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Dosis Ranitidin xq1
Dosis Ranitidin xq1
Dosis Ranitidin xq1
Baclofenisamusclerelaxerandanantispasticagent.
Baclofenisusedtotreatmusclesymptomscausedbymultiplesclerosis,includingspasm,pain,and
stiffness.
Baclofenmayalsobeusedforpurposesnotlistedinthismedicationguide.
Important information
Baclofenmayimpairyourthinkingorreactions.Becarefulifyoudriveordoanythingthatrequires
youtobealert.Drinkingalcoholcanincreasecertainsideeffectsofbaclofen.Donotusebaclofenata
timewhenmuscletoneisneededtoassuresafebalanceandmovementforcertainactivities.Insome
situations,itmayendangeryourphysicalsafetytobeinastateofreducedmuscletone.
Measureranitidineliquidwithaspecialdosemeasuringspoonorcup,notaregulartablespoon.Ifyou
donothaveadosemeasuringdevice,askyourpharmacistforone.
Itmaytakeupto8weeksbeforeyourulcerheals.Keepusingthemedicationasdirectedandtellyour
doctorifyoursymptomsdonotimproveafter6weeksoftreatment.
Thismedicationcancauseunusualresultswithcertainmedicaltests.Tellanydoctorwhotreatsyou
thatyouareusingranitidine.
Storeranitidineatroomtemperatureawayfrommoisture,heat,andlight.
Seealso:DosageInformation(inmoredetail)
Allowtheranitidineeffervescenttablettodissolvecompletelyinthewater,andthendrinktheentire
mixture.Ifyouaregivingthismedicinetoachild,youmaydrawtheliquidmixtureintoamedicine
dropperandemptythedropperintothechild'smouth.
Ranitidinegranulesshouldbemixedwith6to8ouncesofwaterbeforedrinking
kidney disease;
liver disease; or
porphyria.
FDApregnancycategoryB.Ranitidineisnotexpectedtobeharmfultoanunbornbaby.Tellyour
doctorifyouarepregnantorplantobecomepregnantduringtreatment.Ranitidinepassesintobreast
milk.Donottakeranitidinewithouttellingyourdoctorifyouarebreastfeedingababy.
Seealso:Pregnancyandbreastfeedingwarnings(inmoredetail)
Usingranitidinemayincreaseyourriskofdevelopingpneumonia.Symptomsofpneumoniainclude
chestpain,fever,feelingshortofbreath,andcoughingupgreenoryellowmucus.Talkwithyour
doctoraboutyourspecificriskofdevelopingpneumonia.
Donotusethismedicationifyouareallergictoranitidine.
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Askadoctororpharmacistifitissafeforyoutotakethismedicineifyouhavekidneydisease,liver
disease,orporphyria.
Heartburnisoftenconfusedwiththefirstsymptomsofaheartattack.Seekemergencymedical
attentionifyouhavechestpainorheavyfeeling,painspreadingtothearmorshoulder,nausea,
sweating,andageneralillfeeling.
Ranitidinegranulesandeffervescenttabletsmustbedissolvedinwaterbeforeyoutakethem.Your
doctormayrecommendanantacidtohelprelievepain.Carefullyfollowyourdoctor'sdirectionsabout
thetypeofantacidtouse,andwhentouseit.Avoiddrinkingalcohol.Itcanincreasetheriskof
damagetoyourstomach.Itmaytakeupto8weeksofusingthismedicine
What is ranitidine?
Ranitidineisinagroupofdrugscalledhistamine2blockers.Ranitidineworksbyreducingtheamount
ofacidyourstomachproduces.
Ranitidineisusedtotreatandpreventulcersinthestomachandintestines.Italsotreatsconditionsin
whichthestomachproducestoomuchacid,suchasZollingerEllisonsyndrome.Ranitidinealsotreats
gastroesophagealrefluxdisease(GERD)andotherconditionsinwhichacidbacksupfromthestomach
intotheesophagus,causingheartburn.
UnitedStates.78Thesubjectsreceivedpirenzipine0.5%forthefirstweek,1.0%forthesecondweek,
and2.0%foranadditional2weeks.Anotherstudyof49adultmalevolunteersfoundthatpirenzepine
ophthalmicgelat0.5%,1.0%,and2.0%waswelltolerated,producedminimalmydriasis,andtheonly
adverseeventnotedwasatransientunilaterallossofvisualacuityinonepatientwhichrecoveredby
thenextvisit.79Althoughrandomisedclinicaltrialsarecurrentlyinprogress,efficacydataarenotyet
available.
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dosesofatropine(1%atropine)may,however,beassociatedwithanincreasedincidenceandseverity
oflocaleffects(examplesincludemydriasis,photophobia,blurredvision,allergicdermatitis)and
systemiceffects34,68,69;lowerdosesofatropine(0.5%,0.25%,0.1%)werebettertolerated.68Thelong
termsideeffectsofatropineeyedropsinchildrenarerelativelyunknownandtheremaybeariskof
longtermultravioletlightrelatedretinaldamageandcataractformationasaresultofchronicpupillary
dilatation.64
PirenzipineisarelativelyselectiveM1subtypemuscarinicreceptorantagonistandM1receptorsare
foundintheciliaryprocesses.7074Inbothavianandmammalianmodels,pirenzipinehasbeenshownto
blockformdeprivationmyopiaandaxialelongation.7577Thetolerabilityofpirenzipinegelformulation
wastestedinadoublemaskedplacebocontrolledrandomisedclinicaltrialofchildrenaged912years
inthe
Atropinesuppressesgrowthhormonesecretionfromthepituitaryglandwhichcoulddisturbnormal
eyegrowth.57,58
ThefirstreportsofatropinetreatmentformyopiawerebyWellsinthe19thcentury.3In1979,
Bedrossianevaluatedtheeffectof1%atropineointmentinstilledonceatnightinoneeyefor1year
withthefelloweyeasthecontrolinanonrandomisedtrial.After1year,treatmentwasswitchedtothe
felloweye,andthecontroleyesshowedsignificantincreasesintherateofmyopia. 59However,the
felloweyemaynotbesuitableasacontrolastheremaybesystemicresidualeffectsofatropineonthe
felloweye.Severalotherstudieshaveevaluatedtopicalatropinetherapybutunfortunatelyhad
sufficientmethodologicalflawstoprecludeanyreliableconclusions.15,16,6067Arangeofconcentrations
(0.1%to1%)ofatropineeyedropsweretestedinthreerandomisedclinicaltrialsofschoolchildrenin
Taiwanandtherateofprogressionofmyopiaintheatropinegroupwassignificantlylowercompared
withthecontrolgroup.34,68,69Higher
tropineisanalkaloidfromthedeadlynightshadeAtropabelladonnaandhasseveralproposed
mechanismsofaction.Firstly,atropinemayblockaccommodationandreducetheputativeeffectsof
excessiveaccommodationontheprogressionofmyopia.11Secondly,atropineisanonselective
muscarinicantagonistandithasbeenobservedthatinanimalstreatedwithatropine,formdeprivation
myopiamaybesuppressedwithretardationofaxiallengthelongation.5355Atropinealsoaffects
dopamineneurotransmitterreleasefromcellularstoresandthusmayinfluenceretinalsignalsthat
controlthegrowthoftheeye.56Thirdly,atropinemayreachsufficientlevelsinthebloodstreamtohave
systemiceffects.
usuallywornovernight,withthepotentialcomplicationsofinfectivekeratitisrelatingtoclosedeye
contactlenswear.However,cornealflatteningdoesnottreattheintrinsiccauseofmyopiaandmaybe
aremedyratherthanacure.IntheBerkeleyOrthokeratologyStudy,80subjectswererandomisedto
orthokeratologyoracontrolgroupwearingcontactlensesfittedinthestandardclinicalmanner.There
wasasignificantlylargerreductioninmyopiaforthepatientsrandomisedtoorthokeratology,butthe
reductiondidnotpersistafterorthokeratology.52Thus,orthokeratologyhaslittleclinicalvalueforthe
retardationofmyopiaprogression.
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differencesintherateofprogressionofmyopiaoraxiallengthinthetwogroups(KatzJetal,
submittedforpublication)
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ORTHOKERATOLOGY
Thetechniqueknownasorthokeratologyhasbeenpractisedfordecades:thecorneaisflattenedby
fittingprogressivelyflatterrigidcontactlensesuntilthecornealshapeissufficientlyalteredtoachieve
myopiareduction.52Thetemporaryalterationofcornealshapeandhencecorrectionofmyopiaallows
forperiodsofclearunaidedvisionduringthedaywithouttheuseoflenses,butrequiresconstantuseof
retainerlens,