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Nonlinear Modeling of Piles Using SAP2000
Nonlinear Modeling of Piles Using SAP2000
Step-1 Obtain the p-y,t-z and q-z curves at different depths along the pile
for the given soil profile
Soil Profile
Depth (m) Soil Type Undrained shear strength
(kN/m2)
0-2
Stiff Clay 80
2-8
Stiff Clay 100
8-12
Stiff Clay 120
12-16
Stiff Clay 150
16-22
Stiff Clay 180
22-40
Stiff Clay 200
Unit weight
(kN/m3)
17
18
19.5
20
20
21
y
p
0.5
pu lt
y 50
0.25
(1)
where the value of p remains constant beyond y=16y50 in case of stiff clay and y50 =2.550D, is
the deflection at one-half the ultimate soil resistance and
p
pu lt
0
0.5
0.84
1
1
y
y50
0
1
8
16
cu Z
D
(2)
pult 9cu
(3)
Z= depth under consideration, cu is the shear strength at depth Z, and D is the width of the pile. J
is taken as 0.5. pult is calculated at each depth where p-y curve is desired.
Table 1 Representative values of 50 and cu for normally consolidated clay
50
< 48
0.020
48-96
0.010
96-192 0.005
z
cu
D
J
e50
283.67
720.00
0.02
17.00
1.00
80.00
1.50
0.50
0.01
327.33
720.00
0.02
17.00
2.00
80.00
1.50
0.50
0.01
454.00
900.00
0.02
18.00
3.00
100.00
1.50
0.50
0.01
505.33
900.00
0.02
18.00
4.00
100.00
1.50
0.50
0.01
556.67
900.00
0.02
18.00
5.00
100.00
1.50
0.50
0.01
608.00
900.00
0.02
18.00
6.00
100.00
1.50
0.50
0.01
659.33
900.00
0.02
18.00
7.00
100.00
1.50
0.50
0.01
710.67
900.00
0.02
18.00
8.00
100.00
1.50
0.50
0.01
895.50
1080.00
0.02
19.50
9.00
120.00
1.50
0.50
0.01
955.00
1080.00
0.02
19.50
10.00
120.00
1.50
0.50
0.01
QAu Q fu Qpu f As q Ap
(4)
where, Q fu is the skin frictional resistance in kN; Q pu is the total end bearing capacity of the pile
in kN; f is the the unit skin friction in kN/m2 , As is the side surface area of the pile in m2 , q is
the end bearing capacity in kN/m2 , Ap is the gross end area of the pile in m2.
For clay
f cu
(5)
q 9cu
(6)
and = a dimensionless factor, cu is the undrained shear strength of the soil, and the factor
computed as per the following equations, 0.5 0.5 1.0 and 0.5 0.25 1.0 , and
is
1.0,
As per API (2005) the analytical expression to find the skin friction capacity of piles is given by
t
t max
z
z
zc zc
(7)
where, z is the local pile deflection in m, zc is the relative displacement required and is taken as
0.005 m in case of clay. tmax is the maximum shear stress in kN/m2 and t is the shear stress at
nodal point in kN/m2. The t-z curves as defined in API (2005) are the function of z/D and t/ tmax .
t max
0
0.0016
0.0031
0.0057
0.0080
0.01
0.02
0
0.3
0.5
0.75
0.9
1.0
0.7-0.9
0.7-0.9
z
cu
po'
17.00
1.00
80.00
17.00
4.71
0.34
27.16
17.00
2.00
80.00
34.00
2.35
0.40
32.30
18.00
3.00
100.00
52.00
1.92
0.42
42.46
18.00
4.00
100.00
70.00
1.43
0.46
45.73
18.00
5.00
100.00
88.00
1.14
0.48
48.43
18.00
6.00
100.00
106.00
0.94
0.51
51.48
18.00
7.00
100.00
124.00
0.81
0.56
55.68
18.00
8.00
100.00
142.00
0.70
0.60
59.58
19.50
9.00
120.00
161.50
0.74
0.58
69.61
As per API (2005) the analytical expression to find pile tip settlement curves is given by
q
qmax
1/ 3
z
zcb
(8)
where, qmax is the maximum bearing stress in kN/m2 ; z is the axial tip deflection of the pile in m
, and zcb is the maximum displacement required to develop qmax. The q-z curves as defined in
API (2005) are the function of z/D and q/ qmax .
z
D
qmax
0.002
0.013
0.042
0.073
0.1
0.25
0.5
0.75
0.9
1
19.50
10.00
120.00
181.00
0.66
0.61
73.69
References
American Petroleum Institute (API), 2005. Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and
Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms. API-RP2A-WSD, Washington, D.C.
Erhan, S., and Dicleli, M. 2014. Effect of dynamic soilbridge interaction modeling assumptions
on the calculated seismic response of integral bridges. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering, 66 (0):42-55.
Shirato M, Koseki J, and Fukui J. 2006. A new nonlinear hysteretic rule for winkler type soil-pile
interaction spring that consider loading pattern dependency. Soil Found Jpn Geotech
Soc,46(2):17388.