ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 1
Electric Circuit Analysis
STB 11303

OBJECTIVES

Become familiar with the SI system of units used

throughout the electrical/electronics industry.
Understand the importance of power of ten and
how to work with them.
Understand the use of scientific notation and
engineering notation.
Be able to convert any quantity in any system of
units to another system.

SI Unit
(abbreviated SI from French: Systme international d'units)

SI units are the unit that had been adopted by all nations.

Initiated during The International Bureau of Weights and Measures,

located in Sevres, France in 1960, attended by representative from all
nations of the world.

Le Systeme International dUnites (International System of Units)

Being adopted by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc in

1965 and by United States of America Standards Institute.

1967 is accepted as standard for all scientific and engineering literature.

3

Base Quantity
Name

Base Unit
Symbol

Time
Length

t
l

Mass

m
T,

Temperature

Name

second
metre
kilogram
kelvin

Symbol

s
m
kg
K

Joule

Amount of Substance

mole

mol

Luminous Intensity

Iv

candela

Energy

cd
4

Base Unit

Electrical Quantity
Name

Current
Voltage

Symbol

Name

I
V

Ampere
Volt

Frequency

Hertz

Resistance

Ohm

Capacitance

Inductance

Farad
Henry

Power

Watt

Symbol

A
V
Hz

F
H
W
5

Derived
Quantity

Derivation

Unit
ms-1

Speed

Distance / time

Acceleration

Speed / Time

ms-2

Force

Mass x Acceleration

Kgms-2
(Newton)

Work

Force x Distance

Nm

Power

Work / Time

Watt

Pressure

Force / Area

Pa (Pascal)

Density

Mass / Volume

Kgm-3

Charge

Current x Time

C
(Coulomb)

SI Prefixes

ENGINEERING NOTATION PREFIXES

SI Units Table

Product for Powers of Ten

(10 )(10 ) 10
n

10 n
10 m

( n m)

A 10 n B 10 n ( A B) 10 n
A 10 n B 10 m A( B) 10( n m )

10 ( n m)

(10 n ) m 10 ( nm)

A 10 n A
( n m )

10
B 10 m B
( A 10 n )m A m 10( nm )

Power of Ten
1
n

10
10 n

10 m

Example
1
1
3 10 3
1000 10

Example
1
1
5 10 5
0.00001 10

10 m

10

The notation used to represent numbers

that are integer powers of ten is as follows:

Examples;

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FLOATING POINT
The decimal point require decimal appears in all location in display.

1
0.333333333
3

FIXED POINT
The fixed point format require the decimal point appear in same place all
the time.

1
0.333
3
12

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Require decimal point appear directly after the first digit greater than or equal to
1 but less than 10

1
0.333 3.33 10 1 3.33E 1
3

ENGINEERING NOTATION
All powers of ten must be multiples of 3, and mantissa(multiplier) must be greater
than or equal to 1 but less than 1000.

1
0.33333 333.33 10 3 333.3E 3
3
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Practice : Examples
1
Write
in Scientific Notation and Engineering Notation.
16
Solution :

1
0.0625
16

Scientific Notation : 6.25E 2

Engineering Notation : 62.50E 3

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Conversion between System of Units

Example :
a) Determine the number of minutes in a half day .

b) Convert 0.24m to cm.

c) Determine the speed in miles per hour of a competitor
who can run a mile in 4 minutes.
d) In Europe, Canada and many countries, the speed limit
is posted in kilometers per hour. How fast in miles per
hour is 100km/h?

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Application of Units Conversion

Speed of light = 299,792,458 m/s

1 Kilogram = 1000 X 1 cubic cm of pure water at 4oC

1 Second = 9,192,631,770 periods of electromagnetic radiation emitted by celsium atom

1 cubic of cooper at room temperature consist of 1.4 X 1024 free electrons

1 Coulomb of charge equal to 6.242 X 1018 electrons

1 Ampere = flow of 1 Coulomb in ONE second

1 Volt = potential difference to move 1 Coulomb of charge, the energy used is 1 Joule (J)

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CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

conductors are those materials that permit a generous flow
of electrons (electric current flows) with very little external
force (voltage) applied

In addition, good conductors typically have only one

electron in the valence (most distant from the nucleus) ring
Example; copper wire, iron, silver, aluminum, gold

Insulators are materials that resists electric current and also

does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound
Thus, this substance is generally used as an insulation for heat or
cold, current, sound.
Example; plastic, rubber, PVC tube, cloth, carbon fiber
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Conductors Resistivity and Relative Conductivity Properties

Resistivity (p) of various materials

Relative conductivity of various materials

Important Note ***

When Resistivity (Current Blocking) is HIGH (), then Conducting (Current Flow) is LOW ()

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The Effect of Conductors and Insulators

properties to Current Flows
Example: Battery Life Factors
Different wires placed across the same two battery terminals allow different amounts of
charge to flow between the terminals.

Many factors, such as the density, mobility, and stability characteristics of a material,
account for these variations in charge flow.

The most important piece of

data for any battery is the
voltage rating and
is its
ampere-hour (Ah) rating

The ampere-hour (Ah) rating

provides an indication of how
long a battery of fixed voltage
able to supply a particular
current

Hours duration
reduced for
higher usage of
current

Ampere-hour rating (capacity) versus drain current for an Energizer D cell.

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Temperature Effects to Electric Current Source

Ampere-hour rating (capacity) versus temperature for an Energizer D cell.

The previous section made it clear

that the life of a battery is directly
related to the magnitude of the
current drawn from the supply
voltage

25oCelcius
0oCelcius

We also known that temperature is

also effecting the structure of
material and the material resistivity
to electric flows
Typical battery life plot for different
temperature range is shown

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Applications of Conductors and Insulators

A group of conductor wires
Insulator
A single
conductor wire

Insulator

Internal construction of the 9 V

dc supply adapter

Conductor

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AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS

It is important to be able to measure the current and voltage levels of an operating

electrical system to check its operation, isolate malfunctions (trouble shooting),
and investigate effects of any electrical problems

Ammeters are used to measure current flow levels in a closed circuit

Voltmeters, are used to measure potential difference between two

points

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VOLTMETERS = Voltage Meters

measure potential difference between two points

Voltmeter connection for an up-scale (+) reading.

23

AMMETERS = Ampere Meters

measure current flow levels in a closed circuit

Ammeter connection for an up-scale (+) reading.

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Digital Multimeters
Use to measure Voltage, Current, Resistance, Connectivity between 2 points

Digital multimeter
(DMM).

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