MODELING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

Kaspar Willam
University of Colorado at Boulder
With contributions by Keun Lee and Dr. Byunghun Kim, UC-Boulder

Class Meeting #8: Micromorphic Continuum Formulations

Higher Grade Continua:
Include Gradient, Micropolar and Nonlocal Formulations
Internal Length Scale:
Regularizes Softening Formulations Independently of Mesh Size
Micromorphic Finite Elements:
Increase Stiffness Properties when compared to Classical Finite
Displacement Elements

REGULARIZATION OF ILL-POSEDNESS
Mesh Objectivity of Localized Failure Simulations:
Higher Grade Continua:
- Gradient Formulations
- Cosserat Formulations
- Micromorphic Formulations
Nonlocal Methods:
- Nonlocal Kinematic Measures
- Nonlocal Kinetic Measures
- Nonlocal Internal Descriptions
Kinematic Discontinuities:
- PUM Methods
- Multiple Interfaces with Fixed Orientation
- Adaptive Crack Tracking methods
Class #8 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

HIGHER GRADE CONTINUUM FE MODEL

Micromorphic Continua: Mindlin [1963], Eringen [1999]
x, t) and h (x
x, t)
Micromorphic Two Field Finite Element Expansion: u (x
1. Nodal Displacements (2-D): u I = [u1, u2]t
2. Nodal Micro-Deformations (2-D): h I = [h11, h22, h12, h21]t
(a) Macro Deformations: symmetric
u
x)u
uI (t)
x, t) = sym
 (x
N
x
I (x
(b) Relative Micro-Deformations: non-symmetric

h(x
x, t) = xN uI(x
x)u
uI (t) N
hI (t)
e (x
I x )h
(c) Micro Curvatures = Micro Deformation Gradient: non-symmetric
h

(x
x, t) = xN
hI (t)
(x
I x )h
Class #8 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

MICROMORPHIC FINITE ELEMENT

Conjugate Stresses for Linear Isotropic Elastic Behavior:
(a) Macro Stress-Deformation Relationship: Symmetric

= Em : 

E m = K m1 1 + 2GmI s,dev
(b) Relative Stress-Deformation Relationship: Non-Symmetric

s = E rel : e

a,dev
E rel = K rel1 1 + 2GrelI s,dev + 2Grel
c I
(c) Micro Moment-Curvature Relationship: Non-symmetric

= E :

E = 2`2cG
Note characteristic length scale `2 due membrane-bending interaction
Class #8 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

MICROMORPHIC FINITE ELEMENT

MM Element Stiffness Partitions:
"

uu
k uu
m + k rel
k hu
rel

|kk uh
rel
hh
|kk hh
+
k

rel

u
h


=
321

3232

int
(a) Macroscopic Stiffness: Standard displacement partition Wm

k uu
m =

f
fh

ext
321

 : dV

B u]t[E
E m][B
B u]dV
[B

V
int
(b) Relative Micro Stiffness:membrane-bending interaction Wrel

k uh
rel =

ee : s dV

u N
h]t[E
u N
h]dV
E rel ][B
[B

V
int
(c) Micro-Curvature Stiffness: introduces length-scale W

k hh
=

Z
V

: dV

h]t[E
h]dV
E ][B
[B

DIFFERENCE OF MACRO AND MICROMORPHIC STIFFNESS

Difference between macro and micromorphic stiffness properties:
k dif = k mm k m
(a) MM Schur Complement:

[kk uu
mm ]1616

h i
uu
uh
= [kk uu
m + k rel ]1616 k rel

1616

h
i1
hh
k hh
+ k rel

1616

h i
k hu
rel

1616

(b) Standard Macro Element:

k uu
m =

B u]t[E
E m][B
B u]dV
[B

Stiffness difference is positive semi-definite:

i(kk dif ) 0 such that k mm k m
Micromorphic stiffness is larger than or at least equal to the macroscopic
stiffness (equality holds for rigid body and constant energy states).
Class #8 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

MULTIPLE REPOSITORIES OF INTERNAL ENERGIES

Difference of macro and micromorphic strain energy contributions:
(a) Standard Macro Element:
1 t uu

uI k m
Wmacro = Wsym
= {u
2

Z
1 t
E m][B
B u]dV ] u J }
uI [ [B
B u]t[E
u J } = {u
2
V

(b) Micromorphic Element:

Wmmorphic =

Wsym

s
Wsym

s
Wskew

Wsym

Wskew

1 t
= {ddI k mm d J }
2

Both formulations coincide for RBM and constant energy states whereby
uI , h I ].
d I = [u
Class #8 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

STIFFNESS DIFFERENCE
Effect of Internal Length Scale `c `e:
Eigenvalues of Difference Matrix: i(kk mm k m) 0

15000

Lc/L = 0.1
Lc/L = 1.0
Lc/L = 10

Eigenvalues

12000

9000

6000

3000

0
0

10

Numbers of eigenvalues

11

12

13

14

15

16

STIFFNESS DIFFERENCE
Effect of anti-symmetry in s e :
Eigenvalues of Stiffness Difference Matrix: i(kk mm k m) 0

15000
Gc / G = 0.0
Gc / G = 0.5
Gc / G = 1.0

Eigenvalues

12000

9000

6000

3000

0
0

10

Numbers of eigenvalues

11

12

13

14

15

16

STIFFNESS DIFFERENCE
Effect of Bulk Damage: Kd = [1 dK ]Ko:
Eigenvalues of Stiffness Difference Matrix: i(kk mm k m) 0

15000
Kd / K = 0.0
Kd / K = 0.5
Kd / K = 1.0

Eigenvalues

12000

9000

6000

3000

0
0

10

Numbers of eigenvalues

11

12

13

14

15

16

STIFFNESS DIFFERENCE
Effect of Shear Damage: Gd = [1 dG]Go:
Eigenvalues of Stiffness Difference Matrix: i(kk mm k m) 0

15000
Gd / G =0.0
Gd / G =0.5
Gd / G =1.0

Eigenvalues

12000

9000

6000

3000

0
0

10

Numbers of eigenvalues

11

12

13

14

15

16

CONCLUDING REMARKS
Main Lessons from Class # 8:
Length Scale:
Effect of Multiscale Interactions.
Stiffening Properties:
Effect of Multiple Energy Contributions.
MM-FE Discretization:
Static Condensation of Degrees of Freedom for Micro-Deformations ?

Class #8 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007