Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Relationship SCC Ans Mastitis
Relationship SCC Ans Mastitis
INTRODUCTION
430
Type of mammary
secretion
PMN
Milk
Colostrum
Dry gland secretion
3
62
3
Macrophage
80
35
89
Lymphocytes
16
4
7
Epithelial cells
2
0
1
431
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2
18
54
SCC (X105/ml)
Lactation
(days)
All cows
0-49
50-99
100-149
150-199
200-249
250-299
>300
380
429
498
399
452
445
634
Infection status
None
164
138
125
126
208
139
165
Minor pathogens
247
286
240
295
240
267
374
Major pathogens
839
861
1,068
735
902
758
1,031
432
All cows
None
232
314
390
564
544
654
868
126
149
148
180
194
251
113
Minor pathogens
190
218
233
308
322
320
519
Major pathogens
614
661
753
977
880
986
1,207
Milk transportation/Management
Methods of transportation and storage of milk samples
have been demonstrated to affect SCC count (Dohoo et al.,
1984). Gonzalo et al. (2003) used different milk
preservatives e.g. potassium dichromate (100 mg/100 ml),
azidiol (24 mg sodium azide/100 ml) and bronopol (50
mg/100 ml) for counting and revealed the highest SCC in
samples without preservative (5.72103 cells/ml), with
bronopol (5.67103 cells/ml), potassium dichromate
Table 4. Mean normal values of SCC in milk of indigenous cross
breed dairy cows (Singh, 2002)
Breed of cow
Tharparker
Sahiwal
Karan Fries
Karan Swiss
433
0
1
2
3*
4
5
6
7
8
Range
0-17
18-34
35-70
71-140
141-282
283-565
566-1,130
1,131-2,263
2,263-4,525
when the milk is used for products made with raw milk. In
milk. When evaluating macrophages on a stained milk film,
US, the legal maximum somatic cell count for Grade A farm
many will have a foamy cytoplasm that could be analysed
bulk milk is 750,000 cells/ml, this limit is high compared to
using the Fossomatic method (Gonzalo et al., 2003).
many international standards. Much of Europe, New
Zealand and Australia has a limit of 400,000 cells/ml and
SCC BASED INTERPRETATIONS
Canada has a limit of 500,000 cells/ml of raw milk. Milk
SCC is a diagnostic figure for subclinical mastitis
The two different methods may be used to calculate an
(International Dairy Federation, 1999). Cow milk SCC of
average somatic cell count when multiple samples have
>200,000 cells/ml indicates mastitis (International Dairy
been taken. For example, if the past three-month cell counts
Federation, 1997; Hillerton, 1999). Recently, a line has been
were 600,000, 400,000 and 500,000, the average would be
drawn for SCC that a level below 100,000 cells/ml
calculated by arriving at a total and dividing by 3,
represents a healthy quarter. However, some researchers
(1,500,000/3=500,000). This produces an arithmetic
consider a normal SCC to be up to 500,000 cells/ml.
mean or average.
However, it has been proposed that quarters having a cell
A different method, used in Europe and other locations,
count of 200000 cells/ml and whole cow milk cell count of
is used to calculate an average somatic cell count. It is
400,000 cells/ml to indicate mastitis (Hillerton, 1999).
termed the geometric mean. The geometric mean
Therefore, mastitis should be detected in a reliable and
calculation always produces a value somewhat less than the
timely fashion based on SCC values, otherwise subclinical
arithmetic mean for the same data set. A single high count
mastitis could develop into a clinical disease (Halln
in a data set has a greater impact on the arithmetic mean
Sandgren et al., 2008).
than the geometric mean and one very high value is not as
likely to trigger regulatory action using the geometric mean
SCC AND MASTITIS
procedure (Ingalls, 2001).
CAUSING ORGANISM
Research has established a straight-line relationship
between milk loss and the logarithm of the SCC. This value
High SCC present in milk is the main indicator of
is referred to in Canada as Linear Score (LS) and in the
mammary gland infection, caused by specific and nonUS as Somatic Cell Score (SCS). Increase in linear score
specific micro-organisms, which cause contagious and
with the doubling of SCC has been recorded by Ingalls
environmental mastitis.
(2001) as shown in Table 5.
The most common organisms that cause mastitis are
All lactating cows have a low baseline SCC even if they
classified into two major groups: i) contagious pathogens
do not have an intramammary infection (IMI). When an
and, ii) environmental pathogens. The contagious pathogens
infection is detected by the immune system in a healthy cow,
aureus,
Streptococcus
agalactiae)
a rapid influx of leukocytes will quickly raise the SCC far (Staphylococcus
beyond the baseline level, usually to over a million cells/ml. generally cause the greatest SCC increase. An infection by
In most developed dairy industries various regulatory environmental pathogens (Strep. dysgalactiae, Strep. uberis,
bovis
and
Coagulase
negative
limits has been applied to milk for human consumption. The Corynebacterium
Staphylococcus)
usually
causes
considerably
less
SCC
European Union Directives (92/46CEE and 94/71 CEE) set
elevation.
a limit of 400,000 cells/ml for SCC in raw buffalo milk,
434
<250
500-1,000
>1,000
4.90
2.81
3.74
4.74
2.79
3.69
4.60
2.65
3.51
4.21
2.25
3.13
0.81
0.02
0.12
0.091
0.057
0.173
6.6
0.82
0.15
0.14
0.096
0.062
0.180
6.6
1.10
0.23
0.26
0.121
0.091
0.135
6.8
1.31
0.35
0.51
0.147
0.105
0.157
6.9
Source: Schallibaum, Melchior. National Mastitis Council, Inc. 40th Annual Meeting Proceedings. 2001.
Reduced
synthesis
Leakage
from blood
435
436
Figure 4. Effect of vitamin E and/or selenium on mean values of SCC (105/ml) at different time intervals in different groups in
subclinical mastitis during early lactation. Group-A = Unsupplemented control, B = Vitamin-E supplemented, C = Selenium
supplemented, D = Vitamin-E and Selenium supplemented.
Group A
Group B
70
60
SCC (105/ml)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
60
90
Days of observation
Figure 5. Effect of vitamin E and selenium on mean values of SCC (105 /ml) at different time intervals in sub-clinical mastitic cows
during dry period.
437
REFERENCES
438