/partial press
Weber Fechner law
sensation felt=Klog[stimulus intensity]+ constant
Stevens power law
sensation=K[Intensity]^a
Mareys law
HR=K1/BP
Bainbridge reflex
bld vol=KHR
PP=SBPDBP=SV/compliance
MAP=DBP+PP
ejection fraction=SV/EDV
cardiac reserv(CR)=active CObasal CO
CO=HRSV=(MAPRAP)/TPR
dye dilution technique
CO(l/min)=amount of dye inj(mg) [bld conc of dye(mg/l) cirulat time(s)]
Fick method
CO=O2 consumpt(ml/min)/AV O2 diff
Stewart Hamilton principle
CO=[I(initial vol of dye inj) 60]/[C(mean conc dye) t(time in s at which dye app 1st
in a)
cardiac index
CI=CO/body SA

Karvonen formula
HRmax=220age(y)
venous return(VR)=(system lling press RAP)/resist to VR
MCH=(Hb/RBC)10
MCV=(PCV/RBC)10
MCHC=(Hb/PCV)100
pl anion gap=([Na]+[K])([Cl]+[HCO3])
ur anion gap=[HCO3][NH4]=ur[Na]+ur [K]ur[Cl]
Imbert Ficks law
P=F/A
freeT4 index(FT4)=totalT4 RT3U(resin T3 uptake)
INR=PT(pt)/PT(control)
V(total bod vol)=[Q(quant drug administr) e(drug elimin)] /C(conc aft distrib)
Vd(vol of distribut)=total dose/pl conc
t=0.693Vd/clearance
time(steady state pl conc)=5.5t
bioavailability=(area of dosage form/area of IV)100
therapeutic index=med lethal dose(Ld50)/med effectiv dose(Ed50)
child drug dose
Young rule(child2y)
child dose=[age(y) adult dose]/[age(y)+12]
Fried rule(child<2y)
child dose=[age(mth) adult dose]/150
Clark rule
child dose=[wt(lb) adult dose]/150

VALUE
1ACh vesicle=10000ACh molecule
no. of ACh vesicle released at NMJ=40
anion gap
pl=10-12mEq/l
ur=0mEq/l
baromet press 100m deep sea=11atm
bilirubin production=250-350mg/d
bld=8%bod wt
bld cell=3%bod wt
pl=5%bod wt
bld
venule&v=55%
a=10-15%
capillar=5-8%
bld supply
brain=52ml/min/100g=750ml/min
kidn=1100-1200ml/min
liver=1500ml/min
periph chemrecept=2000ml/min/100g
bld velocity
aorta=33cm/s
capillaries=0.33mm/s
bld vol=90ml/kg(preterm neonate)
time b/n 2blink=3-5s
BP change by=0.77mmHg/cm above/bel heart
CA125<35IU/l
cardiac index=3.0l/min/m
no. of cilia/bronch cell=300
rate of ciliary beat=12-16/s
ciliary rate nasal mucos=5-10mm/min
CO=5l/min
% of CO
liver=27-28
kidn=23-24
brain=13-15
heart=4-5=225-250ml
thy gld=2-5ml/g/min
compliance lung=200ml/cmH2O
complianc(lung+chest wall)=40%+60% =100ml/cmH2O
conduct velocity
Purkinje br=4m/s
AV node=0.05m/s

consumpt O2 in body=250ml/min
CSF
absorpt=4time/d
cell<5/dl
Cl=116-126mEq/dl
daily secret=550ml/d
glu=40-70mg/dl
press=8-12mmHg(7-18cmH2O)
prot=15-45mg/dl
cyanosis
reduced Hb>5g/dl
methHb>1.5g/dl
sulphHb>0.5g/dl
ED vol=130ml
energy supply to heart=66%FFA+30%glu
ESR
<50y=15mm/h(M),20mm/h(F)
>50y=20mm/h(M),30mm/h(F)
>85y=30mm/h(M),42mm/h(F)
ltr fractn=16-20%
free H2O clearance=1.2ml/min
freez pt pl=0.54C
%of human gene for CNS=40
GFR
adult=125ml/min=180l/d
neonate=45ml/min/1.73m
GI secretion
saliva product=1000-1500ml/d
gastric secret=1500-2500ml/d
pancr secret=1500ml/d
bile secret=500-1500ml/d
bile recirculation=6000ml/d
intest secret=3000ml/d
no. of glial cell=1000-5000bill
glu req(g/d)
brain=120
body=160
growth rate
scalp hair=0.37mm/d
beard hair=0.4mm/d
ngernail=0.1mm/d,1cm/3mth
toenail=1cm/9mth
1g Hb=35mg bilirubin

HCT va=3%
HRmax(40y)=180/min
intravesic press during voiding=35-50 cmH2O
IOP=10-20mmHg
JVP=0-5cmH2O
1kPa=7.5mmHg
life span
enterocyte=5-7d
RBC
premature neonat=30-50d
neonat=60-90(90)d
older child=100-120d
adult=120d
lung vol
dead space
adult=2ml/kg=140ml
child=3.3ml/kg=10-12ml
IRV=3000ml
TV=500ml
ERV=1000ml
RV=1200ml
PEFR=12l/s
PIFR=3l/s
MVV(max volunt ventil)=125-170l/min
FEV1=80-90%
FEV2=90-93%
FEV3=97%
LVEF=55-80%
LV shortening fract=40%
max activat carot sinus=200mmHg
MCH=27-32pg
MCHC=32-38%
MCV=78-94(fl)
mean circulat lling press=7mmHg
mean system lling press(press in syst vess when heart stop beat)=7-17mmHg
min solute excret/d=600mosmol
min urine output/d=500ml
1mole albumin=69000g
1mole O2=32g
Montevideo unit[uterin press(mmHg) no. of contract every
10min]=200-220mmHg/10min
nasal cycle duration=2.5-4h
nasal potent diff>40mV

Nernst potential
Na=+60mV
K=90mV
Ca=+70mV
Cl=70mV
no. of neuron CNS=100bill
N2 in prot=16%
nodal delay on AV node=0.1s
1l NS will ECF vol by=6%
osmolarity 4.2%NaHCO3=1000osmol/l
O2 consumpt heart=110-150l/min/m
O2 in expir air=16%
O2 on Hb=4
O2 on Mb=1
PAH extr ratio=0.9
partial press
pAO2=105mmHg
paO2=95mmHg
pvO2=40mmHg
paCO2=40mmHg
pvCO2=45mmHg
PCWP=8-12mmHg
periph v press=10mmHg
p50O2=23-25mmHg=3.6kPa
pl conc beyond which glu seen in ur= 180-200mg/dl
pl osmol=280-290mosmol/l
pl prot=7-8g/dl
pl alb=3.5-5g/dl, high mol wt, high conc, low mol conc
portv press=5-10mmHg(10-15cmH2O)
PPR=1-1.5Wood unit
TPR=20mmHg/l/min(Wood unit)
press by 1mosmol solute=19.3mmHg= 22.4atmpress
press Sengstaken Blakemore=40mmHg
production CO2=200ml/min
RDW=40-46fl=11.5-14.5%
reduction potential
K=2.93
Fe++=0.44
H+=0.00
Cu+=0.34
I=0.54
ren pl flow=625ml/min
Renold no.

>3000 turbulent flow

<2000 laminar flow
reticulocyte count
newborn=2-6%
child=0.5-2%
adult=0.5-2%
RMP(mV)
endocochlear potential=+80
RBC=10
rod,cone=40
thy=50
pacemaker=50-60
sm m=50-60
inner hair cell cochlea=65(150)
most neuron=70
large mot neur=90
sk m=90
ventr m=90
RQ
mixed diet=0.8
carb=1.0
brain=0.97-0.98
sO2 a=97-98%
sensitivity carot sinus:aort arch=5:1
Na ch per
node of Ranvier=2000-12000
initial seg=350-500
cell body=50-75
axon terminal=20-75
myelin surface<25
Na-K pump coupling ratio=3:2
Na-K pump contrib to RMP=4mV
solubility coeff
CO2=0.57
O2=0.024
CO=0.018
N2=0.012
solubility in pl
O2=0.003ml/dl/mmHg
CO2=0.067ml/dl/mmHg
sp gravity
whole bld=1.045-1.060
ur=1.015-1.020

sr electrolyte
Ca=8.5-10.5mEq/l
Fe=50-150g/dl
K=3.5-5.5mEq/l
Mg=1.5-2.5mEq/l
P=0.75-1.45mmol/l
sr ferritin=50-150g/l
sr FSH(IU/l)
mal
prepubertal<3
adult=1.3-19.3
fem
prepubertal<3
adult
follicular phase=3.8-8.8
midcycle=4.5-22.5
luteal phase=1.8-5.1
postmenopausal=16.7-113.6
sr GGT=10-60IU/l
sr hCG<5IU/l
sr IgG=10-15mg/ml
sr prolactin=5-25g/l
sr PSA=0-4ng/ml
sr T3=1.5-3.5nmol/l
sr T4=55-150nmol/l
FT4 index=0.85-3.5
sr TSH=0.3-5IU/ml
sr urea=20-40mg/dl
sr uric acid=3-6mg/dl
threshold MAP carotid sinus=50mmHg
TIBC=150-350g/dl
total amount in pl(ml/dl)
O2=195=14
CO2=49+4=53
transit time(s)
pulm capil=0.75-0.8
system capil=1-2
transp max for glu(mg/min)
mal=375
fem=300
transp O2=Hb(99%)+dissolv(1%)
ur flow rate(ml/s)
mal=20-25

fem=25-30
ur HIAA=2-8mg/d
ventilation/perfusion ratio
lung apex=3.0
lung base=0.6
vess/chambSBP(mmHg)DBPMAP
system a-120-80-93
LV-120-0-
pulm a-25-9-15
RV-25-0-
atria-(0-3)-RA(4-6),LA(6-8)-
viscosity-H2O:pl:bld=1:3:5
work of breathing=65%complianc work(to distend lung parenchyma)+ 28%airway
resist work+ 7%ts resist work
pH
gastric secret=2-3
limiting pH urine=4.5
lysosome<5
Sabouraud agar=5-6
H pylori,hydatid fluid=6.7
cytosol,nasal cavity=7
bile,saliva=7-8
CSF,human milk,interstit fluid,tears=7.3
fetal scalp=7.3-7.33
bld=7.35-7.45
pancr juice=8.8
Brunner gld secret=9.3
thiopentone=10.5-11
t
GnRH=3-4min
alteplase(tPA)=4-8min
insulin=5min
GH=6-20min
ornithine decarboxylase=10min
LH=20min
FSH=3-4h
erythropoietin=5h
ketorolac=5-7h
factor VII=7h
protC=8h
lorazepam=10-20h
temazepam=10-40h
tadalal=17.5h

factor IX=20h
hCG=24h
T3=1d
protS=30h
hPL=34-36h
digoxin=36h
factor II=60h
PSA=2.5d
T4=7d
albumin=21d
IgG=23d
Abbreviations
a-artery, AA-amino acid, abtc-antibiotic, AI-autoimmune
bef-before, bel-below, b/l-bilateral, bld-blood, b/n-between, bn-benign, br-branch,
Bx-biopsy
ca-carcinoma, carb-carbohydrate, c/i-contraindication, c/l-contralateral,
conc-concentration, cong-congenital, Cx-cervix
d-day, def-deficient, ds-disease, d/t-due to, Dx-diagnosis
E-estrogen
fem-female, fr-from
gld-gland, glu-glucose
h-hormone
idiop-idiopathic, i/l-ipsilateral, inf-infection, inj-injury
lig-ligament, LL-lower limb, l/t-leading to
m-muscle, maj-major, mal-male, MC-most common, met-metastasis, min-minor,
mtx-methotrexate, Mx-management
n-nerve, norm-normal
P-progesterone, pl-plasma, prot-protein, pt-patient
Rx-treatment
SCC-squamous cell carcinoma, sr-serum, Sx-surgery, sz-seizure
tm-tumour, ts-tissue
UL-upper limb, u/l-unilateral
vag-vagina, VC-vocal cord, vel-velocity, vert-vertebra, vit-vitamin, vol-volume
w-week, wt-weight
Xr-X ray
y-year
#-fracture
-degree
-(N.B.-THESE NOTES ARE ONLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF GUIDANCE AND HELP
TO PG ASPIRANTS, NOT FOR COMMERCIAL OR OTHER PURPOSE. REFERENCE
HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM VARIOUS STANDARD TEXTBOOKS. FOR ANY
FEEDBACK/QUERY PLEASE CONTACT- ankit.yadavendra@facebook.com or
dr.ankityadavendra@gmail.com )