Professional Documents
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Foundation Design Building
Foundation Design Building
Group 11:
Juan Chavez-Olalla 4503252
Daniel Bot
1376187
Shayan Kalanaki
4086643
09 June 2016
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Table of Contents
1.
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.
Site Investigation.................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Comparison of provided soil data .................................................................................................... 4
3.
Loads .................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Load transferring form structure to soil ........................................................................................... 6
3.2 Wind load ........................................................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Vertical load ....................................................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Summary of total loads ..................................................................................................................... 9
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
References ........................................................................................................................................ 25
Appendices ................................................................................................................................................ 27
Appendix A: CPT data ............................................................................................................................ 27
Appendix B: Detailed calculation of vertical loads on basement ....................................................... 28
Appendix C: Basement pile force calculation in ULS .......................................................................... 29
Appendix D: Basement settlement calculation in SLS ....................................................................... 32
Appendix E: Pile blow counts ................................................................................................................ 35
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1. Introduction
This report investigates the foundation of the rather newly built (constructed in year 2000) student
housing flat of 15 floors. This flat offers 400 student rooms and is located in Delft.
The flat is consist of a high rise part with a total height of 56 m, a length of 53 m (perpendicular to
the available canal) and a width of 23 [m]. At the side of the Balthasar van der Polweg, a basement
is constructed with a top level of -0.34 [m] NAP and a bottom level of -3.7 [m] NAP. Figure 1 shows
the cross sections of this building.
In this report the required foundations in axis 1, columns F3, J3 and the basement (see Figure 2) will
be determined by using the Eurocodes and D-pile computer software.
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2. Site Investigation
Before construction of a structure of this size a thorough site investigation must be performed. Firstly
the geological history of the site should be considered. Fortunately there are a lot of knowledge
about the history of this are available and the other needed information can be obtained by tests.
One of the main knowledge about this area is that it is known that is located in a deltaic area. This
means a thick soft soil layer covering a more stable sand layer. The main goal now will be
determination of the top and bottom level of this soft soil.
On the other hand a lot of information is provided about the surrounding buildings, they are built on
driven displacement piles, like many others in the neighborhood. So it can be assumed that the local
stratigraphy is similar to that of the rest of Delft.
The main unknowns are now the exact location and bearing capacity of the deep sand layer, the
friction provided from top soil layers. These two parameters together define the bearing capacity of
foundation piles. So having CPTs at each side of the canal would help to define the needed property.
Performing a CPT on the canal will be difficult, however when the CPT datas on both sides are
available it is then possible to interpolate the soil under the canal.
Due to the fact that a large part of the structure is on the north side of the canal, most CPT's are
performed on north side. The best representative CPT test is assumed to be number 7 on the north
side and 3 on the south side. If the results are showing a similar result, it can be said that that the
missing data in the middle can be filled by interpolation.
Another important thing to know, next to the friction and bearing capacity is the pressure head of the
water. The basement will be constructed by excavating the soil. If the water pressure is too high,
during some stages of the construction the building pit floor might burst up. It is not paramount to
the building itself, but it is important to check the possibility of something going wrong during the
construction.
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Characteristic values were obtained from NEN-9997-1 and can be found in Table 1.
Design values were calculated for undrained shear strength and friction angle by dividing the characteristic
values by the material factors recommended in Eurocode 7 which are 1.4 and 1.25 respectively. Thus, for
ultimate limit state the following parameters are used:
In the further calculations the values of Youngs modulus used in the calculations is equal to 10
times the values of the secant Youngs modulus at 50 % of the maximum stress at a reference
stress level of 100 [MPa] (10 times the value provided in the table of soil properties). This is because
for SLS the stress level is much lower than 50% of the maximum. Otherwise, settlements would be
too large and unrealistic.
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3. Loads
3.1 Load transferring form structure to soil
The vertical loads in the structure are the summation of the floors-, walls-weight and the variable
loads that the structure needs to resist. From top to bottom the loads are transferred via the walls to
the lower floors and at the end they are directly transferred to the pile foundations. Therefore the
calculated vertical loads are the exact loads that the piles J3 and F3 should be able to transfer it to
the soil.
Since it is assumed that the piles will act elastically, the applied horizontal load by the wind is not
directly transferred to the piles J3 and F3. The horizontal loads (mainly wind loads) are transferred
via the floors toward the side of the buildings where stiff walls are constructed. These walls will
transfer the horizontal loads to the soil.
The relative stiffness of columns J3 and F3 with respect to the walls is negligible, so it is assumed
that these columns do not receive lateral load, so they carry the same load and their design is the
same. Also, due to the fact that the pile cap thickness is around two meters, it is assumed the cap is
infinitely stiff. Otherwise, the software D-pile would not be suitable for interaction calculations.
Considering elastic-plastic springs the distribution of loads in the piles is almost uniform at Ultimate
Limit State. On the other hand, for the same springs at Serviceability Limit State the distribution of
loads is not uniform because the load level is smaller, so outer piles carry more load than inner piles.
Where:
-
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This wind force is calculated as the integral of the wind pressure over the area of the building in
which the wind is acting. The position in which the force is actuating is calculated as the centroid of
the pore pressure distribution. Then the moment acting in the foundation is the force times that
distance.
The horizontal forces are counteracted only by the wall elements (in their stiff direction), any small
contribution such as column stiffness is neglected.
There are three stiff walls in direction perpendicular to the canal. Thus, 50 % of the horizontal force
is taken by the wall in axis 1 and the remaining 50% is taken by the two stiff walls in the right.
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In the direction parallel to the canal there are two stiff walls counteracting the wind loads.
Live load (char-value): 2 [kPa]; reduction factor =0.4; load factor 1.5
Dead load (char-value): 0.28 [m] concrete floor, light separation walls, tubes: 9.1 [kPa] in
total; load factor 1.2
Basement floor in stability elements: representative permanent load 52.4 [kPa] and live load
2 [kPa]
Permanent load:
-
Variable load:
-
For columns J3, F3, axis 1 and axis 8 in the upper floors the following procedure for ULS and SLS
loads is used:
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For axis 8 in the basement floor the following procedure for ULS and SLS loads is used:
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4.3 Loads
A detailed calculation of the loads was performed in chapter number 2. In the following table the
final load is presented.
Pile tip is located in the sand 2 layer which has a design cone resistance of 11 [MPa]. The total
skin friction is the sum of the skin friction over the four soil layers which is calculated based on the
cone resistance.
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Total bearing resistance (compression) for a concrete square pile with base of 0.45 [m] and a length
of 16 [m]:
Bearing capacity calculations were performed based on cone resistance. The same method was
implemented in the software D-Pile, so the software was only used for interaction and settlement
calculations.
The number of piles for column J3 and F3 is:
Due to group effect outer piles receive more load than inner piles. Pile interaction was calculated
with the software D-Pile.
The displacement of the pile group for columns J3 and F3 is equal to 1 [cm] which is smaller than
the maximum allowed 15 [cm]. Later, it will be checked if the relative settlement of the structure is
smaller than the maximum.
Pile group effect is noticed more in SLS than in ULS. For example, by comparing columns 1 (corner)
and 10 (inner), there is a difference of 336 [kN] in load in SLS whilst in ULS the difference is
negligible because the piles are in the plastic zone.
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Additional compression due to horizontal load is calculated with the cantilever method as follows:
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5.3 Pre-design
No interaction was considered in the predesign. The total quantity of piles was calculated as the
number of piles needed for pure vertical load plus the number of piles needed for additional
compression due to wind action.
Number of piles for axis 1:
-
16 | P a g e
Due to group effect outer piles receive more load than inner piles. Pile interaction was calculated
with the software D-Pile. The following geometrical configuration was used:
In this axis pile group effect is not as noticeable as in columns J3 and F3. However, interaction
between piles is necessary, so the loads are distributed when a pile reaches failure.
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The main calculation for this part will be done by the D-pile group software but before setting up
the software some pre calculations have to be done and be used as input for the software.
6.1 Loads
For this part the loads are calculated for each section separately by using the values calculated in
chapter 2.
Vertical loads:
The vertical loads will be calculated as a total force in kNs in order to determine the needed
number of piles for a pre-design and as input for the software. Since section 2 in under a lot of
pressure coming from the tower, the uplift calculation will not be relevant for this section; however it
is calculated for sections 1 and 3. Table 19 shows the total downward force for each section, the
detailed calculation can be found in appendix B.
Section
1
2
3
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The schematized loads on the basement need to be in equilibrium and if not the excess load needs
to be supported by the piles.
Loads calculation:
Loads 2 and 3 are the water pressures. They are easily calculated.
Load number
Load 2
Load 3
Load 1 is the horizontal earth pressure. This is the resultant of the sum of all the vertical loads times
a K factor. The surcharge on street level is assumed to be equal to 5 [kPa].
A crucial value in this calculation is the value of the K. In this case the load of the soil is available for
a long period therefore the pressure on the basement cannot be considered active or passive for the
entire life of the building. At a certain point it will go back to being the neutral earth pressure. For this
weak clayey soil the value of the neutral earth pressure k0 is assumed to be equal to 0.7. Therefore
an equilibrium check can be done by using the following formulas:
The previous calculations show that in both situations (ULS and SLS) the resultants of the horizontal
loads are not equal to zero; therefore these loads need to be transferred to the piles and then to the
deeper soil layers. The loads will be implemented into the software in the final design phase and the
stability of the basement will be checked.
6.3 Pre-design
For the pre-design phase based on the calculated vertical and moment loads on each section of the
basement the number of needed piles are estimated. Since the end and final design will be based
on the results from the D-pile software the interactions are not taken into account in the pre-design
phase.
For each section the calculated vertical loads will be divided by total bearing capacity of each pile;
therefore the needed amount of the piles for each section is calculated as shown in
Section
1
2
3
Since the number piles based on ULS calculations are the decisive ones, these values will be
inputted in the software. Figure 15 shows the final input for the piles under the basement.
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7. Pile testing
During the installation of the piles some test needs to be done in order to make sure that the piles
are going in the right direction with no cracks or damages along the length of the pile. Two methods
are available to check this namely; pile integrity testing and blow counts. In this part each method
will be separately explained and defined which method is more suitable to use.
Figure 17 shows the results of pile integrity test in the Balthasar van der Polweg field. As it can be
concluded from the results, most of the piles are in good condition with no damages along the length
of the pile because there are not serious variations of the wave production.
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8. References
Eurocode 7
NEN-9997-1
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Appendices
Appendix A: CPT data
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Section 1:
o ULS
o SLS
Section 2:
o ULS
SLS
Section 3:
o ULS
o SLS
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