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Acoustics
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Acousticsistheinterdisciplinarysciencethatdealswiththestudyofall
mechanicalwavesingases,liquids,andsolidsincludingtopicssuchas
vibration,sound,ultrasoundandinfrasound.Ascientistwhoworksinthefield
ofacousticsisanacousticianwhilesomeoneworkinginthefieldofacoustics
technologymaybecalledanacousticalengineer.Theapplicationofacoustics
ispresentinalmostallaspectsofmodernsocietywiththemostobviousbeing
theaudioandnoisecontrolindustries.
Artificialomnidirectionalsound

Hearingisoneofthemostcrucialmeansofsurvivalintheanimalworld,and
sourceinananechoicchamber
speechisoneofthemostdistinctivecharacteristicsofhumandevelopmentand
culture.Accordingly,thescienceofacousticsspreadsacrossmanyfacetsof
humansocietymusic,medicine,architecture,industrialproduction,warfareandmore.Likewise,animalspecies
suchassongbirdsandfrogsusesoundandhearingasakeyelementofmatingritualsormarkingterritories.Art,craft,
scienceandtechnologyhaveprovokedoneanothertoadvancethewhole,asinmanyotherfieldsofknowledge.
RobertBruceLindsay's'WheelofAcoustics'isawellacceptedoverviewofthevariousfieldsinacoustics.[1]
Theword"acoustic"isderivedfromtheGreekword(akoustikos),meaning"oforforhearing,readyto
hear"[2]andthatfrom(akoustos),"heard,audible",[3]whichinturnderivesfromtheverb(akouo),"I
hear".[4]
TheLatinsynonymis"sonic",afterwhichthetermsonicsusedtobeasynonymforacoustics[5]andlaterabranchof
acoustics.[6]Frequenciesaboveandbelowtheaudiblerangearecalled"ultrasonic"and"infrasonic",respectively.

Contents
1 History
1.1 Earlyresearchinacoustics
1.2 AgeofEnlightenmentandonward
2 Fundamentalconceptsofacoustics
2.1 Definition
2.2 Wavepropagation:pressurelevels
2.3 Wavepropagation:frequency
2.4 Transductioninacoustics
3 Acoustician
3.1 Education
4 Subdisciplines
4.1 Archaeoacoustics
4.2 Aeroacoustics
4.3 Acousticsignalprocessing
4.4 Architecturalacoustics
4.5 Bioacoustics
4.6 Electroacoustics
4.7 Environmentalnoiseandsoundscapes
4.8 Musicalacoustics
4.9 Psychoacoustics
4.10 Speech
4.11 Ultrasonics
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4.12 Underwateracoustics
4.13 Vibrationanddynamics
5 Professionalsocieties
6 Academicjournals
7 Seealso
8 Notesandreferences
9 Furtherreading
10 Externallinks

History
Earlyresearchinacoustics
Inthe6thcenturyBC,theancientGreekphilosopherPythagoraswantedto
knowwhysomecombinationsofmusicalsoundsseemedmorebeautifulthan
others,andhefoundanswersintermsofnumericalratiosrepresentingthe
harmonicovertoneseriesonastring.Heisreputedtohaveobservedthatwhen
thelengthsofvibratingstringsareexpressibleasratiosofintegers(e.g.2to3,
3to4),thetonesproducedwillbeharmonious,andthesmallertheintegersthe
moreharmoniousthesounds.If,forexample,astringofacertainlengthwould
soundparticularlyharmoniouswithastringoftwicethelength(otherfactors
beingequal).Inmodernparlance,ifastringsoundsthenoteCwhenplucked,
astringtwiceaslongwillsoundaCanoctavelower.Inonesystemofmusical
tuning,thetonesinbetweenarethengivenby16:9forD,8:5forE,3:2forF,
4:3forG,6:5forA,and16:15forB,inascendingorder.[7]
Aristotle(384322BC)understoodthatsoundconsistedofcompressionsand
rarefactionsofairwhich"fallsuponandstrikestheairwhichisnexttoit...",[8]
averygoodexpressionofthenatureofwavemotion.

Thefundamentalandthefirst6
overtonesofavibratingstring.The
earliestrecordsofthestudyofthis
phenomenonareattributedtothe
philosopherPythagorasinthe6th
centuryBC.

Inabout20BC,theRomanarchitectandengineerVitruviuswroteatreatiseon
theacousticpropertiesoftheatersincludingdiscussionofinterference,echoes,
andreverberationthebeginningsofarchitecturalacoustics.[9]InBookVofhisDearchitectura(TheTenBooksof
Architecture)Vitruviusdescribessoundasawavecomparabletoawaterwaveextendedtothreedimensions,which,
wheninterruptedbyobstructions,wouldflowbackandbreakupfollowingwaves.Hedescribedtheascendingseatsin
ancienttheatersasdesignedtopreventthisdeteriorationofsoundandalsorecommendedbronzevesselsof
appropriatesizesbeplacedintheaterstoresonatewiththefourth,fifthandsoon,uptothedoubleoctave,inorderto
resonatewiththemoredesirable,harmoniousnotes.[10][11][12]
ThephysicalunderstandingofacousticalprocessesadvancedrapidlyduringandaftertheScientificRevolution.
MainlyGalileoGalilei(15641642)butalsoMarinMersenne(15881648),independently,discoveredthecomplete
lawsofvibratingstrings(completingwhatPythagorasandPythagoreanshadstarted2000yearsearlier).Galileowrote
"Wavesareproducedbythevibrationsofasonorousbody,whichspreadthroughtheair,bringingtothetympanumof
theearastimuluswhichthemindinterpretsassound",aremarkablestatementthatpointstothebeginningsof
physiologicalandpsychologicalacoustics.Experimentalmeasurementsofthespeedofsoundinairwerecarriedout
successfullybetween1630and1680byanumberofinvestigators,prominentlyMersenne.Meanwhile,Newton
(16421727)derivedtherelationshipforwavevelocityinsolids,acornerstoneofphysicalacoustics(Principia,1687).

AgeofEnlightenmentandonward
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Theeighteenthcenturysawmajoradvancesinacousticsasmathematicians
appliedthenewtechniquesofcalculustoelaboratetheoriesofsoundwave
propagation.Inthenineteenthcenturythemajorfiguresofmathematical
acousticswereHelmholtzinGermany,whoconsolidatedthefieldof
physiologicalacoustics,andLordRayleighinEngland,whocombinedthe
previousknowledgewithhisowncopiouscontributionstothefieldinhis
monumentalworkTheTheoryofSound(1877).Alsointhe19thcentury,
Wheatstone,Ohm,andHenrydevelopedtheanalogybetweenelectricityand
acoustics.
Principlesofacousticshavebeen
appliedsinceancienttimes:A
RomantheatreinthecityofAmman.

Thetwentiethcenturysawaburgeoningoftechnologicalapplicationsofthe
largebodyofscientificknowledgethatwasbytheninplace.Thefirstsuch
applicationwasSabinesgroundbreakingworkinarchitecturalacoustics,and
manyothersfollowed.Underwateracousticswasusedfordetecting
submarinesinthefirstWorldWar.Soundrecordingandthetelephoneplayedimportantrolesinaglobal
transformationofsociety.Soundmeasurementandanalysisreachednewlevelsofaccuracyandsophisticationthrough
theuseofelectronicsandcomputing.Theultrasonicfrequencyrangeenabledwhollynewkindsofapplicationin
medicineandindustry.Newkindsoftransducers(generatorsandreceiversofacousticenergy)wereinventedandput
touse.

Fundamentalconceptsofacoustics
Definition

JayPritzkerPavilion

AcousticsisdefinedbyANSI/ASAS1.12013as"(a)Scienceof
sound,includingitsproduction,transmission,andeffects,including
biologicalandpsychologicaleffects.(b)Thosequalitiesofaroom
that,together,determineitscharacterwithrespecttoauditory
effects."
Thestudyofacousticsrevolvesaroundthegeneration,propagation
andreceptionofmechanicalwavesandvibrations.

AtJayPritzkerPavilion,aLARESsystemis
combinedwithazonedsoundreinforcement
system,bothsuspendedonanoverheadsteel
trellis,tosynthesizeanindooracoustic
environmentoutdoors.

Thestepsshownintheabovediagramcanbefoundinanyacousticaleventorprocess.Therearemanykindsofcause,
bothnaturalandvolitional.Therearemanykindsoftransductionprocessthatconvertenergyfromsomeotherform
intosonicenergy,producingasoundwave.Thereisonefundamentalequationthatdescribessoundwavepropagation,
theacousticwaveequation,butthephenomenathatemergefromitarevariedandoftencomplex.Thewavecarries
energythroughoutthepropagatingmedium.Eventuallythisenergyistransducedagainintootherforms,inwaysthat
againmaybenaturaland/orvolitionallycontrived.Thefinaleffectmaybepurelyphysicaloritmayreachfarintothe
biologicalorvolitionaldomains.Thefivebasicstepsarefoundequallywellwhetherwearetalkingaboutan
earthquake,asubmarineusingsonartolocateitsfoe,orabandplayinginarockconcert.

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Thecentralstageintheacousticalprocessiswavepropagation.Thisfallswithinthedomainofphysicalacoustics.In
fluids,soundpropagatesprimarilyasapressurewave.Insolids,mechanicalwavescantakemanyformsincluding
longitudinalwaves,transversewavesandsurfacewaves.
Acousticslooksfirstatthepressurelevelsandfrequenciesinthesoundwaveandhowthewaveinteractswiththe
environment.Thisinteractioncanbedescribedaseitheradiffraction,interferenceorareflectionoramixofthethree.
Ifseveralmediaarepresent,arefractioncanalsooccur.Transductionprocessesarealsoofspecialimportanceto
acoustics.

Wavepropagation:pressurelevels
Influidssuchasairandwater,soundwavespropagateasdisturbancesinthe
ambientpressurelevel.Whilethisdisturbanceisusuallysmall,itisstill
noticeabletothehumanear.Thesmallestsoundthatapersoncanhear,known
asthethresholdofhearing,isnineordersofmagnitudesmallerthanthe
ambientpressure.Theloudnessofthesedisturbancesiscalledthesound
pressurelevel(SPL),andismeasuredonalogarithmicscaleindecibels.

Wavepropagation:frequency
Spectrogramofayounggirlsaying

Physicistsandacousticengineerstendtodiscusssoundpressurelevelsin
"oh,no"
termsoffrequencies,partlybecausethisishowourearsinterpretsound.What
weexperienceas"higherpitched"or"lowerpitched"soundsarepressure
vibrationshavingahigherorlowernumberofcyclespersecond.Inacommontechniqueofacousticmeasurement,
acousticsignalsaresampledintime,andthenpresentedinmoremeaningfulformssuchasoctavebandsortime
frequencyplots.Bothofthesepopularmethodsareusedtoanalyzesoundandbetterunderstandtheacoustic
phenomenon.

Theentirespectrumcanbedividedintothreesections:audio,ultrasonic,andinfrasonic.Theaudiorangefalls
between20Hzand20,000Hz.Thisrangeisimportantbecauseitsfrequenciescanbedetectedbythehumanear.This
rangehasanumberofapplications,includingspeechcommunicationandmusic.Theultrasonicrangereferstothe
veryhighfrequencies:20,000Hzandhigher.Thisrangehasshorterwavelengthswhichallowbetterresolutionin
imagingtechnologies.Medicalapplicationssuchasultrasonographyandelastographyrelyontheultrasonicfrequency
range.Ontheotherendofthespectrum,thelowestfrequenciesareknownastheinfrasonicrange.Thesefrequencies
canbeusedtostudygeologicalphenomenasuchasearthquakes.
Analyticinstrumentssuchasthespectrumanalyzerfacilitatevisualizationandmeasurementofacousticsignalsand
theirproperties.Thespectrogramproducedbysuchaninstrumentisagraphicaldisplayofthetimevaryingpressure
levelandfrequencyprofileswhichgiveaspecificacousticsignalitsdefiningcharacter.

Transductioninacoustics
Atransducerisadeviceforconvertingoneformofenergyintoanother.Inanelectroacousticcontext,thismeans
convertingsoundenergyintoelectricalenergy(orviceversa).Electroacoustictransducersincludeloudspeakers,
microphones,hydrophonesandsonarprojectors.Thesedevicesconvertasoundpressurewavetoorfromanelectric
signal.Themostwidelyusedtransductionprinciplesareelectromagnetism,electrostaticsandpiezoelectricity.
Thetransducersinmostcommonloudspeakers(e.g.woofersandtweeters),areelectromagneticdevicesthatgenerate
wavesusingasuspendeddiaphragmdrivenbyanelectromagneticvoicecoil,sendingoffpressurewaves.Electret
microphonesandcondensermicrophonesemployelectrostaticsasthesoundwavestrikesthemicrophone's
diaphragm,itmovesandinducesavoltagechange.Theultrasonicsystemsusedinmedicalultrasonographyemploy
piezoelectrictransducers.Thesearemadefromspecialceramicsinwhichmechanicalvibrationsandelectricalfields
areinterlinkedthroughapropertyofthematerialitself.
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Acoustician
Anacousticianisanexpertinthescienceofsound.[13]

Education
Therearemanytypesofacoustician,buttheyusuallyhaveaBachelor'sdegree
orhigherqualification.Somepossessadegreeinacoustics,whileothersenter
thedisciplineviastudiesinfieldssuchasphysicsorengineering.Muchwork
Aninexpensivelowfidelity3.5inch
inacousticsrequiresagoodgroundinginMathematicsandscience.Many
driver,typicallyfoundinsmall
acousticscientistsworkinresearchanddevelopment.Someconductbasic
radios
researchtoadvanceourknowledgeoftheperception(e.g.hearing,
psychoacousticsorneurophysiology)ofspeech,musicandnoise.Other
acousticscientistsadvanceunderstandingofhowsoundisaffectedasitmovesthroughenvironments,e.g.Underwater
acoustics,ArchitecturalacousticsorStructuralacoustics.Othersareasofworkarelistedundersubdisciplinesbelow.
Acousticscientistsworkingovernment,universityandprivateindustrylaboratories.Manygoontoworkin
AcousticalEngineering.Somepositions,suchasFaculty(academicstaff)requireaDoctorofPhilosophy.

Subdisciplines
ThesesubdisciplinesareaslightlymodifiedlistfromthePACS(PhysicsandAstronomyClassificationScheme)
codingusedbytheAcousticalSocietyofAmerica.[14]

Archaeoacoustics
Archaeoacousticsisthestudyofsoundwithinarchaeology.Thistypically
involvesstudyingtheacousticsofarchaeologicalsitesandartefacts.[15]

Aeroacoustics
Aeroacousticsisthestudyofnoisegeneratedbyairmovement,forinstance
viaturbulence,andthemovementofsoundthroughthefluidair.This
knowledgeisappliedinacousticalengineeringtostudyhowtoquieten
aircraft.Aeroacousticsisimportanttounderstandinghowwindmusical
instrumentswork.[16]

Acousticsignalprocessing
Acousticsignalprocessingistheelectronicmanipulationofacousticsignals.
Applicationsinclude:activenoisecontroldesignforhearingaidsorcochlear
implantsechocancellationmusicinformationretrieval,andperceptual
coding(e.g.MP3orOpus).[17]

Architecturalacoustics

TheDivjeBabeflute

Architecturalacoustics(alsoknownasbuildingacoustics)involvesthescientificunderstandingofhowtoachievea
goodsoundwithinabuilding.[18]Ittypicallyinvolvesthestudyofspeechintelligibility,speechprivacyandmusic
qualityinthebuiltenvironment.[19]

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Bioacoustics
Bioacousticsisthescientificstudyofthehearingandcallsofanimalcalls,
aswellashowanimalsareaffectedbytheacousticandsoundsoftheir
habitat.[20]

Electroacoustics
Thissubdisciplineisconcernedwiththerecording,manipulationand
reproductionofaudiousingelectronics.[21]Thismightincludeproducts
suchasmobilephones,largescalepublicaddresssystemsorvirtual
realitysystemsinresearchlaboratories.

SymphonyHallBostonwhereauditorium
acousticsbegan

Environmentalnoiseandsoundscapes
Environmentalacousticsisconcernedwithnoiseandvibrationcausedbyrailways,[22]roadtraffic,aircraft,industrial
equipmentandrecreationalactivities.[23]Themainaimofthesestudiesistoreducelevelsofenvironmentalnoiseand
vibration.Researchworknowalsohasafocusonthepositiveuseofsoundinurbanenvironments:soundscapesand
tranquility.[24]

Musicalacoustics
Musicalacousticsisthestudyofthephysicsofacousticinstrumentsthe
audiosignalprocessingusedinelectronicmusicthecomputeranalysisof
musicandcomposition,andtheperceptionandcognitiveneuroscienceof
music.[25]

Psychoacoustics
Psychoacousticsexplainshowhumansrespondtosounds.[26]

Speech

Theprimaryauditorycortexisoneofthe
mainareasassociatedwithsuperiorpitch
resolution.

Acousticiansstudytheproduction,processingandperceptionofspeech.
SpeechrecognitionandSpeechsynthesisaretwoimportantareasof
speechprocessingusingcomputers.Thesubjectalsooverlapswiththedisciplinesofphysics,physiology,psychology,
andlinguistics.[27]

Ultrasonics
Ultrasonicsdealswithsoundsatfrequenciestoohightobeheardbyhumans.Specialismsincludemedicalultrasonics
(includingmedicalultrasonography),sonochemistry,materialcharacterisationandunderwateracoustics(Sonar).[28]

Underwateracoustics
Underwateracousticsisthescientificstudyofnaturalandmanmadesoundsunderwater.Applicationsincludesonar
tolocatesubmarines,underwatercommunicationbywhales,climatechangemonitoringbymeasuringsea
temperaturesacoustically,sonicweapons,[29]andmarinebioacoustics.[30]

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Vibrationanddynamics
Thisisthestudyofhowmechanicalsystemsvibrateandinteractwiththeir
surroundings.Applicationsmightinclude:groundvibrationsfromrailways
vibrationisolationtoreducevibrationinoperatingtheatresstudyinghow
vibrationcandamagehealth(vibrationwhitefinger)vibrationcontrolto
protectabuildingfromearthquakes,ormeasuringhowstructurebornesound
movesthroughbuildings.[31]

Professionalsocieties

Ultrasoundimageofafetusinthe
womb,viewedat12weeksof
pregnancy(bidimensionalscan)

TheAcousticalSocietyOfAmerica(ASA)
InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(IEEE)
InstituteofAcoustics(IoAUK)
TheAudioEngineeringSociety(AES)
AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,NoiseControlandAcousticsDivision(ASMENCAD)
InternationalCommissionforAcoustics(ICA)
AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Aeroacoustics(AIAA)
InternationalComputerMusicAssociation(ICMA)

Academicjournals
ActaAcusticaunitedwithAcustica
AppliedAcoustics
JournaloftheAcousticalSocietyofAmerica(JASA)
JournaloftheAcousticalSocietyofAmerica,ExpressLetters(JASAEL)
JournaloftheAudioEngineeringSociety
JournalofSoundandVibration(JSV)
JournalofVibrationandAcousticsAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers
Ultrasonics(journal)

Seealso
Acousticattenuation
Acousticemission
Acousticengineering
Acousticimpedance
Acousticlevitation
Acousticlocation
Acousticphonetics
Acousticstreaming
Acoustictags
Acousticthermometry
Acousticwave
Audiology
Auditoryillusion
Diffraction
Dopplereffect
Fisheriesacoustics
Helioseismology
Lambwave
Linearelasticity
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TheLittleRedBookofAcoustics(intheUK)
Longitudinalwave
Musictherapy
Noisepollution
Phonon
Picosecondultrasonics
Rayleighwave
Shockwave
Seismology
Sonification
Sonochemistry
Soundproofing
Soundscape
Sonicboom
Sonoluminescence
Surfaceacousticwave
Thermoacoustics
Transversewave
Waveequation

Notesandreferences
1.Whatisacoustics?,retrieved20100729
2.Akoustikos(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgibin/ptext?d
oc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2
33396)HenryGeorgeLiddell,RobertScott,AGreek
EnglishLexicon,atPerseus
3.Akoustos(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgibin/ptext?doc
=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%233
397)HenryGeorgeLiddell,RobertScott,AGreek
EnglishLexicon,atPerseus
4.Akouo(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgibin/ptext?doc=P
erseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23339
9)HenryGeorgeLiddell,RobertScott,AGreekEnglish
Lexicon,atPerseus
5.KennethNevilleWesterman(1947)(https://books.google.
com/books?id=xNQrAAAAMAAJ&q=catacoustics+sonic
s&dq=catacoustics+sonics&hl=en&ei=dCJ_TOO9BJH2tg
Po94WSCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=
2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ)
6.TheodorF.Hueter,RichardH.Bolt(1955)(https://book
s.google.com/books?id=1po8AAAAIAAJ&q=sonics&dq=
sonics&hl=en&ei=qiF_TMfRHYqisQPjhLH1Cg&sa=X&
oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEw
AA)
7.C.BoyerandU.Merzbach.AHistoryofMathematics.
Wiley1991,p.55.
8."HowSoundPropagates"(PDF).PrincetonUniversity
Press.Retrieved9February2016.(quotingfrom
Aristotle'sTreatiseonSoundandHearing)
9.ACOUSTICS,BruceLindsay,DowdenHutchingon
BooksPublishers,Chapter3
10.VitruviusPollio,Vitruvius,theTenBooksonArchitecture
(https://books.google.com/books?id=wYhAAAAAYAAJ)
(1914)Tr.MorrisHickeyMorganBookV,Sec.68
11.Vitruviusarticle@Wikiquote
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics

12.ErnstMach,IntroductiontoTheScienceofMechanics:A
CriticalandHistoricalAccountofitsDevelopment(1893,
1960)Tr.ThomasJ.McCormack
13.Schwarz,C(1991).Chambersconcisedictionary.
14.AcousticalSocietyofAmerica."PACS2010Regular
EditionAcousticsAppendix".Retrieved22May2013.
15.Scarre,Christopher(2006).Archaeoacoustics.McDonald
InstituteforArchaeologicalResearch.ISBN978
1902937359.
16.daSilva,AndreyRicardo(2009).AeroacousticsofWind
Instruments:InvestigationsandNumericalMethods.
VDMVerlag.ISBN9783639210644.
17.Slaney,MalcolmPatrickA.Naylor(2011)."Trendsin
AudioandAcousticSignalProcessing".ICASSP.
18.Morfey,Christopher(2001).DictionaryofAcoustics.
AcademicPress.p.32.
19.Templeton,Duncan(1993).AcousticsintheBuilt
Environment:AdvicefortheDesignTeam.Architectural
Press.ISBN9780750605380.
20."BioacousticstheInternationalJournalofAnimalSound
anditsRecording".Taylor&Francis.Retrieved31July
2012.
21.AcousticalSocietyofAmerica."AcousticsandYou(A
CareerinAcoustics?)".Retrieved21May2013.
22.Krylov,V.V.(Ed.)(2001).NoiseandVibrationfrom
HighspeedTrains.ThomasTelford.
ISBN9780727729637.
23.WorldHealthOrganisation(2011).Burdenofdisease
fromenvironmentalnoise(PDF).WHO.ISBN97892890
02295.
24.Kang,Jian(2006).UrbanSoundEnvironment.CRC
Press.ISBN9780415358576.

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25.TechnicalCommitteeonMusicalAcoustics(TCMU)of
theAcousticalSocietyofAmerica(ASA)."ASATCMU
HomePage".Retrieved22May2013.
26.Pohlmann,Ken(2010).PrinciplesofDigitalAudio,Sixth
Edition.McGrawHillProfessional.p.336.
ISBN9780071663472.
27.SpeechCommunicationTechnicalCommittee."Speech
Communication".AcousticalSocietyofAmerica.
Retrieved22May2013.
28.Ensminger,Dale(2012).Ultrasonics:Fundamentals,
Technologies,andApplications.CRCPress.pp.12.

29.D.Lohse,B.Schmitz&M.Versluis(2001)."Snapping
shrimpmakeflashingbubbles".Nature413(6855):477
478.Bibcode:2001Natur.413..477L.
doi:10.1038/35097152.PMID11586346.
30.ASAUnderwaterAcousticsTechnicalCommittee.
"UnderwaterAcoustics".Retrieved22May2013.
31.StructuralAcoustics&VibrationTechnicalCommittee.
"StructuralAcoustics&VibrationTechnicalCommittee".
Retrieved22May2013.

Furtherreading
Benade,ArthurH(1976).FundamentalsofMusicalAcoustics.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.
OCLC2270137.
S.V.Biryukov,Y.V.Gulyaev,V.V.KrylovandV.P.Plessky(1995).SurfaceAcousticWavesinInhomogeneous
Media(https://books.google.com/books/about/Surface_acoustic_waves_in_inhomogeneous.html?id=WRjfwM
nDYYC&redir_esc=y),Springer.
M.Crocker(editor),1994.EncyclopediaofAcoustics(Interscience).
Falkovich,G.(2011).FluidMechanics,ashortcourseforphysicists.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN9781
107005754.
F.FahyandP.Gardonio(2007).SoundandStructuralVibration:Radiation,TransmissionandResponse(http
s://books.google.com/books?id=caelfFmWC28C&printsec=frontcover&dq=F+Fahy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JTbU4
DzKzo7AbEqoCwAg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=F%20Fahy&f=false),2ndEdition,Academic
Press.
M.C.JungerandD.Feit(1986).Sound,StructuresandTheirInteraction(http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/sounds
tructuresandtheirinteraction),2ndEdition,MITPress.
L.E.Kinsler,A.R.Frey,A.B.Coppens,andJ.V.Sanders,1999.FundamentalsofAcoustics,fourthedition
(Wiley).
MasonW.P.,ThurstonR.N.PhysicalAcoustics(http://librarum.org/book/2513/1)(1981)
PhilipM.MorseandK.UnoIngard,1986.TheoreticalAcoustics(PrincetonUniversityPress).ISBN0691
084254
AllanD.Pierce,1989.Acoustics:AnIntroductiontoitsPhysicalPrinciplesandApplications(Acoustical
SocietyofAmerica).ISBN0883186128
D.R.Raichel,2006.TheScienceandApplicationsofAcoustics,secondedition(Springer).ISBN038730089
9
Rayleigh,J.W.S.(1894).TheTheoryofSound.NewYork:Dover.ISBN0844630284.
E.Skudrzyk,1971.TheFoundationsofAcoustics:BasicMathematicsandBasicAcoustics(Springer).
Stephens,R.W.B.Bate,A.E.(1966).AcousticsandVibrationalPhysics(2nded.).London:EdwardArnold.
Wilson,CharlesE.(2006).NoiseControl(Reviseded.).Malabar,FL:KriegerPublishingCompany.ISBN1
575242370.OCLC59223706.

Externallinks
AcousticalSocietyofAmerica(http://acousticalsociety.org/)
InstituteofAcousticinUK(http://www.ioa.org.uk/)
NationalCouncilofAcousticalConsultants(http://www.ncac.com/)
InternationalCommissionforAcoustics(http://www.icacommission.or
g/)
InstituteofNoiseControlEngineers(http://www.inceusa.org/)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Acoustics&oldid=723066991"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics

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Categories: Acoustics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics

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