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Anuski
Anuski
Anuski
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
V. Ya. Basevich, S. M. Kogarko, and E. I. Dinaburg, Teor. Osnovy Khim. Tekhnol., 10, 155 (1976).
V . A . Basevieh and S. M. Kogarko, Archiwun Termodynamiki Spalania, _7, 421 (1976).
J . M . B u r g e r s , Adv. Appl. Mech., _1, 35 (1948).
l~. N. Fedorov (editor), L i b r a r y of F o r t r a n P r o g r a m s [in Russian], Vol. 2, Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research, Dubna (1970).
V. Ya. Basevieh and S. M. g o g a r k o , Archiwun Termodynamiki Spalania, 6, 95 (1975).
V . A . Khramtsov, in: Combustion at High P r e s s u r e s [in Russian], Izd. Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, Moscow
(1970).
S . N . Kozlov, V. Ya. Basevich, and S. M. g o g a r k o , Teor. Osnovy Khim. Tekhnol., 7, 614 (1973).
STABILITY
SUBSONIC
GAS-FUEL
Yu.
OF
SUBMERGED
DIFFUSION
AND UNDEREXPANDED
FLAMES
IN
SUPERSONIC
STREAMS
M.
Annushkin
and
E.
D.
Sverdlov
The stability of combustion of a fuel jet past the nozzle (after shutoff of the ignition system) is an i m p o r tant c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the burning of a diffusion flame. The analysis of flame stability normally precedes the
a e r o d y n a m i c analysis of a gas flame. In the event of flame instability its aerodynamic analysis becomes pointless. The aerodynamic analysis of a stable flame can be c a r r i e d out by means of well-known approximative
methods resting on the assumption of infinite burning rates (or short burning times relative to the residence
time of the f u e l - a i r mixture in the h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e mixing layers) [1-41.
It is inferred f r o m a theoretical analysis [5, 6] based on the concepts of Zel'dovich regarding flame
stability in the boundary l a y e r of unbounded flows I7] that the flame must be stable for any fuel d i s c h a r g e
rates. Experimental studies [8-101 indicate the existence of a limiting discharge rate of fuel (subscript T)
w~r at which blowoff of the flame takes place. The limiting value grows nonlinearly with the nozzle (subscript c) d i a m e t e r d c, and the degree of influence of the nozzle diameter increases as well [10].
It follows f r o m [11, 12], in which a t h e r m o c h e m i e a l model of stability is used, that the standoff distance h f r o m the nozzle to the base of the lifted flame is determined by the homochronicity c r i t e r i o n Ho =
WTTb/dc, where dc/W T is proportional to the residence time of the mixture in the h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e boundary
l a y e r and ~b is a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c burning time of the mixture. It is a s s u m e d in [11, 12] that for a constant value
of Tb, which is determined by the composition and t e m p e r a t u r e TT of the fuel as well as the ambient ("outer")
t e m p e r a t u r e T o and p r e s s u r e Po of the medium surrounding the flame, a certain limiting value Ho ~ of the
homochronicity c r i t e r i o n exists, c o r r e s p o n d i n g to blowoff of the flame. In this case the discharge rate at
blowoff must be directly proportional to the nozzle d i a m e t e r (w~- ~ dr).
F o r w T > w~r it is assumed a priori in [11, 12] that existence of a flame is impossible. The experiments
analyzed below show that these conclusions are indeed c o r r e c t , but they are incomplete and depend on the p a r ticular range of nozzle d i a m e t e r s and kind of fuel analyzed by the cited authors.
The present study has disclosed new stability properties and a certain general pattern (Fig. 1), namely
that in working with a constant nozzle diameter,__ if the fuel discharge rate is increased for w T > w~fl by inc r e a s i n g the relative p r e s s u r e difference A p c = (p~ - pn)/po = 7r~ - 1, it is possible to attain a c e r t a i n value
of the p r e s s u r e difference (or WT), above which flame stability is restored. As Ape is increased (in the
domain w T > ~ 0T2) the stability of the flame i n c r e a s e s . Flame stability is r e s t o r e d in the domain of supersonic
p r e s s u r e differences (Apc2 > aXpcr ~ 0.89), and in a certain interval ~Pc = aXPci-APc 2 the flame is unstable
(goes out). The interval between Apc i and LXPc2 can span s e v e r a l o r d e r s of magnitude, depending on the nozzle
diameter. F o r nozzle d i a m e t e r s g r e a t e r than a certain limiting value dr* (for a given fuel and T T, T o, Po =
const) absolute flame stability is realized for any discharge velocities, and the conclusions of [5, 6] become
valid. All the existing experimental studies, conclusions, and generalizations of the above-cited papers have
Moscow. Translated f r o m Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, No. 5, pp. 53-63, September-October, 1978.
Original a r t i c l e submitted June 15, 1977.
597
UJ
( pol
'
'
9 '
.LO o
..._Flllltl
II.lllll
l|lllll
~[[ I [ [ 1 1
IIIlA
[ [ 11 t I I
bo
c
T
'
I
t
I i/i
I I~3
a~
de
F i g . 1. Q u a l i t a t i v e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of f l a m e i n s t a b i l i t y d o m a i n
(blowoff in d o m a i n A) and f l a m e b a s e s f o r A T > 1 and ~tT < 1;
To, Po, T~-, L 0 a r e c o n s t a n t : 1) d i s c h a r g e r a t e a t f l a m e blowoff
with i n c r e a s e in WT; 2) r a t e at r e s t o r a t i o n of f l a m e s t a b i l i t y in
s u p e r s o n i c d o m a i n of A--pc (AT > 1); d c > d~) d o m a i n of a b s o l u t e
f l a m e s t a b i l i t y f o r any A T (A T ~ 1); B) c u r v e e n v e l o p i n g i n s t a bility domain.
b e e n o b t a i n e d in the r e g i o n of the l o w e r p a r t of the s t a b i l i t y c u r v e (see F i g . 1B) (for w ~ = w~rl, d c < dc).
The
and
Data-Processing
Procedures
598
TABLE
I
T~r=
Gas
uf max,
** /
0,34 [9}
0,39
Municipal gas
0,64
L75 [JSl
1[5, 9]
[9, 201
lF
ls
wT , m s
m/see
Hydrogen
Methane
Propane
TO
(exper.)
(calc.)
~600
~6
~5
I 5 0 ~ t70
180+210
250-- 320
5t,2
74
II3
~10
150-- 160
63
Note. 1) Volumetric composition of municipal gas: 88.6~ CH4, 8.8%Hz, 1% CO, 0.3%CO 2,
0.2~ z, 0.8%Na. 0.2%othel~;2)The flame
"
,~
1
2,0
1,0
[
-----4-v(~T)
,v(Xai
'%,
0,a
0,2
r"
- 20
-a
o,s
F i g . 2. R e l a t i v e d i a m e t e r and r e d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s in i s o b a r i c a n d
n o m i n a l (Pa = Po) c r o s s s e c t i o n s of
nozzle versus available relative
p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s : 1) c o n v e r g e n t
n o z z l e ; 2) n o m i n a l flow (Pc = Po)"
f0
0,4
-3
-2
-!
3 1,{t apt
599
Experimental
Results
and
Analysis
**
~T Re*-
% 0 . 6 - - ~ c (.1 + 0.5 l g D o ) ,
(1)
(2)
(3)
w(x, y)NwTd~/h.F(yD),
I100
w;,
m/sec
900
700
-~
""
I
2
(
500
0,4
0,8
t,f
1//tic, ITIIT1-1
1,6
2. 0
F i g . 3. Influence of n o z z l e d i m e n s i o n s on w T
f o r h y d r o g e n flow at D o = 3 . 5 m m ,
T~__=T o =
300~
Pc = 100 k P a ; 1) D o = c o n s t , 2) D o = l .
600
h~
~Tmox
60
H2
40
f]
20
~.r=1
0
400
800
1200
CH 4
160
I600
o 2
0
,r
;8C
2000'
J
/
120
>-
~ T~ I~
5
+,,
A
80
7
6
9
~o
40
to T, m / s
0
40
>1
h
60
80
f20
f60
I,
J
4-0
20
+ ....r
~T,
m/~ec
10
20
50
40
50
F i g . 4. D i s t a n c e f r o m n o z z l e to b a s e of lifted f l a m e
v e r s u s d i s c h a r g e v e l o c i t y for v a r i o u s v a l u e s of de,
ram: d c = 0.55; 2) 0.8; 3) 1; 4) 1.5; 5) 2; 6) 4; 7) 8;
9) 1 . 3 - 2 4 [18]; 10) c a l c u l a t e d f r o m (10).
in which F(YD) is d e t e r m i n e d for y = YD f r o m the r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n a c r o s s the jet [13, 141"
F (~) = w l w . , =
(1 - - g - a / s ) 2.
(5)
H e r e y = Y/Rbo, Rbo is the radius of the jet boundary at x = h, and w m is the v e l o c i t y on the jet a x i s (w m ~
w T 9d T / h ) .
at
X=h.
rddmax~ZC3TTk OY ]max
(6)
The b o u n d a r i e s of the burning jet f o r w T > w ~ a c q u i r e a kink f a i r l y c l o s e to the c r o s s s e c t i o n of the s t a b i l i z a t i o n ring (for x ~ 0.dh), and the b o u n d a r i e s of the burning jet with liftoff of the f l a m e b a s e a r e c o n s i d e r ably b r o a d e r than the b o u n d a r i e s of the unlit jet, c l e a r l y as a r e s u l t of the s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e in the d e g r e e of
t u r b u l e n c e due to ignition of the jet.
601
-_Y
i-15
h'
(~bo) ~6---
x4
9 2
65[
9 3
~el
8
[
//11-"
.~'~ I
,"
/
/
Rbo
(x:
h '
YF
10
9~
b,
e e ~ A .
10
I(~=,Y~.L,I- B ~
/ . _ _ _ s
J_.
20
50
"a
....
, I
<tO
50
,~ = ~_
~YT
F i g . 5. P a t h of the s t a b i l i z a t i o n r i n g of a l i f t e d f l a m e in t h e
b o u n d a r y l a y e r and of the j e t b o u n d a r y with v a r i a t i o n of WT f o r
h y d r o g e n fuel, Pc = 100 k P a , T ~ = T o = 300~K. E x p e r i m e n t a l ,
YD:_ 1) d c = 0 . 5 5 m m ;
2) 1 m m ; 3) 1 . 5 m m . , YF, t~o-', R~o,
Rbo: I) w T = 800 m / s e e ;
II) 1080 m / s e e ;
III) 1400 m / s e c ;
IV) 1650 m / s e e ; 4) b o u n d a r i e s without b u r n i n g , R I = f(x); A ) c a l DO
c u l a t e d v a l u e of YD a c c o r d i n g to t h e o r y of G. 1~. A b r a m o v i c h
l
(w' = Wma x, YD = 0.4); I3) c a l c u l a t i o n of s u r f a c e a = 1 (without
b u r n i n g , x < h); 5, 6) v a r i a t i o n of l e n g t h 7S in i n t e r v a l of w T =
800-1500 m / s e e .
In a c c o r d a n c e with c o m b u s t i o n t h e o r y [15], f o r s t r o n g t u r b u l e n c e of the j e t in the d o m a i n Re > Re* the
t u r b u l e n t b u r n i n g r a t e is p r o p o r t i o n a l to the R e y n o l d s n u m b e r : u T ~ Re. T h e n f r o m the r e l a t i o n
u r / u f N Re/Re*
at
Re/Re* i> 1
(7)
Urmax N //f ~
tJf w*r*dc
=
Re*
vr
(8)
'
We o b t a i n a s
h ~ v, Re* %
u f w~*"
(9)
h= 0185-v.r Re*
- / wT l),
w h i c h is v a l i d f o r a l l the i n v e s t i g a t e d f u e l s (see F i g . 4).
s u m m a r i z e d in T a b l e 1.
The characteristics
(10)
of the i n v e s t i g a t e d f u e l s a r e
602
160 ] h,
TIlm
120
./
F i g . 6. D i s t a n c e f r o m n o z z l e to b a s e of
lifted hydrogen flame versus discharge
v e l o c i t y , T O = T~- = 300~
Experiment a l : 1)Po = 1 0 0 k P a , d c = 1 . 5 m m ; 2)Po =
7 7 k P a , dc = l . 5 m m ;
3) Po = 3 0 k p a ,
dc = 3 m m ; 4) Po = 30 k P a , dc = 1.5 m m ;
5) c a l c u l a t e d f r o m (10) f o r w~-*= c o n s t ,
uf = c o n s t , T~. = T O = 300~
+2
=30 kPa
80
600
tO00
14oo
1800 w ,
m/sec
(11)
c a n b e t a k e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y a s the l i m i t i n g r e l a t i v e s t a n d o f f d i s t a n c e ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g to c r i t i c a l m i s m a t c h ) ; t h i s
r e l a t i o n is v a l i d f o r both s u b s o n i c a n d s u p e r s o n i c f u e l flow.
It is m o s t n o t i c e a b l e t h a t the s t a b i l i z a t i o n r i n g d o e s not f o l l o w the s u r f a c e a = 1 f o r h / l s > 0.5; its r a d i a l
c o o r d i n a t e i n c r e a s e s s t e a d i l y with w T and h, and the c o o r d i n a t e of the s t o i c h i o m e t r i c s u r f a c e in the s e c o n d half
of i s d e c r e a s e s .
F o l l o w i n g the s u r f a c e of m a x i m u m f l u c t u a t i o n s (w' = Wmax),' the s t a b i l i z a t i o n r i n g d e s c e n d s
with the o p t i m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e l a t i o n s (C~min to a m a x ) , and t h i s s t a n d o f f d i s t a n c e c a u s e s u T m a x to d e c r e a s e
in the d o m a i n of l e a n m i x t u r e s (a = 1.5 to 2) and u l t i m a t e l y r e s u l t s in e x t i n c t i o n of the f l a m e (blowoff).
T h e l e n g t h l s of the s t o i c h i o m e t r i c s u r f a c e of the i s o b a r i c p a r t of the j e t is d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the i n t e g r a l
r e l a t i o n s of t h e t h e o r y of t u r b u l e n t j e t s . In a c c o r d a n c e with the d e c r e a s e in c o n c e n t r a t i o n on the j e t a x i s f o r
(Cm)a= 1 = 1/(1 + L 0) = Cs the l e n g t h
.5c, +Lo/.d
= 5,5
(12
Po _ RTTv
PT
Ro%
~ (~T) =
-o*~'~ (~.~).
uf ~1-' ~L
dc<doc=O.051 ,,TRy*
~,
] / C~,.
( , . ~ )9( w
I,,1
(13)
603
2000 ~-
~-~
oo )Ii
o
,o
20
4o
6o
~oo
8o
(T~
= T O = 300~
o r d i r e c t l y in the e x p e r i m e n t a l l y m e a s u r e d c o o r d i n a t e s ,
A-P~
for
p)=const,
T~=const,
,. "
.__~-_ ~ . . . .
,
,--@,4----fi
; .I
.~o ~ , - - j L ~ K = :
,o-q
.~
i3.'-:,~.t__-~
I i]!
I#-I
~1;
jd
,o-,l 2 Te
~.~]
o
he?
I~,l
ij
~ i
t
"
~
to-.~
I
.I
0)2 0,5 'I 2
5 10 '20 ,50
lO-~'dc" Po ' ram" kPa
F i g . 8. B o u n d a r i e s of i n s t a b i l i t y d o m a i n s f o r
f l a m e s of v a r i o u s f u e l s a t T~- = T o = 300~
Po = v a t ; 1) c a l c u l a t e d f r o m (13), c o n v e r g e n t
n o z z l e ; 2) c a l c u l a t e d f o r k c = v a r , Pc = Po
(" n o m i n a l " flow).
604
CONCLUSIONS
1. The standoff distance of the stabilization ring of the b a s e of a lifted f l a m e i n c r e a s e s along the s u r f a c e
of m a x i m u m v e l o c i t y fluctuations, c a u s i n g it to stand off f r o m the s u r f a c e of s t o i c h i o m e t r i c composition in the
direction of lean fuel m i x t u r e s and finally resulting in extinction.
2. T h e r e is a limiting value of the injection nozzle d i a m e t e r (determined by the fuel composition, a m bient p r e s s u r e , fuel t e m p e r a t u r e , and ambient t e m p e r a t u r e ) , above which absolute stability of the lifted f l a m e
is e n s u r e d f o r any v e l o c i t i e s .
3. A stability model has been proposed, along with analytical relations, making it possible to d e t e r m i n e
the domain of f l a m e instability f o r subsonic and supersonic fuel s t r e a m s discharging into a s t a t i o n a r y s u r rounding a i r space.
The authors a r e indebted to V. R. Kuznetsov f o r suggestions in the c o u r s e of a discussion.
LITERATURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
CITED
605