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Guide To Storage Tanks and Equipment
Guide To Storage Tanks and Equipment
.
.
.
xAxAT
iL
equ 19.1
where:
H
k
=
=
A =
AT =
L
=
(W/m'K)
area of component (m2)
hot to cold face temperature range ('K)
equ 19.2
wnere:
U
R1 &
R2 etc
Hence the equation to calculate the heat flux through a multilayer component is:
H=U
xAxAT
equ 19.4
The way out of this apparent impasse is to assume a temperature profile for the various interfaces within the system, use this
to calculate the mean temperatures of the individual layers and
this in turn to obtain the k values of the various materials to perform the initial calculation. The results of this calculation allow
the interface temperatures to be recalculated and the k values
to be revised. Asecond calculation is carried out and the results
ofthis allow a further revision of the k values. A couple offurther
iterations should show temperature values at the interfaces
converging and this should be sufficient. Figure 19.23 shows a
numerical example of this Drocess. This is a tedious calculation
to carryoutbyhand and is ideallysuited to Excel spreadsheets.
Reference 19.3.
R=L/K
+40'c
To
Ti
-165 'C
Methane
60 kglm3
24 relm3
Matedal Thickne6s(mm)
600
5
Sleel linet
960
Psdite
240
Glasslibre
10
Inside 90/6 ni inner tank
Assumed thermalgradienl ('C)
Outside Concte
Conc|Eie,/perlite
Prlite/gla8s tibre
Glass fibr/product
TRIAL No 1
Calculate K values:
Concrete
Perlite
fibre step
step 3
Glass fib|e
148
108
313.0000
310.256
313,0000
310.7349
174,7136 174.5*1
108,0000 108-0000
Thidmess (mm) K
ConaGte
Perlite
Figure
3{X}
KS1
8.252384i|
R
y
0.137422
0.0401584 Wm'K
Kp
calculate K value of interstitial gas (lQ2)
40'K
ATfg
0.0133521 dm"K
l{gz
fuctor ftom Figure 19.25
1.455
f
calculale K value of glass fibr
0-0194273
Kg
FlI(
3'13.0000
310.C015
117.1301
108.0000
313
step 2
Heat
CK)
step l
step 2
Gla6s
h thermalcalculation
lgnore in thermalcahulalion
40
30
-125
-'165
Air/concrelg
'
lgnor
(dmz)
5.5959
t
STORAGE TANKS & EQUIFII'ENT 397
TRIAL No 2
Calcxrlate K values:
Concrets
Pedite
step
ATp
133.7714'K
Kgl
0.0266994 w/m'K
calculale K value of pertite (Kp)
R
7.87Tt517
y
0.1374?2.
Kp
o.o428oa w/m'K
calculale K value of inteGfitial gas (Kg2)
Arfu
69.1901 'K
Kg2
0.01499s6 w/m'K
factor from Figure 9.2S
t
1.455
calculate K value of glass fibre
Kfs
0.0218187
stp 2
Glass
fib|
.l
step
step 2
step 3
Material
Concret
Perlfte
cfass fibr6
Heat Ftux
Thlckness (mm)
(dmz)
6.0650
TRIAL No 3
Calculale K values:
Conqeie
Pedite
step
ATp
136.0i20 'K
lQl
0.0285485 w/m'K
calculate K value of pedite (Kp)
R
7.9020321
y
0.137422.
Kp
0.0426242 wtm'K
calculale K value of interstitial gas (Kg2)
ATfs
66.7136 'K
Kg2
0.0148s87 dm'K
step 2
Glass
fibr step
step 2
step 3
Kfg
0.02i6194
Matedal
Concrete
pedite
Glass fibre
Thickness (mm)
Total
Hat Flux
(dm2)
6.0297
33.9986
205.0000
o.oos6r
u'"tito'Lt'Jli
5
9l7 t 1o'
lT'l''
nT
.-,e6rr,
t'
lr
rrr,.1-."""
\Ttll
--
^T
uuttilo'[t.ll'
o.oorot .
I 258'10
)r'
-i--L'r',
T,-T, fK)
g u
Tl
T+12CK)
ifferent
xo=Kn(-v)+
/^,+o-1f
equ 19.5
vhere:
Kp =
Ks =
R" =
y
=
p
=
3.9x10'3xp087
tank contents perday. Hence for a large LNG tank we may see:
"The maximum heat leak shall not exceed 0.05% of the full
tank contents per day on the assumption that the tank contents are considered to be pure methane."
The latter requirement to consider the tank contents as a pure
product is to avoid the complication of working out the latent
heat ofthe LNG which may have a range ofcompositions and to
The tank designer must prepare detailed heat leak calculations together with the appropriate certification (and possibly QA records if these are available at the time) to
demonstrate that the materials used havethe required thermal properties.
The full tank contents is usually taken to mean just that, i.e.
with no deduction for in-tank pump NPSH etc.
A well
.
.
.
An infrared camera will produce images which will identify areas where the heat leak is abnormal or merelydifferentfrom the
surrounding areas of insulation. lt is a useful tool both at the
time of tank commissioning and as an occasional maintenance
device to locate any changes in the thermal insulation system
and its performance, perhaps due to such time dependent phenomena as insulation material degradation or perlite settlement. The equipment is nowadays quite cheap to purchase, or
there are companies who will come and perform this service.
The tank must be fullor close to full at the time of the test to
avoid contentious arguments revolving around the extrapolation ofthe heat leakfrom a lowerliquid levelto a fulltank.
service.
The tank must not be subject to any liquid movements during the test period.
some days depending upon the accuracy ofthe level measuring equipment provided, or will require the accurate
measurement of the vapour flow through the vapour outlet
line, something difficult and expensive to achieve. Vapour
flow measurement is not a normal part of the tank instrumentation. For a large LNG tank with a specified boil off rate
of less than 0.05% (a typical figure for such tanks) the level
change will be of the order of 15 mm/day. To get a sensible
measurement which will be sufiicient to negate any uncertainty caused by tolerances on gauging accuracy, it is clear
that the test duration must run into several days.
19.1 1
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STORAGE TANKS & EQUIPMENT 401
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19
:han the fuller tank and was thus more susceptible to damage
iom the blasfinduced ground motions.
-lhe
lesson from this incident is clearly that any blasting on the
same, or adjacentsites should be avoided, and ifthis is not possible, then detailed investigations should be carried out to deiermine the susceptibility of tanks with brittle base insulation
naierials to damage.
19.1 1.4
Perlite settlement
The lesson here is that the external vapour seal and its
ong-term abilityto keep atmospheric moisture out ofthe insulation material is viialto the survival ofthe insulation system. Corr.ect material selection, sDecification and installation are all aclivities, which will help to ensure that the required performance
and service life are obtained.
High shell line loadings, requiring materials with good, mechanical and thermal DroDerties.
of the tank.
On at least one occasion, the location of a large diesel-powered generatoradjacentto the tank following perlite installa-
tion.
The use of experienced perlite installation companies using ap-
propriate methods and equipment will help to avoid this problem and its solution, expensive in service topping up of the
perlite.
19.12 References
19.1
19.2
19.3
fhe
J.G.
19.5