A Presentation on

Roof Strain Monitoring using

FBG sensors
Under the guidance of
Prof. S.K. Ghorai
Presented By :Shubham Kumar(BE/1146/08)
Devendra Kr. Sahu(BE/1162/08)
Shyam Chandra Reddy(BE/1175/08)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,

BIT MESRA.

What is fiber grating ?

A periodic perturbation of the refractive
index along the fiber length which is formed
by exposure of the core to an intense
optical interference pattern.

Schematic diagram of structure and spectral response of

fiber Bragg grating

Broadly classified into two

types:
Bragg Gratings

Coupling occurs
between modes
travelling in opposite
directions

Transmission gratings

Coupling occurs
between modes
travelling in the same
direction.

How does FBG work?

To understand why waves reected o two
successive interfaces are in phase at the
Bragg wavelength, represent the wave
interacting with one small part of the fibre
like this.

That part of the incident beam that travels along

the path ABA , has travelled an extra path length of
/2. Its phase has changed by . For that part of the
beam which travels along ACA , the path length is
, which corresponds to a phase change of 2. But
it has also suered a reection at a low-to-high
interface. Hence
The total phase change is 3, and the phase
dierence between the two parts of the beam is
= two
ACAparts
ABAof=2
Hence
the
the reected wave are in
phase with one another: a result which relies on the
fact that the wavelength is equal to 2d.

Types of Grating

Fundamental Transfer Matrix

Approach
Grating structure is discretized as a cascade of N
uniform subgratings , each having a specific
period , phase oset and modulation depth
n.

A grating may be approximated by a number of subgratings (a),

each having a specific period , phase and modulation depth n.
In (b) a single subgrating of length l is shown.

Reflectivity Vs Normalised Wavelength for a FBG

Effect of variation of n on reflectivity :

Our Model

FBG Setup :

Inset Picture: FBG used.

Our Experimental Setup

Broadband
source

Y-coupler

Prototype of the
mine

Optical spectrum analyzer (OSA)

Spectrum of Broadband
Source

Finding of Zero Error (at 0 gm

load condition):

Spectra obtained for 200gm weight :

How to find strain developed in roof from

the loads :
Strain equation :
I = (bd3 )/3(moment of inertia of rectangle
about its base)
Strain= w * y * (L/2)
4*E * I
Where y=Proportionality constant
E=Elasticity [3400 Mpa for
Thermocole (polystyrene)]
L=Lateral length=44.5cm
b=breadth=23.2cm
d=depth=1.8cm
w=weight

Weight to strain conversion

Sr.no

Weight Strain
(gm.)
(*10^(3))

Wavelength(n
m)

1552.100

50

74

1552.160

100

148

1552.220

150

222

1552.280

200

296

1552.340

150

222

1552.220

100

148

1552.100

50

74

1552.040

200

296

1552.340

Fiber Grating Sensor

Array with Phase-Sensitive Detection

Requirements :
1. Broadband source.
2. Pulse Modulator.
3.A fiber Mach-Zehnder (MZ) Interferometer.
4. TDM Demux
4. BPF

 The output of the MZ can be time-gated to address any FBG

sensor in the array.

The reected pulses are routed through the MZ

interferometer that acts as the wavelength-shift detector.

Pulsed light from a broadband source is launched into a

fiber containing N grating sensors, with dierent peak
reection wavelengths, along its length.

How the system works ?

 After bandpass filtering at the fundamental

frequency of the serrodyne signal, the output
signals are of the form,

S(j) = Acos [ot + (j) ]

where j
is the peak reected wavelength from the jth
grating sensor.

A resetting electrical ramp signal is applied to

the piezoelectric (PZ) fiber stretcher that
produces a linearly changing phase shift in the
arm of the MZ interferometer.

 For a static strain induced

modulation in the reected
wavelength , , from grating
sensor element , the change in
phase shift (t) is
(t) = - (2nd/2 )
= - (2nd/ )
where is the dynamic strain
subjected to grating , and is the
normalized strain-to-wavelength shift
responsivity of the grating.

What we have done till

now ?
1.

Dependence of wavelength shift on the

strain applied in FBG and calibration
between them.

2.

Complete step-by-step MATLAB simulation

of the model discussed to monitor strain in
roofs of various structure.

Setup for modulating source pulse

 Fast Fourier transform is applied to the output intensity of the

interferometer to get the electrical spectrum which has characteristics
similar to that of the input wavelength spectrum

The Output of the Interferometer is passed through DEMUX to

separate out dierent channels which is then passed through BPF to
get output signal depending on the strain applied.

Phase dependence on strain is given as:

=(2nd/)
where = (1/ )(/)=0.74ppm/
d= 1mm,n=1.46

CONCLUSION
The thorough investigation of how strain can be measured using fiber
bragg grating sensors is done. The Grating Sensor Array with PhaseSensitive Detection model was simulated using MATLAB and code
segments for dierent segments were executed. Proper calibration is done
for mapping strain against corresponding wavelength shifts in FBG Via
implementation on the designed experimental setup. Dierent
Interrogation techniques available were analysized but finally
interrogation was done using an unbalanced MZ interferometer
The highlights of this project are :
1. Relation between strain and bragg wavelength shift is derived and
proper calibration between them is obtained.
2. A model system was developed to monitor strain developed in the
roofs of various structures.
3. Complete software analysis of proposed model is implemented using
MATLAB.

FURTURE Scope

Further work is possible by doing a complete hardware implementation

of the same model and making a working system exactly based on the
coding done. Proper data acquisition system has to be developed to
support real-time monitoring of structures roof.

REFERENCES

1.

Y. J. Rao, In-fiber Bragg grating sensors, Meas. Sci. Technol., vol 8.

2. U. Kenneth and G. Meltz, "Fiber Bragg Grating Technology

Fundamentals and Overview," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.
19, no 10, 1997.
3. R. S. Weis, Member, IEEE, A. D. Kersey, and T. A. Berko A FourElement Fiber Grating Sensor Array with Phase-Sensitive Detection IEEE
PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 6, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1994

4. A. D. Kersey, T. A. Berko, and W. W. Morey, Fiber-grating based

strain sensor with phase sensitive detection,

Thanking you.

Presented by:
G. Shyam Chandra Reddy
Devendra Kumar Sahu
Shubham Kumar