ENGLISH TENSES

OBJECTIVES

Present tenses
o Present simple: I work
o Present continuous: I am working
o Present perfect: I have worked
o Present perfect continuous: I have been working

Past tenses
o Past simple: I worked
o Past continuous: I was working
o Past perfect: I had worked
o Past perfect continuous: I had been working

Conditional
o If you go to the exhibition, you will enjoy it.
o If you went to the exhibition, you would enjoy it.
o If you had gone to the exhibition, you would have enjoyed it.

Modal Verbs
o May I come in?
o I must go home now.

Future Tenses
o Simple Future They will go
o Going to Im going to buy

Future Perfect
o Ex.: I shall have finished the report in three hours. (Eu terei terminado)

Imperative
o Ex.: Go ahead! (Vai em frente!)

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PRESENT SIMPLE: I WORK

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: I AM WORKING

Ao habitual ou repetida

I go to work on foot.

Situaes imutveis ou permanentes

The sun moves round the earth

Planos futuros relativos a viagens,

espetculos e horrios

When does the show begin?

The show begins at 12.30

Em ligao a certas expresses de tempo:

frequently

often

generally

sometimes

usually

everyday

rarely

once a week

always

several times

Aes que acontecem no momento em que

se fala
o The telephone is ringing.

Situaes temporrias de mudana

o I am working in a factory for the time
being.
o It is getting colder.

Projetos pessoais num futuro prximo

o She is arriving in Lisbon next
Saturday.

Em ligao com certas expresses de tempo

o now at present at this moment

Usa-se o Present Simple e no o Present Continuous, com os seguintes verbos:

Verbs of
thinking
think
believe
agree
understand
know
remember
forget

Verbs of feeling
want
wish
like
love
hate

Verbs of
perception

Verbs of
possession

see
hear
notice

have
own
belong

Reporting verbs

Other verbs

say
ask
tell
answer

cost
weigh
seem
appear
need

Com os verbos acima citados empregue sempre o Present Simple e nunca o Present Continuous.
Ex.:
I remember his face. (Im remembering his face.)
I know his name. (Im knowing his name.)
I believe you. (Im believing you.)
I like this film. (Im liking this film.)
Use o Present Continuous e nunca o Present Simple para falar de planos e combinaes pessoais.
What time do you meet me?
What time are you meeting me?

PRESENT PERFECT: I HAVE WORKED

PAST SIMPLE: I WORKED

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Ao que decorre num tempo indefinido

Ive seen her.

Ao que comea no passado e continua at

ao presente

Ive worked in England for three

years.

Ao que acontece num passado muito

recente

Ive seen her this morning.

Usa-se com just

Ive just written the email.

Usa-se com os seguintes advrbios e

expresses adverbiais:

recently

ever

lately

never

up to now

already

its the first time

yet (interrogative

this morning
and negative)
Usa-se com as soon as, until, when, quando
equivalente a after

Come and see me when (=after) you

have had your dinner.

Ao que decorre num momento bem

definido do passado

I saw her yesterday.

Ao completamente passada sem nenhuma

relao com o presente

I worked in England four years ago.

Usa-se com as seguintes expresses

adverbiais

yesterday

the day before yesterday

last Saturday

last week

a few minutes ago

long ago

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: I HAVE BEEN WORKING

Equivale ao Present Perfect; usa-se no mesmo sentido e nas mesmas condies

Exprime, alm disso, reforo de continuidade de ao

Usa-se com adevbios precedidos de all

All the morning

All day

Usa-se (de preferncia ao Present Perfect) com verbos que exprimem uma ao que dura e prolonga
no tempo
expect
learn
lie
live
sit
sleep
stand
stay
study
rest
work

Em vez de dizer I have worked pode dizer I have been working

PAST CONTINUOUS: I WAS WORKING

Equivale ao Present Continuous

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Usa-se para exprimir aes simultneas no passado

I was having dinner when the telephone rang.

No se usa com verbos como know, want, ect. (ver Present Simple).

PAST PERFECT: I HAD WORKED

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS: I HAD BEEN

WORKING

Ao anterior a outra no passado

When I arrived, the train had started.

Equivale ao Past Perfect; usa-se no mesmo

sentido
Exprime reforo de durao e continuidade
Usa-se com certos verbos que exprimem uma
ao que dura e se prolonga no tempo

Expect, learn, lie, etc. (ver Present

Perfect Continuous)

IF CLAUSES
As oraes condicionais so normalmente classificadas em trs grupos.
Em cada um deles, as formas seguidamente apresentadas so as mais importantes e as mais comuns.

TIPO 1 EXPRIME UMA CONDIO PROVVEL:

IF

PRESENT

FUTURE OR IMPERATIVE

If

you go to the exhibition,

you will enjoy it.

If

you go to the exhibition,

advise me.

If

she doesnt take care,

shell be hurt.

If

he doesnt train hard,

he wont gain any prize.

TIPO 2 EXPRIME UMA CONDIO IMPROVVEL:

IF

PAST

CONDITIONAL

If

you went to the exhibition,

you would enjoy it.

If

she didnt take care,

she would be hurt.

If

he didnt train hard,

he wouldnt gain any prize.

A forma do conjuntivo do verbo ser (fosse) were em todas as pessoas: If I were, if you were; if he were, etc.
Esta forma usada em ingls nas frases condicionais.
Na linguagem falada, porm, pode usar-se a forma do conjuntivo were ou a forma do indicativo was.
Contudo, a expresso if I were you mantm-se mesmo na lngua falada.

TIPO 3 EXPRIME UMA CONDIO IMPOSSVEL:

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IF

PAST PERFECT

PERFECT CONDITIONAL

If

you had gone to the exhibition,

you would have enjoyed it.

If

she hadnt taken care,

she would have been hurt.

If

he hadnt trained hard,

he wouldnt have gained any prize.

MODAL VERBS
CAN / COULD

MUST

SHALL / SHOULD

NEED

MAY / MIGHT

OUGHT TO

WILL / WOULD

DARE

Os chamados Modal Verbs so usados como verbos auxiliares, exprimindo sentidos e funes especficas em ligao com o
verbo principal.

CAN / COULD = to be able to (ser capaz de)

MAY / MIGHT = to be allowed to (ser permitido)
MUST = to have to (ter de / precisar)
SHOULD / OUGHT TO (dever)
SHALL / SHOULD
WILL / WOULD
NEED (precisar)
DARE (ousar / atrver-se)

FUTURE TENSES

Simple Future They will go

Going to Im going to buy

Podemos falar de futuro em ingls usando shall / will (Simple Future) e a forma going to.

SIMPLE FUTURE
I
We

You
shall go

He, she, it

will go

They

A forma will hoje em dia usada para todas as pessoas, exceto na interrogativa. (Nunca pode dizer: Will I open the
window?)

GOING TO FUTURE
Ex.:

Im going to buy a new house.

Is he going to take you to the Zoo?
They are not going to pay me.
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Os advrbios ou expresses adverbiais ligadas ao futuro so as seguintes:

soon

tonight

next week

in a few minutes

by next week

shorty

tomorrow

next month

in a few weeks

by two oclock

next year

SHALL /WILL EMPREGA-SE PARA EXPRIMIR:

previses;
Ex.:

promessas e oferecimentos;
Ex.:

Itll soon be midnight. Ill feel better tomorrow.

Ill help you. Ill carry it for you.

pedidos declinados e formais.

Ex.: Will you fetch my cardigan, please?

GOING TO EMPREGA-SE PARA EXPRIMIR:

intenes e decises pessoais previamente tomadas; por isso mais usada com pessoas do que com coisas;
Ex.: Hes going to pick me up at 5. Shes going to sell her house. (Estava previamente combinado e
decidido.)

situaes futuras (futuro prximo), que so consequncia de situaes presentes.

Ex.: Hes eaten too much. He is going to get sick.

FUTURE PERFECT
Esta forma de futuro significa que uma determinada ao ir ficar completada num determinado momento do futuro.
Ex.: I shall have finished the report in three hours. (Eu terei terminado)

IMPERATIVE
O imperative emprega-se para exprimir:

Ordens, advertncias e instrues.

Ex.:

Go ahead! (Vai em frente!)

Dont do that!

Lets + infinitive (envolve o sujeito que fala)

Lets = let us

Ex.:

Lets go ahead! (Vamos em frente!)

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