Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Om Final Word Seminar
Om Final Word Seminar
Om Final Word Seminar
A Seminar report
submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology
Under Biju Patnaik University of Technology
by
OM PRAKASH
(Reg. N0.-0601222200)
(2009 – 2010)
Date: HOD
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the nib but not neap tide, I bow my head in gratitude at the omnipresent
Almighty for all his kindness. I still seek his blessings to proceed further.
OM PRAKASH
(0601222200)
3
ABSTRACT
Turbine
This is a new technique for the protection of transmission systems by using the
global positioning system (GPS) and fault generated transients. In this scheme the
relay contains a fault transient detection system together with a communication unit,
which is connected to the power line through the high voltage coupling capacitors of
the CVT. Relays are installed at each bus bar in a transmission network. These detect
the fault generated high frequency voltage transient signals and record the time
instant corresponding to when the initial traveling wave generated by the fault arrives
at the busbar.
The decision to trip is based on the components as they propagate through the
system. extensive simulation studies of the technique were carried out to examine the
response to different power system and fault condition. The communication unit is
used to transmit and receive coded digital signals of the local information to and from
associated relays in the system.
At each substation relay determine the location of the fault by comparing the
GPS time stay measured locally with those received from the adjacent substations,
extensive simulation studies presented here demonstrate feasibility of the scheme.
OM PRAKASH
(0601222200)
4
Protection Of Transmission Line Using GPS
INDEX
1 .ABSTRACT
2 INTRODUCTION
3 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
9. WHAT IS GPS?
16. CONCLUSION
17. REFERENCES
5
INTRODUCTION
Accurate location of faults on power transmission systems can save time and
resources for the electric utility industry. Line searches for faults are costly and can be
inconclusive. Accurate information needs to be acquired quickly in a form most
useful to the power system operator communicating to field personnel.
The inventory database probably contains more information than needed for a
fault location system, and a reduced version would save the large data-collection
6
effort. Using this data, the power system operator could provide field personnel direct
location information.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
8
WHAT IS TRAVELING WAVE FAULT
LOCATION?
Faults on the power transmission system cause transients that propagate along the
transmission line as waves. Each wave is a composite of frequencies, ranging from a
few kilohertz to several megahertz, having a fast rising front and a slower decaying
tail. Composite waves have a propagation velocity and characteristic impedance and
travel near the speed of light away from the fault location toward line ends. They
continue to travel throughout the power system until they diminish due to impedance
and reflection waves and a new power system equilibrium is reached. The location of
faults is accomplished by precisely time-tagging wave fronts as they cross a known
point typically in substations at line ends. With waves time tagged to sub microsecond
resolution of 30 m, fault location accuracy of 300 m can be obtained. Fault location
can then be obtained by multiplying the wave velocity by the time difference in line
ends. This collection and calculation of time data is usually done at a master station.
Master station information polling time should be fast enough for system operator
needs.
10
11
WHAT IS GPS?
12
HOW IT WORKS?
GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit
signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use
triangulation to calculate the user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS
receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the
time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away
the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites,
the receiver can determine the user's position and display it on the unit's
electronic map. By knowing the distance from another satellite, the possible
positions of the location are narrowed down to two points (Two intersecting
circles have two points in common). A GPS receiver must be locked on to the
signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and
longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the
receiver can determine the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude).
Once the user's position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate
other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to
destination, sunrise and sunset time and more. Accurate 3-D measurements
require four satellites. To achieve 3-D real time measurements, the receivers
need at least four channels.
CHAPTER 11
The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth
about 12,000 miles above us. They are constantly moving, making two
complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These satellites are traveling at speeds
of roughly 7,000 miles an hour. GPS satellites are powered by solar energy.
13
They have backup batteries onboard to keep them running in the event of a
solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small rocket boosters on each
satellite keep them flying in the correct path.
Here are some other interesting facts about the GPS satellites (also called
NAVSTAR, the official U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS):
CHAPTER 12
Evaluation of the fault locator involved the installation of GPS timing receivers at
four 500kV substations, see Figure 2.0. A especially developed Fault Transient
Interface Unit (FTIU) connects to the transmission lines and discriminates for a valid
traveling wave. The FTIU produces a TTL-level trigger pulse that is coincident with
the leading edge of the traveling wave. A time-tagging input function was provided
under special request to the GPS receiver manufacturer. This input accepts the TTL
level logic pulse from the FTIU and time tags the arrival of the fault-generated
traveling wave. The time tag function is accurate to within 300 nanoseconds of UTC -
well within the overall performance requirement of timing to within 1 microsecond.
14
DISTORTION AND ATTENUATION
OF TRAVELING WAVES
The accuracy of fault location depends on the ability to accurately time tagging the
arrival of the traveling wave at each line terminal. The traveling wave once generated,
is subject to attenuation and distortion as it propagates along the transmission line.
Attenuation occurs due to resistive and radiated losses. Distortion of the waveform
occurs due to a variety of factors including bandwidth limitations of the transmission
line, dispersion from different propagation constants of phase-to-phase and phase-to-
ground components, etc. These effects combine to degrade the quality of the "leading
edge" of he traveling wave at large distances from the fault inception point. The
accuracy of time tagging the traveling wave diminishes for the substations far away
from the fault. Experience with the evaluation system has shown that the traveling
wave is relatively "undistorted" for distances less than 350 km. To effectively reduce
the effects of attenuation and distortion requires traveling wave detector installations
spaced at regular intervals. For B.C. Hydro, this translates to installing fault location
equipment at fourteen out of nineteen 500 kV substations.
Calculated cumulative arc length from NIC substation to the fault = 13 1,694.5
meters.
15
Fault Locator Response to Traveling Waves Generated by Routine Switching of
Substation Equipment
The distance to the fault from the line terminals is given by:
16
Where Vp is the velocity of propagation for the line and
CONCLUSION
Technical merit: new fault location algorithm based on new input data.
18
REFERENCES
www.wikipedia.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.tycho.usno.org
IEEE JOURNAL
19
20