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Atlas-Of-Stress-Strain-Curves Ocr PDF
Atlas-Of-Stress-Strain-Curves Ocr PDF
Stre~~-~train Curves
Second Edition
The Materials
lnformation Society
IA
L-r60
. A~~
'2.-oc?.
Copyright 2002
by
ASM International
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner.
First printing, December 2002
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EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WI1HOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
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Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Technical Book Committee (2001-2002), Charles A. Parker, Chair.
Prepared with assistancefrom the ASM Internationai Materials Properties Database Committee, P.J. Sikorsky, Chair.
ASM International staff who worked on this project included Charles Moosbrugger, Technical Editor; Veronica Flint,
Acquisitions Editor; Bonnie Sanders, Manager of Production; Carol Terman, Production Project Manager; and Scott Henry, Assistant
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'
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Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
www.asminternational.org
Contents
Preface ....................................................... iv
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior .............................. 1
iii
Preface
In this information age, mechanical property data are plentiful.
However, locating needed information quickly, judging the validity of
the data, and making reasoned comparisons of data can be daunting.
Stress-strain curves condense much information about the mechanical
behavior of metals into a convenient form. From these basic curves the
engineer can extract such information as the strength, ductility, formability, elasticity, and other information useful in predicting the performance of a particular alloy under stress.
ASM International published the first edition of the Atlas of StressStrain Curves, a collection of over 550 curves, in 1986. This book,
along with the Atlas of Fatigue Curves, Atlas of Creep and StressRupture Curves, and the Atlas of Stress-Corrosion and Corrosion
Fatigue Curves, has formed a set of useful rnaterials property resources
for the engineer, materials scientist, and designer.
Well over three years ago---with the encouragement, assistance,
and guidance of the ASM Technical Books and Materials Properties
Database Committees-ASM International embarked on the project to
create this updated, expanded, and improved Second Edition of the
Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves. Some of the overriding goals of this
project have been to:
Add curves for materials that are especially useful to key industries,
including aerospace, automotive, and heavy manufacturing
Seek out curves with a "pedigree" so readers can trace the source of
the information and have some indication regarding its reliability
Include as much pertinent information as possible for each curve.
Factors such as heat-treat condition, product form, thickness, specimen size, orientation, history, testing temperature, and testing rate
all affect materials performance and may be helpful when interpreting the curves
Normalize the presentation of the curves to facilitate comparisons
among different materials
Charles Moosbrugger
Technical Editor
ASM International
iv
Tensile Testing
The simplest loading to visualize is a one-dimensional tensile test, in
which a uniform slender test specimen is stretched along its long central axis. The stress-strain curve is a representation of the performance
of the specimen as the applied load is increased monotonically usually
to fracture.
Stress-strain curves are usually presented as:
"Engineering" stress-strain curves, in which the original dimensions
of the specimens are used in most calculations.
"True" stress-strain curves, where the instantaneous dimensions of
the specimen at each point during the test are used in the calculations. This results in the "true" curves being above the "engineering" curves, notably in the higher strain portion of the curves.
The development of these eurves is described in the following sections.
To document the tension test, an engineering stress-strain curve is
constructed from the load-elongation measurements made on the test
specimen (Fig. 1). The engineering stress, S, plotted on this stressstrain curve is the average longitudinal stress in the tensile specimen. It
Strain ta fractura
Uniform strain
1
~Su
E=Siej~
/
f\lecking
begins
!
'l
''
A'' 1 ' 'vs
,' (offset yield
1
j
1
,
(Eq 1)
The strain, e, plotted on the engineering stress-strain curve, is the average linear strain, which is obtained by dividing the elongation of the
gage length of the specimen, 8, by its originallength, Lo:
(Eq 2)
Because both the stress and the strain are obtained by dividing the load
and elongation by constant factors, the load-elongation curve has the
sarne shape as the engineering stress-strain curve. The two curves frequently are used interchangeably.
The units of stress are force/length squared, and the strain is unitless.
The strain axis of curves traditionally are given units of in./in. or
mmlmm rather than being listed as a pure number. Strain is sometimes
expressed as a percent elongation.
The shape of the stress-strain curve and values assigned to the points
on the stress-strain curve of a metal depend on its:
Composition
Heat treatment and conditioning
Prior history of plastic deformation
The strain rate of test
Temperature
Orientation of applied stress relative to the test specimens structure
Size and shape
Fracture
stress
,/
Fig. 1
Ao
strength)
j
o 0.002
s = _!!__
Fracture
is obtained by dividing the load, P, by the original area of the cross section of the specimen, Ao:
Engineering strain,
Engineering stress-strain curve. lntersection of the dashed line with the curve
determines the offset yield strength.
(Eq 3)
1250
Heat treated
chrome-tungsten
alloy
1000
750
a..
"'
:;;
<I
.,-
"'
!'!
;;
"'
!'!
;;
.!!1
deformed elastically and to retum it when unloaded. This property usually is measured by the modulus of resilience, which is the strain
energy per unit volume, Uo, required to stress the material from zero
stress to the yield stress, Sx. The strain energy per unit volume for any
point on the line is just the area under the curve:
."c
.!!1
-~
500
-50
(Eq 4)
From the definition of modulus of elasticity and the above definiti ou,
the maximum resilience occurs at the yield point and is called the modulus of resilience, UR:
UR
=2
So Eo
=2
So
Sa
(Eq 5)
This equation indicates that the ideal material for resisting energy loads
in applications where the material must not undergo permanent distorTable 1
Metal
Aluminum
Brass, 30 Zn
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Soft
Cast
Lead
Magnesium
Molybdenum
Nickel
Soft
Hard
Nickel-silver, 55Cu-18Ni-27Zn
Niobium
Silver
Steel
Mild
0.75 c
0.75 C, hardened
Tool steel
Tool steel hardened
Stainless, 2Ni-18Cr
Tantalum
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc
Source: Ref 5
0 "-o---o-'.o-o2___o__..o_o4-:----o-'.o-os--~o-'.o-os---=-o.-'-o1~o--o.-'o12
S;,
E =~
GPa
106 psi
279
130
10.2
14.6
40.5
18.8
211
152
16
45
324
30.7
22.1
2.34
6.48
47.1
199
219
132
104
83
28.9
31.8
19.2
15.2
12.0
211
210
201
211
203
215
185
50
120
411
128
105
30.7
30.5
29.2
30.7
29.5
31.2
26.9
7.24
17.4
59.6
18.5
15.2
70
JOI
Strain
Fig. 2
tion, such as mechanical springs, is one having a high yield stress and
a low modulus of elasticity.
For various grades of steel, the modulus of resilience ranges from
100 to 4500 kJ/m3 (14.5 to 650 lbf in./in. 3 ), with the higher values representing steels with higher carbon or alloy contents (Ref 6). This can
be seen in Fig. 2, where the modulus of resilience for the chromiumtungsten alloy would be the greatest of the steels, because it has the
highest yield strength and similar modulus of elasticity. The modulus
of resilience is represented as the triangular areas under the curves in
Fig. 3.
Figure 2 shows that while the modulus of elasticity is consistent for
the given group of steels, the shapes of the curves past their proportionality limits are quite varied (Ref 7).
Strain, e
Fig. 3
Elongation
(a)
Materials wiith Yield Point Phenomenon. Many metals, particularly annealed low-carbon stee:l, show a localized, heterogeneous type
of transition from elastic to plastic deformation that produces a yield
point in the stress-strain curve . Rather than having a flow curve with a
gradual transition from elastic: to plastic behavior, such as Fig. 4(a),
metals with a yield point produce a flow curve ora load-elongation diagram similar to Fig. 4(b). The load increases steadily with elastic strain,
'O
"'
.2
.!!!
'iii
<:
Q)
Elongation
(b)
Fig. 4
ldealized plots of stress-strain. (a) Continuous yielding condition. (b) Discontinuous yielding with an upper yield point A and a relatively constant yieldi ng stress B to C
Upper yield
point
{ '--Yield point
1
1- elongation -+i
...o
"C
this region, and the specimen begins to neck or thin down locally. The
strain up to this point has been uniform, as indicated on Fig. 1. Because
the cross-sectional area is now decreasing far more rapidly than the
ability to resist the deformation by strain hardening, the actual load
required to deform the specimen decreases and the engineering stress
defined in Eq 1 continues to decrease until fracture occurs, at X.
....1
The tensile strength, or ultimate tensile strength, 50 , is the maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen:
S _ Pmax
Unyielded metal
Elongation
Fig. 5
sile axis. They are usually called Liiders bands, Hartmann lines, or
stretcher strains, and this type of deformation is sometimes referred to
as the Piobert effect. They are visible and can be aesthetically undesirable. When severa! Liiders bands are formed, the flow curve during the
yield-point elongation is irregular, each jog corresponding to the formation of a new Liiders band. After the Liiders bands have propagated
to cover the entire length of the specimen test section, the flow will
increase with strain in the typical manner. This marks the end of the
yield-point elongation. The transition from undeformed to deformed
material at the Liiders front can be seen at low magnification in Fig. 6.
The rough surface areas are the Liiders bands in the low-carbon steel.
These bands are also formed in certain aluminum-magnesium alloys.
u-
Ao
(Eq 6)
The tensile strength is the value most frequently quoted from the results
of a tension test. Actually, however, it is a value of little fundamental
significance with regard to the strength of a metal. For ductile metals,
the tensile strength should be regarded as a measure of the maximum
load that a metal can withstand under the very restrictive conditions of
uniaxialloading. This value bears little relation to the useful strength of
the metal under the more complex conditions of stress that usually are
encountered.
For many years, it was customary to base the strength of structural
members on the tensile strength, suitably reduced by a factor of safety.
The current trend is to the more rational approach of basing the static
design of ductile metals on the yield strength. However, because of the
long practice of using the tensile strength to describe the strength of
materials, it has become a familiar property, and as such, it is a useful
identification of a material in the same sense that the chemical composition serves to identify a metal or alloy. Furthermore, because the tensile strength is easy to determine and is a reproducible property, it is
useful for the purposes of specification and for quality control of a
product. Extensive empirica! correlations between tensile strength and
properties such as hardness and fatigue strength are often useful. For
brittle materials, the tensile strength is a valid design criterion.
Measures of Ductility. Currently, ductility is considered a qualitative, subjective property of a material. In general, measurements of
ductility are of interest in three respects (Ref 10):
To indicate the extent to which a metal can be deformed without
fracture in metalworking operations such as rolling and extrusion
To indicate to the designer the ability of the metal to flow plastically
before fracture. A high ductility indicates that the material is "forgiving" and likely to deform locally without fracture should the designer err in the stress calculation or the prediction of severe loads.
To serve as an indicator of changes in irnpurity level or processing
conditions. Ductility measurements may be specified to assess material quality, even though no direct relationship exists between the
ductility measurement and performance in service.
The conventional measures of ductility that are obtained from the
tension test are the engineering strain at fracture, er, (usually called the
elongation) and the reduction in area at fracture, q. Elongation and
reduction in area usually are expressed as a percentage. Both of these
properties are obtained after fracture by putting the specimen back
together and taking measurements of the finallength, Lr, and final specimen cross section, Ar:
(Eq 7)
Ao-At
q=~
Fig. 6
Luders bands (roughened areas), which have propagated along the length
of a specimen of annealed stee/ sheet that was tested in tension.
Unpolished, unetched. Low magnification
(Eq 8)
er will depend on the gage length Lo over which the measurement was
taken (see the section of this article on ductility measurement in tension
testing). The smaller the gage length, the greater the contribution to the
overall elongation from the necked region and the higher the value of
er. Therefore, when reporting values of percentage elongation, the gage
length, Lo. should always be given.
Reduction in area does not suffer from this difficulty. These values
can be converted into an equivalent zero-gage-length elongation, eo.
From the constancy of volume relationship for plastic deformation
(AL= AoLo):
L- Lo
e0 = - Lo
Ao
= -A
-1
1-q
for a metal strained in tension by the amount shown on the curve. Thus,
if the load is removed at this point and then reapplied, the material will
behave elastically throughout the entire range of reloading.
(Eq 9)
This represents the elongation based on a very short gage length near
the fracture. Another way to avoid the complications resulting from
necking is to base the percentage elongation on the uniform strain out
to the point at which necking begins. The uniform elongation, eu, correlates well with stretch-forming operations. Because the engineering
stress-strain curve often is quite flat in the vicinity of necking, it may
be difficult to establish the stmin at maximum load without ambiguity.
In this case, the method suggested in Ref 11 is useful.
cr=
(Eq 11)
The true strain, e, may be determined from the engineering or conventional strain, e. From Eq 2:
= L-Lo =_.!::___ 1
Lo
Lo
e= t:.L
Lo
(Eq 12)
E= (~~=In(~)
e=In
(e
(Eq 13)
+ 1)
(Eq 14)
This equation is applicable only to the onset of necking for the reasons
discussed above. Beyond maximum load, the true strain should be
based on actual area or diameter, D, measurements:
Ao
e = In A
= In
(7t D6)t4
(7t D2)/4
= 2 In
Do
D
(Eq 15)
Figure 7 compares the true-stress/true-strain curve with its corresponding engineering stress-strain curve. Note that, because of the relatively large plastic strains, the elastic region has been compressed into
the y-axis. In agreement with Eq 10 and 14, the true-stress/true-strain
curve is always to the left of the engineering curve until the maximum
load is reached.
"'"'
c5i
Q)
Maximum load
o Fractura
o
Strain
Fig. 7
~.,
VI
.S
1/2
Ol
.3
10
True strain,
Fig. 8
Log-log plat of true-stress/true-strain curve. n is the strain-hardening exponent; K is the strength coefficient.
1.0
Fig. 9
calculated from Eq 2. Frequently, the flow curve is linear from maximum load to fracture, while in other cases its slope continuously
decreases to fracture. The formation of a necked region or mild notch
introduces triaxial stresses that make it difficult to determine accurately
the longitudinal tensile stress from the onset of necking until fracture
occurs. This concept is discussed in greater detail in the section
"Corrected Stress-Strain Curves" in this article. The following parameters usually are deterrnined from the true-stress/true-strain curve.
The true stress at maximum load corresponds to the true tensile
strength. For most materials, necking begins at maximum load at a
value of strain where the true stress equals the slope of the flow curve.
Let O"u and Eu denote the true stress and true strain at maximum load
when the cross-sectional area of the specimen is Au. From Eq 6 the
engineering ultimate tensile strength can be defined as:
S _
u-
Pmax
Ao
(Eq 16)
(Eq 22)
1-q
The true uniform strain, Eu, is the true strain based only on the
strain up to maximum load. It may be calculated from either the specimen cross-sectional area, Au. or the gage length, Lu, at maximum load.
Equation 15 may be used to convert conventional uniform strain to true
uniform strain. The uniform strain frequently is useful in estimating the
formability of metals from the results of a tension test:
Eu=ln Ao
(Eq 23)
Au
(Eq 24)
Ar
(Eq 17)
(Eq 18)
a= KE"
The true fracture stress is the load at fracture divided by the crosssectional area at fracture. This stress should be corrected for the triaxial state of stress existing in the tensile specimen at fracture. Because
the data required for this correction frequently are not available, true
fracture stress values are frequently in error.
The true fracture strain, Ef, is the true strain based on the original
area, Ao, and the area after fracture, Af:
Ao
Er=ln-
Ar
(Eq 21)
This parameter represents the maximum true strain that the material
can withstand before fracture and is ana1ogous to the total strain to fracture of the engineering stress-strain curve. Because Eq 14 is not valid
beyond the onset of necking, it is not possible to calculate Ef from
(Eq 25)
where n is the strain-hardening exponent and K is the strength coefficient. A log-log plot of true stress and true strain up to maximum load
will result in a straight line if Eq 25 is satisfied by the data (Fig. 8).
The linear slope of this line is n, and K is the true stress at E = 1.0
(corresponds to q = 0.63). As shown in Fig. 9, the strain-hardening
exponent may have values from n = O (perfectly plastic solid) to n = 1
(elastic solid). For most metals, n has values between 0.10 and 0.50
(see Table 2).
Table 2
Metals
Condition
Annealed
Annealed
Quenched and tempered
at 540 'C (1 000 'F)
Quenched and tempered
at 705 'C (1300 'F)
Annealed
Annealed
MPa
ksi
Ref
0.26
0.15
0.10
530
641
1572
77
93
228
12
12
13
0.19
1227
178
13
0.54
0.49
320
896
46.4
130
12
13
The rate of strain hardening oo/de is not identica! to the strainhardening exponent. From the definition of n:
n
= d (log ol =
d (log E)
d (In a)
d (In E)
Eda
adE
or
(Eq 26)
Eo can be considered to be the amount of strain hardening that the material received prior to the tension test (Ref 14). Another common variation on Eq 25 is. the Ludwik equation:
(Eq 28)
(Eq 31)
where O'o is the yield stress, and K and n are the same constants as in
Eq 25. This equation may be more satisfying than Eq 25, because the
latter implies that at O true strain the stress is O. It has been shown that
O'o can be obtained from the intercept of the strain-hardening portion of
the stress-strain curve and the elastic modulus line by (Ref 15):
P=aA
ao = ( ; ) 1/(1-n)
(Eq 29 )
a!
Subtangent of unityo
versus
(Eq 32)
dP = adA + Ada
=O
(Eq 33)
dL =-dA =dE
(Eq 34)
da
(Eq 35)
(Eq 36)
:=,
(bl
{a)
8
Engineerlng
strain
Fig. 1O
Graphical interpretation of necking criterion. The point of necking at maximum load can be obtained from the true-stress/true-strain curve by finding
(a) the point on the curve having a subtangent of unity or (b) the point where dcr!ck = cr.
Fig. 11
dcr
dcr de
dcr _ljJ_ dcr L
dcr
- = - - = - = dL = - - = - (1 +e)=cr
dE
dedE
de
L deLo de
(Eq 37)
cr=
where (<>x)avg is the measured stress in the axial direction (load divided
by minimum cross section). Figure 7 shows how the application of the
Bridgman correction changes the true-stress/true-strain curve. A correction for the triaxial stresses in the neck of a flat tensile specimen has
been considered (Ref 22). The values of a/R needed for the analysis can
be obtained either by straining a specimen a given amount beyond
necking and unloading to measure a and R directly, or by measuring
these parameters continuously past necking using photography or a
tapered ring gage (Ref 23).
To avoid these measurements, Bridgman presented an empirica! relation between a/R and the true strain in the neck. Figure 13 shows that
this gives close agreement for steel specimens, but not for other metals
with widely different necking strains. A much better correlation is
obtained between the Bridgman correction and the true strain in the
neck minus the true strain at necking, Eu (Ref 25).
0.75
Fig. 12
o
Fig. 13
0.5
1.0
Strain,
1.5
2.0
Ductility
Compression Testing
Ductility Me~LSurement in Tension Testing. The measured elongation from a tension specimen depends on the gage length of the specimen or the dime:nsions of its cross section. This is because the total
extension consists of two components: the uniform extension up to
neck:ing and the localized extension once neck:ing begins (Fig. 1). The
extent of uniform extension depends on the metallurgical condition of
the material ( thmugh tr,) and the effect of specimen size and shape on
the development of the neck.
The shorter the gage length, the greater the influence of localized
deformation at the neck on the ltotal elongation of the gage length. The
extension of a specimen at fracltUre can be expressed by:
(Eq 40)
where a is the local necking extension and euLu is the uniform extension. The tensile elongation is then:
ef
4-Lo
= ----r;;- = Lo + eu
(Eq 41)
This clearly indicates that the total elongation is a function of the specimen gage length. The shorter the gage length, the greater the percent
elongation.
Numerous attempts have been made to rationalize the strain distribution in the tension test. Perhaps the most general conclusion that can
be drawn is that geometrically similar specimens develop geometrically similar necked regions.
Further details on the neck:ing phenomenon can be found in the article "Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads" in
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook
(Ref26).
Notch Tensil<e Test. Ductility measurements on standard smooth tensile specimens do not always reveal metallurgical or environmental
changes that lead to reduced local ductility. The tendency for reduced
ductility in the presence of a triaxial stress field and steep stress gradients
(such as a rise at a notch) is called notch sensitivity. A common way of
evaluating notch sensitivity is a tension test using a notched specimen.
vi h1 _ v;h2
4
"'
Il.
4 2
200
"'
::2
o 150
rn
~
100
1-
50
o
o
250
0..
()
Q)
100
50
o
0.20
0.30
0.40
!i
fi
0.50
~4
~~
150
::::>
t!=
~
2/
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
True strain
Fig. 14
.........-:: ~
>
;;;
rn 200
Tensile
necking
instability
0.10
/.}
350
o 300
rn
Q)
/~~~a
1(
::2
~
"li)
Il.
Q)
(Eq 42)
400
250
"li)
Fig. 15
Flow curves for AI-2Mg alloy tested in compression for various lubricant
conditions out to E = 1.0. Curve 1, molygrease; curve 2, Molykote spray;
curve 3, boron-nitride spray; curve 4, boron-nitride and alcohol; curve 5, Teflon and
Molykote spray; curve 6, polished dry anvils; curve 7, grooved anvils. Source: Ref 30
14
28
42
56
70
84
100r------,------,------,------,-------,-----,700
80r-----~------T------+------4-----~r-----~560
Clf
420
"(ii
-""
u
cn
~
ii5
40
280
4P
4Ph
=-P =---=
----2
rtD2
(Eq 43)
rtD 2 1h1
=In(~~)= 2ln(~~)
(Eq44)
where either the displacement of the anvil or the diameter of the specimen can be used, whichever is more convenient.
L-----~------~------~------L-----~-L----~0
2
4
8
10
12
6
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
Compressive tangent modulus? 1O psi
Fig. 16
Minimizing barreling of the compression specimen can be accomplished by minimizing friction between the ends of the specimen and
the anvils. This is done by using an effective lubricant and machining
concentric rings on the end of the specimen to retain the lubricant and
keep it from being squeezed out. An extensive series of tests have
shown what works best (Ref 30).
Figure 14 shows the true stress-true strain curve (flow curve) for an
annealed Al-2Mg alloy. Stress and strain were calculated as described
in the previous section. Note how the flow curve in compression agrees
with that determined in a tensile test and how the compressive curves
extend to much larger strains because there is no specimen necking.
Figure 15 extends the strain over double the range of Fig. 14. Note that
once beyond E > 0.5, the curves begin to diverge depending on the
effectiveness of the lubrication. The highest curve (greatest deviation
from uniaxial stress) is for grooved anvils (platens) that dig in and prevent sidewise flow. The least friction is for the condition where a Teflon
(E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE) film sprayed
with Molykote (Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI) is placed
between the anvil and the specimen.
.,..,...... ....
./
_!
1
Strain(g)-
(a)
fig. 17
Strain(g)-
(b)
Differences between constant stress increments and constant strain increments. (a) Equal stress increments resul! in strains of increasing increments. (b) Equal strain
increments result in decreasing stress increments.
104
102
10-6
10
10- 8
1(1-8
1o-
10-'
10- 2
10
102
104
106
ri"-1;-~-..,--r-,
1 -..,1 -.,1,---,~--,1--,1--~<"ll-rl--r~--11-,1 --,-1--Ilo~ Strain rate ls- )
1
1
;::~
;-:
~
Creep
Constant load
or
strnss machine
Quasi-static
~ strain rate ~
~
~
Bar
impact
~
~
1
1 Hydraulic or
1 screw machine
1
: Pneumatic : Mechanical
or
or
1 mechanical 1 explosive
1 machines 1 impact
1
1
Strain versus time 1
or
creep rate
recorded
~Intermediata~
High-velocity
plate impact
Usual method
of loading
1
1
U Mechanical 1
Constant strain
rate test
resonance l Elasticl
11
H in specimen plastic wave
li
and
1propagation 1
li machine 1
1
Shock wave
propagation
Dynamic
considerations
important ---+-1
in testing
Adiabatic------"..1
11
Fig. 18
Elastic
range
'~---'c;=""""."'-''"---. __./!,,/
,. . . . . 8
/'A
.
,'--------.
'
_.------ ..'
First unloading ;
and
reloadin~...:
Residuall
.1
Strain-hardening range
lncrease in yield
point caused by
strain hardening
/
l/
Second unloading
and reloading
.;
~ --~~~~~~---,-------~-,------~---,-~-,~~~--~---~
Ci)
StrainDuctility after
1 second reloading
co
-~
"'
Compression reloading
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
o.
An example of the Bauschinger effect and hysteresis loop in tension-compression-tension loading. The initial tension loading is to about 0.001
strain, followed by i:ompression again to 0.001 strain.
(Eq 45)
Torsional Testing
Torsion tests can be carried out on most materials to determine
mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity in shear, shear
yield strength, ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear, aud
ductility. The torsion test can also be conducted on full-size parts
(shafts, axles, aud pipes) aud structures (beams aud frames) to determine their response to torsionalloading. In torsion testing, unlike tensile testing aud compression testing, large strains can be applied before
plastic instability occurs, aud complications due to friction between the
test specimen aud dies do not arise.
Torsion tests are most frequently carried out on prismatic bars of circular cross section by applying a torsional moment about the longitudinal axis. The shear stress versus shear strain curve can be determined
from sirnultaneous measurements of the torque aud angle of twist of the
test specimen over a predetermined gage length.
When converted from torque (in units of newton-meters or inchpounds) aud angular displacement (in degrees or radians) torsional
stress-strain has the same units as engineering stress-strain, but the
variance from "true" stress-strain is typically much less. On a cylindrical specimen that does not buckle, the difference is 5% or less from
engineering to "true" stress-strain, even in the plastic (nonlinear) range.
There is evidence that torsion testing of hollow tubes is one of the
better ways to determine the effects of strain, strain rate, aud temperature on the flow stress of materials over the range of these variables
usually encountered in the metal working process. Details on torsional
testing aud analysis can be found in the articles "Fundamental Aspects
of Torsional Loading" aud "Shear, Torsion, aud Multiaxial Testing" in
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8 of ASM Handbook.
1
b
Strain,-
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
()"
()"
()"
Fig. 23
Test Variables
The condition of the test environment, composition, conditioning,
size, shape, and history of the specimen are among the factors affecting the stress-sltrain data. These parameters are given to the extent that
they are available.
Test Tempe1rature. Relative to room-temperature (RT) tests, most
materials become stronger, but less ductile, at lower temperatures, and
more ductile, but weaker, at higher temperatures. There are anomalous
behaviors such as blue brittleness. Carbon steels generally exhibit an
increase in strength and a reduction of ductility and toughness at temperatures around 300 oc (570 F). Because such temperatures produce
a bluish temper color on the surface of the specimen, this problem has
been called blue brittleness. Typically, brittleness is associated with
cold-temperature behavior.
Speed of Tt!St. ASTM E 8 (Ref 31) lists five ways of defining the
Strain Rate. Average strain rates for most tension tests range
between 10-2 and 10-5 s-1. Greater strain rates (I0- 1 and 102 s- 1) are
considered dynamic tests. For a specimen of initial gage length Lo and
deformed lenglth L, the specific deformation rate is:
de
dt
1 d(L- 1'-IJ)
= Lo -----;;;--
(Eq 46)
a dE
(Eq 47)
da
m=-----:-
a dE
(Eq 48)
Both n and m are functions of strain and strain rate. m can be negative under some conditions. However, average values frequently are
selected for these parameters, which are then treated as constants.
Values of n usually are between 0.1 and 0.5 for metals; they are
determined from, but not identica! to, strain-hardening rates. Values of
c
Monotonie
Strain,
Fig. 24
Strain,
m for metals are usually much smaller than the corresponding n values
(m < 0.1). m does increase with temperature. However, fine-grained
metals have relatively large rate-sensitivity parameters (m > 0.1) under
specific deformation conditions. Under such conditions, these materials can be deformed to extremely large strains and are called superplastic metals.
High Rate Testing. For extremely high rates of testing, it is commonly assumed that deformation occurs under adiabatic (no heat transfer) conditions. Plastic work is mostly (about 90%) converted to heat.
The remainder is inelastically stored as changes in defect structure. In
high-speed tests, this heat raises the temperature of the material.
Consequently, the material properties are changed. This is another
major complication in analyses of high-speed tests.
Consequences of testing over a wide spectrum of strain rates are
summarized in Fig. 18 (Ref 33).
Test data
1,.... Rupture
1...--r
1
-~
U5
1\LI
1
1
1
1
Stress
lsochronous Curves
(a)
lsochronous
Strain~
(b)
Fig. 25
1 15
Isochronous curves are included in this Atlas, although they are not
simply stress-strain curves. The parameter of time is added to them.
Mechanical tests can be performed as short-time static tests or longterm creep deformation tests. Data from the long-term tests are
recorded as sets of strain as a function of time for different loads
(stresses) for a given temperature. As the stress increases, this time to
rupture is less as seen in Fig. 25(a). Collections of these data can be
analyzed by holding one of the three variables (time, stress, and strain
constant). From Fig. 25(a) (where stress is constant on each curve), valnes at constant time can be found in effect by constructing a vertical
line, perpendicular to the time axis, that intersects the farnily of curves.
Values at the intersection points form sets of stresses and strains at constant time that can be plotted on a linear coordinate system at these
selected times to make the isochronous curves (Fig. 25b). These farnilies of curves are plotted at a given temperature, since temperature is so
significant to the creep behavior of an alloy.
Units and Unit Conversions. The units on the left side and bottom
of the curve are the units of the source document. The conversion of
strain units on the curves is 1 ksi = 7 MPa. This conversion is used so
that a common grid can be used. The more precise conversion is 1 ksi
Short
Long
transverse
Long
transverse
Transverse
Fig. 26
Long
transverse
crn
E=-+-
= Eelastic + Eplastic
= 0.002(cr/cro.zyp)n
(Eq 51)
(Eq 49)
transverse
transverse
(Eq50)
Terms
Terms common to discussion of stress-strain curves, tensile testing,
and material behavior under test included here (Ref 1, 2).
accuracy. (1) The agreement or correspondence between an experimentally deterrnined value and an accepted reference value for the
material undergoing testing. The reference value may be established
by an accepted standard (such as those established by ASTM), or in
some cases the average value obtained by applying the test method
to all the sampling units in a lot or batch of the material may be used.
(2) The extent to which the result of a calculation or the reading of
an instrument approaches the true value of the calculated or measured quantity.
axial strain. Increase (or decrease) in length resulting from a stress acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
Bauschinger effect. The phenomenon by which plastic deformation
increases yield strength in the direction of plastic flow and decreases
it in other directions.
breaking stress. See rupture stress.
brittleness. A material characteristic in which there is little or no plastic (permanent) deformation prior to fracture.
chord modulus. The slope of the chofd drawn between any two specific points on a stfess-stfain curve. See also modulus of elasticity.
compressive strength. The maximum compfessive stress a material is
capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compfession by fracturing, the compfessive strength has a definite value. In
the case of ductile, malleable, Of semiviscous materials (which do not
fail in compfession by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for
compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of
distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material.
compressive stress, Se. A stress that causes an elastic body to deform
(shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile
stress.
creep. Time-dependent strain occurring under stress. The creep strain
occurring at a diminishing rate is called primary or transient creep;
that occurring at a minimum and almost constant rate, secondary or
steady-rate cn!ep; that occurring at an accelerating rate, tertiary creep.
creep test. A method of determining the extension of metals under a
given load at a given temperature. The determination usually
involves the plotting of time-elongation curves under constant load;
a single test may extend over many months. The results are often
expressed as lthe elongation (in millimeters or inches) per hour on a
given gage length (e.g., 25 mm, or 1 in.).
cyclic loads. Loads that change value over time in a regular repeating
pattern.
discontinuous yielding. The nonuniform plastic flow of a metal
exhibiting a yield point in which plastic deformation is inhomogeneously distributed along the gage length. Undef some circumstances, it may occur in metals not exhibiting a distinct yield point,
either at the onset of or during plastic flow.
ductility. The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing.
elastic constants. The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. See also modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio.
elasticity. The property of a material whereby deformation caused by
stress disappears upon the re:moval of the stress.
elastic limit. The maximum stress that a material is capable of sustaining without :my permanent strain (deformation) remaining upon
complete release of the stress. See also proportionallimit.
elongation. (1) A term used in mechanical testing to describe the
amount of extension of a testpiece when stressed. (2) In tensile testing, the increase in the gage length, measured after fracture of the
specimen within the gage length, er, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.
elongation, pereent. The extension of a uniform section of a specimen
expressed as percentage of the original gage length:
Elongation, % = L,.
Zo Lo x 100
Hooke's Law. The law of springs, which states that the force required
to displace (stretch) a spring is proportional to the displacement.
hysteresis (mechanical). The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or
lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading
when a material is subjected to repeated loading.
load, P. In the case of mechanical testing, a force applied to a testpiece
that is measured in units such as pound-force or newton.
Liiders lines. Elongated surface markings or depressions, often visible
with the unaided eye, that form along the length of a tension specimen at an angle of approximately 45 to the loading axis. Caused by
localized plastic deformation, they fesult from discontinuous (inhomogeneous) yielding. Also known as Liiders bands, Hartrnann lines,
Piobeft lines, or stretcher strains.
maximum stress, Smax The stress having the highest algebraic value
in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly.
mechanical hysteresis. Energy absorbed in a complete cycle of loading and unloading within the elastic limit and represented by the
closed loop of the stress-strain curves for loading and unloading.
mechanical properties. The properties of a material that reveal its
elastic and inelastic behavior when force is applied Of that involve
the relationship between the intensity of the applied stress and the
strain produced. The properties included under this heading are those
that can be recorded by mechanical testing-for example, modulus
of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and fatigue limit.
mechanical testing. The methods by which the mechanical properties
of a metal are determined.
modulus of elasticity,E. The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal;
the ratio of stress, below the proportionallimit, to the corresponding
strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity
is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. Also known as Young's modulus. For
materials that do not conform to Hooke's law throughout the elastic
range, the slope of either the tangent to the stress-strain curve at the
origin or at low stress, the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on the stress-strain curve, or the chord connecting any two
specific points on the stress-strain curve is usually taken to be the
modulus of elasticity. In these cases, the modulus is referred to as the
tangent modulus, secant modulus, or chord modulus, respectively.
modulus of resilience, UR. The amount of energy stored in a material
when loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined by measuring the
area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. See also
strain energy.
modulus of rigidity. See shear modulus.
modulus of rupture. Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or torsion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at
fracture (Mc) divided by the section modulus ([):
Mc
Sb=[
In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture (Tr) divided by
the polar section modulus (J):
Tr
s, =-.T
modulus of toughness, UT. The amount of work per unit volume done
on a material to cause failure under static loading.
m-value. See strain-rate sensitivity.
natural strain. See true strain.
necking. Reducing the cross-sectional area of metal in a localized area
by stretching.
nominal strain. See strain.
nominal strength. See ultimate strength.
nominal stress. The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section
by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on
von Mises effedive stress and strain. The effective stress (a) and
effective strain (E) are given by:
and
v'2
= -3-
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Portions of this article are adapted from G.E. Dieter, "Mechanical
Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads," Mechanical Testing
and Evaluation, Volume 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 99-108.
REFERENCES
1. Glossary of Terms, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Voi 8, ASM
Handbook, ASM International, 2000, p 939-952
2. ASM Materials Engineering Dictionary, ASM International, 1992
3. D.J. Mack, Trans. AIME, Vol166, 1946 p 68-85
4. P.E. Armstrong, Measurement of Elastic Constants, Techniques of
Metals Research, Voi V, R.F. Brunshaw Ed., Interscience, 1971
5. G. Carter, Principles of Physical and Chemical Metallurgy, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 87
6. H. Davis, G. Troxell, and G. Hauck, The Testing ofEngineering Materials, 4th ~~d., McGraw-Hill, 1982, p 33
7. H. Davis, G. Troxell, and G. Hauck, The Testing ofEngineering Materials, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1982, p 314
8. "Copper and Copper Alloys-Rod for General Purposes," EN
12163, CEN, 1998
9. "Designation Systems for Steel-Part 1:Steel Names, Principal
Symbo1s," EN-10027-1, CEN, 1992, p 4
10. G.E. Dieter, Introduction to Ductility, Ductility, American Society
for Metals, 1968
11. A.C. Ugnral and S.K. Fenster, Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, 1995
12. J.R. Low and F. Garofalo, Proc. Soc. Exp. Stress Anal., Voi 4 (No.
2), 1947, p 16--25
13. J.R. Low, Properties of Metals in Materials Engineering, American
Society for Metals, 1949
SELECTED REFERENCES
"Standard Terrninology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing," E 6, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Voi 03.01
"Tensi1e Testing of Metallic Materials," E 8, Annual Book of ASTM
Standards, Voi 03.01
"Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials" E 21
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Voi 03.01
'
'
"Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus," E 111,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vo1 03.01
"Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials," EN 10002: 1
"Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing at E1evated Temperature," ISO
783
"Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing at Ambient Temperature," ISO
6892
"Metallic Materia1s-Tensile Testing at Low Temperature," ISO
15579
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Ferrous Metals
60
50
"'
280
40
a.
a;
-"'
II
II
"'
210
30
"'
~
a;
~
a;
c:
c:
140
20
~-------OL.1-------0~.2-------0~.3-------0~.4------~0.~
Strain,%
350
Yieldpoint
200
::f
~
100
50
Caststeel
250
Cii 150
300
&.
1/ /V
1/
V
[::7
~tiran
300.---,---,----,---,---,,---,---~---,---,
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Strain,%
80
-,
PL
10
~ray iron
YS
280 ui
"'~
i'i3
210
140
1/f/
&.
PL
./
20
350
:::::;
--r--=-
r---
30
490
420
50
irj
~s!eel
1/YS
60
~uctile
-/
-<s
1/f. -----h1/r
~ V ---V
Pearlitic
70
560
70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
1
1
1
40
10
_.........- ~
50
20
V
//V
---
1
1
IT
::!:
0.2
r..
(/)
0.3
0.5
0.4
Strain,%
0.6
o~
V
v-
0.7
420
350
280
Source: G.F. Seargeant and E.R. Evans, The Production and Properties
of Compacted Graphite Irons, British Foundryman, May 1978. As published in C.F. Walton, Ed., lron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting
Society, 1981, p 388
LJ::!%
Compressionl-
Tens1on
!--- ~rr-
8:.
::!:
210
PL
140
PL
70
j'
0.1
ui
70
lf
20
140
1
v
1//V
1V
40
280
210
60
50
350
8:.
1
1/
0.1
10
420
60
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
ui
1600
CI.007 Austempered ductile iron casting, stressstrain curves showing effect of matrix structure
1400
1200
1000
"'
Il.
:2
"'
~
1})
800
~--
--- -- ---
(/)
600
400
200
o
o
6
Strain,%
10
600
/~
....
12
....
,:/
550
500
450
/IT
"' 400
Il.
:2
ai 350
"O
:::J
~ 300
E
Zl"' 250
~
ii5 200
/
150
Source: M.J.D. Frier, "Strain Life Data and Stress/Strain Data for
Austempered Ductile Irons-Tests of the High-Strengtb Grade," Report
1820, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1991, p 3
100
50
- - Monotonie
........... Cyclic
- - - Elasti c
1
1
/
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
0.30
0.35
0.40
600
550
500
450
/j
"' 400
a.
::!:
CI
350
/!
"O
~ 300
"'lll
250
(f)
200
/)~"
/V
//
V
~/
J/
150
100
50
oo
- - Monotonie
Cyclic
- - j" Elastic
1
/
0.05
0.1 o
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Strain amplitude, %
600
/,
/
550
//
500
.a
'8. 300
lll"' 250
~
Ci) 200
150
100
350
"O
50
/V
"' 400
a.
CI
//
450
::!:
- - Monotonie
........... Cyclic
---Elastic
/
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Strain amplitude, %
0.40
0.45
700
600
500
"'
Q_
,.j
"O
:::l
:t::
Ci
~ 300
"'~
Ci)
200
100
?'
.
:2:
ai 400
.
~
....
Souree: LS. Matharu and M.J.D. Frier, "Strain-Life Fatigue Data and
Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile Irons-A Preliminary
Report," Report 1795, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA),
1990, p 53
- - Monotonie
Cyclie
_ _ Elasr
1
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
0.30
0.35
0.40
700
500
"'
Q_
,.}
:2:
ai 400
"O
~
Ci
~ 300
200
100
~.
/-'''
.
oo
0.05
Source: LS. Matharu and M.J.D. Frier, "Strain-Life Fatigue Data and
Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ducti1e Irons-A Preliminary
Report," Report 1795, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA),
1990, p 53
- - Monotonie
........... Cyelie
_
Elastr
0.1 o
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain amplitude, %
0.30
0.35
0.40
875
125
stress-strain curves
Modulus of elasticity varies from the maximum 150 GPa
(21.7 x 106 psi) (curve 1) to the minimum 159 GPa
(23.0 x 106 psi) (curve 3), with an average of 157 GPa
(22.7 x 106 psi) (curve 2), based on 40 tests
700
100
230v
1
u;
';<y /
525
75
Source: Nodular Iron, Properties and Selection of Metals, Voi 1, 8th ed.,
Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1961, p 386
"'
n.
-"'
::2:
"'"'
~
Ci)
350
50
"'"'
~
~----L---~2L---~3----~4----~5----~6----~7
60
55
50
45
315
280
1
1
vL/ 7
p
1
"'
245 ::2:
n.
"'
"'
210 ~
"'
PL
1
1
15
10
5
175 -~
~
20
140
105
70
35
1
0.1
350
i/
40
li
420
)---
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
450
400
350
2A/
300
3/ jl
"'
o._
::1!:
CI
"'
250
~r
c:
~
150
50
lj/ v-
200
100
.---
~~
_....
11
f
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
Strain,%
750
675
600
"'
::1!:
525
1
1
} v--
o._
CI
450
1ii
~
375
-~
Q)
o.E
300
75
_.... ~
~~
225
150
--
1-
---
h/
11
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
----
50
40
350
!---
280
&.
:2
210 ui
V
1
20
10
"'
~
1/
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
490
60
50
40
:i~
Ci5 30
10
/
J
0.5
420
350
280
ui
210
140
70
1.0
1.5
&.
:2
1/
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination ofYoung's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Voi 104,
1996, p 723
70
70
20
140
0.5
'iii
-"
420
60
2.0
2.5
3.0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
"'
~
70
490
60
420
50
_/
u; 40
VV
-"'
ui
"'!!!
/1 1
U5 30
20
10
---
350
280
210
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
3.5
4.0
4.5
60
./
50
~1
-"'
ui
cn 30
--
V: 1
V1
20
0.5
1.5
350
280
&
210
U5
70
'{
1.0
420
140
lj 1
/; 1
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, LY. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination ofYoung's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Voi 104,
1996, p 724
5.0
490
u; 40
70
70
10
~
U5
140
0.5
&
::;;:
ui
r; 1
V' V
11 1
2.0
2.5
3.0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
::;;:
70
490
60
420
50
gj 40
rn 30
10
~~
gf
~
20
,.,.
llj
210
!.
Jj
2
7 8 9 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1
11
60
50
,.,. v -- ---
30
20
10
1r;
,'l
!J
,v
2
7 8 9 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1/l
11/
1/;
'!
oo
.._.."
1/;
11
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination ofYoung's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol104,
1996, p 726
12 13 14 15
,..-
70
80
70
::;
140
1V
350
280
560
490
420
350
::;
280 ui
"'
~
210
140
70
12 13 14 15
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination ofYoung's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol104,
1996, p 726
70
60
50
/i
u; 40
"'
Cii 30
;V)
20
10
. . .v
1'
--
420
350
11
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination ofYoung's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Voi 104,
1996, p 727
1/
140
VA f
70
V,1(1
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
490
70
60
50
u; 40
cn 30
li)
1/
1
0.5
1.0
1.5
rJ
~V
2.0
lhrt
350
rJ
210
140
lj
420
280 ~
:2
,IA1
1/
--
20
V
1
"'~
10
490
70
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
"'
~
300
ElaLc
250
~L
Elaltic
III
P~pt
,...... ---=rrrotal
200
?'Total
{10.7%PS
0.1%PS
50
o
(a)
280
....-
(
240
'/---;- 1
1 1
1/\
200
.J.
Total
iermanent
_1
(b) Strain, %
17
~J
Total
"Permanent
Recoverable
1
10.2% PS
0.1% PSI
Recoverable
1/
"'
0..
:2
u
~ 160
~
"iij
~ 120
c.
f
f
(.)
80
40
1/
0
o
(a)
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.7 0.8
o
(b)
0.4
li
1
--~~
0.1%
proof stress
200
"'
:2
Monotonie/
0..
";
(fJ
//
2
u;
/
1
100
1
1
li
/
1
1
0.10
0.05
0.15
Strain,%
0.20
350
''
300
Q)
Cl
!!'! 200
oS
"C
150
"'
Cyclic
''
100
50
0.05
''
'
0.10
'
''
''
'
''
''
'
'
''
'
''
0.15
Strain,%
''
'
'
''
'
'
'
''
0.20
'
''
''
'
;3~
'
''
''
''
''
- - ;"to.1%
F1rst cycle
'ffi
0.30
'
,'/
"'
~ 250
"'
,gc.
''
'
''
0.25
offset
0.25
0.30
Plastic strain
300
o!1%/S
250
IY
200
0.~% PSj
r-r
oy.Js
,(
lf
"'
a.
::::
"' 150
~
"'
.!!1
c;;
c:
~
100
50
1
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Normalized
12 in. (3oasectiol
Ascast
V / '/" ,.".-J
12[in. (30.8 mm) [section
1
~/
1r
//
1~in.
........
0.1
(a)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9 o
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
CI.031 Recarburized steel ductile casting, longitudinal tensile stress-total strain curves (a) with lateral contraction (b)
Comparison is made between 44.45 mm (1.75 in.) keel test blocks and 304.8 mm diam x 50.8 mm (12 in. diam x 2 in.) castings;
50.8 mm (2 in.) square test specimens cut from the latter. As-cast pearlitic nodular iron, normalized pearlitic, and annealed
ferritic nodular iron are shown for each size. Composition: Fe-3.52C-1.76Si-0.29Mn-0.026S-0.020P-0.92Ni-0.062Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Effect of Section Size on the Stress-Strain Properties ofNodular Cast Iron, BCIRA J., Voll2 (No. 6), Nov 1964, p 766
500
450
....--
400
350
.;
1/)
250
u;
c:
200
150
100
50
--
V
1~%PS
1/
a."'
::;; 300
~
'li)
~%PS
f..--'"
L
1
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.7
~V
o()
0.8
0.9
500
/1 ~11\3~ -
450
400
350
"' 300
~
:li
~ 250
ly
/
--
~~/
<(e<f'.
'/
/0.2% PS
0.1%PS
d!
'(ii
~ 200
150
1
1
100
fi
"'
.!!!
50
tr
1/ /1
fec~~
1
o
0.1
(a)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
o
(b)
0.1
0.2
Strain,%
0.3
CI.033 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, longitudinal tensile stress-strain curves (a) with lateral contraction (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam X 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) =347 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
374 MPa. Composition: Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.063Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Voi 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 175
500
450
400
350
f-----
ttf'a.nen{,jt-
;t)
fi
"'
";
:Il
ti
V/ ~/
~e
1!
"' 300
250
'iii
~ 200
150
100
50
1
1
1
--
L Reco~erable
C(\'1.1
![~V
6 4
~ f-
1/
1
0.2%PS
lf
0.1% PS
1
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
o
(b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain,%
CI.034 Pearlitic ductile iron casting, longitudinal compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 377 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
398 MPa. Composition: Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.063Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCJRA J., Voll2 (No. 2), March 1964, p 180
400.---,----,---.----.---,----.----.---.---~
"'
0..
:2
"' 200
cn
150
100
50
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.45
0.20
{a)
Strain, %
400
350
300
250
"'
:2
0..
"'~ 200
cn
150
100
50
1
0.25
{b)
'/
1'
0.30
0.35
0.40
Strain,%
0.45
0.50
500
1
1
1/
Jlastic lit
450
tr:
400
~1
a!2% PS
f.-- f.--
o.1% Ps_lJ---
350
"'
::;;
1~
Il.
300
Ul
250
c;;
c:
200
150
100
50
1
1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
400
1
/1
1
0.8
0.9
"'
::;;
Il.
II
Ul
..,~
~
1/
200
0.05
/
/
0.10
/0.1%
proof
Monotonie / stress
1
/'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.15
Strain,%
0.20
0.25
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
100
cJclic
........
(/
lf
~ --~
/~
300
c:
0.7
1
1
--
IJ
0.1
c;;
rr
11
lf
II
..,
0.5~ PS
0.30
"'
~ 300~----~------~----~~~~------4-~~---4~
i)
Cl
c:
['!
Cii
.S
Q)
"tl
::l
%
200~----~------~----~-----4~----4------4~
E
1
1
"'"'
/
"'
~
//1
(/)
100~-----v~----~----~1-----4------4------4~
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain,%
1 -5
10
Plastic strain
400.---~---,---,----,---,----,----,---,---
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Strain,%
(a)
400
350
300
L7
250
1/
"'
~ 200
Ci5 150
100
50
0.25
(b)
f'
'/
!/
1'
0.30
0.35
0.40
Strain,%
0.45
0.50
0.55
112
75% UTS
84
12
a..
"'
u;
~
:ii
ui
"'
~
ui
56
"'
~
cn
4~~------+---------+---------,_--------~28
00
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
(a)
84
12
75% UTS
56
a.."'
u;
~
:ii
ui
ui
rn
"'
~
28
0.4
0.1
Strain,%
(b)
42
------
u;
75% UTS
"'
28 a..
:ii
ui
rn
ui
rn
~
14 cn
i'i 2
0.3
0.1
(c)
Strain,%
0.4
45
40
35
30
~ 25
Ci5 20
15
750 J(399 c)
70 F (21 cyV
1//~
V
w
/) V
~ l--840 ~1 (449 c)
L---
280
245
1
930 F (499 c)
~---~
315
Source: C.F. Walton, Gray and Ductile /ron Castings Handbook, Gray
and Ductile Iron Founders' Society, 1965. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Voll, CINDAS!Purdue University, 1994, p 20
210
"'
175 ~
ui
140
CI)
105
10
70
35
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
Strain,%
70.---~--~---,r---~---,---.----~--,---~490
L---~-L-L--~~~~--~--~---L---L--~0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Elongation, %
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
40r-----,------r------,-----,------.-----.--.280
~----L_
0.05
_ _ _ _L __ _ _ _L __ _ _ _L __ _ _ _L __ _ _ _~~o
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain,%
Strain,%
315
280
245
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. F1inn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 229
210
~
"'
a.
:2
~25~----+---~~f-~~~~-~----~-----+-----1 175 u
VJ
~ 20~----+-~-h~~~~L_--~----~-----+-----1 140
<::
VJ
<::
105
70
35
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Strain,%
40
/
35
1
1
gj 25
u
VJ
Q)
c;;
V 1/
~ 15
10
./
Ela1
<::
30
~ 20
Plastic
V/
280
245
210
175
~
140 ~
VJ
;;;
<::
105 ~
A~
70
35
0.05
0.10
:2
0.15
Strain,%
0.20
0.25
0.30
550
./
500
./
450
400
350
~"' 300
u
~ 250
1ii
~ 40 compression
70
60
;j
150
11
/f"
1
1 ~~-'Y
'(ii
..>::
----
- 40
100
.;
1/
0.2
-----
"'~
1ii
-
30
20
10
~,
-- --
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 235
50
- - class 20 compression
200
50
v--
- - ci;ss 20 tension
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.8
Strain,%
80
_,--70
compreV
60
50
~
u 40
"'
~
CI)
30
20
10
1V
f
0.2
---
560
490
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 234
420
350
"'
o_
::;;;:
280 u
v--
"'~
1-- Tension
1ii
210
140
70
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
500~------r-------.-------,-------,-------,
Source: Gray Iron, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and HighPerformance Alloys, Voi!, ASM Handbook, !990, p 20
"'
:2
300
a_
"ijj
-"'
,;;
,;;
IJ)
IJ)
~
200
10
2
3
Strain, mrnlm (0.001 in./in.)
200
Lateral strain
175
li
150
2/1
125
1 j2 /
100
25
"' o
:2
,;;
1
##
ll
~ -25
t5
-100
-125
-150
-200
/
/
,"/
-75
-225
-0.3
.
..
'
,/'
-50
-175
;!1
il
,,'2
r/!.'
50
a_
t.--
2/
1/ !/
75
Longitudinal strain
'
1-
::-V/
.~V
-0.2
1
-0.1
0.1
0.2
Strain,%
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
250.-----r----,-----,-----,----~-----,----~
0.7
Strain,%
280
260
/com~ressive
240
200
180
"'
a. 160
1
1 /
1/
140
1ij 120
100
80
60
40
20
1
Fractura
...... ~
_....--re;;e
f/
;; /
1'
1
V
0.1
= 600 MPa
1/
:::;
"'
Compressive strength
/V
220
rn
~
/'1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Tensile and compressive strain, %
0.5
0.6
200
150
100
.,
50
a.
:o
ui
1/)
/,V
-50
1V
-100
-150
h~
1'
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Strain,%
QOL---~--~~--L_--~--~~--~--~--~
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
250
200
150
1st cycle,
100
50
"'
:2
"'~
Cii
-50
fi ~
-100
hV
-150
-200
V/ V
o.
ui
V/
-250
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Strain,%
250
200
150
2512th cycle
100
"'
50
o.
:2
ui
"'
~
//
(/)
-50
/
//
/
~V
h 1/
-100
-150
-200
-250
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
o
Strain,%
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
170
elasticity-stress curves
Modulus of elasticity (E) for compression of first and
2512th cycle. At maximum compressive stress
(0.0020 strain controlled) first cycle, E = 144.95 GPa;
2512th cycle, E = 144.20 GPa
160
150
"'
0..
C!l 140
z.
~~
.......
"(3
"'
Qi
130
~~
---...;::
!1)
:::l
s"O
o
120
::2
""
110
------~stcycle
2512th cycle
100
90
50
-50
Stress, MPa
100
150
200
250
170
elasticity-stress curves
Modulus of elasticity (E) for tension of first and 2512th
cycle. At maximum tensile stress (0.0020 strain
controlled) first cycle, E = 157.62 GPa; 2512th cycle,
E = 155.62 GPa.
160
150
"'
0..
C!l 140
z.
~ !'----.
r-
"(3
"'
o
Qi
~
~
130
~~
!1)
:::l
s"O
o
120
'
~ First cycle
2512thc~
::2
110
100
90
-200
-150
-100
-50
o
Stress, MPa
50
100
150
700
100
!---
V
/
80
560
1.....-
~ 60
i
~
u;
c
~ 40
"'
420 ~
u;
280 ~
20
V
0.1
140
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain,%
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
350
300
250
&.
Compression
1/~ 1
200
1/1
<I
(/)
1i5
-,.._
:2
~
1i5
v:-
150
1/0.1%
PS
Teniion
1/
50
0.1
0.2
1
1
1/
1/ 1/ 1/
oo
1/0.5% PS
0.2% PS
1 11
1 11
100
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain,%
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
350
300
_:::::::: :::::::::
~~
J=t=
250
a.."'
:2
.;
"'
200
0.11%iS
"'>
"iii
"' 150
!!!
c.
0.2%
PS
(.)
0.5% PS
100
50
o
o
1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
600
500
/1.. 400
gf
!!!
ti
~ 300
"iii
~c.
8 200
100
--~t'b::::::
~
:2
r/1
11/r
;~i%
/;
1// 1
0.2
0.4
!'(
::--1--
Strain rate:
0.2/min
0.002/ min
0.00061 min
1/
0.5% PS
1
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
600
...-:;:::::. ~
500
~~~
&.
400
~ ~-0
~/ 1
:2
gf
~
1ij
.~ 300
Strain rate:
0.2/min
0.002/min
0.0006/ min
1lh1PS 1/
~
8 200
o.
E
0.5% PS
/; 1
111/ 1
PS
100
oo
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
700
600
500
a.."'
:2
.;
"'
~
1ij
400
(!)
>
'(ii
"'o.~
300
t)
200
100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
600
500
/) 7 1
::iE
i
~
300
-~
o.
11/ 'L. ;, .. ,.
11 1 1
!// 1 1
200
100
oo
~ ~train rate:
~~.2/min
~0.02/min
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
600
tt
500
lll
c..
::iE
~
400
.~
Ul
Ul
o.
E
o
1.8
2.0
"'
1!1 1 1
1
11//g~%
/; 1 1
/
300
1.6
'\...
,......7
.,
0.005/min"o.0006/ min
1.4
700
ui
CI)
=-::::: ::::::::
PS
'hL,. 1
400
1---"":
Strain rate:
0.2/ min
0.005/ min
0.002/min
/oiy;oPs
/0.5% PS
(.)
200
100
V/ 1/
0.2
0.4
1
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
800
~
700
~
~
400
-~
(.)
~:train rate:
0.2/min
0.002/min _
"o.ooo6/ min
/o.,k PS
1 1
111 1
/; 1 1
1/1 1 1
1
Cl.
E 300
o
"
171 1
"'
[l_
:2: 500
600
-::
1/
0.2%
PS
0.5% PS
200
100
oo
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
450
....lll
400
350
tf
:2:
r--
0.1% PS
1/
300
1
V ~PS
~
~ 250
t
~
u;
....
-;-
~ 200
~.V
150
~.1% ~s
!
1
100
50
1/
oo
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Strain,%
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
800
700 !-------
600
11\aj~l-
~
111
rti
.:;:
'1
~~/
1
o. 1% ps_0.2% PS
~
)
500
300
200
100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
o
(b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain,%
CI.070 High-silicon nodular graphite iron casting, longitudinal compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam X 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 676 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
707 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.62C-6.14Si-0.35Mn-0.014S-0.021P-0.78Ni-0.051Mg-0.006Ce
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA 1., Voi 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 183
. - - - - - - - - - r - - - - r , - - - - - , - - - - - - , 560
"'
u;
"""II
(/)
c..
:2'
40
280
II
(/)
(/)
(.i5
0.2
0.6
0.4
Strain,%
400
350
300
1/
250
li
"'
c..
:2'
II
(/)
200
(.i5
150
100
50
1/~
----
- 40
Ferritic
u;
- 30 "":.
(/)
(/)
- 20
0.1
- 50
- 10
0.2
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
700
600
Strain rate:
500
100/s
"'
Il..
v-F v-f?
:2 400
u
rn
i.,
~
300
l---
1.0/s
r--
0.1/s-
200
100
-~ ----
o
o
0.01/s
0.001/s
f_.-----
0.2
0.1
10/s
0.4
0.3
True plastic strain
0.5
0.6
250
200
&.
:2
u
rn
150
.,
1il
~ 100
50
/
V
/
100/s
-10/s
Strain rate:
-----------
1.0/s
--
--....i'
0.1/s
0.01/s
0.001/s
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
True plastic strain
0.5
0.6
300
250
200
//~
11.
:2
ui
~ 150
u;
Q)
~
100
50
--
Strain rate:
~10.Us
100/s
;;vV
1.0/s
1e-~
V
0.1/s
0.01/s
0.001/s
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
True plastic strain
0.6
0.5
150
120
Strain rate:
V/
60
30
V"
.......-
- 100/s
V
(; -
10/s
~
VL
1.0/s
0.1/s
O.Q1/s
V"
0.001/s
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.3
True plastic strain
0.5
0.6
Axial compression, %
20
40
60
70
150,---"---.--~.---,---rr----rr--,----,---,1050
840
630
90
a.
~
.;
::;;
.;
U)
U)
ii)
420
- - Annealed
- - - Sintered
0 o~--o~.2----0.~4---o~.6--~o.-s---1~.o--~1.-2---1~.4---1~.6--~1.R
;;;
a.
-"'
::;;
U)
.;
.;
~
U)
ii)
420
- - Annealed
- - - Wrought material
l
y
Laders band
Unyielded metal
Elongation -
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(a)
(b)
0.2%
:(c)
(e)
Source: W.T. Lankford, Jr. et al., The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, USS, lOth ed., 1985, p 1286
lnitiallower
yield extension
(Uiders strain)
Prestrain
Strain__.
u;
35""'.
"'"'
~
~
(ii
Q)
Q)
~ 200~--~--~-tr----r-----r----~----t---~
30~
25
15or---~-----tr----r-----r----~----t---~
20
15
6
10
12
14
Source: W.T. Lankford, Jr. et al., The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, USS, lOth ed., 1985, p 1286
400
350
- 50
1
300
&.
::;:
250
l,lf
.;
"'
~
~ 200
,,~
lrf
/
--
40
.;
- 30 ~
c
-~
~
"g> 150
-~
c
c
;:;,
- 20 w
100
- 10
50
Strain, '!o
1.50
1.25
1ii 1.00
~
..",/
Q)
.5
~
~ 0.75
'al
~
:iE
c
0.50
P.
0.25
1(
0.5
-;;;;;;; ~ '2
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1000
900
800
700
rf. 600
::;:
ui
~ 500
1ii
11
Q)
~ 400
300
-;:::::::::. :::---
.f
200
100
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
True strain, %
1.50
80
75
Compre~
/, y
70
/
/
1.75
'i"
2.00
Widmansttten
500
"'
o._
::;:
""sion
gi
450 ~
Q)
1/
55
1'
400
...
);/
60
550
10
15
20
Plastic strain x 0.001
25
30
350
35
Source: G.C. Rauch and W.C. Leslie, The Extent and Nature of
the Strength-Differentia1 Effect in Stee1s, Metall. Trans., Vo1 3,
Feb 1972, p 378
50
40
To
,J"""
----~
.....__
1'-
__,..-
fract~re ~
350
280
&.
:::;:
210 gf
g>
-~
140 o,
~
"
70
10
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.25
1.00
1.50
1.75
Engineering strain, %
80
560
60
420
40
II 30
~
u;
~
!-"'
1--r'
280
Q)
20
140
70
0.02
0.03 0.04
True strain
:::!
10
0.01
0.2
0.3
60
Comptssion ,.. !--'...
....
50
(\
....
....... ---....... ~
420
r-
,;'
k:ion
280
40
"'
0..
:2
ui
li
210 ~
~ 30
u;
Ci)
Ci)
~
20
140
10
70
15
20
Total strain x 0.001
10
30
25
90r-------------------------------------~
~ 50~~~~~~-~~-Td---~--~r----------1
ui
~ 40~--~--~---+---+----~--~-----?~--~
10
"'
o
~
oo
"'
"'
N
o
o
"'
Elongation, %
o
....
o
o
"'
o
o
"'
CS.013 1020 wrought and 1 030 normalized-andtempered cast carbon steel, monotonie and cyclic
stress strain curves
490
70
60
Cast SAE '1030
Monotonie
~
f\ K.__/V
50
gj 40
~-~
of
cn 30
[AE1030
Cyclic
420
350
280 ~
V'
20
::;;:
Source: P.F. Wieser, Ed., Steel Castings Handbook, 5th ed., Steel
Founders' Society of America, 1980, p 14-15
210 Cii
Wrought SAE 1020
Cyclic
140
70
10
1
2
10
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
12
14
16
600
80
500
70
.,
a.
::;;:
60
400
-!::.
Ul
Ul
50
~
(ii
OiQl 300
40
.<::
Ul
Ul
Ul
OiQl
.<::
Ul
Cl
Ol
c:
"55
30
Ql
c:
;:;, 200
c:
c:
"i
Ql
c:
;:;,
c:
20
100
Static
>
"f
"'
1
"'"'
>
>
"'"'
10
80
70
(
560
...............
"""
60
'\
Fracture stress,
52 ksi (358 MPa) --....
~
1
1
1
490
420
350
'"
~
gf
~
280 "'
"'r::
1
1
1
-~
Q)
210
1
1
1
20
1
1
1
10
Elongation al
~ractur~, 19%
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.14
0.16
----;;;; ~
10
140
70
"'-1
0.18
0.20
490
420
60
20
r::
560
80
70
,
w
1
1
1/
1
1
1
'"
n.
350 ::;:
280 ~
r::
"i
~
l
!
1
Q)
210
140
0.2%
70
1
1
2
4
6
Engineering strain, x 0.001
r::
.g>
120
....
100
;r""
!>
80
40
20
::::-,.....
1/.,;- ~
----
........
---............
.""..,.",.-_...
t:::==
----
840
_....p .....
~
700
560
Cll
Il.
::!:
420 ui
)il'
Source: D.H. Stone and Y.J. Park, Cyclic Plasticity of Class A and B
Heat-Treated Wheel Steels. As published in "The General Problem of
Rolling Contact," AMD-Vol40, ASME, 1980
280
- - Grade A wheel
- - - Grade B wheel
140
1/
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
Strain,%
150
Monotonie
125
100
~c
v---
--::::::::::::
1050
875
700
Cll
Il.
::!:
525 ui
50
350
25
175
0.01
0.02
0.03
Strain
0.04
0.05
140
980
1/
120
840
100
Static compression
40
Incremental steg
Block~
Block 1
......-::::
~
1~
V
~~
700 "'
a.
::!;
...-::
560
:2
15.
420 E
"'
(/)
280
cn
140
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Strain amplitude (!l.e/2), %
1.6
1.8
2.0
Extension, mm
254
20,000
508
7 62
10.16
12.70
17,500
15,000
"...---
15.24
17.78
-g 10,000
5670
~
4536
.3
.3
7500
3402
5000
2268
0.1
1134
0.2
0.3
6804
,Q
20.32
9072
7938
12,500
2500
-o
20
s.,
0.4
Extension, in.
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
100
~ f.--c;;
~
50
25
t---
~ f--
700
75
-""
ui
11)
875
125
525
1/
ui
11)
350
1
4
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
150
20
1050
1"
c;;
120
840
90
630
-""
ui
11)
ffl
Ci)
60
30
420
210
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001
175
a.
"'
::;;:
14
16
18
20
875
125
....._
100
700
1
1
1
75
~
ui
IJ)
~
50
25
525
tll
c..
::!!;
ui
IJ)
~
(J)
350
175
1/
4
10
Strain x 0.001
1500
1400
1300
8!.
~
~
~ 1000
900
800
As-quenched
1/
1200
~ 1100
.......-
-!.
.;..---
Quenchedand-tempered
l;r
1
700
10
15
20
25
True strain x 0.001
30
35
40
t
Ten sion
Compression
0.2% offset
Strain___.
80
70
v-
60
--~
/V"
L
50
Tension
20
420
350
0..
280 .;
"'
~
cn
210
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
(a)
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Strain,%
80
560
70
....
60
.............
1\...
-- --
_........f-
50
420
"'
0..
~
280 .;
"'
~
cn
Tension
r;
30
490
350
Compression
210
20
140
10
70
490
Compression
r;
30
--
~-
560
0.5
(b)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Strain,%
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 86
70
60
;:;
50
]1
!
cn
20
--
/i-
420
350
40
30
1.----
280
210
&
::;:
140
lf
70
10
0.5
1.5
Strain,%
2.5
560
80
--- --
70
60
490
./
1\.
50
~----~
.....
490
420
350
/
Tension to 2% al 25 c
30
Compression to 2%
at25"C
210
20
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
;!.0
2.5
3.0
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
3.5
4.0
4.5
70
1--
60
50
;;;
-"' 40
li
~
20
"'
0..
ui
210
fi
1.5
1.0
True strain, %
2.0
fP.
1120
1040-283
980 "'
0..
::;;
840 ui
1020-283
1
(1)
80
1260
~~
160
~ 100
1400
~~
180
120
2.5
1540
1095-283
- - - 1095-158
1095-0
200
11>
(1)
70
220
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. F1asck, J.A. Yaker and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Stee1s by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metal!. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 88
140
0.5
ui
420
280 ::;;
10
~ 140
350
(1)
~ 30
y ~
1-~
V
490
rt
10~0-158
./
V/
1040-158
+--~
v-:
V
60
v.,.,..... J._.---
40
r-
560
1020-0
=Unshocked
=158 kbar shock
=283 ~bar shock
0.02
0.04
420
280
- - -0
- - -158
- - - 283
20
700
1040-0
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
140
0.12
i
(1)
420
60
/
20
560
80
1
4
140
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
20
(a)
80
560
60
420
20
1
4
(b)
a."'
::;:
280 .;
140
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
100
80
;;
r--
~ ......_
~
~~--
e"'2.5/s
1.1
12
"(ii
""'
0.14
0.035
1.5
2.0
Natural strain (s), %
1.0
"'
:2
a.
ii
~/ -
/s.,
,./
2.5
........
"'
-~
~ "'<
v;
Cl
"
"55
"
u::
600
-~Cl 400
!'!
U)
U)
0.0037
0.0020
0.0011/s
0.5
1-
Temperature
= 1100 oc (2012 F). Stress-strain
curves show that at higher strains the flow stress is
approximate1y constant. This is increasingly true at
smaller strain rates (e). Curves were obtained in hot
torsion experiments. UNS G10250
0.065
1000
800
<n
0.40
-0.017
0.0069
o
o
14
- 10
r-......
20
=10-1/s
2
8 =10- /s
2
3
8 =10- /s
3
8
200
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.06
Engineering strain
0.10
0.12
400r-----,------,------,------,-----,------,2800
2100
300
"iii
0..
:::;;
""ui
ui
Ul
1400 ~
~ 200
Ul
(ij
S:
~
u::
u::
100
700
0.5
1.5
2.5
260r----,-----,-----,-----,----,-----,-----,1820
300
275
250
225
V
1 ..,....,..,.
200
'"
~ 175
"
::1
t=
150
125
100
75
.........._
11
1.0/s
.............
///
<l
"'
~
..........
0.1/s
_".,-- --.........
f/
//8
0.01/s
..........
1.3 x 10 /s
1//A
50
1/
25
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.5
True strain, %
0.7
----
60
'iii
""<l
"'~
ii5
_ .Q~9!0X
s / Dualphas~ __-.....
.......
"l
e+
1
1
1
1
40
20
700
100
80
0.8
SAE950X
'
- .... ,
_'\ ...
560
420
el?.
::;:
li
~
280
140
30
20
10
Strain in 2 in. (50 mm) gage length, %
ii5
The GM 980X has been intercritically annealed and dualphase microstructures produced. The two dashed ellipses
indicate reported ranges of elongation for dual-phase
steels. The hasis for three stages in the development of
ferritic low-carbon steels is shown. The lower stressstrain curve represents the deformation behavior of mild
steel with ferrite-pearlite microstructures. The yielding is
discontinuous and yield strengths are typically 30 ksi
(207 MPa). SAE 950X and SAE 980X are HSLA steels
with yield strengths of 50 ksi (345 MPa) and 80 ksi
(562 MPa), respectively. The microstructures stiH consist
of ferrite and pearlite, but the ferrite grain size is highly
refined because of controlled rolling and microalloying
with vanadium. GM 980X is similar to SAE 980X, but
has been intercritically annealed to convert the pearlite to
martensite. The resulting microstructure is termed "dual
phase" to distinguish the ferrite-martensite microstructure
from the ferrite-pearlite microstructure of conventionally
treated mild steels of HSLA steels.
Source: G. Krauss, Principles of Heat Treatment of Steel, American
Society for Metals, 1980, p 242
1120
980
160
140
120
r;; 100
-"'
:g:
"'"'~
80
tii
~"
60
40
f
r;
V
~
~9\S
v
V
840
700 ~
::;
]:
560
"
420 ~
280
140
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
True strain,
1.0
1.2
150
1050
Ultimate ltress
x Fractura stress
100
.,;
"'
~
50
~r::
v
700
j.A<
c.."'
co!l'acted
::;
.,;
"'~
iii
......
Engineenng
lf
o
o
"""'
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain
1.0
1.2
350
1.4
800.-----,------,------.-----,------,-----,
"'
Il.
::;;:
:i
~ 400~~--~?6~-+------~----,_-----+----_,
~"
200~----~-----+------~----~-----+-----4
True strain
800.-----.------r------.-----.------,-----,
'"""-uc'-~
600~----~-----+------~----~----~~---~,
,
Fe-21Ni-1.0C"'-.
>7 _./
lf.
-'
~--
------
/~/
::;;:
~400~----~-----+----~~r_,~~~------t-----~
#,''!!"_/."
-~ ~ Co~33Ni-0.02C
#~
200~----4-~~-+------~----~-----+-----4
/~
0 oL-----o~.o~5----~o~.1~o----o~.~15~--~o~.2=o----~o~.2~5----o~.3o
..
2500
True
2000
a."'
1/
1500
::;:
ui
"'
~
/ -- --- - ------
1000
/-... ...
~--------
0.2
r---,
......
0.6
0.4
0.8
300
250
200 ~
gi
Engineering
500
- 350
-=
150
100
50
1.0
Strain
2000r---------~--------~--------~--------,
1.00
. ~~ ~======:..
, ,... - - -
0.75
----~----t'""'\0~6
- 250
1500 H;ril----~----=:b-""""':..._--+-----+-------4
- 200
"'
~-
~
0
i
c
1c
~ 1000~----r-----r-----r------4-150 ~
.Ii
500~----~----~----~-----4
- 50
OOL---------OL.1_________0L.2_________0L.3_________j0.1
Engineering strain
100 w
- 200
:::!:
!c:
!c:
c:
Q)
.TI
100
UJ
500~--4----+---~--4----+--~
- 50
OQL---Q~.0~5---0~.1-0--~Q.L15~--0~.2~0----~0~.2~5----~0.3g
Engineering strain
600r--------------------------------------.
~ 400~-~--~--?--~--~--~-~-~~
:::!:
li
~300~_-+---+-~~-~-----~-~~c:
":B
Q)
c:
o,
~ 200~-~~-~-~~-~----~---1--
0.5
oUL___ J_ _ _ _
10
_ __ J_ _ _ _
22
40
88
112 h
_ _ _ J L _ _ _ _ L_ _ _ J _ _
Engineering strain, %
80
70
******
60
560
~---
/"'
'\... t - -
50
V
1
r/
Tension ta
2% at25 oc
30
420
350 "'
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metal!. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 87
490
0..
::
ui
280 ~
ti
Compression
2% at25oc
Q)
210 1-
1/
20
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
True strain, %
80
560
70
490
60
50
<J
CI)
~ 40
Q)
30
20
.J__.!-V/ ~
1/
11
r;
r-
420
350 "'
0..
::
ui
280
!Il
-5;
.,
2
210 1-
140
10
70
0.5
1.0
1.5
True strain, %
2.0
2.5
420
0.24
560
1260
jt4023
0.22
0::
0.20
-E
Q)
~ 0.18
Q)
C>
c:c
1018
"030
1040
J.
"'
"E 0.16
tll
..c:
c
-~
Ci5
4f1~
4027
4440~
5140
1340
4140~640
0.14
4340
1041"'-...
0.12
3140
60
80
140
160
100
120
True stress at 0.2 true strain (cr0.2), ksi
180
-"
200
"'~
Cii 150
100
50
250
"(ii
0.2
2100
1750
1400 8:.
::;;;
:li
~
700
350
0.6
Strain,%
0.4
1.0
0.8
1.2
1750
200
150
~
u
"'
100
0.2
1050 Cii
250
50
2450
350
/
/
1050
a."'
::;;;
ui
"'
700
0.6
Strain,%
1400
350
0.4
0.8
1.0
420
~
~
gf 40 !----H7---+----=-1'=----t----t--1_0,50,"_F_,(_56_6,"_C:__)--1 280 :
o~--o.~o1----o.~o2----o~.0-3---o~.o-4---o~.o-5---o~.o-6---o-.o~7---o~.oR
Strain, in./in.
80
750"F(399~
60
~e~
560
~
"'""'
~
--::-:.. .l
420
1;V ----
c.."'
::;;;
280 .;
1(
Cii
1200 "F (649 "C)
140
20
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Strain, in./in.
0.05
0.06
0.07
200~----.------,------,------,-----,------,
1400
200 r-----,------,------,-----,------,------,1400
1260
180
1120
160
980
140
840
::"'
Il.
gf1ool------~---f~L-----~~~~~~~~~~ 700 .;
O)
560
(a)
1120
120
'iii
""gf 100
80
(b)
10
200,-----,------,------,------,-----,------,1400
(c)
AS.005 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different beat treatments. Left, 857 oc
(1575 F), oii quenched and tempered 538 oc (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). Center, 857 oc (1575 F), oii
quenched and tempered 443 oc (830 F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). Right, 857 oc (1575 F), oii quenched and
tempered 399 oc (750 F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS 041300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Metals
at Elevated Temperatures; WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southem Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code 1201, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29
200,-----~----,------,-----,-----,----~
1400
200
1400
1260
180
1260
1120
160
1120
980
140
980
120
840
840
"'
o.
:;;
700 .;
"'
560
u;
"'
o.
.>:
:;;
700 .;
gf 100
"'
li5
560
80
420
280
140
4
(a)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(b)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
240
1680
220
1540
200
1400
180
1260
160
1120
- 140
gf 120
980 o.
"'
:;;
840 gf
li5
700 (/)
"'
.>:
10
12
100
80
560
60
420
40
280
140
10
12
AS.006 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments. Left, 857
oc (1575 oF), oil quenched and tempered 538 oc (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). Center, 857 oc (1575 F),
oil quenched and tempered 443 oc (830 F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). Right, 857 oc (1575 F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 oc (750 oF); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 33
150
1050
1050
200 F (9 3 oq
1---\
150
1050
100 h
gf 150
;r
v--
150
1050 gf
40o F (204 oc)
1050 iii
)< 100 h
- -
150
"'
a.
:2
""\0.5h
......
150
75 oF (k4 oc)
".... ~ 0.5 h
150
iii
'\.5h
...........,
1050
600 OF (316 'C)
1050
rx1oo h
2f5
-.-
~o.o5~
1;5
Strain, in./in.
175
150
1225
\~
1050
200 'F (9 3 'C)
..-o.5\
175
75 oF (k4 oc)
r""""\
1225
100h~
"'
a.
:2
1400 gf
"..--0.5
/
..---1\
100 h
1225 iii
1*
150
2f5
0.5
""'
100 h
1225
1050
}
+-0.05~
Strain, in./in.
H5
35
180
160
--
......._
120
100
--~-
ii5
80
......
60
240
1
75 F (24 C)
200
~~oc
._
160
-...._
600 F (316 C)
840
Cll
a.
::;:
700 vi
ii5
560
r-- r--..
140
'ii)
-"'
vi
"'~ ~"'
600 F 1(316 C)
900 F (482 C)
1-=::--
120
800 OF (427
Cf)
800 F (427 C)
80
15
60
25
30
~680
1400
-..........
1260
1120
o~ (204 C)
980 a.
"'
............ ............__.
-..............
9~
::;:
840 vi
-........::
..............
~
r---..
""'
700
Cf)
560
420
280
1000F(538~
140
20
10
35
(a)
28
1540
1--r-
280
20
400
900 OF (482 oc
420
40
10
-......_
r--+-....
100
20
245
2QQ F (93 C}
140
---
180
980
1000F(5~ ~'--......_
40
35
1120
200 F (93 oc
-...
220
1260
75 F (2l 0 C)
140
ii
------::
--- --
245
15
20
25
30
35
(b)
Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
70
105
140
175
210
35
220
~
180
160 -600 F (316
'ii)
-"'
vi
"'~
ii5
200 [F (93 oc
1400
1260
80~ oF ~~~oC)
120
9od F
100
80
1~00
60
40
........
r-............
OF (538 C)
1120
~o F (204 oc)
"-... ......__
(482lo~ ...............
..........
~680
1540
1 'K
140
28
(24 C)
75
200
o~
245
...............
F:::::::r--...
.....__
980 a.
"'
--.......
::;:
840 vi
............._
'--...
r-......
700
...."
Cf)
560
420
280
140
20
10
15
20
25
30
35
(c)
AS.009 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments. (a) 857
(1575 F), oil quenched and tempered 538 oc (1000 F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). (b) 857 oc (1575 F), oil
quenched and tempered 443 oc (830 F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). (c) 857 oc (1575 F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 oc (750 F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS 041300
oc
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Deterrninatiou of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol l, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 44
ro
a.
""ui
"'~
:2
ui
"'~
Cii
280
Cii
120.-------,-------,--------.-------,-------,MO
80
560
60
420
a."'
o;
""gf
~
:2
ui
(/)
(/)
40
280
0 o~------~2------~4------~6L_______8L_______J1J
300
2100
ce
MC
.--:% ..-cr
......
250
/
t)
200
-"'
1/
"'
150
Q)
100
50
1400
,f
"iii
1750
MT
&.
:a;
1/
1050 ~
1
1
tii
Q)
700
350
True strain, %
2100
300
MC
MT
... ce
......-:: ~
...... ......
250
...
0~
...
~ ""'
/
200
1400
f'
&.
'/
:a;
"/
1/
"'~
1750
~
tii
CT
150
Q)
:::J
t!=
100
50
1/
1050 ~
1
1
tii
Q)
:::J
t!=
700
350
2
True strain, %
(
/, -~
150
ui
i.,
~
-MC
MT
--=::::::--
200
1750
250
1400
ce
,.....-..:--cr
..,. ."....".._:*
..,.
... ..,.
.........
1050
ui
rn
""
# ""
100
50
8:.
::;;
700
350
1/
2
True strain, %
150
1050
125
r--
1
100
o;
""'ui
"'~
.,
"lii
75
""
--
MC
... ..,.
---
~------
700
"'
a.
::;;
ui
525
rn
.,
"lii
:::J
t=
50
350
25
175
00
True strain, %
Reduction in height, %
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1260
180
160
!:::..
~-
~~i!Oen
c't\lnedS
140
.~e(!.
ev'
.~s~
.........-B..==
t~.e!O
980
i').'ll
'iii
-"'_ 120
ii)
a.
"'
840 ::;;:
\(!.' It>.
-~~
.;
rn
rn
" 100
1120
700
~"'
560
80
!::..Specimen A
o Specimen B
420
60
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
280
True strain
120.-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,840
1120
140
980
120
840
160
Room temperature
"'
u;
a..
.><
ai
"'
::2:
100
700
80
560
60
420
40
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
ai
"'
~
280
0.30
0.25
Strain, in./in.
AS.019 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
2500
v 4340
435~ /
2000
"'
a..
: 1500
"'
........
----
4330
Cl
<::
-~
-~ 1000
Cl
<::
500
6
9
Engineering strain, %
12
15
AS.020 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
2500
2000
"'
o_
1500
/_
t;
4350
~4340
~4330
Ol
-~
.~ 1000
Ol
UJ
500
o
o
10
15
20
Engineering strain, %
AS.021 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
2500
2000
"'
/_ -~
o_
~
"'
~
1500
1i5
Ol
c
"
4350
~4340
~30
-~
.~ 1000
Ol
UJ
500
o
o
10
Engineering strain, %
15
20
AS.022 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromiummolybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
2500
2000
"'
0..
1500
"'
~
1i)
f; ~
.............._
1'-. 4350
.........
"4340
~4330
C>
-~
-~ 1000
C>
500
200
-"'
120
80
40
1120
&.
:2
840
1
1
1400
1/
u;
20
1680
160
u)
15
IV
240
"'~
Ci)
10
Engineering strain, %
u)
"'
Ul
560
280
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
200
1400
Room temperatura
u;
160
1120
120
840
"'
::2
a.
-"
.;
.;
"'~
"'~
Cii
80
560
Cii
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, 1954. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo11, Code 1206,
CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 28
1000 OF (538 C)
40
280
L-------L-----~------~------~------~0
10
300
/f'
250
200
~;.:;"
----
--,
2100
',
1750
1400
'!
u;
a."'
-"'
.;
UJ
::2
1050 gf
150
~
100
700
50
350
6
Strain,%
_.,
250
\\
1400
150
1050 gf
1
1
1
1
1
100
50
"'
::!!:
0..
1
1
-"'
1750
11
u;
"'
~
""' .........-,
/(
200
"'-
2100
300
700
1
1
1
1
1
350
o
o
10
Strain,%
250
200
u;
1750
...
~'
f"
1400
150
1050
"'
::!!:
0..
-"'
";
"'
100
700
50
350
6
Strain,%
10
250
200
~~
;
1
1
1
1
"'
U5
U)
1400
150
1750
'
1050
''\
";
U)
100
700
50
350
"'
:2
Il.
10
Strain,%
200
V)
150
gf 100
1i5
50
2oo-ksi 1rel
180-ksi level
1050
~
!!!
1400
V
2
350
10
2100
1750
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 7.0,
n(-110 F) = 8.2, n(-312 F) = 8.9. Composition: Fe0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
1400
"'
0..
~
:2
~ 150~----+-----~~~-+-----4------~--~ 1050 rJ
"'
~
700
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
o
12
250
35
-...........
1---
'-r
200
150
;;;
-"'
~"'
(/)
100
50
_.........
210
1750
/
...............
'\
1400
"'
[)_
:2
u
"'
700
350
175
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 inJin.
12
[---
240
200
;;; 160
u
e
120
80
40
/
/
1120 rf
:2
u
840
560
280
6
Strain, 0.001 inJin.
1680
1400
-"'
U5
1960
280
10
12
(f)
140~-------~------~-------.-------.-------.980
~
~
u)
moo
~m
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
150
120
o;
90
1050
...-
--.........
-V
K
~
840
~"
['\.
-"'
ui
630
l1l
0..
:2
ui
"'
~
"'
~
(/)
60
420
30
210
0.04
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.20
0.24
Strain, in./in.
1680
200
1400
160
1120
240
Room temperatura
l1l
o;
0..
-"'
.,;
"'~
:2
840 .,;
120
"'~
Ci5
Ci5
560
80
1000 F (538 C)
280
40
00
10
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, 1954. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code 1206,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 32
120.-----,------,-----,------~-----r-----.MO
0 oL------2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0----~1f
0.001 in./in.
Strain,
120 .----------.,----------,-----------,---------, MO
Room temperatura
~
~ 60~--------~~L-----~~~~
::!:
420
ui
rn
~
Ci5
1200 F (649 C)
2
Strain,
0.001 in./in.
160
140
120
100
c;;
""'ui
"'
80
1ii
60
420
40
20
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
200
180
160
[
V
140
~ 120
"'
~
1ii 100
60
40
20
L~
0.2
1120
980
840 ~
ui
"'
700 ~
560
0.4
1260
UJ
1
1
V
1400
(\]
1
1
ui
80
1540
220
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
980
140
100
"'
80
40
20
420
1/
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1/
120
"iij
.><
80
l/
40
20
1.4
1--980
840
---
l.---v--
700
~
560 u
"'
~
420
140
1/
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
.,
a.
:2
280
0.4
1120
1
0.2
1.6
100
1.2
---+-
/"""'-
60
140
140
"'
oc
280
160
cn
1
0.2
700
:2
560 u
1{-
60
840
"iij
.><
V
)
120
1120
160
1.4
1.6
oc
160
140
IV
120
100
-"'
vi
UJ
80
40
20
oc
980
,.J--==-
-----
840
700
~/'
"'
a_
::2:
1/
560
1
1
1
420
1i5
60
~--~
-'":"'"
1-::
o;
---
1120
vi
UJ
1i5
280
140
10
12
14
Strain x 0.001
(a)
_"v--
:-+--- 980
140 1---l----\-1---,
/.".C.+---+--_-.-~---:..---_-.
1/
;;:-:.
1
~::::---
120~--+---.~---~--~;~,~-+--+--+---840
/
."'
100~--+--.~~"'--+---+---+---r----700
:1
~
.1 /t~/
80 1----t---.P---p-t---r---r---r---r---- 560
1
1/
1i5
20
280
140
vi
1i5
601---f---t---+---+---+---t--~420
40
Strain x 0.001
/ _ 20 ksi
1
1/
150
50
1400
200
1/
35
l.---
(1379~Pa)
1050
150 ksi 1034 MP11evel
r--
Normalized
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
150
level
175
210
1400
1050
"'
a_
:2
700 ui
rn
r----
~alized
t----
50
----
350
10
15
20
25
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
140 r - - - - - , - - - - - . . , - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - , 980
Room temperature
120r----------r--------~--~~~~~--------4MO
400 F (204 c)
700
0 oL---------~2----------~4----------~6--------~8o
1260
180
Room temperature
"iij
"""ui
"'~
Cii
160
1120
140
980
120
MO
100
700 ~
80
"'
560 ~
60
420
40
280
20
140
"'
ui
cn
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
2500
2000
,f 1500
Il
:lE
u
"'
Q)
~ 1000
---
500
o
o
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
True strain
2500.-------.-------,--------,-------,------~
,f 15oor-------+---~~~-------r-------r------~
:lE
~
~
1i
Q)
~ 1ooor---~~~~----,_-------r-------r------~
0 oL_______OL.2_______0~.4------~0.~6-------0L.8------_J1.0
True strain, %
1600r------.-----,------.------.------.-----~
"' 1000
a.
:2:
ui
"'
800
Q)
:::J
t= 600
400
200
00
0.05
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
80.-------------,------------~------------~560
oc
200 h 300 h
oc
~"'
20~-r~--~~~~~~~~~~~~------~---1140
OOL-----------~4~----------~8-------------"1~
(a)
80,------------,------------~-------------,560
601---~-----------!--------------t----------------1420
(b)
840
"(ii
o._
::;;;
-"'
<I
<I
(/)
(/)
Ci)
560
80
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High-Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voll, Code 1214,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 7
L-----~------L-----~------~----~------~0
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
240 ,---------,,---------,------,------,----,----,1680
200
160
1120
"(ii
-"'
<I
(/)
120
Ci)
80
1000 OF (538 C)
560
40
~-----L------4L_
00
_____6L______8L______1L0----~1~
2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensi1e and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High-Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1, Cade 1214,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 8
AS.055 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel tube, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
240.-------,-------,-------~------,-----~1680
700
100
80
560
a."'
420 :::;_
rJ)
Ol
c:
280 .!:
Ol
c:
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
60
420
50
350
280 ~
:2
gj 40
ui
rn
g' 30
-~
"'c
"O>
c
w 20
10
1
1
1
ui
rn
~
210 ~
c
-~
"'
c
"O>
c
140 w
70
1/
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
o.oPo
Strain
100
700
80
560
~
ui 60
Cl
-~
"'
,
c
40
.,---~
:2
420 gf
!!:!
1i
Cl
280 .!:
Cl
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
30
!.----
25
245
--
35
210
175
"'
c..
:2:
140 gf
~
1i
Cl
105
10
"[jc
a,
UJ
70
35
0.002
0.004
0.008
0.006
0.010
Strain
80
~
ui 60
Cl
c
"55
Ql
, 40
c
UJ
700
100
v-
~
560
&.
:2:
420 ui
Cl
c
"55
280 ~
"g>
UJ
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
40
~
<I
30
Cl
~
Q)
.g, 20
c
LU
10
350
50
1 "--
280
1
1
1
"'
Il.
::l;
210
Cl
140 ~
LU
70
0.004
0.002
0.006
0.008
0.010
Strain
700
100
80
(
,..,
........-
---
560
"'
Il.
420
"'~
UJ
ti
Cl
-~
280 -~
Cl
LU
140
20
0.05
0.15
0.10
Strain
0.20
0.25
350
50
--
40
----~-
280
"'
a..
210 ::2_
gJ
~
iii
Ol
<::
"55
140
:!!
'61
<::
70
10
0.005
0.010
o.olo
0.015
Strain
320
-
280
a.."'
240
A-~
'~,\
~
''
::2
.;
"'~
iii 200
~-~
~~
.....
......
.,>
.....
...
...... _
..... "8:1
Ud=-
- - /1
- - i1
.....
t5
.&
w
- -- .. ---
45
'~
160
--
- - 4:1
120
-
15
4
Effective strain
20~----+----+---~----~----+----+----~140
QL---~----~--~----~----~--~----~0
0.05
80
0.15
0.20
Strain, in./in.
70
60
0.10
r--
0.25
0.30
~'-..
50
0.35
'\
560
490
420
350
&.
::<
280 .;
30
210
20
140
10
70
10
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
25
60
55
50
45
40
245
1
1
105
70
<I
"'~
140
35
i/
1/
175 00
&
:a:
210
15
280
l/0.2% offset
20
315
Ci) 25
350
Yield strength
at 0.2% offset
1/
~ba
385
_..... r-----7'
~ 35
10
420
150
1050
700
100
"'
u;
a_
:a:
<I
"'
-"
<I
"'
~
rn
350
50
0.02
0.04
Strain, in./n.
0.06
0.08
350
300
250
<Il
0..
::;: 200
ui
"'~
u;
CI)
::>
150
::
100
50
o
o
0.1
0.2
(a)
0.1
(b)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.3
True plastic strain
80
60
--
560
-~
~
420
a."'
:2
280
ui
"'
~
140
20
12
18
15
Strain,%
21
24
120
840
-..........
100
80
1/
~'\
A~
~~
..--
A572
r--
Lf
..--
A36
700
~
- ---........
---..........
40 ._../
560
(Il
a.
'
:2
420 ui
"'
~
280
140
20
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
840
120
A514
100
80
-------
A537
560
40
A36
-t::=
A572
280
20
140
10
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
30
25
100
60
-"'
"'
40
420
"'
0..
::;;;
.,;
280
560
.,;
20
700
80
c;;
700
140
3
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
120
/v--
100
1
1/
80
20
140
120
1
1
100
40
20
/
1
1
1
1
"'
a.
:2
420 .;
iii
280
140
1
,
0.2
HS.011 T-1 (ASTM A517, grades B, F, H) highstrength structural steel pressure-vessel plate, typical
compressive stress-strain curve
980
840
700
560 ~
1/
"'
~
iii 60
700
1/
1/
I!1 80
560
1
1
1
1
40
840
:2
~
~
420 iii
280
140
0.4
Strain,%
0.6
HS.012 T-1 (ASTM A517, grades B, F, H) highstrength structural steel pressure-vessel plate, typical
compressive tangent modulus curve
840
i20 ' - - - -
~
:::;:
80~----1-----+----~---1-1560 ~
00
00
8
16
24
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
250
200
u;
V/
150
""'
!1)
1050
700
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
&.
:::;:
V
2
1750
1400
100
50
10
12
300
250
--
1---
--
2100
...
...........
.....
'
',
1750
',
200
'
1400
''
"'
'\
a_
:2
1050 ~-
iii
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
2100
300
250
200
gf 150
~
iii
100
50
0.18
o
o
/
V
...--
1400
"'
a_
1050
700
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
l
:2
350
1750
10
--..~
300
250
2100
200
'
1750
~t
Longitudin~'
.;
1400
8:.
::;;
gi
~
1ii 150
1050 1ii
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
35
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain. in./in.
250
200
gi 150
~
1ii
100
0.12
0.14
50
2450
350
0.16
175
1400
8:.
::;;
700
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
10
1750
1050
V
2
0.18
35
.......
300
250
""
CfJ
150
90
70
60
1---
1
1
1750
..............
1400
lE
::;;:
<J
cn
2:!
1050 ii)
700
100
80
2100
100
50
1
1
u; 200
......_
175
350
15
25
20
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
10
V- -
-......
......
30
D~al
U.S.S.
Phase 80
700
630
560
SAE 980
490
-~
--......
420
'\
::;;:
SAE 950 [\
350
uj
(/)
ii)
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
15
25
10
20
Elongation in 2 in. (50 mm), %
30
2.85
2.80
lf.
2.75
::2:
"'"'
~;:::
o
2.70
1
1
""
Q)
.E
.3 2.65
./
2.60
2.55
-2.8
-2.5
-2.2
-1.9
-1.6
Log true plastic strain
-1.3
-1.0
2500~-----~~----~2-------3L-----~.4------~5
Nominal strain, %
45.---------,---------,----------,---------
40r--..-----+---------1---------~--------~
~ 35r---------+-------~~------~~--------~
o
:g
Cl
<::
a;
$ 30~--------+-----~--1-----~~~~------~
tE!
~oo
500
700
600
800
"'
a..
::2:
ui
2. 75
~~""f'-=-------+=o.JC--'--::
1/l
~
"li)
~
2. 70 1--_JC:.-+---------,t,...",::;_-
o=
Q)
.5
2.65 1----+-----.l?"'f'-------+-------t-------1-----:r'--
..:l"'
-2.5
-2.2
-1.9
-1.6
-1.3
-1.0
300
L.-----~
250
u;
-"' 200
.;
2450
350
----
l----
--
2100
1750
1400
~"'
li
~
~
u;
(])
1050 gJ
~ 150
100
700
50
350
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True strain
320
2240
75 OF (24 C)
305 F (152 C)
240
1680
917 OF (492 C)
u;
a."'
-"'
.;
"'
~
160
1120 ui
"'
~
-1500 OF (-816 C)
80
560
QQ~----~0L.4------~0L.8------~1L.2-------1L.6------~2.~
Strain,%
160
1120
140
980
120
840
a.
"'
:::;;
'iii
-"'
gf 100
700 <ii
11)
1ii
80
560
60
420
Plastic strain, %
300
280
260
240
~
.,..."... ~
~
,..._-
V: r:::: ---1//
VcT l/
V
~
~
180
160
11
1960
1820
1680
a.
"'
:::;;
1540 <ii
200
1400
1260
11
1120
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Plastic strain, %
0.5
2100
0.6
980
0.7
Plastic strain, %
300
250
200
2100
r r-..
-1 ~~
;;;
""vi
"'
~
1750
150
1400
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.1~
300
Room temperature
250
200
&.
.;
"'~
::.:
150
1050
gf
i'ii
100
50
~---2~---4L----6L----8L---~1L0----1L2----1L4--~1;
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
o._
::.:
1050 gf
~
i'ii
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
14
1960
1680
1400
160~--~~--~----~~~~----~----~----1 1120~
::;:
-"'
ui
g
(J)
ui
"'
~
120~--~~--~~~~----~~~~~~~~~ 840 (J)
1000 "F (538 "C)
Source: A.F. Hoenie, J.A. Lumm, R.J. Shelton, and R.A. Wallace,
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18NiCoMo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code
1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 44
560
280
6
8
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
10
12
14
280~-----r-~-.-----,-----r-----,----,-----,1960
Room temperature
L---~2L---~4----~6-----8L---~1-0----~12----~1l
"'
Il.
::;:
f-~~+--H/,H----J.-~~-+~~-+~~~f-~----l
1050
gf
~
Cii
35
............
250
1-----~
V
1
200
150
100
50
175
- r----
o
o
!'\
1400
"'
Il.
i
::;:
1050
700
350
1750
1
V
210
2100
1/
Cii
16
12
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
10
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
20
"iii
""<I
"'~
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
20
350 r-----,-----,------~----,-----,-----,2450
300
250
200 ~----~---H~~--+-----+-----~----~1400&
::;;;
<I
l'i
1050 ~
"'
~
rn 150 ~----~~~+-~--~1_00_0_._F~(5_38_._C~)_,____~
100
50
L------L-----~----~----~----~----~0
00
12
16
20
24
300
250
!'-......_
........
........
'-......_
................
......
..............
........
~
~
1750
1400
........
200
l'i
2100
"'
'
o._
1050
100
700
50
350
rn
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
l
::;;;
150
0.12
35
250
u; 200
~
~
cn
150
100
50
1750
1400
lE
II
1050 Cii
700
1
4
2100
::;;:
175
------r------ --- \
.........
300
350
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
20
24
2100
300
r~
250
...........
--........
200
1750
~ ..........
1400
...............
~
~ 150
o."'
::;;:
1050 ~
Cii
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
320
2240
280
1960
240
1400
200
"'
!Il
"'
:li
[L
::;;:
160
1120
Ci5
Ci5
120
840
80
560
40
280
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
14
Source: A.F. Hoenie, J.A. Lumm, R.J. Shelton, and R.A. Wallace,
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for ISNi-Co-Mo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965,
p 65. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1,
Code 1225, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 27
16
Room temperatura
120.---------,-------~,---------,---------,840
560
OOL---------2~--------4~--------6~------~8
160
u;
120
-"'
"'~
U5
80
40
1400
200
1--B
1120
840
8:.
::;<
560
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
10
1400
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
u;
a."'
-"'
::;<
gf 100
700 u
"'~
U5
U5
75
525
50
350
25
175
Source: A.H. Rosenstein, M.R. Gross, W.G. Schreitz, and G.A. Wacker,
"Metallurgical Investigation of 9Ni-4Co-.2C Steel," Report 2678, Naval
Research and Development, July 1968. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 1, Code 1221, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 47
280
200
o
o
10
12
f---+---+-+-+---..~=+---1-----l1050
ui
10
250
o;:-_ _3;:5~--.:.7o=--_
__:.1o:;.:5~_
Room temperatura
Room temperatura
1050
150
"ii;
""'ui
ui
(/)
(/)
jg
rJ)
700
100
00
10
o
12
25
30
10
15
20
6
1960
280
240
1680
1400
200
1120 /f
u; 160
::;:
-"'
"'
"'~
1i5 120
840
80
560
40
280
6
8
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
10
"'"'
~
1i5
12
300
250
200
_"LJ.C)
- :_:z
'C)
-............., / 300 'F (149 ~C)
.......
-- ::::: -.....................
p-
~--~
~...........
~
'/
'Cl" ~
...............
~~,
2100
1750
1400
"'
o_
:2
1050
.....
700
50
350
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
li
'X
100
0.02
= 76.2 rnrn
0.18
Strain, in./in.
300
_"l,_,L,
250
,0
".--_
200
'fU
f---
;::::.
--
c-~
--~ ~~~~........
....... r-,"'=~
o;
""'ui
!1)
":><
ci' ~~~
2100
1750
1400
~
:2
1050 ~
150
Cil
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
300
_"J,J.C)
250
200
- ......
".:Zfl OF (21 C)
io"""
-::::.~
--
~-"'""
1--:::
"
2100
1750
K~o F (149 C)
:=::::z::r--.. '
1400
-~::::::::: ........~
........,
................
~~
lE
1050
100
700
50
350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
300
2100
250
1750
Longitudinal J
200
Bar thickness = ::;107.95 mm (~.250 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal) = 11, n(short
transverse) = 9.1. UNS K92571
~ngitudinal
1400
vshort transverse
::!:
1050 gf
1
1
1ii
100
50
'"
a.
gf 150
~
700
o
o
350
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
12
14
g
::!:
300
28
......
250
........
"'1
200
u;
-"'
.;
rn
150
/sh~ transver~
1400
~~
~
"'
0..
:2:
1050
gf
~
700
Bar thickness = ::;107.95 nun (::;4.250 in.). RambergOsgood parameters: n(longitudinal) = 9.0, n(short
transverse) = 10. UNS K92571
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-107
o
o
22~100
1750
100
50
~c
196
350
12
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
14
8
6
r
/
200
u;
150
Room temperatura
-:J
.;
rn
~
ii)
100
1400
1050
/1
-"'
50
1750
250
700
lj
350
.,
0..
:2:
.;
10
12
300
(2100 )
250
(1750
ro
a.
5
)~
./
200
(1400 )
--
~"'
150
~ (1050
c
"5j
"'c
"g>
w
>"""
/
\1
100
100
(700 )
1
1
1V
"....
...................
---
2V
25
......--"
-.......
//
....
75
- ----
....
....
1
1
1
1
50
(350 )
/''
f,-----
i--2
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain
300
(2100)
250
(1750
ro
a.
)[\_-
200
(1400 )
"'
"g>
>r-
.......
100
(700 )
........
""
....
~:..--
0.1
----~
100
""\2
75
----1V
""'
.............. ---2V
1
1
1
1
1
50
(350 )
\1
------
li
~ 150
~ (1050
c
"5j
..........-
--"""""'
0.2
.......
,.."/
.
0.3
Strain
."...-"' ""
0.4
25
0.5
0.6
TRIP steels can be used as strain sensors. (a) Roomtemperature stress-strain curves for specimens as wrought
(0% ), 20, 40, 60, and 80% reduction at 450 oc warm
rolling. The magnetic properties of the material change
irreversibly as austenite to martensite transformation
occurs. (b) As the magnetic susceptibility changes
dramatically, an accurate history of the peak strain can be
derived from the Hali effect voltages shown on lower
curves. Composition: Fe-8.4Cr-8.4Ni-2.1Mn-0.26C
Source: J.S. Dunning, Characterization of TRIP Steels as Strain Monitor
Materials, Microstructura! Science, Vol25, Proc. 30th Annual Technical
Meeting of the International Metallographic Society, IMS & ASM
International, July 1997, p 417
oo
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain, mim
(a)
3.6
80%
3.0
>
ro
I
0.05
(b)
0.10
0.15
Strain, mim
0.20
0.25
0.30
1200.------,-----,------,------,------,------,
800
"'
[l.
:2
<I
"'
~
600
"'
Q)
400
200
0.10
0.05
0.20
0.15
0.25
0.30
True strain
Temperatura,
1050
160
967
883
800
717
140
;/
/:V.'"
"' 100
:2
Il..
.;
80
"lij
(])
60
40
20
.11
120
550
633
7'
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
True strain
0.30
Temperatura, 'C
967
883
800
717
550
633
140
IL
120
&:.
11
100
:2
~ 80
ft
t="
:>
60
40
20
0.05
J)o
~
1\.
/'C
?'
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
- - Longitudinal
- - Transverse
350
L__ _ _ _2L_--~4----~6----~8-----1~0----~12~--~1;
450
400
T~
350
TT .,...,..,.".
?r=pi"'~
--- ---
..~ Vl_T
""-:'"'"
".
#'
300
"'
~
//- / ...- -
;;tY-/
/
250
ui
rn
~ 200
rn
150
100
50
... 1-"'--Lc
V.;
/
/'
1
1/
2
3
Strain x 0.001
200
180
160
140
y_
120
A ~ /{
lC
1260
1120
~1
980
840
60
40
V:
1
1
1
20
0.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.4
560
0.8
0.6
Strain, in./in.
(2 in. gage)
1.0
~ 200
/
//
150
b/--
(/)
100
50
1.2
1/
1
1.4
3------
./
:i
140
350
"'
"'~
Cii
280
400
~ 250
tii
420
450
300
"'
a_
::;;
700
4~4
80
SS.003 201, 301, 434 stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves used in case study
1400
__... ~
r-
----
...!-~
1/
Strain x 0.001
300r---~--,--r-.~--,----r-,-,-r---r---,--r-ro2100
1C(
0.1
Strain, in./in.
80
v
itudina~t-----
560
490
420
Lon 1
70
1//
/ Transverse
60
~~-
50
30
20
10
350
"'
[]_
::2:
280
V
1
1
ui
Ul
(/)
210
140
70
2
3
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
80
--1/
1 ----Itk::::
70
50
20
10
400
420
"'
o_
(204 C)
::2;
280 "'
210
V
1
140
70
490
350
v-
SS.007 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Room temperature
60
30
560
10
70
SS.008 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
60
50
'iii 40 ~--~-+~~~+------+------4-------~----~280
""
"'"'
~
&
::2;
gf
(/) 30
~-,~~~----+-----~------1-------~----~210
20
10
00L------L----~4------~6------~8------1~0----~1~
2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
00
225
200
175
150
1750
250
x -4J2 F (-26b c)
1 .....-\\
1/
r;
1575
-320 F (-196 c)
1400
1225
1050.,
0..
:2
875
Room temperatura
100
75
50
....---
/"
'
~-
700
1*
<li
525
350
175
25
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
Strain
250
200
150
~
<li
"'~
i)
~_",L ,_l.C)
---- H, charged
-107 F (-77 c)
-~
~ --,f'
..-"" ~
100
(/" V
/
...........
---
--- -
1050.,
0..
:2
<li
"'
50
700
350
10
20
1400
1750
_l_ _ l Unchalrged
30
40
50
Strain,%
60
70
80
90
Source: J .H. Holbrook and A.J. West, The Effect of Temperature and
Strain Rate on the Tensile Properties of Hydrogen-Charged 304L,
21-6-9, and JBK 75, Proc. Hydrogen Effects in Metals, 26-31 Aug 1980
(Moran, WY), TMS/AIME, 1981, p 655-663. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1314, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22
1260
SS.011 301 stainless steel sheet and strip, stressstrain curves at different tempers
1120
980
840
<Il
700
u)
(/)
560 C/)
~
420
Annealed
280
140
o
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
280,------,------,--, .------,-------.---.1960
~----~------~--_,1680
~ 160~----~~~--~~-4
~----~----~~---;1120~
:2
u)
C/)120~-----H~~--~--~
4
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
~----~~~~~---;840
o
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
00
200r-------~------,-------,--------,-------,1400
400 oF (204 oc
1
600 F (316 C}
840
"iii
-"'
c..
"'
:2
,;;
,;;
"'
~
"'
~
560
cn
0 o~--------~4----------~8----------1L2--------~1~
280,---------,----------,---------,---------, 1960
-420 "F (-251 "C)
1680
1400
~160~--------+---~--~~~-------+--------~ 1120~
:2
"'
IJ)
ro120~--------~~-------r---------+--------~
840
560
280
OL_________L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8
4
o
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
L---------~------~
12
16
Source: L.P. Rue, J.E. Campbell, and W.F. Simmons, "The Evaluation
and the Effects of Very Low Temperatures on the Properties of Aircraft
and Missile Metals," WADD-TR-60-254, Feb 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 31
2240
320
Room temperature
1680
240
"'
u;
c..
:;
-"'
vi
cn 160
1120
IZ
~
Cii
560
80
2240
320
Room temperature
240
1680
vi
cn 160
1120
"'
c..
:;
IZ
Cii
560
80
240r-------~------,--------,-------,-------.1680
240r-------,-------~------~------~------~1680
1120
160
1
32
54
u)
U)
u)
u)
U)
U)
560
80
160
"'
:;;;
o._
~
cn i/5
1
2
3
4
5
160
"iij
""u)
1120
"'
:;;;
i/5
560
80
(a)
u)
"'
~
o
1680
1120
"'
o._
"iij
""u)
:;;;
"' "'~
~ i/5
u)
"'~
"'
o._
:;;;
560
80
240
o._
1120
1680
240
u)
CJ)
cn
80
(b)
SS.017 301 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(a) Full hard sheet. Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. (b) Full hard sheet, stress relief 427 oc (800 F), 8 h. Top: longitudinal;
bottom: transverse. Curve 1, room temperature; curve 2, 204 oc (400 F); curve 3, 316 oc (600 F); curve 4, 427 oc (800 F);
curve 5, 538 oc (1000 F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 30
240 , . - - - - , . - - - - , . - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - , 1680
u;
1120
160
-"
a."'
::!;
ui
U)
ui
U)
li)
560
cn
1120
u;
-"
a."'
::2:
ui
U)
ui
U)
li)
560
~---L----L---~---~---~0
320 . - - - - - - , . - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , 2240
320 . . . . - - - - , . - - - - , - - - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , 2240
1680
240
u;
"'
a.
-"
g 160
1120!
U)
li)
80
560
1680
240
"'
a.
::2:
g 160
1120 ui
U)
~
80
560
(b)
SS.018 301 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(a) Extra hard sheet. Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. (b) Extra hard sheet, stress relief 399 oc (750 F), 8 h.
Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. Curve 1, room temperature; curve 2, 204 oc (400 F); curve 3, 316 oc (600 F); curve 4,
427 oc (800 F); curve 5, 538 oc (1000 F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels." Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 30
240
/ V/
200
;/ /:V
160
VV1
gf
120
cn
80
40
1 V1'
V1V
1V1
o f.--2---1
;/
1680
1400
1120
"'
o._
:2
840 "'
Ci
560
280
SS.020 301 stainless steel sheet, elevatedtemperature tensile stress-strain curves with
different stress-relief annealing
Test direction: longitudinal. Curves on left, 65% cold
reduction (CR), 482 oc (900 F), 2 b, air cooled (AC).
Curves on rigbt, 65% CR, 399 oc (750 F), 2 b, AC.
Composition of beat: Fe-0.11 C-17 .25Cr-7.00Ni-0.57Mn0.50Si. UNS S30100
Source: "Data Sheet 19-101656-301," Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.,
Pittsburgh, PA. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1994, p 29
980
TT
LT
840
700
80~~~--+-...~~~~~~~~~~-+~~~~
560 ~
::;!;
gf
ui
(J)
U5 60r-~~~F-~~~+-~~~~~~~-r~~~~ 420 U5
~----~~2------~4------~6~------8L-----~1~
1400
200
1120
160
Lon[~~
Long transverse
u;
120
-""'
,,;
"'~
(ii
80
40
V
~
1
840
a."'
::2:
ui
(ii
560
280
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
200
400
u;
840
120
-""'
a.
"'
::2:
ui
ui
(/)
"'~
(ii
(ii
560
80
10
6
840
120
Longit~
90
'Cii
""1/
"'
60
30
1050
150
~ng transverse
630
1/
"'
420
"'
o._
:2
210
10
12
150 or__--~3r5_____,7o____~1To5~--~14ro~--~17r5____~21~
050
630
o;
"'
o._
""1/
:2
"'~
1/
"'~
Ui
420
Ui
1750
250
1400
200
_,..V
150
1050"'
'""'fl~
~ngitudinal
"(jj
""'ui
!/)
Ci5
100
50
0..
~
.;
!/)
700
/
2
Ci5
350
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
250
750
1050
150
"'
0..
ui
!/)
.;
!/)
700
100
10
6
SS.029 301 annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at various temperatures
140
120
86 OF (30 C}
~----4---~~~~--~~--~--~~~----1840
----1
122 OF (50 C}
100
700
C\l
c;;
o._
0.::
::2;
!1)
80
560 !1)u
60
420
40
280
20
140
cn
00
20
40
60
80
100
o
120
Strain,%
50.--------,--------r--------.--------,-------~350
40~------~-------~------~~------+-------~280
400 OF (204 C}
600 F (316 C}
~----~~~~~~c--------~------4-------~210
&.
::2;
gf
~~~--4--------+--------~------4-------~140
0 o~------~2--------~4--------6L-------~8------~1~
00
u;
250
1750
200
1400
150
1050
"'
Il.
-"'
:2
ui
ui
(/)
"'
~
700
100
cn
250
1750
200
1400
150
1050
"iii
-"
"'
Il.
:2
ui
ui
"'~
i'i5
700
100
!"'
250
750
200~----~-----+------+-----~----~----~1400
u;
1050
150
[L
""ui
:2
ui
"'~
"'
Cii
700
100
o
12
20
30
L
o
250
750
10
12
o
14
25
30
35
20
200r----r--~--,----,---,----,---,----.1400
-.... /
180f-----t---+----t---+----+----+~--+----11260
16o r---+---+----t---+---+v..,./,._--+---+----1112o
140f-----+-~-+----t---t-74-~-t--+----t--~980
a~
Stress
maximum load
120
/
Modulus of strain hardening
/ . - (slope) =107 ksi (738 MPa)
840
.\ /
8:
:2:
~ 100 r---t--+--,.z-;
"'+-----.--1---+--+----1---~ 700 ui
00
Jlv
8or---+~~+--~---+----+----+---+-~56o
"/".,
!/Yield strength
00
6or.-~~--+---rr----+---+----t---+----1420
280
1
1
2o ~--+---+----+-f-----t---+----1----+----1140
1
1 Uniforf strain 0.56 in.~in.
1
L----L----L---LL----L----L--~L----L--~0
0.4
0.2
0.8
0.6
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Strain, in./in.
500
./-321 'F
450
/
1
400
350
~
300
~ 250
"'
f--
1/
200
150
100
50
//
2100
-112 'F (-80 I'C)
v____.. ~
~--""'" 77 oF
(25 oc)
10
1050
700
350
20
30
True strain, %
40
8:
:2:
~
"'
1400 ~
1750
32 OF (O lC)
2450
/ /~ ~
3150
2800
f_
"'2
(~196 'C)
3500
320
2240
1960
1680
Source: K.A Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 28 June 1963. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo12, Code 1302, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5
1 -4J3 F (-253 d)
280
1
V1
11h
1 //
240
200
~
"'
"'
160
cn
120
80
-320 OF (-196 C)
1400
"'
c..
::;;
1120
\ -110 F (-79 C)
840
rwt~ ~
Room temperatura
560
40
280
'
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain, in./in.
60
V
50
40
'Cii
-"'
"'"' 30
Ci5
~
20
b --
43d F (221 C)
il reactor pile
430 F (221
/
420
350
ocl
Room
temp~rature
280
&.
::;;
210 "'
140
10
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
oc
0.2
Strain,%
400
160
u;
""'II
!1)
80
oc
-....
1120
120
fE
Ci5
SS.040 304 stainless steel tube, compressive stressstrain curves at elevated temperatures
1400
200
/_
1(
.....
840
_____,
40
i
II
"'
!--o.1oo-
560
i
i
i
0.300
i!
280
..1..
~
0.2001
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
&.
:2
0.4
0.5
fE
Ci5
SS.041 304 stainless steel, general, full-range stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
100.-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,700
Room temperatura
ui
~"'
(/)
40
20r-------,_-------+--------r-------,________,140
OOL-------L-------~------~-------L-------JO
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.8
60
420
50
350
Room temperatura
40
'iii
-"'
ui
"'
~
(/)
1.0
30
20
10
280
tll
a.
400 F (2J C)
::2:
:..-
600 OF
(31~ C)
210 ui
800 F (427 C)
140
70
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
400
200
70 F (21 C}
SS.043 304 annealed stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
2800
100
40
1---
10
o.001
_.,... V
~
;;~
....-....-
20
--
1400
oC)
(42/
oc)
V12oo F (649
1
-do
Source: J.B. Conway, "Evaluation of Plastic Fatigue Properties of HeatResistantAlloys," GEMP-740, General Electric Co., Dec 1969. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1303,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 13
700 "'
0..
::2:
ui
Ul
420 ~
Ql
280
!..---' V
~ ~o o/
V/
1-
ol (81l oc)
140
0.1
0.01
70
1.0
True strain
260
_.cr
240
220
21
200
180
Pmax'
~ 160
gf 140
~
120
1-
100
rY"
,//"
60
40
.,t:!'
/~ ~
VL ~
~-
20
o
o
/A:::
65d
816
0.2
0.3
.
\650
~---
..___Pmax
"- Pmax
0.1
430
oc
1400
1260
oc
oc (806 F)
o.-a-o.
840 1ii
Ql
2
700 1-
......
~
,.,
i.
560
oc (1200 1)
420
280
8~6 oc (15oo F)
140
'CI
oc
0.4
1540
::2:
980 gf
43o
,...--
0.5
1680
1120~
P~ax
~---"'"
80
1820
""() ....o-Q....
oc (70 F) .,....-aV
---------..:
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
SS.044 304 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 and 816 oc (1202 and 1580 F), while
the reverse is true for 430 oc (806 F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed tobe due to the formation of intemal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. P max is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9 .25Ni. UNS S30400
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 213
100
21
90
.."".-
80
70
~
rt
60
~"'50
c:
-~
Q)
, 40
c:
w
30
20
f- r--
430
560
~~
-o. .Q.
oc (1200 F)
_,...._
D--o.
~
1--...
10
0.2
.........
oc
- --)
ct -o.
-o 816
."'
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.8
Engineering strain
0.9
c:
w
210
'
oc (15oo F
o
1.0
"'c:
c:
280 o,
140
70
......'b
0.3
"'~
Q)
Q.
rt
o;
-~
1\
420
350
...
.
R.
:\
816
C\l
a.
::2:
""
oc
650
... .
..
490
.f "'..
oc (806 F)
650
0.1
630
""""
lk
ob (70 F)
/ /
lj
700
/\
1.1
1.5
"
2.9
3.0
SS.045 304 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the
other curve at 650 and 816 C (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 oc (806 F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-l9Cr-9.25Ni.
UNS S30400
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 216
520
-452 F (-269
480
440
400
ot)
1 V /
J/ /
yV
/
360
- 320
~
li 280
~!"
v", V
~ 240
::J
t!= 200
)
160
1~ ",.
80 ~
120
V
a/
.. v
_..
-32~ F (-1 96 c)
1
-240 F (-151
y_
1
3360
2800
-105 F (-76 c)
".-!, 2240
.......
1960~
oi
1680 ~
ii5
1400
1120
840
560
40
280
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True strain
3080
2520
1.....
o
o
c)
3640
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1200.----.----~---,----,----,----,-----,---~
-80 oc
200~---+----~----~--~----~----+---~----~
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Engineering strain
0.6
0.7
0.8
400
350
__...::;,:::::
300
~----
TS.
/
;:;:;;~
/
250
"'
a.
:2
CI
"'
~
200
150
100
50
.~
1
1
V
------TT
-:?
,/
24 to 35 tests were macte in each orientation on coldrolled specimens. Curves: LT, longitudinal tension; TT,
transverse tension; LC, longitudinal compression; and
TC, transverse compression. Elastic modulus: LT,
199.8 GPa; TT, 197.3 GPa; LC, 208.1 GPa; TC,
205.1 GPa. Yield strength (0.2% ): LT, 290.3 MPa; TT,
290.0 MPa; LC, 295.7 MPa; TC, 308.0 MPa. Ultimate
tensile strength: LT, 676 MPa; TT, 651 MPa.
Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
Source: P. Van Der Merwe and G.J Van Den Berg, The Advantages of
Using Cr-Mn Steels Instead of Cr-Ni Steels in Cold-Formed Design,
High Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, R.A. Lula, Ed., Conf.
Proc., 10-15 Oct 1987 (Cincinnati, OH) and 2-4 Nov 1992 (Chicago,
IL), ASM International, 1992, p 129
Strain x 0.001
.....-
100
"'
~
60
80
~
840
120
'
700
560
1\1
40
280
1
20
140
20
10
30
40
50
60
Strain,%
25
Elastil
strain
20
15
"(ii
""'u
"'~
Cii
1/-
10 f
/
... ...
V
/
...... .........
--
10 h
.....---ros;;r--
---
~5h
175
140
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y.Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Stee1s," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oct 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25
----
105
70
35
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain,%
2.5
3.0
3.5
"'
o_
::2:
4.0
"'
~
25
Elastil
strain
1(fh
v~
20
o;
15
"'"'
~
Cii
10
f ---------
'//
",..
------
175
140
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y.Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Stee1s," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oct 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25
..__--
~~
105
"'"'
~
"'
Il..
:2
1(Th
70
Cii
....
5 1
0.5
1.0
1.5
35
2.5
2.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
Strain,%
175
25
Elaslic
strain
o;
15
"'"'
V
/
Cii
10
ft- --
v--
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y.Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oct 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1303, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25
140
20
"'
0.5
-------------
1.0
1tf h
"'
Il..
:2
"'"'
10 h
r-
--1.5
105
1-"
70
HTh
5 X 1cY h
2.0
Strain,%
35
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Cii
150.-----.-----.-----.-----.-----~
,-.,...------, 1050
oc
700
100
"'
[L
::;;:
525 u
gf 75
"'~
ii5
50
350
25 1-----t-----t-
175
0 oL-----1~0-----2~0-----L-----L-----LJ
Strain,%
(a)
700
100
80
"Cii
-"'
"'~
ii5
40
560
~\,
60 li'
,,
3\ 4 ~
/~
'(/',/
----------,,
-----
-......_,
420
::;;:
gf
~
280 ii5
20
140
10
20
30
Strain,%
"'
[L
40
50
280r---------,----------,---------,---------.1960
-423 F (-253
c)
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Composition: Felow C-19Cr-1 ONi. UNS S30403
Source: "Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," ML-TRD-64-280,
Martin Co., Denver, CO, Aug 1964. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1303, CINDAS!USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 13
~ 160r-------~~+--------r-r------~----------11120~
::;;
1i5 120
840
0 oL-------~oL.2---------oL.4---------o~.6--------~o.f
Strain, in./in.
120
840
100
700
--o- ~
80
"'
~
.o--<
560
IV
~
::;;
u;
""!I
420
60
40
~
280
140
20
0.1
Strain rate, s
-1
10
10
!I
(/)
Source: R.G. Davies and C.L. Magee, The Effect of Strain-Rate upon
the Tensile Deformation of Metals, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., Aprill975,
p 151. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12,
Code 1305, CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 22
1400
1260
1120
980
"'
840 ~
CJ
cn
700
g
(/)
560
420
280
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
140
0.7
0.6
Strain, in./in.
36
75'F(24'C)------ 280
v-
40
28
rJ)
CI)
c7> 20
"'
~~
16
12
gf
'Gl
140 ~
...'/
f/
196
'/~
ui
224
IL
~ 24
252
32
112
8
2doo 'F (1 o93 'C)
4
SS.057 31 O annealed stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
308
44
1(-,
28
2200 'F (1204 'C)
2
280
1960
280
240
1680
240 1--
1:1 Biaxial
(::ipec No. BS 26)
200
a; 160
""'<J
~
cn
120
1400
J~
1120 ~
:;;
/(;
840
80
40
a; 160
<J
""'<J
VJ
VJ
iii
iii
1:1Biial
(Spec No. BS 20)
1680
1400
17
2:1 Biaxial
(Spec No. BS 32)
1120 ~
1(/
:;;
<J
VJ
120
840
560
80
560
280
40
280
Room teperature
(a)
280
280
1960
240
1680
240
1400
200
::L./
J_...--
1:1 Biaxlal
(Spec No. BS 24)
a; 160
""'<J
VJ
cn
2:1 Biaxial
(Spec No. BS 12)
::;;;-
........
7.0
Uniaxial
(Spec No. USL 3)
:;;
<J
1:1 Biaxial
(Spec No. BS 18)
'/
40
1960
1680
Uniaxial
(Spec No. USL 7)
1400
1120 ~
""'<J
VJ
2:1 Biaxial
(Spec No. BS 31)
lf
a; 160
:;;
<J
840
80
560
280
40
280
-423
iii
OI (-253 C)
3
[/?"
IJ
560
((;
~
~
840 cn cn 120
VJ
120
80
1120 ~
{b)
__,.-
~
cn
Room teperature
200
........
13.0
Uniaxial
(Spec No. USL 5)
//V?
200
2:1 Biaxial
(Spec No. BS 7)
Uniaxial
(Spec No. USL 2)
!/
'1
1960
{d)
SS.058 31 O stainless steel, typical stress-strain curves for uniaxial and biaxial stress at room and low temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
Source: S.W. McClaren and C.R. Foreman, "Cryogenic Design Data for Materials Subjected ta Uniaxial and Multiaxial Stress Field," AFML-TR-65-140, May
1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Cade 1305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Ptlrdue University, 1995, p 23
45
40
RT
Lot2/
35
V
J
]j 25
ui
~ 20
11
15
280
RT
Lot 1
210
"'
175 ~
ui
(/)
140
1400 OF (760 C)
Lot 1
ff/
10
245
-,
v-1/
30
315
105
1600 OF (871 C)
(/)
Lot21
70
V~~
1800 OF (982 C)
Lot 1 1
o
o
(a)
35
63
1
8
7
6
3
2
56
1 ~F(982C)
Lot 1 and 2
1
1
1
49
average
42
2000 OF (1093 C)
Lot 1 a~d 2
average
"'
35 ~
ui
(/)
V ------
28
1
re
2200 OF (1204 C)
1
Lot21
21
2300 F (1260 C)
Lot2
14
3
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(/)
Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, Short Time Properties ofType 316
Stain1ess Stee1 at Very High Temperatures, Paper No. 60-WA-11, Trans.
ASME, J. Basic Eng., 1960. As pub1ished in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vo1 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1994, p 31
100
700
80
420
60
'iii
"'vi
n.
"'
"'vi
vi
<fJ
<fJ
280
40
ti)
40
20
o
o
(a)
10
Strain x 0.001
15
---
60
--)
n."'
vi
t:
280 ti)
Monotonie
(0.004/s)
140
20
420
1/
(b)
80
'iii
Monotonie
(0.004/s)
<fJ
60
560
15
10
Strain x 0.001
560
80,--------,---------,---------,--------~560
420
60
o
420
8
"'
n.
:li
~
280 <fJ
vi
40
ti)
(0.004/s)
140
20
0 0L-------~5--------~10~-------1L5--------~2~
Strain x 0.001
(c)
"'
n.
'iii
"':li
~
280 rn
vi
40
ti)
ti)
140
20
L-------~5--------~10_________1L5--------~2~
Strain x 0.001
(d)
SS.060 316 stainless steel bar, monotonie and cyclic stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 15.875 mm (5/8 in.). Hot rolled, annealed 1066 oc (1950 F), 1 h. Incremental steps: Solid line, annealed; dashed
line, aged 1000 h at test temperature. Constant amplitude continuous cycling: open circle, annealed; solid circle, aged at 538 oc
(1000 oF); solid diamond, aged at 649 oc (1200 F). Strain rate for cyclic curves 1-5, 7-9 = 0.004/s; for curves 6 and 10, strain
rate= 0.00004/s. (a) 21 oc (70 F). (b) 427 oc (800 F). (c) 566 oc (1050 F). (d) 649 oc (1200 F). Composition:17.30Cr13.30Ni-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-0.40Si-0.06C-0.012P-0.007S-0.065Cu-0.003Ti. Dimensions in schematic given in inches
(1 in.= 25.4 mm). UNS S31600
Source: D.A. Keller, "Progress on LMFBR Cladding, Structural and Component Material Studies During July 1971 through June 1972," BMI-1928, Final
Report, Task 32, Battelle Columbus, July 1972. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1994, p 32
V
1
&
30
25
"iii 20
-"
rJ
rn
~
U5
77 t(25C)
~/
10
rt
210
175
-
l.,.---1ooo
140
o~ (538 oc)
&
:2
15
245
35
105
::i
~
f-1
70
f-"
.........
T""
1
1800
35
"C)
50
)---
40
30
SS.062 316 wrought stainless steel bar, typical stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
280
Source: L.J. Fritz and W.P. Koster, "Tensile and Creep Rupture
Properties of (16) Uncoated and (2) Coated Engineering Alloys at
Elevated Temperatures," NASA Cr-135138, Metcut Research
Associates, Inc., Jan 1977. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
Voi 2, CINDASfUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1994, p 33
10 oF (21 oc)
)---
350
210
a."'
:2
rJ
::i
rn
---..
......
-- ~;o-;;tF
-...
20
~---
10
1
1
1
1
1
/'
~---
~- ~.--~- ~-~
140
(816 oc)
/'
1
1
~-
1100 oF (593 C)
(J)
70
1
1
o
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
U5
60
50
~~~ ~\OD
'dv
li
f
8
....
350
D
D
o
280
l= ~
<ll
o o o c
~Cb
40
~ 30
>DO
,.,.... D
a."'
if
SS.063 316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples
420
:lE
tJ
210 ~
"'
<ll
20 ;::r
140
~
70
o
o
o
0.1 o
Source: J.B. Conway, J.T. Berling, and R.H. Stentz, "New Correlations
Involving the Low-Cycle Fatigue and Short-Terrn Tensile Behavior of
Irradiated aud Unirradiated 304 and 316 Stainless Steel," GEMP 726,
General Electric Co., Dec 1969. N70-25351. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Voi 2, CINDASJUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1994, p 34
10
0.05
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
True strain
440
IA
li
w prp
~ 240
<ll
~ 200
!J.V/
lffV
1/:V
2520
2240
-105 "C
"'
1960~
tJ
1680 ~
___.. _,u
,--o
2800
-196 "C
.......
fl#-
~ 280
80
3080
Fd
320
-269"C
_....A
360
120
400
160
3360
480
Vo
1400 ~
24"C
1-
1120
840
560
/
40
280
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
True strain
1.0
1.2
1.4
5~-----i-------+-----_,
______
35
5% cold worked
10% cold worked
.A
0 o~-----2~----~4------~6------~a------1~o----~1l
Plastic strain, %
90
,-,.
80
70
60
rl ~
~ 50
ui
"'~
Ci5 40
30
~ vr
~~
630
560
.,()
~~
~
490
420
"'
350 ~
li
280 ~
cn
210
20
o
~
140
10
70
10
12
14
Strain x 0.01
16
18
20
22
40
35
30
25
It/l--:_
'
245
210
175
1
1v----11
15
10
----
~4JC)
280
"'
[J_
:::e
140
1400 OF (760 C)
u)
(/)
1i5
1600 OF (871 oc)_ 105
1
~
1
2000F(1093C) ___ 35
2200 F (1204 C)
1
2300 OF (1260 C)
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain,%
oL----L----L----L----L----L--~L----L--~0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
220
J:J' cr ..
200
180
160
Pmaxz:;;
140
gf 120
~
(ii
O)
::J
100
80
---
..,.,.-~
".,
-....._Pmax
Vpma\
1120
980
:>---o-o.
/.Pmax
........
0.2
0.3
0.4
700
0.5
0.6
816 oc
0.7
560
..
b
420
280
..o
0.8
O)
..... .
.
~
(ii
::J
\,650 oc (12oo F)
/J.
0.1
(/)
'r--.Pmax
:2:
840 ui
43ooc
"<l.
"'
o.
\ 43o oc (806 F)
ax
~ f..o20
1400
od (70 F)
1260
ro-
~.r~~
60
.
650 oc
/~ ~
40
/
......-21
1540
---------- o o.uo
0.9
140
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
SS.069 316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 and 816 oc (1202 and 1580 F), while
the reverse is true for 430 oc (806 F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of interna! voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. P max is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Inforrnation Center, USAEC,
1975, p 214
100
21
80
VV
~
"' 60
"'c:
-~
Q)
,
c:
40
LU
20
.A'
V: ~
700
(70 'F)
..._
j...---<r"
'""""--- r---
--~ io-a.
650 'C 1200 'F)
r----.,
t--- 1--1-)
<
r-.:,.
r-. 650 'C
..'"
... -~-~?-~~-- la--.....
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
"'
c:
......
280 ~
"6>
c:
LU
1>.
".b._
'""'().
..
140
..................
0.9
1.0
(/)
(/)
"tfi
..
''O
r...1t
0.2
420 :::;;:_
~
(ii
11
(1\
{
"<t
"'
Il.
:o-
o-."0.
)P--
IJ .
0.1
560
,."
'b
......b
1.4
1.5
2.4
2.5
Engineering strain
SS.070 316 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at roorn and elevated ternperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other
curve at 650 and 816 oc (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 oc (806 F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo.
UNS S31600
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 216
SS.071 316 annealed stainless steel sheet, true stressstrain curves at roorn and low ternperatures
Sheet thickness = 0.762 mm (0.03 in.). Annealed 1049 oc
(1920 F), 0.25 h, water quenched, grain size = 100 J..Lm,
gage section = 6.35 x 0.762 x 25.4 mm (0.25 X 0.03 x
1.0 in.), strain rate= 0.004/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: V. Seetharaman and R. Krishnan, Influence of the Martensitic
Transformation on the Deformation Behavior of an AISI 316 Stainless
Stee1 at Low Temperatures, J. Mater. Sci., Vo1 16 (No. 2), Feb 1981,
p 523-530. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo12, Code 1307, CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 30
40
280
~OOOh
--- . - . 10,000 h
---- 100,000 h
- - 500,000h
210
30
1 /
. 1
1 1
;//V
. 1
1
;/
o
o
/" .....
/""
1 /,
--~
1 .1
1.1
f.l
1 /
:,. 1'
40
;'""
"......
f. ..
"..
//
Strain,%
........
.......
10
-- ---
,..,,..,
11
l /
--
",.
f.1
"'
a.
::;:;
140 ui
Ul
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2Y.Cr-1Mo, Type 304304H, and Type 316-316H Stee1s," Technical Report 2012-Part 1,
United Nuclear Corp., Sept 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1307, CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 40
U5
70
//
V ----1
2
Strain,%
40
2
Strain,%
140,----,-----,------,------,------,------,980
0 o~----~o~.5~----1~.o~----~1.~5----~2.~o------2L.s______J3.~
Strain range, %
700
100
- !..._
75 oF (24loC)
- . - . 1400 OF (760 C)
- - - 1600 OF (871 C)
- - 1800 OF (982 C)
80
560
.!
5% coldwork
60
v-
~
ui
(/)
~
1i5
1
1
l/
~---
20
Il: ....
1 .... ::..:: (
".......
1''
v- V
0.2
0.4
Strain,%
:2
f
1
0.2
0.4
Strain,%
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
140
~ 80
ui
(/)
<1l
2 60
1-
40
/~ r::::V
100
SS.075 316L stainless steel plate, true roomtemperature stress-strain curves showing effects
of grain size
980
120
/ rf
~
~
V
221-1m_l
/?_1.~-'m
/
1651-!m
840
"'
0..
560 :2
ui
420 ~
t!=
280
140
20
10
700
o
o
1 /
f.---
oo
&.
1
280 ~
1
-1.~-- -/.'
-- -- -- - 140
420
40
1 - - 1-
~---
Annealed
/'
15
25
20
True strain, %
30
35
40
;;;
50
350
40
280
210
30
"'
0..
:;
-"!.
ui
ui
VI
VI
Cii
140
20
L------L------~----~------~------~------"0
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
100
-""
;;;
60
-"!.
ui
"'~
Cii
40
700
(:::-
---
-~
r~
420
~
1'
280 Cii
20
140
0.08
"'
0..
:;
560
0.16
0.24
Strain, in./in.
0.32
0.40
70
60
50
"iii
-"'
u
~~~-,q-~~~~~~~~~~~~+-~~~~280 ~
40
::;;:
rn
Source: E.H. Schmidt and E.F. Green, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar
and Cast Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," Rocketdyne
R-7564, Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol2, Code 1308, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22
ii5 30
20
~~~~1-~~~-t~~~~~~~~+-~~~~140
10
~~~~+-~~~~~~~~~~~~+-~~~~70
L-------L-----~------~------~------~0
00
10
280
240
160
g
C/)
120
80
1vuuL
1/1 V
v~
1400
1120~
::;;:
\
Room temperature
rn
840
"
560
280
40
0.2
Bar diarneter = 19.05 nun (0.75 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-10Ni-Ti. UNS S32100
0.1
1960
1680
1 /
1V
200
"iii
-"'
---
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
0.6
ffl
oc
350
50
40
280
210
30
~
<ti
Il.
:2
ui
ui
tn
tn
140
20
(/)
0 oL---------~2---------~4----------6L-------~8
90
-423"Fl-253"C~ ~
~ ~F (-196 "C)
80
70
60
~ 50
ui
tn
!!?
Ci5 40
30
20
10
630
560
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
490
420
<ti
350 ~
~v-
~
280 (/)
~
210
140
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in.lin.
210
"'
~.tl~~-7-~1-----r---1------r-~~840 ~
401-----~---~---+---r----+----1280
oL-----J_----~------L------L----~----~o
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
0.6
700
100
Room temperatura
u;
560
80
420
60
"'
0..
-"
400 F (204
<I
(/)
::E
c)
Source: Properties of AISI Type 347 aud 348 Stainless Steel, Bettis
Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse, May 1957. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1309,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Haudbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 12
<I
(/)
1i5
(/)
280
40
20~--------~---------~~--------~--------~140
0 oL---------o~.2---------o~.4----------o.L6--------~o.R
Strain, in./in.
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Composition: Fe-18Cr12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
2450
"'
0..
2100
::E
<I
(/)
1750 ~
1400
1050
700
5or---~~--~-----t-----+----~----~--~
350
0 oL_____OL.2_____0L.4~---0L.6_____0~.8-----1~.0----~----~
1.40
1.2
True strain, in./in.
60
420
350
Sheet thickness = 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Fe18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
280
"'
c;;
0..
-"'
:.2
ui
210 ui
"'~
"'
~
(i5
20
140
10
70
L-------~------~2------~3------~k-----~50
450.------,------,------,------,------,------,3150
/ -452 OF (-269 C)
~-T---+-
c0.252 in.
350
120
430
100
r_.,.?
Pmax
80
~
ui
"' 60
~
Ol
40
20
tt
~ Pmax
!:::-o
(B06 "F)
~
PJ43ooc
C\
~q
\\
650 oc (1200 F)
...__.__
~
~
-~
840
~-,
"""
1
1
1
1
1
~~
...
\
\
\
b
1~ ~
:2
ui
420 ~
ti
Ol
"
1 In
816 c (15oo F)
-.o
()
280
--,o
'o
816oc
li"
Pmax
0.2
1:.
...
Pmax
0.12
560
1
1
\1
- 65ooc
~
...
700
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
--..,
1.1
140
1.2
SS.088 348 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 and 816 oc (1202 and 1580 F), while
the reverse is true for 430 oc (806 F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of interna! voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the Iines are
dashed as they approach the f1acture point. Pmax is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb(Nb stabilized, Ta
and Co restricted). UNS S34800
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 215
80
560
70
_.. r-
60
_A~
ro-
lV
11
20
oc (806 F)
430
oc
650
-----
y
a
oc (1200 F)
-?---
816
r---._
It
~~
~
oc (1500 F)
816
350 :2
~
~
'. . .'Q.
280 :;
.'b
c:
~'tt
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.9
1.2
1.4
"g>
UJ
b
140
r-;
0.8
c:
210
A~
oc
0.7
0.6
(j)
70
_
.......
----
;..
0.2
0.1
-~
"'7'
"'
[)_
~=-
420
!-o7
10
o
o
-r-;
"
1~
490
430
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
Engineering strain
SS.089 348 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the
other curve at 650 and 816 ac (1202 and 1580 F), while the reverse is true for 430 ac (806 F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12NiNb(Nb stabilized, Ta and Co restricted). UNS S34800
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 217
300
2100
250
1750
1400
~c
'" -,
200
u;
-"'
<I
"'~
o.tc/~~-re
~~
~3C
V
J
"'
[)_
:2
150
1050!
Ci5
rn
100
700
50
350
10
20
Strain,%
30
300
250
Effect of different rolling temperatures is shown. Reduction in thickness = 80%. Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-1Mn0.4C-bal Fe
200
"'
a.
"iii
-""
ui
"'
~
:2
150 r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~1050~
~
cn
100 ~~~--~4-~~--~-+~~~--~~--~~--1700
50 ~~~~~4-~~--~-+~~~--~,---~----1350
o L-~------~10-----------2L0--------~3L0--------~4~
o
Strain,%
300
2100
250
1750
(\
180%
200
1400
n60%
"iii
-""
ui
"'!'!
...,...--
150
1--
"'
a.
40%
1050
ii5
100
1---h 20%
700
50
350
10
:2
20
Strain,%
30
300 ,---------,----------,---------,---------,2100
250
200
20%
"'-
~"'
"'
c:L
::;;
150 ~--------~~~----~~~-----4----------;1050~
(/)
100
50 r---------~--------~---------4----------;350
o
o
20
10
30
Strain,%
200
"iii
"'
150
Cii
h
1/
11
1750
um.mp,red
1400
"'
::;;
c:L
1050
1(1
700
50
350
10
100
o
o
Tempered
250
""'ui
2100
300
20
Strain,%
30
/'""
250
200
"(ii
-"'
"'
(/)
150
2100
300
~ 2 Mn
1/
;v
A
........
1750
1400
~3Mn
8:.
::2
_,
1050 ~
iii
iii
100
700
50
350
o
o
10
20
30
Strain,%
300
250
V\.
200
"(ii
-"'
"'
(/)
~/
//
L~ ~
2100
~1Mn
2 Mn
3Mn
1750
1400
"'
0..
::2
150
1050 ~
iii
iii
100
50
700
1--
o
o
350
10
20
Strain,%
30
490
70
S24000
60
420
50
350
280
40
'iii
-"'
I1
~"'
CI)
I1
"'~
30
210 Ci5
20
140
10
70
00
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
120
Ultimate t~nsile
strength
110
770
700
90
630
-~/
&
.,._0"'flf/
-- 70
~
~ 60
~/
40
20
'""'-Proportional /
limit
/
10
1
V
yield strength
v'
350
280
,1
210
140
70
1
2
11
30
560
_l.---
0?5
50
840
100
80
Ci5
:::;:
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
CI)
200r-----~----,-----,-----,------,-----,-----,1400
840
120
"'
"iii
0..
::;;:
""'fi
"'
~
fi
"'
~
560
80
L-----~----~----~-----L-----L----~----~0
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
14
280r-------,---------.------~--------r-------,1960
-320 F (-196 c)
"'
"iii
0..
1il
"'
~
""'fi
"'~
::;;:
fi
CI)
CI)
::J
F=
~
1400
160
0~-------0~.2------~0L.4-------0~.6--------0L.8------~1.d 120
2450
350
20 K
~K
250
c;; 200
""'vi
~"'
2100
300
1750
------ ----=:::::::
(/) 150
1400
vi
~95K
1050
Room temperat~~
100
700
50
350
0.04
8:
:2
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
"'~
i'i5
0.20
1400
200
1120
160
Room temperatura
400 oF (294 oc)
800 OF (4f7 OC)
Y.-1000 h
840
120
'Cii
l1l
0..
""'<I
:2
<I
"'
"'~
560
80
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, June 1963. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol
2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 22
i'i5
200r------r------~-----,------,-------,-----~1400
SS.1 03 420 stainless steel sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm
(0.062 in.). Treatment: 982 oc (1800 F), 15 min, oii
quenched, 482 oc (900 F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-13Cr0.35C. UNS S42000
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of
Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, ASTIA Document No.
206075, Southem Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1402, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
L------L------~----~------~------~------"0
10
12
200,---------,----------,----------,----------,1400
160~---------r--------~----------+-----------11120
Room temperatura
~------~2~------~4~------~6--------~a.o
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1400
200
160
1120
840
120
'iii
-"'
a.
"'
:2
ui
cn
ui
(/)
Ci5
560
80
Ci5
0 o~------~2--------4L-------~6~------~8------~1~
225,------,------,------,------,------,-----,1575
1400
1225
1050
SS.l 06 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Sheet
thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 371 oc
(700 F). Treatment: 1038 oc (1900 F), 15 min in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 oc (-100 F),
30 min, 371 oc (700 F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler, "Engineering Data on Newly
Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-67-418,
April 1968, p 145. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1509, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 10
0 o~-----2L______4L______6L______8L-----~1Lo----~1l
225.------,-----,------,------,-----,------,1575
1400
1225
SS.l 07 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Sheet
thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 593 C
(1100 F). Treatment: 1038 oc (1900 F), 15 rnin in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 C (-100 F),
30 rnin, 593 oc (1100 F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler. "Engineering Data on Newly
Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR -67-418,
April 1968, p 160. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol2, Code 1509, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p Il
L-----~2------~4------~6------SL-----~10----~1;
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0 o~-----~2------~4------~6------sL-----~1-o----~1;
275
250
/#
200
//
gj 150
"'
"'
(])
&5 125
100
1.
50
1400
1225
"'
1050 ~
"'
"'~
875
ii)
700
75
25
1575
TL
~soo~F(427C)
h} ~
175
1750
~Td,
225
1925
10 oF (21 oc)
Land T
525
''
350
175
10
240r-----~-----.------,------.------,-----~1680
H 1000
1400
1120
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Annco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
comrnunication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1510, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 15
"'
c..
::2
gf 120
840 "'
"'
~
ii)
80
560
40
280
~----~2L-----~4------~6------~8______L __ _ _ _~1;
320
SS.111 13-8 PH Mo stainless steel bar, true stressstrain curves with effect of heat treatment
2240
240
1680
3
2
-;;;
"'
[)._
::;:
--"'
ui
1/)
ui
1/)
1120 ~
iii 160
1/)
Q)
Q)
:::>
80
560
L_______
0.02
0.03
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
0.01
~--------~0
0.04
240.------,-----,------.------,------,------,1680
Room temperature
1400
SS.112 13-8 PH Mo H1 000 stainless steel bar, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Aging treatment:
538 oc (1000 F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-13Cr8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
cornmunication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1510, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
0 o~~-----2~-----4L------~6L_----~8------~1o~--~1l
55.113 13-8 PH Mo H1 000 stainless steel bar, stressstrain curves at room and Jow temperatures
320,---------,---------,----------.---------,2240
-320 OF (-196 C)
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1510, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
0 0~--------~4--------~8----------1~2--------~1;
200
160
80
40
1680
240
1
1
1
1
4
v--
1400
1120
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1510, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 19
<Il
Q_
:a:
840 VJ
cii
(J)
560
280
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
225
.-----,-----~------,-----,-----~-----.1575
200
175
1225
150
"iii
-"'
"'
125 ~----~-----+~~~r-----~~--~~--~875~
";
";
UJ
UJ
100 ~----~--~~~~--~----~-----T----~700:
(J)
75
L-----~2L-----~4-------~6------8L-----~10~--~1f
250
200
150
"iii
V ----
";
UJ
ui
UJ
!
700
350
"'
c..
::;;
1
2
1400
1050
100
f.---
11
-"'
50
1750
10
12
250
35
..........
..____
200
150
-"'
<J
"'~
U5
100
-r-----
v--
"Cii
50
r---
175
V
1
1400
"'
c..
2
ui
"'
700
350
10
12
240
220
200
180
160
10
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
r- ~---
r--
......
_,_
V
",
....,
'"~ "',
', "
.........
....
'.
'\,\
"'~
gj"
1540
"'......_
- 140
U5
1400
.....
H950
1120
!'-......_
H1000
100
',
H1100
"x
H1050
"'
980 c..
2
840 gj"
~
700 U5
80
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
Test direction: longitudinal. Based on one beat. Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
1260
120
0.02
1680
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
240
210
Transverse
180
150
-"'
ui
120
90
60
30
/
)V
1470
1260
0angitudinal
1050
11
'Cii
"'
p-
1680
"'
0..
::;;
840 ui
!JV
"'
~
630
420
210
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
14
200
1400
H925
160
1120
120
840
'Cii
"'
0..
-"'
ui
::;;
ui
"'
"'
80
560
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
cn
200
400
H1025
Test direction: long transverse. Bar thickness = 38.0139.7 rnrn (1.500-5.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(H1025) =20, n(H1150) =7.8. Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
840
120
"'
:2
a_
"iij
-"'
ui
!/)
!/)
Ci
560
80
10
200
35
70
105
140
175
21q400
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 38.0142.24 mm (1.500-5.600 in.). 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, n(400 F)
= 18, n(700 F) = 12, n(900 F) = 11. Composition: Fe15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
Room temperatura
840
120
"'
:2
a_
"iij
-"'
!/)
!/)
560
80
10
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
Ci
-"'
"'
:2
"'~
"'~
u;
a_
.;
.;
Cii
560
Cii
o
35
70
105
140
175
210
200 r-----.-----,----,------.-----,-------, 1400
160 J - - - - + - - - - + - - - - t - - - - - + - - - - + - - - - 1 1 1 2 0
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 8.5, n(400 F)
= 14, n(700 F) = 12, n(900 F) = 10. Composition: Fe15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
120
-"'
.;
"'
C/)
80
0 o~--~2---~4---6L---~8--~1~o_L~_u1l
.------4r2____-,84______1,2_6_____1,6_8_____2,1_o____~25i
400
"'
a.
"iii
-"'
:;;:
<J
<J
"'~
"'~
i'ii
560
i'ii
320 r---------,---------,----------,---------,2240
SS.126 15-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet, stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
280
240
Source: L.P. Rice, J.E. Campbell, and W.F. Simmons, "The Evaluation
of the Effects of Very Low Temperatures on the Properties of Aircraft
and Missile Metals," WADD TR 60-254, Feb 1960, p 40. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Cade 1503, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
200
"iii
"'
a.
<J
~--------~L,~L---~---------r--------~1120 ~
:;;:
-"'
"'
_g;
160
i'ii
UJ
120
80
40
00~--------~4--------~8----------1L2--------~1~
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
u;
200
1400
160
1120
840
120
-"'
ui
cn
ro
c..
:2
ui
cn
Ci5
560
80
Ci5
240
1680
200
1400
160
1120
"'
u;
Q_
-""
:2
"'"' 120
840 "'
"'
ii5
80
560
40
280
(a)
240r-------,-------,--------,-------,--------.1680
(b)
300
RT
250
~
.;
tn
2100
1750
200
1400
150
1050 gf
a.
"'
:2
~
100
700
50
350
(a)
300,-----,------,------,-----,------,-----, 2100
250r-----~-----+------r-----~-----+----~
1750
RT
1400
"'
a.
:2
1050 gf
~
700
350
(b)
10
"'
:2
o._
~
rJ
rJ
"'
"'
1i5
560
'------'------'-------' '------'-------'-------' o
4
12 o
12
{b)
{a)
200 r - - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - , . - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - , 1400
RT
160
o;
840
120
"'
o._
:2
rJ
rJ
rn
"'~
1i5
560
80
1000 OF {538 C)
280
40
0 o'----~4----~8---1~2 ~o---~4---~8------'1P
{d)
1i5
250 . - - - , - - - - - - , - - - . . . . . . . , - - - - r - - - , - - - - - - - , 1750
Room temperatura
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 8.3,
n(200 F) = 6.6, n(400 F) = 7.5, n(600 F) = 5.5,
n(800 F) = 4.7, n(lOOO F) = 6.6. Composition: Fe15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS Sl5700
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-181
L---~--~----L--~---~-~o
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
250.---..,-----,----,---r---,-------,1750
Room temperatura
a.
"'
::2
uj
uj
"'
"'~
700
L---~--~----L--~---~-~o
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
i'i5
35
70
105
140
175
150
-"'
vi
$"'
100
50~----~-----+------r-----,_---r-+r-+-HH350
0 oL-----~5------1~0------1~5----~20----~2~5L-~~3~
6
180
140
V V
/
/_ 1 1
1 1 L
~
~ 100
80
20
H900
1---
1260
v-- -
1 1
120
40
----
160
60
1400
200
1 1 1
1 V 1 r--2-4
H1050
~-
1120
980
840
"'
[L
::2;
700
560
420
280
140
vi
"'
SS.135 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, typical stressstrain curves for various heat treat conditions
1400
200
1120
160
840
120
"'
'iii
0..
-"'
:2
ui
ui
"'~
"'
~
560
Ci5
80
H1025
840
'iii
-"'
"'
0..
:2
ui
ui
"'~
rn
~
Ci5
560
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Ci5
200.------,------,------,------.-~---,-----,1400
~-----2L_
_____4L______6L______ L_ _ _ _~L_----~1l
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
200
1400
160
1120
120
"iii
-"
(J)
80
!!!
560
&.
::;;:
840
Il)
40
Cii
280
10
200
160
35
"'-..
120
........__
Il)
Cii
80
---
r--- ~
.......
840
!!!
560
10
"'
0..
::;;:
280
1120
175
1
1
"iii
-"
40
12
Cii
320
1
280
.J
-423
240
""'ui
"'
- r--
--
.....--
v-
160
:2
1120 gf
~
840
80
560
40
280
0.12
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.04
0.20
0.16
2240
280
240
V/
/;'
200
u;
. .".,"".."".
120
/'
80
v~
1960
1680
1400
"'
:2
1120 gf
~
li
840
560
1
280
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
~--
_.".~--
160
40
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300 K, Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, 28 June 1963. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1501, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
1400
.............
320
"'
~
120
00
""'ui
1960
1680
o;
(-253 "C)
200
2240
10
j ~-
200
,;;;;
f'
u; 160
""'";
!cn 120
40
J/
240
80
1/
- - - Longitudinal
- - Trnsverse
12
1
V
o
(b}
200
40
12
/'*
f/~~
1
"
""'
80
1120 ti.
::ii
280
/'
160
120
1400
1960
240
cn
---
560
280
1680
840
"iij
1960
280
840
1
1
- - - Longitudinal
- - Trnsverse
12
560
280
1
o
4
(b)
1400
11208!_
::ii
1/
1
1
1/
1680
12
320
Room JmperatuJ
280
1
1//
1V
200
"iii
-"'
"'
160
120
1400
"'
0..
:2
1120 gf
.
.,
~
840
1200 'F (649 'C)
560
11
o
o
1680
#! --
80
40
1960
/V
240
vi
2240
280
12
16
Strain, in./in.
20
24
240.-------~-------.-------,-------,--------.1680
"'
0..
:2
840 vi
Cii
240 . - - - - , - - - - , . - - - - - , - - - - . , - - - - - , 1680
200
160
;;;
-"'
ui
"'
120
Cii
80
40
;;;
1400
200
160
1120
120
840
"'
o.
-"'
vi
vi
"'~
li5
560
80
jg"'
cn
0 oL-----~4------~8------1~20L-----~4------~8--_JO
(a}
;;;
(b)
560
80
"'
o.
-"'
vi
vi
"'~
li5
280
40
OOL------~4------~8----~1::'2 OL------4.1.---------l-8----' O
(c)
(d)
jg"'
cn
200
u;
1750
250
Room temperatura
1400
150
"".;
.;
<J)
<J)
Ci)
700
100
~----~2------4L------~6----~8------1~0----~1f
250
1750
Room temperatura
200
150
1050
"'
D..
::;
.;
.;
<J)
<J)
Ci)
100
700
250
750
1050
150
c.."'
:;
ui
rn
~
rn
Cii
700
100
0 oL---~5----~10_____1L5---~2~o-~~25__L_L_U3~
6
280 . - - - - - - , - - - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - - - , 1960
1~
180
160
Room
1120
980
1260
t~mperatu1re
!--"
140
1V
120
11
(/
u; 100
-"'
ui
i"'
80
OI
--
60
560 (/)
~
20
y--
2000
10
160
140
120
~ 100
.;
80
60
15
20
25
Strain, in./in.
v __-
~ (1093 b
30
35
500 'F
(~60 ' C ) -
1120
840
OI
700 ~
gi
560 (/)
~
420
280
1500 'F (816 'C)
2000 'F
h093 'C)
980
40
20
1260
Room temperature
(/ V
f(
1//v-'/
16
24
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, ''The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 20
420
280
180
"'
700 ~
40
o
o
840
32
140
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1502, ClNDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 20
980
Room temperatura
. / 1-"""
160
//
140
li
120
u; 100
.:.:
",..,.....
r; /
ui
!/)
1120
1260
180
80
840
,._1000 'F (538 'C)
560 jg
rn
60
420
1
...20 1
40
"'
:i
700 ~
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
15
20
25
30
280
140
35
Strain, in./in.
180
1260
160
1120
140
840
120
"'
700 ~
~ 100
ui
!/)
ui
!/)
80
560 jg
60
420
40
280
20
140
oo
rn
10
15
20
Strain, in./in.
25
30
35
40
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, ''The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
180
1
Heating rate,
160
1120
20 (11)
140
.......... 840
"'
~ 100
700 ~
ui
"'~
(i5
80
980
120
1260
ft~ (cts)
ui
"'
560 (J)
~
60
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Temperatures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22
420
40
20
00
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Strain, in./in.
20
Strain, in./in.
25
30
240 . . . - - - , - - - - , . . - - - - - r - - - , - - - - - , - - - - r - - - - , 1680
F (24 oc)+---~---11400
200 F (~3 oc)
4oo oF (204 oc)
6oo 'oF (316 oc)
1120
160 ~-~--+---h,__---i'--+--,V"""--+----"---::__..-1'-700 oF (371 oc)
200
~---+----+----+--75
Compressive
yield strength""'
~
ui
IJ)
120
rn
80
..------.--------,----, r - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - , 1120
'--------'------1--.....l
4
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
L-----'----..1..---..J
(b)
4
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
560
"'
c;;
0..
.><
:;
oi
oi
"'
"'
~
cn
280
.___ ___.Jc___ __ _ j_ __ _ ,
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
s:
. __ _ _...___ _ _...J.__...J
4
(d)
80,-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,560
60~----~*-----~+-~----+-------~------~420
:gj
400 'F (204 'C)
~
gf 40 ~-rl------t-:#"---------:;;.J:E;;..--600 'F (316 'C)---+-------1280 ui
f!!
800 ',F (427 'C)
-~
Cii
1000 'F (538 'C)
rn
Strain x 0.001
Room temperatura
c;;
840
120
a."'
:2
-""
ui
ui
(/)
"'
~
560
80
0 0~------~2------~4------~6------~8~----~1~
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
200r-------~------~------,--------.~-----,1400
Room temperatura
840
120
"'
o.
::!!:
ui
ui
Ul
Ul
Ci5
560
80
0 oL--------2L-------4~----~6------~8------~1~
240
1680
1400
160
1120
120
840 ui
Ul
200
u;
o.
"'
-"'
ui
Ul
::!!:
~
Ci5
Ci5
80
560
40
280
00
0.04
0.08
Strain,%
0.12
0.16
1680
200
1400
160
1120
240
-110 oF (-79 oc)
80 oF (27 oc)
"'
u;
a.
""gf
:2
120
840 "'
"'~
ii5
ii5
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.08
Strain,%
0.12
o
0.16
2oo.-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,14oo
120
"'
Il.
:2
"'"'
"'
"'
~
ii5
560
80
rn
0.5 h exposure. SCT, subcooled and tempered. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 10, n(400 F)
= 7.0, n(600 F) = 7.5, n(800 F) = 6.5. Composition: Fe17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
250
750
0.5 h exposure. SCT, subcooled and tempered. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 9.3, n(400
F) = 6.2, n(600 F) = 6.8, n(800 F) = 6.2. Composition:
Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-122
150
~
ui
(/)
ui
(/)
~
100
700
10
280
240
200
1120~
c;; 160
::;:
""'ui
~"'
ui
(/) 120
840
80
560
40
280
oo
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
"'
~
Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
"The Mechanical Properties of Certain Structural Metals at Very Low
Temperature," WADC-TR 58-386, June 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF
CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
10
240 . - - - - - r - - - - r - - - - r - - - - , - - - - - - - - , 1680
4
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
840
a;
"'
Il.
-"'
::!:
rJ
rJ
"'
~
"'
~
560
Strain, 0.001 in .lin. (b) Strain, 0.001 in .lin. (c) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Source: "Creep Data AM-350 and AM-355 Alloys," Data Sheet ll9l21658S ... ; Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. As published inAerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 19
240
1680
200
1400
160
1120
120
840 .;
a."'
u;
""gf
~
::2
$"'
CI)
80
560
40
280
(a)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
10
12
240
1680
200
1400
160
1120
"'
a.
.;
"'
::2
840 .;
120
"'
~
80
560
40
280
2
(b)
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
2 4 0 , . . . - - - - - - - , . - - - - - - , - - - - - - . - - - - - - - , 1680
OOL----~4----~8-----1~2---~1~
320
280
240
200
"iij
"""ui
fJ)
160
120
80
40
(a)
2240
320
Room temperature
280
1960
240
1680
200
1400
160
1120
"'
~
ui
fJ)
~
0..
:;;:
gf
Ci5
840
80
40
(b)
320
2240
Room temperatura
1960
1680
200
1400
"'
u;
0..
-"'
ui
1120 gf
"'
~
CI)
Cii
120
840
560
280
10
(a)
320
2240
Room temperatura
280
1960
240
1680
200
1400
160
1120
u;
-"'
ui
"'~
"'
0..
~
ui
rn
~
Cii
Cii
120
840
80
560
40
280
o
o
2
(b)
6
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
10
1i
1400
200
1 t
160
120
!fJ
1 1- 1000 h
,,t
,1-100h
1000 h
II
1120
840
Source: "Creep Data AM-350 and AM-355 Alloys," Data sheet 119121658-5, Allegheny Lud1um Stee1 Corp., 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo12, Code 1505, CINDAS/USAF
CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18
<Il
a.
:2
II
(/)
(/)
1i5
80
1 1
40
1/
4
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(a)
1/
o
4
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
V.-10h
100
1
1000 h
280
!/
o
560
1i5
12
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
(c)
(b)
SS.178 AM-362 stainless steel bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 816 C
(1500 F), 1 h, air cooled, 566 oc (1050 F), 2 h.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-0.88Ti. UNS S36200
Source: "Properties of AM 362 Maraging Stainless Steel," Sheet-19711763-362, Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Co., Research Data Center,
Nov 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol2, Code 1512, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 13
100
80
40
20
SS.179 AM-363 stainless steel strip, tensile stressstrain curve at room temperature
840
120
/v----
Composition: Fe(0.04C)-11.5Cr-4Ni-0.3Ti
700
560
<li
c.
::!:
420 ui
CI)
280
140
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
160
120
u;
1
1
""'.;
"'~
Cii
80
40
1400
200
----
1120
840
l1l
a.
:2
.;
560
280
10
12
160
u;
120
80
840
j
560
280
l1l
a.
:2
1120
~-
1
1
""'.;
"'
~
40
1400
200
10
12
300
~
ui
"' 200
~
Q)
100
2800
400
--------------=====
---
,r
----
2100
"'
a_
:;
ui
1400 ~
1
1
1
Ui
Q)
11
700
1
1
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
2240
320
280
1960
Room temperatura
240
200
]
gf 160
~
Cii
120
80
40
"
------v-~
1400
840
560
1680
280
10
12
35
210
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
250
200
150
ui
(/)
50
v--
---
1400
a..
:2
ui
(/)
700
350
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1050"'
100
1750
10
200
---
f-
~
ui
!1)
700
350
:o"'
c..
1400
1050
100
V(
150
50
1750
250
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
240
200
1680
1400
1120
120
840 ui
!1)
:o"'
"iii
""ui
!1)
c..
Ci5
80
560
40
280
00
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
12
16
240 r------,------,------,------,------,------,1680
200
160
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, aud S.B. Prosser, "Tensile aud
Compressive Stress-Strain Curves Properties of Some High-Strength
Sheet Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954,
p 19. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 2,
Code 1511, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Haudbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 5
;;;
~
<I
"'
120
80
40
00
10
1400,------,-----,------,------,------,-----~
400~----~------+------+------~----~~----~
200~----~-----4------+------+------+-----~
QL------L----~------~----~------L-----~
0.05
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
Test temperature,
80
18
93
204
316
427
538
649
760
871
98%
60
jJ .... o '\o
o
70
...
60
50
u;
-"'
.1:0
o,
40
r:::
/
/
''O
1'- .o ....c
490
UTS
420
~ 1--.l..
0.2% YS
30
1
1
1
1
350
280
1\\
~
210
140
l\\~
10
70
160
140
120
100
1
1/
"#.
.Q
80
ii:i
C)
r:::
w
60
40
\..s
20
200
400
600
800
1
1
1000
1200
r:::
\~\
20
oo
1400
1600
1800
70
60
50
'iii
"'gf
40
490
'\
".....-
420
350
280 ~
~
Cii 30
210
20
140
10
70
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.15
0.25
0.30
f
Cii
0.35
Strain, in./in.
60
50
'iii
"'
f
Cii
490
70
-"\
",..--
420
350
280 ~
40
"'
30
210 Cii
20
140
10
70
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Strain, in./in.
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1400.------------.------------,-----------,
A2
D2
1200~-----------~------------~----------4
1200~----------~------------r-~~~~--~
..................................................
...............
1000~-----------~------------~~~--~--4
m
800
:i
,!\. .
/f
600
-~~
~ 800 f
~
~
~ 600~~.-,,~/'----------r-----------~----------~
_"....
400~-----------~~--------~r-----------~
400~+---------~------------r-----------~
200~----------~------------r------------
200~---------~------------~----------~
o ./
o
0oL____________OL.1----------~0~.2----------~0.3
0.1
True strain
1400.-----------.-~---------.------------.
01
M2
1200~---T--~~~-~-~_~~~~--~
...~
..-~~-..-.. ~----------~
!". .....:.
1000
1200~----------~----------~----------~
i /
~ 800~~~,~'~---------~------------~----------~
~
0.3
(b)
1400.------------~-----------.~----------,
/f
0.2
True strain
(a)
.... ........
1000
............
/f
(\........
~ 800~:~--==~~~~--~~~==~==--------~
600~-----------~------------~----------~
;---
600~----------~----------~~--------~
~
400H-----------~~----------~----------~
400~----------~----------~~--------~
20Qij------------~------------~----------~
200~----------~----------~~--------~
0 L----------~OL.1----------~0~.2----------~0.3
True strain
(c)
0.1
(d)
0.2
0.3
True strain
1400r------------,------------,-----------,
W1
1200~-----------+------------r-~--------~
...................................
.....
. .. -./ ....
1000 j""...
----~ 80of.!~r~c_-------r------------r-----------~
/f
f 600~~+~-----------r------------~----------~
Q)
400~----------~------------~----------~
200H-----------~------------~----------~
Q0~----------~0L.1----------~0L.2----------~0.3
(e)
True strain
Solid curves, quasi-static strain rate ~0.001/s; dashed curves, dynamic strain rate= 2000/s. Quasi-static tests used a servohydraulic machine. High-rate tests used a compression split Hopkins pressure bar. Specimens were 4-6 mm diam, 8-12 mm long.
Compositions: A2 (UNS T30102), Fe-1C-5.1Cr-1.15Mo-0.3V; D2 (UNS T30402), Fe-1.5C-12Cr-0.95Mo; M2 (UNS Tll302),
Fe-l.OC-0.27Mn-0.3Si-4.1Cr-5Mo-6.12W-1.98V; 01 (UNS T31501), Fe-0.92C-1.2Mn-0.5Cr-0.5W; W1 (UNS T72301), Fe1.1 C-0.25Mn-0.25Si.
Source: G. Subhash, Dynamic lndentation Testing, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Voi 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 525
zE
20 1 - - - t - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - i 200
200
100
Deformation, degrees
Specimens quenched in oii at 970 oc to maximum hardness and then tempered: curve 1, 175 C, 64.5 HRC;
curve 2, 290 C, 60.5 HRC; curve 3, 400 C, 59 HRC.
Typical composition: Fe-1.6C-13Cr-0.75Mo-0.3V. UNS
T30403
C:
z
~
~
20 1 - - - f - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - j 200
~
~
200
100
Deformation, degrees
308
240
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Truestrain
1680
0.7
___l"----:-'
0.5
0.6
500
400
Compressio~_...
/p
.,
(ii
200
100
------
~-
2100
ui
~.,
1400
700
10
15
True strain x 0.001
&.
:;
"'
2800
...t:.
~nsion
i/
]i 300
gf
1!:.
3500
20
1!:.
320
-320F(-19~
280
~-~10F(-79C)
1V
240
200
u;
""ui
CI)
160
120
80
40
Room t~mperature
1
1
V
1960
1680
1400
"'
:::;
1120 gf
a_
2240
~
840
Source: L.P. Rice, J.E. Cambell, and W.F. Simmons, "Evaluation of the
Effects ofVery Low Temperature on Properties of Aircraft and Missile
Metals," WADD TR 60-214, Feb 1960. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 27
560
280
12
240
200 ~------+-------~----~-+~~--~~--~~1400
500,650F(260,343C)
800 OF (427 C)
900 OF (482 C)
160 ~------+--------I------",L~--z~.L-::.7"!""'-------11120
it.
u;
""ui
CI)
:::;
120 ~------+-----~A-~~~~------~----~~840
cn
ui
i5
80
40
00~------~2------~4--------L6------~8------~1~
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
80.-------------,------------,-------------,560
Room temperatura
1
60~------~--~~--~~-----+-------------1420
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
320
2240
Room temperatura
240
1680
160
1120
u;
""'<J
"'
~
"'
c..
::;:
~
80
560
0 oL-------4L-------8L-------1~2------~16~----~2~
360
320
'/~
280
~-110
240
2520
/;-423 OF (-253 oq
-320 OF (-196 oq
2240
F (-79 oc)
t:--
1960
10 oF (21 C)
1680
"'
gj 200
1400 ~
ui
ui
~
1i 160
1120
120
840
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.16
0.12
0.08
"'
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300 K, Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 28
Strain, in./in.
280
270
260
Room temperatura
}~
!1
ffi
l
'1
1960
1890
~
1820
:2
~
1750
g>
~
'O
1680
1
~
'iii
c
1610
1540
220
10
10
0.1
1470
10
Source: D.P. Kendall, and T.E. Davidson, "The Effect of Strain Rate on
Yielding of High Strength Steels," Report WVT 6618, Watervliet
Arsenal, May 1966; D.P. Kendall, "The Effect of Strain Rate and
Temperature on Yie1ding in Steels," Report WVT 7061, Waterv1iet
Arsenal, Nov 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 33
80.---------,---------.----------r---------,560
60~--------+---------+---~~--~--~----~420
Room temperature
1
40o F (2o1c)
6oo F (316 c)
8oo F (427 c)
1ooo F (538 c)
1!
'"
gf 40 f------'---?"F-:;..-:;.....-~---'-+----------+-----------j 280 .;
C:
m
E- 20 ~-+-----~------1--------l
~
1--+-----t--------l 200
m
E-
r+------~------~-------1
Hr------r-----~100
o 0..._______
1OL0_______
20L0------30--'0 o
(a)
Deformation, degrees
100
40,--------,---------,---------,--------~400
:2:
gi 20 1--------.,__---f~~~~--t~~~~-+~~~~---1200 gi
~
100
200
300
Deformation, degrees
300
_..3
"iij
"a. 200
~
i
Cii
..0
<;:::
E
:::>
-~
:2
100
~2
~
...----6
_5
~
V
/
8
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Deformation in radians
2.0
2.4
Source: G.A. Roberts, G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th
ed., ASM International, 1998, p 137
2.8
Nonferrous Metals
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1000
800
a.
"'
600
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p B13
:::;:
ui
"'
~
400
200
...V
..
l&
.. ....
~~
--
1--"
10
Monotonie
12
14
............ ............
16
18
20
Strain x 0.001
70
PermanLt
60
/,
lP~
50
~ 40
ui
~
(f)
30
20
10
1
1
1
V
2
~ Sand
lnsulated
490
CA.002 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
420
350
140
70
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
490
420
70
--i; ~
PermanJnt
60
-"
:i
~
Cii 30
20
10
50
350
280
1
1
1
14
60
lnsulated
50
"iii 40
~-
'-.......
"::
:i
210
-"
ui
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1---
--
10
12
70
Permanent
Sand
~ F===::::
420
--
350
280
tf
:2
ui
"'
~
(/) 30
210
20
140
10
70
70
~ t:--
"iii 40
Cii
140
- -
tf
:2
4
6
8
10
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
"'
70
60
50
;;; 40
-"'
li
cn 30
20
10
1
V
1
V
CA.005 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
420
Sand
Insul~
350
280 ~
:2
210
~"'
140
70
------
Permanej
490
10
12
70
--:;:::::~
60
50
10
140
1
2
210
420
280 ~
:2
"'
"'
cn 30
350
!'
-"'
Sand
~ted
;;; 40
20
Perman~nt
:::::-----r
490
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
~"'
14
60
50
"---- ~
u; 40
-"'
70
----- --Permanent
~nd
r.--,.
lnsulated
420
350
8:
280
:2
";
~
rJ)
";
30
210
20
140
10
70
10
12
Permanent
40
u;
-"
";
"'
~
20
10
280
~
;...-
30
CA.008 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
350
50
1
1
2
Sand
~ ~:ed
210
"'
Il.
:2
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Perman~
40
t r:::::
30
F- Sand
~lated
1-:=
280
210
~
1/
U)
UJ
20
10
350
50
1/
140
"'
a.
::::;
70
10
50
40
14
'~
70
84
350
280
~
~ ._____
30
"iii
""1/
Permanent
Sand
210
"'
a.
::::;
lnsulated
1/
U)
Cii
20
140
10
70
4
6
8
10
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
80
60
20
1
1/
v-- -
420
"'
a.
:2;
280
fi
~
C/J
10
1200
1000
Cyclic
800
"'
0..
:2;
fi
140
ti)
560
600
U5
400
200
V
2
/--
L_
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p C13
......... ............
Monotonie
10
12
Strain x 0.001
............ ..........
................. .............
...............
14
16
18
20
1200
1000
800
"'
a_
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p Dl4
r;; 600
CI)
~
400
Cyclic
200
~::=----
----
M~~otonic
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
1200
1000
800
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p Fl3
"'
a_
r;; 600
CI)
(fJ
400
Cyclic
200
vv
/
~f..----
V'"
M~~~tonic
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
1200
1000
800
l1.
:2
g 600
ui
(/)
400
Souree: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p Al4
Monotonie
............ .............. ............ ............
............. ............ ............
v--. ........
200
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
1200r---~--~--.---.---.---~---.---.---,--~
800~--+---+---+---+---+-~+---~--~---r---
a."'
:2
ui
"'~
600~--~--+---+---+---+---4---4---~--~--~
Ci5
400~--~--~--+---+---+---+---+---~---r--~
........................................ .
200
ov
o
:.::~:
/ " ' ~ Monotonie
8
10
12
Strain x 0.001
14
16
18
20
50
40
L---
1---
--
u; 30
ui
Q)
a."'
::;:
1-
280
210
""'ui
"'
350
20
140 (/)
10
70
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
True strain
0.50
0.60
0.70
30
25
20
245
35
,-- 80 F 27 C}
-'
'\
210
300 F [149 C}
175
450 OF [232
oc
140
"'
0..
10
--
1(
:2
105 IJ)
u
~
ii5
70
600 F [316 C}
--~
35
o
30
25
20
rr
210
1
50 0 F [26b 0 C}
T T
175
140
"'
0..
:2
1/
600 OF [316
105 IJ)
u
oc
ii5
10
70
35
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
30
25
20
300
;;
(149
'l)
175
70
5 /
35
30
20
140
1/
10
25
210
210
~
f/
175
140
"'
Il.
::!E
105 C/l
Cii
70
35
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
25
210
30
80 OF J7 C)
'T
1/
Yr- ~
175
X 300 T(149t
20
140
"'
a.
:a;
450ioF (232IC)
105 ui
"'~
Cii
10
----
o
30
25
20
~
ui
~ 15
300
35
~3161)
o
210
175
(149 C)
140
450 OF (232 oc
"'
a.
:a;
105 ui
"'
(/)
10
70
- --0.01
0.02
0.03
70
35
160~ OF (31r C)
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
70
60
"iii 40
""1/
E
cn 30
50
20 K
420
280
::i:
Room temperature
1/
210
20
140
10
70
0.06
0.03
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300 K, Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, June 1963. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
Vol3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 70
76K
195 K
~~
350
(_------
490
0.12
0.09
0.15
Strain, in./in.
300
X
250
/; ~
200
~::
.-
r:--,-
......
''
z
"'
a_
:::;;
gf 150
1!
~
100
V
50 ~
1/
5
10
15
Strain x 0.001
20
25
30
50
350
40
280
CA.023 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
~ermanent
30
20
10
~
V
\Sand
210
\
::::;
g
140
"'
c..
lnsulated
70
10
12
40
30
'Cii
~
,;;
"'
~
20
10
350
50
----~---
280
f- Permanent
f- Sand
v--
lnsulated
210
gf
140
70
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8:::::;
10
12
50
14
70
280
40
30
~
<I
"'
~
cn
20
~"-...
-~-1---;::
""' 1---1--..
210
--.!:,ermanent
~ulated-:--
::i:
r-
r--
140 Ci5
1-
70
14
4
10
6
8
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
70
280
40
Compression \
30
'<~
"(ii
-"'
<I
"'
~
cn
20
10
<I
10
50
V:
V
~---~---
210
Tension
140
.......
\
70
"'
c..
::i:
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
350
50
40
30
v---
280
210
u;
.l<
,f
::;;;
ui
ui
<Il
<Il
Ui
140
20
o
o
0.02
0.06
0.04
Strain, in./in.
0.08
420
60
..---
50
40
1-- 0.001
in./in.
280
a."'
::;;;
210 ui
<Il
(J)
140
350
10
70
10
20
Ui
70
10
40
u;
1-280
210
"'~
Ci5
10
30
..><
u)
20
350
50
~-
140 Ci5
IV
&.
:2
70
10
12
u;
50
350
40
280
.L-~
30
? ----
..><
u)
"'~
Ci5
20
10
+--
Permanent
Sand
210
-
:2
gf
~
140
70
"'
o.
lnsulated
CA.030 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stressstrain curves, various casting processes
10
12
CI)
350
50
Permanent\.
40
280
~->::::::r-
~ ~~sulated
nd
30
ui
"'~
Cii
50
40
30
'iii
ui
140
1
o
14
a."'
:2
20
10
210
1r
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
~r---
10
12
70
- - Permanent
r-::::::::: ~
~
ui
"'~
Cii
210
"'
a.
:2
F==:::r-
ui
1--
CI)
20
140
10
70
70
280
-"'
4
6
8
10
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
60
50
40
1
1/
1
~
gf 30
~
Ci)
---
o
o
350
280
20
10
r-
420
140
70
o
4
10
12
40
u;
280
210
1/
""u;
!/)
Ci)
10
v-~
30
20
350
50
IJ..
:2
140
"'
70
10
~
Ci)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8L--------L--------L---~---L--L-------~s6
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 0.1
0.2
98
14
./
12
84
T~y
10
1~ ~
70
.,-o- )o-U'"
Nominal
IV
1
1
1
1
28
1
..ryC'
,.....o-" >--'"
Yield strength
14
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44
0.4
Slrain, in./in.
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
14
12
/~
10
ui 8
"'
IL
84
Nominal
"'"'
~
.,...~
Yield
\
strength1
1
1
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.12
0.16
0.20
Strain, in./in.
2.0
1.2
1.6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
1
1
~
28
0.28
2.4
2.8
'\.
.,/"'
1o
0.32
3.2
126
112
~~
strength 98
84
"'
Il.
70
\
\
u;
28
1
1
1
14
1
1
1
o
o
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.4
0.8
1.2
"'~
56 .!!!
\
\
1
1
~
1ii
42
1/
0.24
-...., ~o~inal
~
42 ~
1 14
"'
~.,
\
\
0.04
14
"'
Il.
56 :2
ui
18
16
70
~ f.--
1ii
.!!!
u;
c
98
0.08
0.09
0.1 o
c
~
16
14
/
~~
12
<=
t!!1
'\
:2
56 ~
~
u;
<=
t!!1
42
28
70 a.
"'
:2
..k,
Yield strength
98
84
u;
Nominal
-"'
~
1i)
.....--
/,
10
u;
ui
!1)
112
14
1
1
1
0.04
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.112
0.16
0.20
Strain, in./in.
1.2
1.6
2.0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.24
0.28
0.32
2.4
20
140
.]:.Yll
. ..rl
15
Nominal
~ ....
r-tr
105
''
strength
''
a."'
:2
0.01
<=
t!!1
\
\
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
-i;
u;
o
o
())
70
:2
i_
0.08
35
0.09
20
140
_.,..True
f clv ~~
.T - -
Nominal
strength
15
105
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
1
1
1
35
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 o
o
o
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.04
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.05
0.07
210
30
_.
True
25
~ 20
Nominal
ui
-~ 15
/~ ~dstrength
10
1
V
o
o
0.01
"'
(J_
140 :2:
gf
~
""'
1/
175
p-
Cii
~
105 -~
\
\
\
\
\
70
\
\
\
\
35
\
\
\
)..
0.02
2
0.04
0.03
Strain, in./in.
0.05
5
0.06
0.07
20
1-::::::::
L ~d
140
Nominal
True_
strength
15
1/
""~\
105
1\
1
\
\
0.01
1
1
35
1
1
1
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
1 o
0.09
Temperatura,
80
1r8________,93~-------2,o_4________3T16________,42ko
60
~c
~
.sa
"'
5""
40
0.5 h
o 100 h
20
1000 h
L---------L---------~--------~--------~140
80 .---------,---------,---------,---------,540
420
60
"'
0..
::1:
u...i:'
u...i:'
.c
;;,
c
280
40
.c
g>
~
"'>=
"'
"C
"C
Cii
140
20
OL---------L---------~--------~--------~0
i"l 1 ,:P--E 1
oo
200
400
Temperatura, F
600
800
80,-------r-------,-------,-------,-------,560
a.
::;;
: 40 1----------1------~L.L-----,~_.j,~:::==-1---------J280 ~
~
QL-------L-------~-------L-------L-----~0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
Strain, in./in.
50
350
Shorttime
,.
40
/
...... ........
""
--- -----
1h
10 h
30
210
'iii
"'uicn
~ 20
ui
cn
140
1000 h
10
70
o~----------~o-.o~o-4-----------o-.o~o-8----------~o.of2
Strain, in./in.
a."'
::;;
100 h
80
Rolled
60
1~3
20
--
f=_--
:.--
420
"'
[)._
:2
280 ui
140
- - - Tension
- - Compression
t= 0.125-0.499 in.
(3.175-12.675 mm)
gf 40
560
1--~~~+-~~~'-f-~~~--+~~~--t~~~--J
"'
280 ui
w
0 0~----~2~---~4~--~--~6--~-~8--~~~1~
Temperature,
150
95
20
~~
Exposure time
30 min
... 96 h
10,000 h
1
80
- 60
20
"'
260
315
"'
c..
:2
--...___
420
280
'~
.______
140
560
420 c..
"'
:2
....-'
~
c
"'
&i ~00
200
~-
300
"*E
'---
-~
="'
c
~ "~
~ """
;; 20
::J
LI..-
..........
",,
ec
oc
205
400
_.....
500
Exposure temperature, F
600
700
Temperatura,
oc
,1_5________,95__________
20r5_________3,1_5________-,42~
60
80
~
-=-
60 f-----------1------\---.-''-;t---------'"rl----------l 420
~"'
-=-
~
c
~
c
2
~ 40
~
2
280 ~
~
Exposure time
30 min
100 h
1000 h
o 10,000 h
20L---------~---------L--------~--------~140
80
560
60
420
"'
a..
:;
-=-
-=-
~
.s::
o,
c
'5,
280
40
"O
"O
Ci
Ci
;;::
;;::
20
140
80
560
40
280
E'
E
~
-~
N
.!:
c
o
1iiOl
c
o
[jJ
o
o
200
... ~
../-:
400
Exposure temperature, oF
V
600
?.
o
800
Test temperatura,
80~15
________~95__________
20~5_________3,1_5_________,42~60
Exposure
1/2 h
o 100 h
A 1000 h
200
400
8o8
600
Tes! temperatura, F
80
60
.---;;::_
r-
--
560
X
Biaxial
2:1
Uniaxial
~ 13.5%
Biaxial
420
1:1
i
Cii
280 "
c
..
Cii
c
.E
o
z
20
140
Source: E.L. Terry and S.W. McCiaren, "Biaxial Stress and Strain
Data on High Strength Alloys for Design of Pressurized Components,"
ASD-TDR-62-401, Chance-Vought Corp., 1962. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3201, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 18
70.---.---.----r---r---.---,---,----.---r-~490
Ro om
Temperatura
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1Mn1Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
~--+---~--~---r---+--~--~-=~~--r-__,420
350
2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
560
490
Room
temperatura
420
350
:i
"'
0..
::;;;
40 ~--+---+---~-----/"-A----71"'-----+--~----1----t--__, 280 ui
U)
~
210
5oo F (260 c)
140
Strain, in./in.
100~--------r---------r---------~--------,
700
80~--------~--------~--------+---------1
560
oq-------+--------+-------1 420
300 OF (149
60
..
o
0.27%
400 OF (204
40
oq
280
"'
Il.
J.A. Van Echo, W.F. Wirth, and W.F. Simmons, "Short-Time Creep
Properties of Structural Sheet Materials for Aircraft & Missiles," AFTR
6731, Pt III, May 1955. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol3, Code 3201, CINDAS/Pnrdue University, 1995, p 25
::2
140
tJ
CI)
~
(/)
70
10
56
8
Total strain
2%
o 3%
... 5%
V 7%
4
10-3
42
28
10
10- 1
Time, h
10-2
80
----
560
490
True
70
~ 50
CI)
"'
~ 40
.!!1
Nominal
420
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
~ !,.o-o-o-<
Yield strength
~ 30
10
'/
~
a;
20
60
~
f,.-<>-
1
V
o
o
1
1
1
1
1
1
350
::2
tJ
CI)
280 ~
CI)
.!!1
c
210 ~
a;
140
70
1
1
l
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.14
0.16
&
0.18
--
80
70
60
gj
--~
30
l:l
"ijj
c
210 ~
140
70
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
4
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(a)
0.12
10
12
560
70
-~
50
l:l
())
~ 40
"ijj
30
10
.r...-of' ~
~---420
Yield strength
350
1
V
&.
:2
"'"'
280 ~
"'
~
u;
c
210 ~
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
490
20
-~ ~
Nominal
60
0.10
80
gj
&.
280 ~
(/)
:2
1/
20
490
350
~
u;
420
Yield strength
"'
:!!
1ii 40
10
lj
50
ui
~
Nominal
560
0.10
0.12
10
12
700
100
80
560
Longitudinal
_l
60
~
ui
"'
~
(/)
40
20
V
2
Long
tr~nsverse
420
CII
Il..
:2
!!:!
280
U5
140
10
12
14
80
-- /
V
V
60
""fi
~"'
(/)
40
20
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical for thickness :S:76.20 mm (:::::3.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 31;
n(L, compression) = 25. UNS A92014
560
Longitudinal, compression
o;
70
r--
Longitudinal, tension
---
~ :=:---t:"ongitudinal, co~pression
420
CII
Il..
:2
ui
1'\
8
6
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
280 (/)
140
12
14
80
"--..... r--
;;;
-"'
oo"
"'~
i'ii
40
20
V
2
L, compression
---:::::
1--L, tension
1---
~
280 i'ii
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
12
90
630
80
560
70
60
-+
Long transverse
---
490
420
(Il
350 ~
gj 50
ui
"'
(Il
a.
::;;;
140
Longitudinal
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical for extrusion thickness 3.17 5-12.67 5 mm
(0.125-0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L,
tension) = 23; n(L, compression) = 15. UNS A92014
560
L, compression
60
70
ui
40
280 ]
30
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
Cll
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
14
70
84
80.------,-----,------.------.------~-----,560
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
::;;12.675 mm (::;;0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, tension) =29; n(LT, tension) = 17; n(L, compression)
= 29; n(LT, compression) = 32. UNS A92014
Source: MILHDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
g
~
:2:
40 f------t-------F-t------+------+-------t---1-----l 280 o
Cii
L-----~2------~4------~6------~8------1~0--~~1~
80
560
Longitudin~l"""
Long transverse
60
20
420
V
1
2
"'
o._
:2:
280 o
140
6
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
10
80 Fo____~1r4____~28~----~42~----~56L---~T-----~M560
LT, compression
20~----~-----1------+------+------+--+--~140
80
70
60
--
(- f.---
__
Longit~n~.,
t---x
560
490
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.70-19.025 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A92014
420
Long transverse
350
50
"'
[L
::;;:
gf 40
280 .;
"'
~
rn
rn
30
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
490
70
Longitudinal
-==--- . . . .
_,/ ~
60
420
50
280 ~
::2
'iii 40
"'ui
ui
(i5 30
210 (i5
20
140
10
70
0.02
14
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
70
0.14
84
80.-----.------,------~----~----~-------560
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness 50.825-76.20 mm (2.001-3.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 18; n(LT,
tension) = 18; n(ST, tension) = 13; n(L, compression) =
17; n(LT, compression) = 18; n(ST, compression) = 22.
UNSA92014
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
IL..__ _ _ _
_J2_____..,L4______.L6______8L______j10---'-------'12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
./
60
]1 50
tl
40
_/"
30
10
1
1
210
1
1
1
1
0.06
--
0.08 0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
50
~ 40
0.14
l'
1 Yield strength
1:1
/
f
1
1
o
o
0.16
630
560
490
"'
a..
1
1
:2
350 u
"'~
280 ~
c
~
210
"'
140
70
l
0.02
2
0.18
420
/
V
140
30
280
0.04
10
70
~ 60
20
Yield strength
Nominal
u;
350
1
1
Tru;._
"'
tl"'
420
1
1
1
1
1
1
90
70
'1
1
0.02
80
~!>-o-!>-o-
490
Nominal
u;
20
H-
~~...o-
l.--
560
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
6
8
4
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
0.10
0.12
10
12
700
100
11
80
;;;
60
-"
ui
"'~
Ci5
~
V
420
ui
280
20
140
rf.
Source: A.J. McEvily, Jr., W. Illig, and H.F. Hardrath, "Static Strength
of Aluminum-Alloy Specimens Containing Fatigue Cracks," NACA
TN3816, Oct 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 15
:2
40
2.5
560
\ Sheet, T3 condition
7.i>
10
12.5
Strain,%
15
17.5
20
100.-------------,--------------,-------------,700
350
;;;
<ti
a.
:2
-"'
ui
ui
"'
~
Q)
:::J
t=
"'
20
140 2Q)
1-
10~----------~-------------+-------------170
5L---L---~--~----L---~--~--~-----L--_J35
1o- 3
1o- 2
10-'
70
.---
~ - - - Tran~verse
60
~~
50
"ii)
40
""'g
1!
1i5 30
20
10
Short transverse
'/
420
350
280 rf.
::2:
ui
210 1i5
1
V
140
70
490
Lon~itudinal
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
455
65
a."'
;;;
-"'
::!!:
-5
420 ~
g> 60
c:
(ii
385
55
50L-------~------~-------~------~L-----~350
!--;-_--.!_
4
6
Cold reduction, %
10
Source: J.H. Huli and S.J. Erwin, How Deformation Affects the
Mechanical Properties of A1uminum Forgings, Met. Eng. Quart.,
Vo112, Nov 1972, p 1-6. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo13, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
Exposure temperatura,
oc
-,15_________,95__________
20,5_________3,1_5________4~2~
80
60
h
o 100 h
y"
"'1000 h
ZQL---------~---------L--------~--------~140
n. bhd:::
o
200
400
Exposure temperatura, F
600
800
95
"Cii
""'- 60
Exposure temperature, C
205
o,
\\
Cii
E 40
.\\ ~
\
~
.c
315
1/2 h
o 100 h
1000 h
8:
420 :::?:_
~
.c
o,
"'
Cii
Ql
280 1ii
E
.... i'----o
20
140
60
420
"'
(J_
"Cii
:::?!
""'-".,.
!:!:.
.c
.c
g> 40
280
g>
~
Cii
Cii
"O
"O
a;
a;
:;:
:;:
20
140
~~J;J;~
__ -~
rc____1
._
o
200
-o _ _ _ _ _
400
600
Exposure temperature, oF
800
Exposure temperature,
95
oc
205
315
....
~
~ 60~--------1--------1~+------*~----------1420 ~
~
~
~
c
~
-~ 40
280 ~
Y:. h
o 100 h
... 1000 h
2QL---------~----------~--------~--------~140
80.---------,----------,---------,----------,560
420
60
"'
0..
:2
>-
>-
g> 40
~
280
g>
~
"O
"O
:;:::
:;:::
Cii
Cii
140
20
oL_________
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
L-------~o
r1L____.L___..-l.L~---P~--~1
o
200
400
Exposure temperature, oF
600
800
80
Lo~git~al
70
60
/
V
50
"Cii
""'.;rn
~
10
350
"'
o._
::2
Ci.i
210
140
70
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
560
T81
T3
T6
T86
490
60
50
350
40
280 .;
"'
c;;
""'gf
280 .;
80
70
490
420
1
1
Transverse
Ci.i
20
1Short transverse
40
30
560
o._
::2
rn
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
60
420
Room temperature
200 F (93 C)
300 F (149 C}
400 F (204 'C)
50
350
280
40
"'
u;
""'tJ
<f)
0..
Source: S.A. Gordon, R. Simon, and W.P. Achbach, "MaterialsProperty-Design Criteria for Metals," WADC TR 55-150, Pt 4,
Oct 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo13, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 19
::.;;:
210
30
tJ
<f)
cn
140
20
0 oL-------~2--------4L-------~6--------~8------~1~
70
60
50
u; 40
""'tJ
---v-- ---
.....
'1'
Room
te~perature
~
U 30
420
300 'F (149 'C)
1--
490
--!---...
350
280
&.
::.;;:
~o
'F(260 'C) gf
~
210 U
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
Temperatura,
-15
-130
100-240
~
~~
...
--
205
315
f!u
~~
95
.... 1-,!==
i!y
~~
'~
'~
Sheet, T3
"'Plate, T4 and T352
120
.
~IlO
-200
-.- / '
200
Temperatura, f
400
/
600
800
60,------,-----,------,-----~------,-----,420
40
"'
a.
li
~
:2
30
210 "'
cn
Ci)
20
140
10
70
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
420
60
350
50
--- ----
Short time
40
...
... ...
c;;
...
280
a."'
-"'
:2
"' 30
cn
210 "'
cn
Jl
(/)
20
140
10
70
o
o
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
40
u;
Q_
::;;;
-"'
gf 30
210 .;
(/)
Ci5
(/)
20
140
10
70
10
60
.------,------,-~---r----~,-----,420
--
50~-----+-----~------+------+------~~--4350
Short
time /
,....-
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
'iii
"'
"'~
70
490
60
420
50
350
40
280
1/
::;;
1/
U5 30
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
10
"'~
U5
12
70
490
60
420
50
350
u; 40
280
"'1/
::;;
1/
"'
~
(/) 30
210
20
140
10
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
"'~
U5
--
80
True
70
60
~
ui
"'~
50
1ii
~ 40
c
30
V
L,..--o-"
.............
V
~
-o-'
0..
350 :2
~~"ooO"
Yield strength
280 "iij
J!1
210
140
70
490
420
10
Nominal
20
560
Strain, in./in.
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
80
or------~14~----2~8~----~4~2____~5T6~__~7To~--~8~4 560
60r-----~----~,-----1-----~------+-----~420
L, ten sion
LT, compression
_J.______,~-1
LT, tension
::.----1--L, c~mpression
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in~
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
14
28
42
56
70
84
80.-----,------,------,------,------,-----,560
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
1.60-6.325 mm (0.063-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L, tension) = 50; n(LT, tension) = 15; n(L,
compression) = 13; n(LT, compression) = 19.
UNSA92024
60~----~----~------~-----+------~----~420
\
\
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
10
WA.053 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, ciad 2024T351, plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
r------,-----,------,------,------r-----~420
280
40
"'
u;
0..
-"'
li
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
12.70-50.80 mm (0.500-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L, tension) = 42; n(LT, tension) = 9.0; n(L,
compression) = 9.0; n(LT, compression) = 12.
UNS A92024
30
210 .;
"'
~
(f)
20
140
u;
"'
Cl.
.><
ui
"'
210 ui
UJ
Cii
"'~
140
L------2L-----~4~----~6------~8------1~0--~~1~
90
630
80
560
70
60
490
l..--o-"
t,.-o"""
Yield strength
420
.; 50
1
1
"'~
1ii
~ 40
1
1
_j_
!!!
~
30
1
1
1
20
10
1
1
1
1
1
oo
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
&.
:::;
350 "'"
(/)
280 ~
(/)
c:::
~
210
140
70
0.10
0.12
0.14
10
12
14
630
90
80
..........: ~
u;
r.J-
.; 50
40
30
10
..n.
o
o
o
"'
Q_
:::;
350 .;
1
1
280 ~
!!!
1
1
1
V
420
Yield strength 1
c:::
20
V'
!,..o-o-<>""
"'~
490
-"'
u;
""
/
!
60
560
70
1ii
~
210
1
1
1
140
1
1
1
70
1
1
l
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
10
12
14
14
50
40
20
10
L, compression
1
V
2
70
L, tension
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical for thickness ::::;139.70 mm (::::;5.500 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 50; n(L,
compression) = 10. UNS A92024
280
1--- L, compression
--
:2
210
1\
<I
(/)
140
7d
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 1O psi
4
10
;;;
30
210
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
12.70-25.40 mm (0.500-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L, tension) = 17; n(LT, tension) = 16; n(L,
compression) = 19; n(LT, compression) = 19.
UNSA92024
a."'
""'<I
:2
!/)
<I
!/)
U5
20
140
10r--f---r----~-------~-----+------+r-----470
00~----~-----L----~------~----_u----~0
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
o
14
28
42
56
70
84
60r-----,-----~-----,~--~T-----~----~420
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
:2:38.10 mm (:2:1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(L, compression) = 32; n(LT, compression) = 19.
UNSA92024
350
280
40
u;
0..
-"'
gf 30
210
II
Ul
2!
cn
1i5
20
140
10
70
10
60
14
70
84
420
50
350
40
280
u;
0..
~
-"'
gf 30
210 .,;
"'
!'!
1i5
20
140
10
70
8
10
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 1O psi
4
12
Temperatura, 'C
-15
100
150
40
205
260
315
370
425
0 oL----1L00----2~00----3~0-0----4~0-0---5~0L0----60L0----70L0--~800
Temperatura, 0 f
Temperatura, 'C
-15
40
95
150
205
260
315
370
425
100r---~~~~---,----,-----,----,----,---~
0 oL-.___10L0----2~00----3~0-0---4~0-0---5~0-0----60L0____
70L0__~800
Temperatura, 0 f
80 o.-____,14,_--~2,a~----4~2~__~5T6____~7ro____~a4 560
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
6.350-25.40 mm (0.250-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L, tension) = 28; n(LT, tension) = 24; n(L,
compression) = 22; n(LT, compression) = 22.
UNS A92024
Source: MIL-HDBK-SH, 1 Dec 1998
-15
-::.::> 100
40
!:1.::-.c
ii
Ol
Temperatura, "C
95
c:
~
u;
c:
2
''*
150
80
'
60
Ol
c:
"fa
(])
-"
~
205
260
315
370
425
Y.h
2h
10 h
100 h
1000 h
40
(])
a.
E
E
o
20
(])
Ol
.$
c:
(])
Il.
o
o
100
200
300
400
500
Temperatura, "F
600
700
800
-15
100
40
--
95
Temperatura, 'C
150
205
260
r---...,
315
370
425
\\
10 h
100 h
1000 h
o
o
100
200
300
400
500
Temperatura, 'F
600
700
800
80.------,-----,------,------,------,-----~560
stress-strain curves
Longitudinal, tension
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
6.350-25.40 mm (0.250-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L, tension) = 22, n(LT, tension) = 18.
UNSA92024
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
~
gf 40 r---~-r-~~---r~r--~~-+-~~--t~~~+-~~----j 280
8:.
:a:
ui
Ci)
0 0~----~2~----~4~----~6------~8------1~0----~1;
14
28
42
84
70
56
80
---.......
-\
/
60
..><
.;
rJ)
g
(f)
40
20
560
~;::::vv:~
u;
700
1
V
2
420
<Il
0..
:2
280
1
(f)
140
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
90
80
- -
12
630
560
490
Longitudinal
70
60
r-
--c;g
tr~nsverse~
....
1'-'x
420
<Il
u; 50
..><
350 ~
.;
rJ)
Ci) 40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
li
g
(f)
80
70
]1 50
.;
"'
Q)
; 40
~
u;
c:
30
20
10
\
1
60
o
o
490
Yield
strength
420
350 ~
::lE
1
1
1
:i
280
~
u;
1
V
J1
560
c:
210 ~
1
1
1
1
1
1
140
70
1
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.1~
10
12
Tr~
r-
70
560
f--""Nominal
",.-
490
Yield
strength
420
t
1
u; 50
350 ~
::lE
.;
1
1
1
-"'
.;
"'
Q)
; 40
~
u;
c:
30
c:
210 ~
1
1
1
1
1
1
00
"'
"'u;
280 ~
1
1
20
10
!/
60
""1
140
70
1
1
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.1~
10
12
Temperature, oc
-15
40
95
150
205
260
315
370
425
1oor---~----,----,----,----,----,-----,---,
'hh
10 h
100 h
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Temperature, oF
Temperature, oc
100 1~5~~4~o--~9r5--~1T5o~__2,o~5___2,6_o___3,1_5___3,7_o___,425
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, oF
600
700
800
~-------+-------~~~--~----~-t--~--~280 ~
Il.
::;;;
"'
20
--Tension
- Compression
o~-----~------~-------L-------L------~0
80.-------.-------,--------,-------r-------,560
~------L-
______ L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _~------~0
10
420
60
~
....o........
k: _
-'IJ
--
...
-o
o0.063 in.
0.081 in.
T0.091 in.
0.125 in.
(1.60 mm)
(2.06 mm)
(2.31 mm)
(3.18 mm)
30
210
60
420 ro
Str~tching
0..
"
in 16ngitudinal d irection
o Stretching in transverse direction
~
~
-o--- --
Cl
~ 50
;;;
"O
..P- ....
Qi
:;;,
........ ,JJ
Q)
~ 40
...
"'~
c.
..--:~
..;.--
2
~
Cl
350 ~
_;...
...
"O
Qi
:;;,
~
280'iil
~
c.
(.)
30
3
Stretch,%
210
80.--------.-------,-------~-------.-------,
560
RT
420
200 F (93 C)
<O
a.
:2
~ 40~------+-------~~----~------~------~ 280 ui
"'
~
Ci5
(/)
140
80
560
RT
60
420
<O
a.
~
~ 40
:2
280 ui
"'~
Ci5
20
140
u;
350
50
40
280
30
210
Tested at room and elevated temperatures 30 min. exposure at elevated temperature. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm
(0.064 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn.
UNSA92024
C\l
Cl.
::;;
.><
ui
1/
"'
~
140
20
?ooF (371 c)
0 oL---------~2----------4~--------~6--------~Bo
Strain,
0.001 in./in.
"'
~
Temperature,
sor1s~--------g~s__________
2o,s_________3,1_s________-,42~
60
60
"Cii
""'
.-.::.
!:S""""
tc
40
"Cii
~
~
Jij"'
5 20
Y.h
o 100 h
h
"' 1000
Y.h
o ~------~---------L---------L------~0
60
~
!?40
.---------,---------,---------~--------,420
:g,c
~
"lii
"C
Qi
;;.
~
"Cii
20
t!!1
QL---------~--------L---------L-------~0
Temperature, F
70.------,------~-----,------~------~----~490
Room temperature
o ~------L------L----~------~-----L----~o
10
12
70.------,------,------,------,------,------,490
Room temperature
~-----L2------~4------~6------~8~----~1L0----~1~
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
70.-----,------,------,------,------,------, 490
RT
420
350
u; 40
1-------+-----h~'----~--------b-~--1-------1
-"'
280
:;
"'~
"'~
140
L------L------~----~------~------L-----~0
10
12
70.-------,------,------.-------.------,------,490
RT
350
L------~-----L----~------~-----L----~0
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
700
100
560
80
60
u;
<Il
[J_
::;;:
-"'
"'
~
"'
~
(/)
280
40
14
72
60
u;
[J_
::;;:
-"'
"'~
"'
~
(/)
i'i5
280
40
70
r
1
60
50
~
1/
a..
"'
280 :::!:
1/
30
Q)
210 'l1l
20
10
350
.!!1
<::
140
40
ti
-~
--==
Longitu~inal
490
70
10
12
14
80
70
60
,/
/
V
;;;
"":.
50
(/J
(ii
-~ 40
.......-
E 30
o
Long transverse
20
10
420
8:
"'~
280
210
.2:
(/J
g0
()
140
1
lj
490
350 ::l;
()
LonQitudina!..,_
(/J
(/J
[!!
a.
560
70
10
12
14
Temperatura, 'C
-15
38
80
93
""C
'tty
>.
!:S"'
tc:
~
"""'<
60
.,
"C
c:
50
"'
!:S"'"
.l!l
"'
5""
1000 h exposure. Test direction: longitudinal. Plate thickness: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Composition: Al-4.4Cu-1.5Mg0.6Mn. UNS A92124
\\
\\
Oi
;;,
173
c:
.l!l
~60
fiu
~ 70
"C
149
40
30
!:S"'"
280
210
RA
-o
e
V
100
200
Exposure temperatura, 'F
o
300
400
,
5
li
~
~
::;i;
40 1-------+------A---+----+---t----1280 .;
~
80.---,-----,-----,-----~-----,----,560
350
50
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. 100 h exposure. Composition: Al-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0.18Zr-0.10V0.06Ti. UNS A92219
280
40
210
30
'iii
"'
0..
::l;
..><
ui
ui
"'~
Ci5
140
20
"'
~
100
700
80
560
60
420
"'
0..
::l;
ui
ui
"'
~
cn
40
280
20~------+-------+-------~------~------~140
- - Longitudinal
- - - Transverse
OOL------~------~------~L-------L-----~0
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
"'
~
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3205,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9
120
840
100
700
80
p-
:"..
~~
- --
-423
--~ r--'
~
""""'
(-253 oc)
560
.......
-320 F (-196 c)
"'
~-
Il.
TDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3205,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9
:2
420 ui
RT
"'~
i'i5
280
40
140
20
- - Longitudinal
Transverse
1
0.04
0.08
0.16
0.12
0.20
Strain, in./in.
100
80
840
120
~
p
~-
~~ .:r=
---
--
-~~"
560
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3205,
CINDAS!Purdue University, 1995, p 9
-.......
'
- --:~'
"'
Il.
:2
420 ui
rn
RT
700
280
40
140
20
- - Longitudinal
- - - Transverse
1
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
50
or------~1r4_____,28
______,42______5,6______7,2____--.M
350
u;
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 3.175.:...50.80 mm (0.125-2.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 13; n(L and
LT, compression) = 16. UNS A92219
210
30
"'
a.
::;;:
..><:
ui
ui
!/)
!/)
rn
Ci)
140
20
10~-+---~----~------~----~------+--+---170
rf psi
70
60
50
u; 40
..><:
490
--
420
... ....
350
280
gf
8:
::;;:
gf
Ci) 30
210 Ci)
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
70
60
50
....._ Long
:.---
""''"~
~ransverse
WA.093 2219-181 aluminum alloy sheet and 22191851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stress-strain
curves (full range)
490
420
Longitudinal\ X
350
280
gj 40
:2
ui
(/)
ui
i'i5 30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Strain, in./in.
80
o~__--,1,4_____,28~----4,2______5T6______7~2_____,8\
60
WA.094 2219-181 aluminum alloy sheet and 22191851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and compressive
stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus
curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 1.016-63.50 mm (0.040-2.500 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 20; n(L,
compression) = 19; n(LT, compression) = 21.
UNSA92219
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-178
d' psi
560
80
60
Longitudinal
Long \ransverse,
Short transverse"""
V
V
420
/1.
:2
280 ui
Ul
!!!
Cii
20
140
10
14
60
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness 101.652-152.40 mm (4.001-6.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 20;
n(LT, compression) = 19; n(ST, compression) = 17. UNS
A92219
420
~ ~dLT
,r
20
72
1
V
2
LTand ST
",::::=-L
/1.
:2
~~
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
280 ui
140
10
80
70
- --
560
490
420
/Longitudinal
Short transverse
60
50
~~
,...
350
"'
CI..
:::;:
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
vi
0.12
Strain, in./in.
80
o~----~14r-____,28~____4,2______56______7~0_____,8~
60
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness 3.175-25.40 mm (0.125-1.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 14; n(L and
LT, compression) = 14. UNS A92219
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-189
80
70
60
--
Longitudin;;r--
/'
Long transverse
'~
560
490
420
50
350
a.
"'
::2:
280 VJ
ui
!!!
Ci)
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Strain, in./in.
80
70
60
50
v-:;- ~
,---
560
490
420
Long transverse
'-Short transverse
350
a.
"'
]
gf 40
::2:
280 VJui
!!!
(/)
Ci)
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
Temperature, oc
-18
149
204
260
316
371
427
1oor---~~--r----.----,---_,----,-----,---,
OL____ L_ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _J __ _
o
100
200
300
400
500
~
-J----~----~--~
600
700
800
Temperature, oF
OL-__-L----L---~----J-___ J_ _ _ _~--~~--~
o
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Temperature, oF
2L_----~4~----~6------~8------1~0~--~1f
L __ _ _ _ _
GOr-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,420
Temperature,
-240
100
-129
-18
93
316
204
427
700
""'
'-
--..........
F
ty
""
~l\
1~ ~
o
120
280
.!E
u;
c
2
'*
140 E
"'5
V
1
'E
E 80
.
-~
N
.S
c 40
15O>
[j]
~00
-200
200
Temperature, F
400
600
':!:!'
800
Temperatura,
oc
-18
93
204
316
427
so.----------.---------.----------.----------.560
Exposure
30 min
... 100 h
Ok-------~L--------~--------~--------~0
60~----------.---------.----------.----------.420
OL---------~---------L---------L--------~0
120r---------~---------.---------r---------,
0 0L---------2~0-0--------4~0L0---------6L00--------~800
Temperatura, oF
60r-------r-------,-------,-------,------,420
RT
1
50 1------+-----+---~:__~~321 OF (163 C)
350
400 F (204 C)
Tested at elevated temperature. Typical for severa! handforged billets: 76.2 x 165.1 mm (3 x 6Yz in.), 101.6 x
203.2 mm (4 x 8 in.), and 203.2 x 279.4 mm (8 x 11 in.).
Composition: Al-2.5Cu-1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe-0.2Si-0.1 Ti.
UNSA92618
Source: J.A. Lumm, "Mechanical Properties of 2618 Aluminum Alloy,"
Technical Report AFML-TR-66-238, North American Aviation, Inc.,
July 1966. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3213, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9
Strain,
0.001 in./in.
80
or-----,14:____:__2~8:______4r2____~56:______7~o:____~8\
60
20~----fr-----+------~----~-----+--+-~140
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
80
560
70
490
---
1----
60
50
420
ti.
::;;
280 .;
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
20
18
16
14
~ 12
.;
rn
~
u; 10
~
;;;
<:
8
6
f
1
f
4
2
V
0.0
./
v---
1-""'
~~
0.08
--
0.10
0.12
1--
126
112
Nominal
98
\~
tU
1
1
84
a.
::;;
70
1
l
0.08
0.4
0.8
0.12
0.16
Strain, in./in.
1.2
1.6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
"'
rn
1
1
56
1
1
42
-4o 1
YS 1
28
1
1
1 14
0.04
140
0.20
0.24
0.28
2.0
2.4
2.8
Q)
lB
<:
~
25.-------,-------,-------,--------,------,175
True
"'
'(ii
-"
105 ~
"'~"'
"'-
.!Q
.!Q
"'~
ti
ti
'(ii
'(ii
70
\
1
1
1
1
35
~------L-------L-----~------~------~0
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.1 o
Strain, in./in.
25.-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,175
True
'(ii
-"
15
"'
"'
ti
.!Q
'(ii
~ 10
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
True_
30
II
...
25
'Cii
-"'
245
35
IJ)
.!!1
-~ 15
210
~/ ~ 175
''
'\
20
....
1
V
o
o
0.01
140 ::2_
:z
1
1
1
1ii
a>
105 '1il
"
1
1
1
i
1
10
a."'
~
70
1
1
1
1
1
1
.1.
0.02
0.03
Strain, in./in.
35
0.04
0.05
175
25
20
"Cii
-"' 15
II
IJ)
1ii
.!!1
"Cii
"
~ 10
True_
-!-::::::::::::
Nominal
/:s
1
"
140
'
"'
105 ~
1
1
1
1
1
70
1
1
1
1
1
35
1
1
1
1
V
o
\
1
J.
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
i
.!!1
'Cii
"
35
30
25
/__
v-
~/"""
Nominal
~
70
~~
_,!_
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
~ ,..-
........
35
~
0.12
--
0.14
....
20
u;
.::
175 ~
:a;
gf
140 ~
"'
.!!1
u;
105
70
o
o
o
0.01
210
1/
10
245
YS
.!!1
'
'f'O'"""
CI)
35
0.02
2
280
0.16
Nomin al
0.05
0.04
Strain, in./in.
5
3
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.03
0.06
6
35
15
"'
a.
140~
"'
40
~ 25
30
175
CI)
210
.::
"'
105 ~
t5
V'
10
245
0.07
0.08
45
-~
40
cP'
35
~-::.::::.--- >-
30
c;;
-"'
ui 25
--
1ii
~ 20
1/l
c:
...........
.u.
YS
""
10
245
210
"'
[J_
::2:
1
1
1
1
1ii
140 ~
1/l
c:
105
1
1
o
o
o
1 35
1/l
1 70
vr
15
280
175 ui
NomiLI
1/
1/l
315
1
1
).
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Strain, in./in.
40
~~
~
\
\
1
1
!/
..Q1
c;;
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
280
ui
c:
Nojinal
lr4s
~ 30
350
50
"'
210 ~
ui
1ii
..Q1
c;;
140 ~
70
1
1
1
1
.l
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Strain, in./in.
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.05
0.06
o
0.07
35
245
30
/~
.,.....
25
;}
v v
~
V
210
Nominal
>-""-"
'\
175
f/
\
1
1
lf
10
Y>-' ~
o
o
0.02
"'
a.
140 :2_
0.04
0.06
0.14
0.16
l:l
[!!
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
70
.1.
1ii
Q)
105 'Vi
c
35
0.18 0.20
10
-18
100
38
-..........
~::J
~c
80
::J
[!! "#. 60
.3.c
"'c.
~
Q)
Ol
Q)
.~o
Q)
"'
"O
93
;;f4o
Temperatura, c
204
260
149
'\~
;\1\
1\l\
o~
g~
~ ~c
Q)
316
20
371
427
~V
....... F
a. "'
100
200
300
400
500
Temperatura, F
600
tu
700
800
40
35
"Cii
30
25
~
v--
'
Nominal
'
a)
gj
20
YS
~ 15
10
-18
a)
UJ
140 ~
.!!!
"Cii
105 ~
1
1
1
70
1
1
1
1
J.
0.01
0.02
2
38
175 ~
:2
V
o
245
210
1
1
1
\
\
1
V
.!!!
"Cii
c
280
~,
-"'
ti
~
;,---
0.03
Temperature, oc
149
204
260
0.07
0.08
0.09
371
427
316
100r----,----~~-,-----,----,---~~--,---~
0 0L----1~00----2~0-0---3~0-0---4~0-0---5-0L0----60L0----7L00--~800
Temperature, oF
Temperatura, oc
-18
100
38
93
149
'#
~
u.-
:; 80
204
260
316
371
427
10,000 lh
1000 h
1/2-100 h
c,
c
"O
(ii
;;:, 60
..91
'\
u;
c
:::>
1\
40
E
o
20
Q)
""""
Q)
Il..
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
316
371
427
Temperatura, oF
Temperatura, oc
-18
100
38
93
149
204
260
~~~
~"
':S"
==:
g' 80
~
<J)
10 h
100~/
1000 h ~
10,000
h/
..91
u;
l~
~ 60
E
:;
""
:::>
"'~ 40
E
~ 20
Ol
.l'l
c
~Q)
a_
100
200
300
400
500
Temperatura, oF
600
700
800
Temperature, "F
350
50
~ 1-
40
Nlminal
280
\
\
\
\
1/
10
1ii
.!!!
"(ii
140 ~
70
1
1
1
1
o
o
o
"'
210 ~
1
\
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.l
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
Temperatura, oc
-18
100
38
93
427
40
.l!l
"'"'
"'~
a_
"'
371
1\
60
316
N\~
260
vv1/2h
1o.oooh
204
~r\
~
u;
"*E
149
20
'~
.l9
c
100
200
300
400
500
F'=--
600
700
800
316
371
427
Temperatura, oF
Temperatura, oc
-18
100
38
93
-......
149
204
260
~1\
\\
1/2 h
10,000 h
~
[\
~
100
200
300
400
500
Temperatura, oF
1'-
600
700
800
Temperatura,
-18
100
38
93
149
204
c
260
316
371
427
"~
100~ ~ ~
~~~
:5
1000 h
100 ~ (;
g> 80
.,
~
10~/
1/2 h
.$
E
"'
~-
:; 60
.$
u;
c::
.$
~
.a
~c.
40
E
.$
20
E
c::
~
<Il
a.
o
o
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
316
371
427
Temperatura, F
Temperatura,
-18
100
38
93
149
204
~~
10,000~
1000~~
100:~
10 h
1/2 h
c
260
&' '
\
~\
......
\\
100
200
300
400
500
Temperatura, "F
600
700
800
25
14
70
u;
_,---
['...._
140
15
---.....1'\
105
1
1
""'vi
(fJ
~
10
25
20
u;
15
""'vi
(fJ
li)
10
vi
(fJ
~
(/)
70
35
8
10
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
14
~,.)
ood
oompLoo
70
140
1
1
105
&
:2
vi
(fJ
~
(/)
70
35
1/
2
12
r:---1---r---
"'
0..
:2
1/
2
10
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
40
30
'iii
""u
"'~
ii5
20
-----
--- ...
280
)<
210
a."'
::2:
140
70
10
o
o
25
WA.133 5083-0 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stressstrain curve (full range)
350
50
0.04
14
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
70
140
20
~~~ression
15
'iii
""u
"'
~
10
---...r\
l
1
"'-
"'~
35
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
a."'
::2:
70
1/
2
105
12
ii5
25
14
\V
1
15
"'"'
~
1i5
10
"....-
105
"'"'
~
70
1\
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
40
30
""'"'"'
1i5
20
1i5
35
12
350
50
;;;
[J._
140
V~
70
280
"""
210
"'
"'
~
140
70
10
0.04
ttl
[J._
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
cn
25
o,_----,1r4____-,28_______,42______5,6______7T0____--,~
175
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
12.70-25.40 mm (0.500-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 18; n(LT, tension) = 10; n(L,
compression) = 9.3; n(LT, compression) = 10.
UNSA95086
105
"iii
-"'
<ti
a_
:2
ui
ui
"'~
"'
U:i
70
U:i
L-----~-----L-----~------L------LL---~0
10
12
50
"14
28
42
56
70
280
40
30
'r
"iii
-"'
ui
"'~
U:i
20
10
210
~.---""""
~
~
140 U:i
70
<ti
a_
:2
10
50
or-----~14
______,2a______4~2______5,6______7~o____~8~
50
40r-----~--~-4------+-----~------r-----~280
210
30
"'
a.
-"
:2
"'
"'
!/)
!/)
~
140
1i5
20
10~-+--~-----4------+------+------+4----~70
L-----~----~------~----~------~----~0
50
40
u;
30
8
10
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
'""'~---------
rl
12
--;.~;!:::,",
350
210
"'
a.
-"
oo"
:2
!/)
~
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
"ii)
-""
ui
"'
~
20
10
280
40
30
350
50
Longitudinal, tension
;;
v-:: ,.-
210
V
1
::2
li
140
70
6
Strain,
10
12
0.001 in./in.
50
o,_-----~1~4____~28
______~42______5~6______7To____~8\
50
1
1
Long transverse, compression
30 r------r~~~~~--~~~-+------+------1210
"ii)
"'
Il.
-""
ui
::2
"'
~
20
r-----~----~r------r-----1----~~-----41401
1or--r---r----~-------r-----1------~r----470
~-----2~----~4------~6------~8------1~0-L--~1~
106 psi
50
40
-~
l----
-- .....
t-
350
280
210
30
"'
"iij
Q_
""'rJcn
::2:
rJ
cn
!!!
ii)
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
o
14
28
42
56
70
84
50.------,-----,~----,------T----~r-----~350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 27; n(LT, tension) = 13; n(L,
compression) = 8.0; n(LT, compression) = 15. UNS
A95086
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-233
210
30
"'
"iij
Q_
""'rJ
::2:
cn
rJ
Ul
ii)
cn
jg
!!!
140
20
10~-f--~----~------4------+------~~--~70
10
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
Temperature,
38
-18
70
60
u;
149
""~
50
-"'
CI
"'~
U5
93
40
420
'\.
"~
'\
30
350
CI
rJ)
280
210
20
140
40
280
o
!e.
.s
"'
c
~
Cl
c
20
V""
[jJ
100
200
Temperature, F
300
c..
"'
:2
"EE
-~
140
U5
70.------,------~----~------,-----~r-----~490
o~-----L----~------~-----L------L-----~0
70
490
60~----~------+------+------~----~------~420
-~ 40~----~------~~---+------~~--~------~
.><
280
ui
"'
~
ro
::;;
ui
30~----~--?.~+-~~-+------~----~------~
"'~
210 U5
140
70
10
12
Temperatura,
80~18_________3~8__________
93__________
14~9________~20!60
Longi\udinal
& Long transverse
10L---------~--------~---------L--------~7o
80.----------.----------,----------~---------.560
60
420
;!<.
E'E
o
a."'
!!?.
:2
.5 40
N
280
ui
"'
-~
.Q
Ci5
c:
"'"'
c:
Ui
20
140
_________j4o8
0 o~-------~1~oo~--------2~o~o---------3oLo
Temperatura, F
80.------.------~-----,------~------r------,560
0 o~-----L2------~4------~6------~a-------1Lo----~1f
45
[._.--T~
40
35
30
]
,;; 25
Cll
/V
\.
280
245
210
&.
:lE
1
ip
~~
J
1
V
YS
Cll
140 ~
Cll
c:
~
105
_j
0.04
175 ,;;
Cii
c:
~
10
Nominal
315
\
\
20
15
...
0.08
0.12
0.16
70
35
.i.
0.20
Strain, in./in.
2
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20 o,_----~1,4______2,8____~42~____,56~----7~o~____,M140
+------+------+------1105
"'
"(ii
a.
-"'
,;;
Cll
10
70
:lE
,;;
Cll
CI)
0 0~----~2~----~4~----~6------~8------1~0~--~1~
350
50
40
..~
280
\
1'
-o-..
.-()
\
1
"'"'l'!
1
1
10
"'
210 ~
Cii
..9!
'Cii
140 ~
1
1
1
1
70
1
1
1
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
10
12
350
50
280
40
30
'Cii
""
"'
"'
l'!
Ci)
20
10
/
1
1/
2
........- ~
~
Longitud inal
1
Long transverse
210
li
~
140
70
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
"'
Il.
:2
10
12
30
210
~
ui
rJ)
10
280
40
20
350
50
gf
~
140 1i5
c.."'
:2
70
10
12
or-___1,4_ _-,28_____,42_____5,6~----7T0______,8\5o
50
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 50; n(LT, tension) = 11; n(L,
compression) = 8.1; n(LT, compression) = 9.8.
UNSA95454
f----t-f--T-'-:::--===::-:=:~.:-:----\+---+----+---1280
210
-u;
--"'
c.."'
:2
ui
rJ)
ui
rJ)
1i5
140
~---~2~----~4---~6-----~8-----1~0~--~1~
1i5
60r-------r-------~------.-------~------~
420
350
\\
\
\
\
\
1
280
C\l
(L
210 ~"'
"'
.!!1
u;
c
140
10~--~--+-------~------4-------~--~--~70
0.02
0.06
0.04
Strain, in./in.
6
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.08
0.18
10
Temperatura, oc
2r4_0____________-,18_____________2~0_5____________--,42~
70
90
~ 40~----~-------+--------~----~-------------1280 ~"'
~
U5 30
210 U5
o'------------'------------'---------------' o
160.-------------.-------------,---------------,
<F.
co
~8or-------------+--------------~~~---------4
c
iii
~o o
400
Temperatura, oF
800
Temperatura, 'C
100
r -__-_2T4_o________-_1,29
_________-,1~a_________,e~
00
~
~
~60~---+--------~~----~~~~~
~
(/)
280
Longitudinal
O Transverse
20L----L---------L--------~--------~140
-400
-200
Temperatura, 'F
350
50
Jongitudinal
- - Transverse
280
40
u;
f/
-"'
.;
Ul
10
----:::-:
"" ..
30
20
210
"'
a..
::!:
.;
!
140
CI)
70
1/
12
50
350
J,ongitudinal
- - Transverse
40
280
1/
"(jj
-"
.;
Ul
10
---
(..----
//,...
30
20
210
gf
~
140
1/
&.
::!:
70
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
490
70
v-- True
60
50
"' 40
"'
~
(/)
-~ 30
~
20
10
Nominal
~~
!!
/_
f
o
420
350
ro-""
\
1
1
.r>O
"'"'
~
u;
<Il
1
1
YS
"'
0..
280 :2
210 ~
c
~
140
1
1
1
70
1
0.04
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
12
0.16
0.20
0.24
25
14
1
Tension and
compr~ssion-.....___
'---~
1/
--
20
15
"iii
-"'
"'"'
~
10
140
1
1
"'
0..
:2
"'"'
~
(i5
70
35
1/
2
70
10
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
--
25
20
15
~
1/
"'
~
10
14
""1
28
42
56
70
K 1----
140
r--_
1
1
105
"'
0..
~
1/
"'
~
70
cn
35
V
2
10
12
50
o,_____,14.-____,28______,42______5,6______7,o______,8\
50
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 32; n(LT, tension) = 16; n(L,
compression) = 9.5; n(LT, compression) = 16.
UNSA95456
l-------+-:-::::--;=::.::::::"-i--\.-------+----+----+----l280
210
;;;
"'
0..
~
-"'
1/
1/
"'~
Cii
140
~-----~2~----~4~----~6~----~8------1~0~--~1~
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
"'
~
70
60
50
~
CI
(/)
40
30
10
~
~~
r--~inal
420
\
1
1
1
1
1
350
Cll
a..
280 ::;;;
rJ
...r. >-0
(!)
210
1/
20
.!!1
-~
490
1
V
c:
140
70
J.
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in./in.
10
50
or-----~1,4____-,28
______,42______5,6______7,o_____,8\
50
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
15.875-31.750 mm (0.625-1.250 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 42; n(LT, tension) = 16; n(L,
compression) = 7.0; n(LT, compression) = 11.
UNSA95456
210
30
Cll
a..
"Cii
::;;;
-"'
rJ
rJ
(/)
(/)
1ii
140
20
L-----~2------~4------~6------~8------~----~1~
~
(/)
80
560
70
490
420
60
50
"'
~ 40
1i5
350
"'
[l_
::!:
280
Q)
1- 30
......
Q)
210
20
140
10
70
gf
0.05
0.10
0.15
"'
0.20
0.25
12 19
1524
16.0
True strain
Displacement, mm
3 05
3600
6 10
9 14
2400
10.7
f:!
'C
"'o
--'
1200
o
o
....-----
0.12
!---
0.24
\
0.36
Displacement, in.
"''C
"'o
--'
0.48
5.3
0.60
Displacement, mm
6.10
9.14
3.05
10.7
2400
1200
15 24
16.0
12.19
v--
""-o
1\
0.36
0.24
Displacement, in.
0.12
"'
....1
0.48
5.3
0.60
560
80
Tested at room temperature. Typical for specimen thickness: 0.254-6.325 mm (0.010-0.249 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 21; n(long
transverse, tension) = 15. UNS A96013
420
60
Longitudina~
~e
1/
20
"'
0..
280
1/
140
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
<J
14
60
........._
1---
1/
20
---
V
V
84
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for specimen thickness: 0.254-6.325 mm (0.010-0.249 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 21;
n(long transverse, compression) = 23. UNS A96013
420
transv~e
--...._
Longitudinal
Longtransve~
ca
a.
:2
280
u)
140
70
10
60
420
Longitudinal
~-
50
40
20
10
~ong transverse
Composition: Al-0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn.
UNSA96013
280
Source: "Alcoa A1uminum Alloy 6013," Alcoa Green Letter No. 225,
Dec 1987. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vo13, Code 3226, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 8
&.
:2
u)
"'
"'
210 ~
1/
1
350
(1)
~
~
140
70
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
3000
Displacement, mm
4 57
6 86
2.29
'\
2000
1000
50
- 40
gf
30
VJ
2!
a.
20
10
-"'
1\
-o
.3"'
4.45
1\
0.36
---
1
1
280
&
::::;;
<li
VJ
210 -~
VJ
VJ
2!
c.
E
o
140 (.)
70
350
0.45
420
Xi
~
"Cii
8.90
0.27
0.18
Displacement, in.
60
11 43
13.3
0.09
9.14
Source: "Alcoa Aluminum Alloy 6013," Alcoa Green Letter No. 225,
Dec 1987. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol3, Code 3226, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 10
420
60
50
40
Longitudinal
r --
350
Long transverse
280
"'
a.
:2
210 ui
Ul
!!:!
Ci5
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
420
50
350
40
30
20
10
1/
1
1
2
~~compression
~
Ul
0.10
60
ui
0.08
1' L, tension
280
"- LT, tension
"'
a.
:2
210 ui
Ul
!!:!
Ci5
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
60
420
50
350
Longitudinal
40
Long transverse
280
a."'
~
210 u
i'i5
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
50
40
30
u
"'~
i'i5
20
280
a.
"'
~
"'
~
140
210
,/
-"'
350
\ LT, comjression
1
r i : 7 L T , tensio n
L, tension and compiession
"(ii
10
---
0.10
70
6
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
60
420
50
350
r--
40
Longitudinal
280
CII
c..
-"'
"'"'
~
TransvLse
"ijj
::2:
30
210 "'
20
140
10
70
o
o
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.10
Strain, in./in.
50
Fl:
1
40
30
"ijj
-"'
"'
~"'
(/)
20
10
V
1
V
0.02
LT,
~M;oo
350
280
mpression
210
&.
::2:
~~
140 ii5
70
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
WA.180 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
350
50
Composition: Al-1Mg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNSA96061
Room temperature
280
40
212 oF (100 oc)
3oo F (149 oc)
400 oF (204 c)
u;
210
30
"'
Il..
"'u
:2
u
1/l
1/l
Ci5
140
20
70
00
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
cn
--423 OF (-253 C)
1
20~--------+---------~---------r---------1140
o~--------~--------~--------~---------"0
20~--------+---------~---------r--------~140
o~------~0~.0~8~----~0~.1~6------~0~.2~4------~o.39
Strain, in./in.
Temperatura,
oc
aor----~24~o~-------~1r29~--------,1a~------~s\60
(L
::lE
~
!:S"
.s=
rnc
Longitu dina 1
~
!:S"
Transverse
.s=
rnc
~ 60f-----i-""=<--------+-------+--------j 420 ~
~
.!!!
cn
oo
!!
!!
15
3 40
280
60
420
1~
1--.
140
20
60
g
q
1\l 40
c
o
Oi
"C
c
:te
"'
RA
C\l
~ 2o ~ ~
C\l
C\l
o
c
t5:::!
~ o
-400
-200
Temperatura, oF
200
Temperatura,
-240
40
-129
""
-18
93
204
316
r-.....
~ ..._._
~
tf] ._---~1----~1-----+-1--L
"'
l . ['
~00
80
El
~
40
~
Cl
"o
ii]
~00
.._
----
-200
~00
./
200
Temperatura, "F
400
tf
600
800
Temperature, oc
-240
60
:,
~r-...
!!:::"
=
Ol
40
"li)
.!!!
-~ 20
.2l
.2l
"'
-18
-129
--
93
316
427
420 "'
a.
:::;
:J
!!:::"
,_____
280
=
Ol
~",.....
\\
~.'' "'.........
"li)
~ .
- - - 1/2h
t--- - - - - 100 h
--- 1000 h
5"" o
204
.!!!
140 -~
.2l
"' ~
\
'.:...~
---~10,000h
'*
E
5
o ""
"'
280 ~
..........._
--
g.
., ~
"'-
'.,\
'....-\ ............
..... :.....;.....~
80r-----,------,------,-----,---~_,~,--.
.' .'
1 /
.'_/ /
.' 1
~ 40~-----+------4-------~-----+~r-~~-?L_~
,,~ , /
----t------4------_------~v~~
~
c
[jJ
~00
-200
200
Temperature, oF
400
600
800
Composition: Al-1Mg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNSA96061
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-T4
and 6062-T4," Data sheet, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 23 Feb 1956.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo13,
Cade 3206, CINDAS!Purdue University, 1995, p 10
Temperature,
-240
-18
93
204
316
427
60~~--~~----~------~----~------~------.420
m
a.
::;;
~::>
::>
..'l2
-~ 20
$
1/2h
- - - - - 100 h
1000 h
---- 10,000h
----
..'l2
140 -~
*5 -. -.E
60
--
.J..._____.......J.______.....J...._
_:____.l
o
420
t---
~
'.
\
\\
\\
~
.,
,,.,.._,.............
'........."""'
\ "\
o
80
.'
6'
"<t
.' 1
. 11
1
1 . 1
.' . ' 1
-;;- 40
.",...~ -'.;-'
C)
.........-V
V."',/
fii
c
ii]
~00
-200
*5
200
Temperature, 'F
400
600
800
Composition: Al-1Mg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNSA96061
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-T6
Products," Data table, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 6 Dec 1960. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Cade 3206,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 10
RT
70
Temperature, oc
____2,0_4________2,3_2_________
26,0________-,28~90
10-6
o; 40 1 - - - - - - - f - - - - - - t - - t; 5 X 10-G
-"'
- - - - 1 280
&'
e 10X10-6
:O
O 2000 X 10- 6
u)
~~~~--~~~~~~-----+------1210 ~
----~---------L---------L--------~0
400
450
Temperature, oF
500
550
40
o;
350
50
400 F,(204 C)
1/2 and 2 h
30
280
210
10 h
-"'
"'
Il.
:l;
";
";
(/)
(/)
140
20
10 h
~------~------~------~-------L------~0
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
1i
50.-------~------,-------,--------,-------,350
210
Cll
a..
:a;
oi
oi
"'
~
"'f!?
cn
140
1i5
2L_______41-:------~6_______J8------~1f
L__ _ _ _ _ _
"emperature, 'C
60
- 240
-184
129
-73
-18
Test direction: Longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thickness: 2.54 mm (0.100 in.). Composition: Al-1.0Mg-0.6Si0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
50
o;
.><
,S
O>
40
1~
.,tii
.s;:
cn
30
20
-400
F.R Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MILTDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Suppl. No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 11
350
"'""~
-300
-200
Temperature, 'F
,S
Cl
280 ~
1ii
.,tii
.s;:
t--
-100
cn
210
140
100
25
175
True
20
'Cii
IV
15
"'"'fi!
u;
~
'Cii
140
Nominal
\
1
~ 10
C\l
..
~~k;
~"'
70
1
1
1
1
'Cii
c
~
35
0.04
105 ~
1
1
1
1
1
0.08
0.12
Strain, in./in.
0.16
0.20
0.24
2
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
350
50
True
. J---
40
l/
~ r--
Nominal
280
).--0'"
\
1
1
lf
0.01
~"'
1
1
1
1
10
C\l
210 ~
"'
'Cii
140 ~
1
1
1
70
l
0.02
0.03
2
4
6
Strain. 0.001 in .lin.
0.04
0.05
Strain, in./in.
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.10
0.08
0.12
20r---~--~----~----4----~---4----+----4
<Il
Cl
~
~
<Il
Il.
OOL----L.----L----L.--~L---~--~----~--~
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature, oF
600
700
800
50
350
Lo"g!tm-=
40
;;;
30
"'
rn
~
ii5
20
10
280
Longitudinal
-"'
"'
[l_
"'~
140 ii5
70
10
20
;;;
15
f-
rn
~
10
~ ,_..
,_. h
j'""'""
10 h exposure
-"'
"'
ii5
175
25
140
105
"'
rn
~
100 h exposure
70
35
"'
[l_
10
ii5
50 o~----~1~4_____;28~----~42~----5~6~____7To~--~~350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
::;6.325 mm (::;0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n
(L, compression) = 19; n(LT, compression) = 21.
UNSA96061
210
30
~
a.
"'
::!:
ui
(/)
ui
"'~
Cii
20
140
Cii
10~-+---~----~~----~----~------~----~70
L------2L-----~4~----~6------~8------~10L---~1,
50
40
30
~
ui
(/)
CI)
20
10
14
28
iooc::__
56
70
84
350
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, tension) =
50; n(L, compression) = 18. UNS A96061
L, compres,sion '"'-
""""<.....
1
1
1/
42
280
----
"'\
210
a."'
::!:
ui
140
70
10
50
350
Longitudinal
40
lj
30
~
ui
"'~
1i5
210
ui
~"'
140
Cll
a.
::!!;
20
10
CfJ
70
50
50
l---=:t:::~=:~~=====f=-........h---___(_--_j 280
210
;;;
.:.:
ui
Cll
a.
::!!;
ui
"'~
"'~
1i5
140
L------2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0----~1~
1i5
40
u;
",--
t-......._
"
280
210
30
<ti
a.
-"'
:2
!I
!I
1/)
Cii
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.08
350
Longitudinal
40
0.12
50
u;
350
50
1--:::~
r-- . .
!-......._......
'
""
\
30
280
"
210
<ti
a.
-"'
:2
!I
!I
1/)
cn
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.0)
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
cn
50
o,_~~-1r4~__-.28______4~2______5,6______7~0~--~8\
-=~Jk~~r::;;J~:::~~~=-l~~J
50
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
:'5:12.67 mm (:'5:0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(L, tension) = 40; n(LT, tension) = 19; n(L, compression) = 15; n(LT, compression) = 14. UNS A96061
280
210
u;
Il.
:2;
"""u)
u)
"'~
"'
~
140
Cii
20
10~-4~~~-~---4---~-+~~~~~~~70
L-----~----L----~------L-----~----_jo
10
12
50 or-----~1r4___~28~----~42~----5,6~~~7T0~~-.8\ 50
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
276.20 mm (23.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(L, tension) = 45; n(LT, tension) = 24; n(L, compression) = 40; n(LT, compression) = 32. UNS A96061
h.;::::::::~E:::::~t==~=t===~===i--1280
1
210
u;
Il.
:2;
.><:
u)
u)
"'~
U)
Cii
140
Cii
350
50
LLgitudi11
40
-~--
,.......-: ~
Long tra-;;;,;;;e-
........
~-
~~
280
210
30
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness :5:12.675 mm (:5:0.499 in.). UNS A96061
"(ii
-"
c..
"'
:2
"'
gf
(/)
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Strain, in./in.
50
v
/"
40
350
Loo9r~~--
----
--
Lon~1
1/'
--~
r--- ........
transverse
" 'x
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 76.20 mm (3.000 in.). UNS A96061
280
""""><
30
210
c..
"'
:2
"'
(/)
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
16
"'
u;
c
''
0.08
0.16
0.20
Strain, in./in.
8
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
0.12
0.24
0.28
24
28
0.32
40
35
u; 25
""'ui
Q)
20
1
1
""""" '1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
~
o
o
28
0.36
280
245
Nominal
.....-~ :r,.....
10
1
1
1
0.04
~ 15
u;
14
"'~
Cii
~
1
1
1
1
1
1
u;
56
42
"'
ti
ui
YS
"'
[J_
::;;
30
70
\
\
1
.L
98
84
""'ui
----- '
/) V
u; 10
Nominal
~ vo-
12
14
112
210
175
&
::;;
140
ui
~
u;
105 ~
1
1
1
1
70
1
1
35
1
1
l
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
"'
1
1
0.12
80r-------~------,-------,--------,-------,560
gj
Long transverse
gf 40 1-------4-------:A'-------+--------t-----------j 280
0 o~------~2------~4------~6L-------s~----~1~
80
or-_____1r4_____,2r8____-,42______,56______7To______,8\
60
10
80.-------~------~------~------~-------560
~
gf
&
~
~
w
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
~----~14~----~28~----4~2~____5T6____~7~0____~8~ 60
80r-------,-------,-------,--------r------,560
~"'
gf 40 1--------+----~---+-----+------j 280 tJ
~
~
Cii
CI)
100o_,___--~1r4____~2r8____~42r-----~56~----7~o~--~84 700
420
c..
"'
:2
tJ
cn
tJ
cn
Cii
40
280
~----~2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0-i--~1~
Cii
100
80
Longitudinal
60
ui
Ul
Ci5
40
/
2
420
"'
[J_
:2
ui
Ul
~
280
140
6
Strain,
10
12
0.001 in./in.
80
560
~ong transverse
20
700
o______,14______,28______4T2______5T6______7,o_____,8\
60
700
100
80
560
Lon~itudinal
u;
l.v-
60
-"'
"'
~"'
(f)
40
20
100
V
o
14
420
&.
::!:
gf
280
140
Short transverse
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
70
80
560
rtongitudinal
......."_
-........;
t---:::
L,.
""'-..
60
"Cii
-"'
"'
~"'
(f)
40
20
V
2
= ~- 1"--..
420
gf
~
280 ii5
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
a."'
::!:
80
60
"(ii
""'
(/)-
(/)
Ci5
40
20
V
V
2
420
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
10
70
560
80
1/
--:::::z::
---.L._
"(ii
""'vi
(/)
Ci5
40
20
560
l1 Longitudinal
r1 Long transverse
r1 Short transverse
14
60
700
100
V
2
+;:::.-
:::::::::~
V
420
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
a.."'
:2:
vi
(/)
~
280
140
12
Ci5
00
lt-------1 560
100
o_______1,4____-.28______,42______5,6______7,o______,8~
---
420
u;
a.
-"'
:2
ui
ui
rn
~
rn
~
Ci)
Ci)
280
L------L----~------~----~------~~~~0
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
12
100
80
60
-"'
rn'
rn
~
Ci)
40
20
560
Longitudinal,
Long transverse ,
u;
700
y
2
-=:=:-
"
~-- ~
~
420
:2
ui
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
a.
10
100 or-----~14______~28______4~2______5~6______7~o____~8~ 00
u;
"'
a..
-""
:2
II
II
'"~
'"~
ii5
280
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus,
106 psi
80
70
50
o
o
490
420
35b OF (177 C}
350
"'
a..
:2
280
140
70
II
"'
~
210
11
fr
20
560
1~
11
30
10
RooJ temperatura
60
ii5
10
Strain,
15
0.001 in./in.
20
80
560
490
Room \temperatura
70
~r-
420
60
V
11!
50
10
350
as
0..
::2:
280 gf
11
li
30
20
:!!
1i5
210
'
140
70
10
15
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
Test temperatura,
oc
80 1r8~-----,38~----~9,3_______1,4_9_______2T04~-----2~6~ 60
40
Exposure time al
test temperatura --t--------+--\----t--------1 280
1/2 h
... 10 h
100 h
30L_______J __ _ _ _ _ _~------~--------L-------~210
490
70
.......
60
u;
-"'
50
.s::.
c,
c:
~
u;
"C
a;
;;:: 40
30
420
l".\
1~
\
"'
350 ~
210
140
20
~ 70.-------,--------,-------,--------~------,
::
'E
E
~ 40~----~~-------+------~~~~--+-------~
"'
c:
o
~
" 30 oL_______1~0~0------~20~0~----~3~0~0------~4~00~-----5~00
~
Test temperatura, "F
80.------.-----,------.------,------,------,560
Room temperatura
420
350
"'
Il.
:2
280 gf
~
U5
210
140
70
0 o~-----2L-----~4-------~6------~8------~----~
10
12
90
80
Temperatura, c
7r3_____-,18______3,8______9r3_____1,4_9_____2~04______,26~
1--=---:,._~--~~--t----+---+----l
30
560 "'
o_
:::e
~70~~--~~~~-r-~~}-~~~----r--~490~
oc
~
~
E:!
~~
~~
350~
\ii50
~"_
~ 401-----+---+---~---4---~~~--1280 ~
>= 30
o
t:. <~.
2 1o :;::
20L-----~------~------~----~------~----~140
-100
100
200
300
Temperature, "F
Temperatura,
400
500
90 7r3~----,1B______3~8______9r3____-,14r9_____2,o_4____-.26~ 30
-::::1
u..-
u..-
~ 701------~~~~+~~~~---4------r--~490 ~
rn
c
E:!
.sa 60
420 2
"'
"'
~
\ii~
~\ii
->~
->.
~
~
~ 401------+----+-----~---4-----~~-~280 ~
:;:: 30
Temperature, "F
21 o
>=
80
70
;Y
60
v~
50
-"'
"'~
40
30
10
490
420
350 F (177 c)
350
fi
~
ii5
20
560
25~ F (121 c)
hV
u;
ui
Roo~ temperatura
210
5oo F (260 c)
140
70
15
20
80,-------,--------,--------r-------,--------,560
Rooml temperatura
70
~--+----J-~=i=====::t==~ 490
?r--
250I F (121
c)
60r-------,.~~---+---------r-------~-------1420
~~~------+----~35~o~F~(~17~7~.C~)
h{
~
50r-------~~~---+--------r-------4--------1350
~ 4or-----?/rR/J________+--------r-------4--------428o
30r---~f-~-------+--------r-------4--------i210
20
11
500 F (260
c)
140
10I
70
0 o~------~5--------1~o------~1~5-------2~o------~2;
ui
420
350
"'
0..
~
:2
~ 40r----r--~17~--+-----+-----~------~ 280 ai
(/)
~
210
140
70
10
12
80
70
60
50 I-----+----I--/J~-+--=..j......--==~---l350
'iii
""~
8:.
:2
40
~--~--~~~--+-----+----~---4280 ~
i
30
20
10
o ~-----L-----L4------~6------~8------~10------~1f
2
o
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Test temperatura,
-18
70
38
93
--
...
60
204
149
!......._
420
""\
T\
ui
(/)
~ 50
"O
a;
;;:,
~
'iii
~ 40
c.
210
30
100
200
300
140
500
400
Test temperatura, F
Test temperatura,
-18
70
38
~
60
93
--
149
~
420
1\\
~
ui
(/)
~
50
(/)
:g
Q)
;;:,
-~
~ 40
c.
"'
a.
:!!
ui
350 ~
1i
:g
-~
E
o
Longiludinal
& Transverse
30
100
204
200
300
400
.~
280 gj
i!!
c.
210
140
500
.....
- - Longitudinal
- - Short transverse
- - Longitudinal
- - - Long transverse
- - Short transverse
70.-------~-------~-------,-------r-------,490
OOL-______
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ L __ _ _ _ _ _~------~------~0
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
80
560
490
~.L
.......: ::--LT
70
lE
--LT
--ST
....
60
50
10
350
"'
a.
:2
280 .;
"'~
30
20
420
U5
210
1/
140
1/
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
70
V/
ii
~
U5 30
20
10
/............
....
....
f--L
-LT
- LT
ST
1
V
1
1/
2
420
350
f/
50
-"'
490
60
"iii 40
Source: J.T. Staiey, J.E. Jacoby, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, J.D.
Walsh, and F.R. Rudoiph, "Aiuminum Alloy 7050 Extrusions," AF contract 33615-73-C-5015, Aicoa Laboratories, AFML-TR-76-129,
March 1977. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Voi 3, Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21
280
&
:2
210
140
- - ,;2.0 in. (50.8 mm)
- - - 2-5 in. (50.8-127 mm)
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Source: J.T. Staiey, J.E. Jacoby, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, J.D.
Waish, and F.R. Rudoiph, "Aiuminum Alloy 7050 Extrusions," AF contract 33615-73-C-5015, Aicoa Laboratories, AFML-TR-76-129,
March 1977. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Voi 3, Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21
700
100
80
420
60
"Cii
-"'
ui
:2
ui
1/)
1
1
1/)
1i5
1
280
40
"'
a.
Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr.
UNSA97050
Source: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design
Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report N00019-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3222,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 24
thick
- - Longitudinal
- - Short transverse
70
490
~transverse
~;;.
50
r;;
.:.::
10
350
280
,g;
20
n s h q r t transverse
Longitudinal
40
(/) 30
420
60
~
~
210 i'i5
1
V
140
70
6
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
:;
10
70
5.
z~
120%
1. o
7.0
/-L
.; o.
1
Q)
o. 1
0.0 5
f..o-0
1
V
"'
0..
:::;
.;
rn
1!!
1ii
Q)
:::>
t=
0.7
0.07
10-1
0.0 1
10-6
TrUI~ strain rate, s - 1
90 .------r------.------r------,------,-----.630
80
Room temperature
70
60
c;;
-"'
ui
50
"'
li
~-----r------~~~~~----~-----r----~350 ~
"'~
~
1i5 40 ~----~----~~~--~------~----~------1280 rn
30
20
10
o L------L------L------L------L-----~----~0
90 .------,------,------,------,------,-----.630
560
80
70
60
"'
~ 50 ~-----r------~~~~------~-----r------1350
ui
-~
"'~
~
1i5 40 ~-----r----~~-----r------~-----r------1280 rn
30
20
10
00~----~----~------L-----~----~----~0
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.4
0.6
0.2
Strain.%
-18
80
38
93
Temperatura,
149
c
204
260
316
560
70
"'
u;
""'- 60
0..
420 :2
"'"'
tJ
"'~
;;;
Cll
350 ~
:2
"C
;;. 50
Cll
Cll
.2:
.2:
"'"'~
c.
(.)
"'~"'
c.
40
280 oE
(.)
Longitudinal
Long transverse
210
30
200
100
200
300
400
Temperatura, F
80
~J~~
60
20
500
V
V
2
~ ~in al
6oJ40
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness -:!,50.775 mm (-:!,1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: -:!,206
cm2 (-:!,32 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 25; n(long transverse, tension) = 21.
UNSA97050
420
"'
:2
0..
280
tJ
(/)
140
10
80.------,-----,------,------,------r-----~560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: ~277 cm2 (~43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, tension) = 22; n(long transverse, tension)
= 19, n(short transverse, tension) = 14. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-317
~
gi
~
:2
40 1 - - - - - + - - - 7 4 - - - + - - - - + - - - + - - - - - 1 2 8 0
gi
~
00
00
14
10
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
L/,,), '""'"J'
--
V
1
-.;;::
V
2
10
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness ~50.775 mm (~1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: ~206
cm2 (~32 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 39; n(long transverse, compression)
= 38. UNS A97050
420
20
70
._ /Longitudinal ~
~
60
"'
(L
:2
280 ui
(/)
~
140
o
14
28
42
56
70
84
80~----~----~------~----~------.------,560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: -:;,277 cm2 (-:;,43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, compression) = 29; n(long transverse,
compression) = 33; n(short transverse, compression) =
23. UNS A97050
l1l
gf 40 1------1------+i-------+-------t------+--1----l 280
~
<I
Ul
U5
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
80
560
~ngitu,inal
60
V
V
-----
Short transverse
0..
::!!!
280
<I
Ul
Ci5
20
420
140
10
80 or-----~14______~28______4~2______5~6______7ro____~8\60
~
:a;
gf 40 t------t-----+-J----+----+----t------t----t 280 gf
L-----~2~----~4------~6------~8------1~0~--~1~
80r-----~-----.------~-----,------r-----,560
~
gf 40 f - - - - - + - - - - A - - - - t - - - - + - - - t - - - - - j 280
~
.1:;
(/)
~"'
rJ
~
-
iii
20f----~---4----t----+----j-------j140
Strain,
0.001 in./in.
14
28
42
56
70
84
8or-----~-----.------,------,------~-----,560
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
80
560
Longitudinal
60
20
1
:;
2
420
280 ui
140
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
~1
~ transverse
10
80
o,_____,1,4_____,2a______4~2______5T6____~7ro_____,8\
60
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
::;44.450 mm (::;1.750 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(L, compression) = 19; n(LT, compression) = 23.
UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-325
~"'
gf 40 1-------+-----++------+------+------+--+-------1 280 gf
(/)~
Cii
80.-----"-----,------~-----,------,-----,560
Longitudiqal
Long transverse
Sh~rt transver~e
~"'
gf 40 1-------+-------A------+------+------t-------j 280 gf
~
Cii
~
Cii
~-----2L-----~4,_----~6------~8------1~0----~1f
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
80
o,___--~14______,28______4~2______s~6______7,o_____,8\
60
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness ::;177.8 mm (::;7.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 15; n(LT, compression) = 18; n(ST, compression) = 20. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-SH, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-323
2L_____~4~----~6------~8------1~0~--~1;
L __ _ _ _ _
80
560
~Longituinal
../"'
60
Short transverse
20
V
V
2
420
"'
0..
:a;
280 u
Cii
140
10
14
28
42
56
70
80r-----,------,------,------,------r-----,560
Long transverse
~"'
g 40 f-------1----lt---+------+---t-----J 280 g
~
w
~
20f----~--~---+-----+---t-----J140
ro
M
80~----~-----;~----~----~~----T------1560
O
gj
gf 40 1------f--------/-i-----+------+----l--+--------l 280
rn
ui
~
ii5
QQL------2L_----~4------~6------~8------1~0--L-~1f
80
560
vv
V
V
60
Long transverse
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
420
&.
:2
280 ui
ii5
20
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness ~50.775 mm (~1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: ~206
cm2 (~32 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 25; n(long transverse, tension) = 20.
UNSA97050
Longitudinal
----':'::
140
10
14
70
84
r---,----.~--~---,----,---,560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 5,50.77 mm (5,1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: 5,206
cm2 (:532 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 27; n(long transverse, compression)
= 33. UNS A97050
1------+----1---/-+----+---+-'~--1420
~"'
li
40 1------+----+t---+----+---+---t---l 280 ui
~
~
00
00
20~--~---4---+----+---~1--~140
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: 5,277 cm2 (5,43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, tension) = 28; n(long transverse, tension)
= 13; n(short transverse, tension) = 13. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-SH, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-339
~"'
li
~
40 1 - - - - - - + - - - - - F t - - - + - - - - + - - - + - - - - i 280
00
li
~
00
20~--~---4---+----+---r---~140
~----~14~----~28~----4~2~____5,6______7,o_____,8\60
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80--127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: -:::;.277 cm2 (-:::;.43 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(longitudinal, compression) = 22; n(long transverse,
compression) = 27; n(short transverse, compression) =
22. UNS A97050
"'
"Cii
0..
""'
::!!:
gf 40 1-------f---+-t----+----+---+---t----1 280
cn
ui
rn
10
100
90
~sverse
80
70
60
~
gf 50
rn
40
30
20
10
630
560
420
~/
a."'
::!!:
350
ui
ii)
280
210
140
70
4
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 50.80--61.468 mm (0.500-2.420 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 8.9; n(long
transverse, tension) = 10. UNS A97055
490
/
2
700
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
560
WA.271 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
70
490
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr.
UNSA97075
60
420
50
350
Source: "Typical Tensile Stress Strain Curves for 7075 T6," Alcoa
Research Laboratories, 20 Dec 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3207, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 15
80
Room temperatura
"'
'(ij
a_
"":li
::2:
40
280 ui
U)
U5
(/)
210
30
20
140
70
10
6
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
90
10
80
70
60
c;;
""ui
50
U)
U5
40
30
20
rr
5oo F
1(
(2~0 oc)
490
420
r-----~
11
560
630
R~om temper~ture
-t----
"'
350 ~
ui
U)
280
210
140
70
10
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
~
(/)
120
-----v-l_.-----
100
80
840
1
-423 F (-253 c)
1
-320 F (-196 c)
v--
-110 .F:9
.6)
:::--
r--
Room
te~ture
700
560
40
280
20
140
0.04
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.12
0.16
fiOr------,-----,------,------,------,-----~420
o
40
30
u;
-"
...
---
...... -...
...
... ...
210
"'
[L
:;;
1h
gf 20
~
280
Short
time
140 "'
UJ
~
(/)
U5
10 h
100 h
10
70
1000 h
00
10
12
80~------~------,-------,--------r-------,560
(/)~
~
Cii
~ 40 f---------+-------~'--------+-------+---------1 280 ~
140
20
.1
.1
/
- - - Tension
- - Compression
/
/
/
o
o
90
10
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
80
70
60
T6, LongitJdinal
- - - O, Transverse
r; --
100 'F(3JC)
200 'F (93 'C)
.............
560
490
420
<Il
~ 50
350 ~
rJ
630
1
- -
rJ
rn
280 (/)
~
40
30
.1
20
10
i'
""'....
...
....
----
Room temperature
----~----
210
---- ---140
70
1
1
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
80.-----,------,------,-----~------,-----~560
-18
80
'iii
93
Temperature, c
204
316
60
427
560
420 "'
0..
"""
:::!;
,5'
,5'
"'~
c
"'c
1ii
'O
'O
~ 40
-~rn
280 ]i
;>,
<Il
>
u;
rn
~
rn
~
o.
o.
E
o
E
o
(.)
(.)
20
140
1/2 h
o 100 h
... 1000 h
V'3yratRT
1/2 hal ET
o
o
200
400
Temperature, F
600
800
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). RT, room temperature; ET, elevated temperature. Composition (7075): Al5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low zinc, 7072,
alloy. UNS A97075
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of NonFerrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol3, Cade 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
80
Temperatura, oc
r18________~93__________
20,4_________3,1_6________~421
60
420
60
"'
o._
"iii
:2
""',
:
~"
!:!:::"
!:!:::"
:5
~
c:
Cl
c:
~
1ij
40
280
"iii
c:
"iii
c:
"*E
140 ""
5
E
5"" 20
"*
80.---------,----------,--------~----------,560
20
1/2 h
o 100h
... 1000 h
V3yratRT
1/2hatET
o
o
200
400
Temperatura, oF
600
8o8
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). RT, room temperature; ET, elevated temperature. Note one sample was
aged for 3 years. Composition (7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low zinc, 7072, alloy.
UNS A97075
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of NonFerrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
40
35
---~--
~:
Nominal
"'\
>-
h-_
30
V
1
1
245
210
::E
::f
140
jg
(/)
u;
..4- L,.-o
<::
105 ~
YS
1
1
1
70
1
1
1
1
t
o
175 ~
':fYJ"
10
280
35
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.1~
0.10
90
80
70
_!,..----o-
60
u;
-"'
ui 50
j/
(/)
~
1i)
~
40
(/)
<::
30
20
10
o
o
:>-<' 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.02
2
630
560
140
70
l'
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
YS
490
420
"'
0..
::E
350 ui
(/)
~
1i)
280 ~
<::
~
210
0.10
10
100
90
80
70
_-:::;;::::::::
gj 60
ui
w 50
u;
c:
40
30
20
10
......---
Nominal-
560
co
420 ~
rJ
cn
~
w
~
u;
280 ~
140
700
True
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
10
Strain, in./in.
100
o,_____,14______,28______4T2______5T6______7,o____-,8~ 00
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
4.775-6.325 mm (0.188-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 17; n(LT, tension) = 15 n(L,
compression) = 13; n(LT, compression) = 12.
UNSA97075
u;
420
60
-"'
co
c..
::;;;
<I
cn
rJ
U5
~
cn
cn
280
40
1
1
1
1
0 o~----~2______J4------~6------~8------1~o----~1~
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
80
70
-1
---
560
490
-,x
~ Longitudinal
Long transverse
60
420
50
350
8!.
:2
280
tJ
UJ
(i5
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
100
o,______1,4______2,8_____-,42______,56______7,o______,8~
00
420
"Cii
-"
"'
Il.
:2
tJ
11)
tJ
11)
280
(i5
90
80
70
560
490
630
- --
- .........
420
60
ro
]l 50
350 ~
"'~
li
280 (fJ
~
Ci5 40
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in./in.
100
u;
70
14
84
700
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
6.350-50.80 mm (0.250-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 22; n(LT, tension) = 22 n(L,
compression) = 25; n(LT, compression) = 22.
UNSA97075
80
560
60
420 ro
0..
:a:
-"'
"'"'
~
Ci5
280
40
0 o~----~2------J4------~6------~8------1Lo-L--~1l
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
"'"'
~
100
or-----~1,4____-c28______,42______5,6______,_-----,8~
00
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
6.350-38.075 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 33; n(LT, tension) = 22 n(L,
compression) = 27; n(LT, compression) = 23.
UNSA97075
u;
420
60
"'
Q_
.><
::2:
Ul
Ul
U5
280
40
U5
0 o~----~2L-----~4------~6------~8------1~0~L-~1~
100
90
80
700
Longituldinal
r-_
V
.t "-
Long transverse
630
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 6.35-38.07 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). UNS A97075
560
70
490
60
420
8!.
::2:
350 u
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0. 06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
CI)
700
100
Longitudinal"
80
Lo~~"P -:;:::::-- ~
560
60
"iij
""'II
rn
(/)
40
20
420
II
rn
~
280
U5
140
a..
"'
:2
10
12
100
o~_-,1~4____,28~----4,2______5,6______7,o_____,a~ 00
l----..oc=-"'"=----+----,.<---'f--..-~+-"<,-::;;;o-"'F'-=...-1 560
420
a.."'
:2
II
II
U5
U5
rn
~
rn
~
280
Jngitudinal ,
Long transverse,
80
u;
60
""ui
"'~
40
20
700
100
V
2
~
~
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 50; n(long transverse, tension) = 22. UNS A97075
560
280 rn
140
10
100
or-----~1,4____~28~_____,42~----~56~____7To____~8~
00
1---------1--="""-~~-d:,------6~--+------1560
420
'Cii
"'
a.
:2
..>::
"'
ui
"'~
"'
~
280
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
rn
100
90
80
r-:-
---
700
630
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A97075
LongiTudinal
-+::~
Long transverse
560
70
490
60
420
"'
o..
::?:
350 .;
"'~
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
U5
0.14
Strain, in./in.
100
or-----,14______,28______4,2______5,6____~7,o______
8~
00
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
6.35-38.07 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 48; n(LT, tension) = 30 n(L,
compression) = 27; n(LT, compression) = 26.
UNSA97075
L, compression
LT, compression
80~----~-----4------~~~~~~~~----~560
u;
60
420
40
280
"'
o..
::?:
.;
-"'
"'-
"'
~
"'~
0 o~----~2------~4------~6______L8------1LO_J--~1~
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
U5
----V --
80
70
60
_ -+
--
560
490
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 6.35-38.07 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). UNS A97075
420
Longitudinal
-~:"-"""'
Long transverse
50
350
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.1~
Strain, in./in.
100
80
14
28
42
70
r-u;
56
60
:.!
ui
Vl
Ci5
40
20
/
2
~/
~-
--
560
420
1'\
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
~
~
ui
280
140
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 34; n(LT, tension) = 25 n(L,
compression) = 28; n(LT, compression) = 28.
UNSA97075
90
80
70
60
--:::::: ~
,........
--=-- _......r-
560
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 12.7-19.02 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A97075
Long transverse
..............
X
490
420
"'
350 ~
ui
"'
40
280 (/)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
560
80
Longitudinal""'
Long transverse"
60
~~~/
"""ui
"'
40
20
0.14
700
100
u;
Longitudinal
~ 50
ui
630
8:
:2
gf
~
280
/
2
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
420
10
12
rn
100
ST
l~~ ~
ui
rn
~
-.::::::::
/"
Cii
40
..~
280
60
>"""
True
1--
Nominal
~
ro-
10
420 ~
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
"'
gf
350 ~
rn
..9l
u;
210
140
70
00
490
280 ~
1
1
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
30
560
1
1
YS
~ 40
1
1
0.01
2
0.02
630
ui
t:
700
..9l
;;;
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
rn
~
1i) 50
"'
[J_
:2
ui
90
70
420
140
100
80
l"
~ 'l{..L
-"'
il
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness 76.2-127.0 mm (3.001-5.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 15;
n(LT, compression) = 13; n(ST, compression) = 15.
UNSA97075
s:~
~~T
.......
60
20
70
560
80
;;;
14
0.03
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.18
....-
Longitudinal
80
o;
60
.>::
"'~
U5
40
20
700
100
V
2
......
~g transverse
560
420
(1,
:2
g
~
280
140
10
12
or-_____1~4_____,28______~42______57 6______7,o_____,8~ 00
60
o;
"'
a.
:2
u
.>::
"'
"'~
_g;
rn
280
40
U5
100r-----.------,------,-----~------,-----~700
u;
a.
:2
-"'
ui
ui
"'
~
(/)
"'~
280
14
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Cii
10
70
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 20.320-69.850 mm (0.800-2.750 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 16;
n(long transverse, compression) =27. Composition: Al6.4Zn-2.4Mg-2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
u;
60
420
a.
:2
-"'
ui
ui
"'
"'
280
40
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
Longitudinal,
80
60
"Cii
-"'
"'"'
~
1i5
40
20
700
100
[7
><: ----
560
Long transverse
420
"'
o.
:::;
"'"'
~
280 1i5
140
10
12
100
or-____,14______,28~----4,2~----56____~7ro_____,8~ 00
60
"'
o.
:::;
"'"'
"'
<1)
1i5
280
40
0 o~----~2------~4------~6----~~8------1Lo_J--~1~
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
1i5
700
100
Longitudin~
80
60
~
ui
"'
!!:!
Cii
40
20
V
2
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 17.78-29.108 mm (0.700-1.145 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 8.8; n(long
transverse, tension) = 8.2. UNS A97150
560
VCng transverse
"'
0..
:2
gf
!!:!
280
Cii
140
10
700
100
80
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thickness 25.40-50.80 mm (1.000-2.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: 206-419 cm2 (32-65 in. 2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 41; n(long transverse, tension)= 58. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr.
UNSA97175
560
Lon1 itudinal
,...-::::
a;
.e:-
60
-"'
ui
~"'
C/l
40
20
V
2
ui
"'
!!:!
280
140
:2
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Cii
100
14
560
80
.....__ t--60
'iii
"'I1rn
40
20
70
V
V
2
_,.--- ....-
_.__
--.........
420
Cll
a.
1\
::!:
rn"
280
12
700
100
560
80
Longitudinal
'iii
"'I1rn
40
20
V
2
140
8
10
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
60
f--Transverse
Cll
a.
::!:
gf
~
280 (;)
140
420
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
100
14
~
'""''LM,~
~ -~
/ Transverse ,
80
r---L-
u;
60
""'ui
"'
~
40
20
1-t
t----
V
V
2
- --
>
r--
70
560
i"-1
1\
420
&.
:::!;
ui
280
140
10
Lopgitudinal ,
Long tfansverse ,
Short transverse ,
60
""'ui
"'~
ii5
40
20
560
80
u;
700
100
V
2
80
ui
280
140
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
420
;..-"'"
10
100
14
28
42
56
80
60
LLT
""'1/
(J)
1i
40
20
L~
1
V
2
)L
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse, ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness :::::101.60 mm (:::::4.000 in.). RambergOsgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 27; n(LT, compression) = 17; n(ST, compression) = 19. Composition:
Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
560
LT~
:::--
"tii
70
420
"'
a_
:2
1/
(J)
280
1i
140
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
80.-----.-----~------,------,------r-----,560
gf 40 l------+-------A------+------+------+--------1 280 1/
~
~
1i
1i
80
or------1r4_____,2~B_____-,42______,56______7,o______,M
560
L-----~2------~4-------~6------~8------1~0-L--~1~
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for die
forging thickness :::::76.20 mm (:::::3.000 in.) top, and hand
forging thickness :::::101.60 mm (4.000 in.) bottom.
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low
Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
Source: C.P. Babilon, R.H. Wygonik, G.E. Nordmark, and B.W. Lifka,
"Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue, Environmental
Fatigue Crack Growth Rates, and Corrosion Characteristics of High
Toughness Aluminurn Alloy Forgings, Sheet and Plate," AFML-TR-7383, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Aprill973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol3, Code 3219, CINDAS/
Purdue University, !995, p !O
L __ _ _ _ _ _J-------~--------~------~------~0
so~------~------~--------r-------~------~seo
80
70
/~
60
/; _,...--
~~
20
490
Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: longitudinal (top) and transverse (bottom). Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low Ti,Mn,Si.
UNSA97175
~v
30
560
l5F (24C)
50
10
350
t1l
[l_
280
210
5oo oF (260 oc)
140
70
80.------,-----,------,------,------,------,560
490
420
0 oL-----~0.-2-----0~A------0~.6------0~.8------1~.0----~1.J
Strain,%
<J
"'
~
Temperatura, 'C
-18
90
80
93
38
......
~
A..
~
'"F -...,
ty
149
204
260
560
:;:
--",.,
490 !:!:::"'
:,
"[!;!
420 Oi
'~
"O
Qi
;;,
"O
350
'\\
'\
'\
- - - Longitudinal
- _.,_ - Transverse
20
280
210
140
~,;
",
"'RA
---100
200
____.....
~-
300
Temperatura, 'F
400
500
"*E
100
- ~
.
--.c-
:,
"
~
70
10
ff
fii
~"
&.
600
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low
Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
Source: AMS 4038A, 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo13, Code 3219, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 14
Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: longitudinal (top) and transverse (bottom). Composition: Al5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
Source: AMS 4038A, 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo13, Code 3219, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 14
OL------~------~----~----~------~----~0
BOr------r------,-----,------,------,------,560
o ~-----L----~-------~----~------L------1o
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain.%
0.8
1.0
1.2
110
100
90
80
P-""'"
~ f-"'
700
Nominal
"'-
630
"""
YS
1
1
gf 60
ti
~ 50
40
30
20
1
1
1
10
True
- 70
770
/
V
1
1
1
490 a.
"'
:2
420 gf
~
350
ti
..!!1
u;
c
280 ~
210
1
1
1
1
1
0.01
560
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.06
10
12
0.07
140
70
o.oH
Strain, in./in.
80
LongLdinal
k-----
70
560
490
P"
60
50
40
30
10
350
a."'
:2
280 ui
U)
ii5
210
1/
140
420
Short transverse
ii5
20
Long tranrerse
gf
70
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
o
80
14
28
42
56
70
84
560
70
490
60
420
50
350
"'
u;
""'gf
~
Il.
:2
40
280 ui
1/)
Ci5
Ci5
30
210
20
140
10
70
12
2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
80
60
--
560
-- T=--:::::... 1::::-
Short tr~nsverse ~
LongltransverL
~".,
Longitudinal'
t'x
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness: in longitudinal and long transverse directions,
38.10-152.40 mm (1.500-6.000 in.); in short transverse
direction, 76.20-152.40 mm (3.000-6.000 in.).
Composition: Al-4. 7Zn-2.2Mg-1.6Cu-0.15Cr.
UNSA97249
420
&.
:2
280 ui
1/)
~
Ci5
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
80
60
u.'7
r-
".---
Plate thickness: 38.1 mm (1.5 in.). Composition: Al5 .6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn, Ti.
UNS A97475
420
lJ~,
"'
0..
:2
280 ui
20
560
1 V
1 V
"'~
Ci5
140
80.-----,-----,-----~----,-----,-----,-----,560
-- /
70
1/
60
Longitudinal
50
~ 40
li
~
Ci5 30
20
10
~ong
490
.....
420
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low
Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
350
Source: J.A. Dickson, "Alcoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Alcoa Green
Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3220,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 12
transverse
280
1
1 V
1 1
V 1/
&
::;;
rii
210 Ci5
140
70
70
60
Longitudina~
50
'Cii
-"
30
20
10
--
1/
40
rii
UJ
490
1---
/
~~ong
'/
1 j'
V 1/
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
i---
420
350
Source: J.A. Dickson, "Alcoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Alcoa Green
Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3220,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 12
transverse
280
210
140
70
&
::;;
60
./
50
1/
c;; 40
30
20
10
!.---
350
Source: J.A. Dickson, "Alcoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Alcoa Green
Letter G.L. 216 5-70, A1uminum Co. of America, May 1970. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3220,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
280
:2
ui
Ul
210 i'i5
V V
140
1 1
70
1/
420
lhong transverse
1 1
-"
ui
Longitudin1
(J)
490
70
o
Strain, 0.001 inJin.
80
Longit~
70
560
490
f - 1 n g transverse
60
50
30
20
10
420
350
280
ui
i'i5
210
IV
1
V
"'
:2
a.
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
14
28
42
56
70
84
560
70
490
60
420
50
350
a."'
u;
-"'
::'ii:
gf 40
280 ui
rJ)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
10
12
80
560
70
490
60
y ~sverse
50
30
20
10
1
1
350
&.
::'ii:
280 ui
210
420
140
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
80
14
70
70
490
60
420
50
350
"'
li
84
560
0..
::;;
280
40
1/
U)
Ci)
Ci)
30
210
20
140
10
70
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
4
12
80
560
70
490
Transve~l=--'-
Long transverse
60
50
30
20
10
420
1
V
350
280
Ci)
210
"'
::;;
li
0..
140
70
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
14
70
.:::::::::
28
-........:::: f::::::::::-..,
50
r--.:::::::
490
~~
'
1
1
84
560
70
30
10
56
/ LoL transver1 ,
~Longitudinal
60
20
42
420
350
"'
Il.
::;;;
280 "'
"'~
ii5
210
140
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
90
630
560
Long tJnsverse
80
70
r/t-
Lan itudinal
F"-.~
~
490
60
420
"'
gj 50
350 ~
~
~
ii5 40
~
280 (J)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
80
60
""<li
'fi
ii5
40
/
2
560
Longitudinal
'Cii
20
700
100
k:::::-
Long transverse
420
"'
:a;
a.
<li
280
140
10
12
100
or-----,14~----,28~____4,2______5,6______7,o_____,8~ 00
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(longitudinal, compression) = 15; n(long
transverse, compression) = 19. Composition: Al-5.6Zn2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
1------l----+---+---+----+-----1 560
420
"Cii
a."'
""<li
:a;
<li
'fi
'fi
ii5
280
rn
80
"'",. L,
~ ~~
Long transverse
60
1/
1/
20
560
420
"'
:2
a.
280 .;
cn
~
Ci5
140
11
1
1
1
~~~
14
~r--.
70
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
R ~~
60
50
j'
gf 40
1 r--::
10
1----=
~
30
20
~'\
1
10
"'
a.
:2
280 .;
cn
~
Ci5
210
140
70
_l
350
t"-l
1
490
420
1
1/
C/J
70
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
80
70
-:::::.L~ transverse
L
rLT
Lon itudinal
""' ~
1
'~
560
490
60
420
50
350
&.
:::;:
280 ui
(/)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in./in.
80.-----,------,-----,------r-----,-----~560
~"'
li
e
40 1------1------+-------+----+------+--------1 280
ro
li
~
ro
~----~2------L4----~6~----~8----~1~0----~1f
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
80
Long
70
60
tr~nsverse
l,..--
...
'
560
490
420
350
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
80
560
Longit~-;::::::::~
60
20
Long transverse
420
ro
[L
::2:
280
V
1
u)
1/l
Cii
140
1
1
1
10
14
84
560
70
490
70
~ong transvE!rs~
:::: ......
60
Longitudinal
"'--...
r-==;t<=
/
~
420
..........
50
30
20
ro
[L
::2:
280
210
140
'
....
70
1
1
1
1
u)
1/l
Cii
11
10
350
..............
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
80
70
Longitud~~
~
60
50
i
1
1
1
30
20
Long transverse
560
490
420
350
210
140
11
10
70
1
1
1
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
80 or-----~1.~4____~2~8____~42~----~56~----7~o~--~8\
60
20
140
' '1
1
1
1
1
1
2
10
12
80
560
Longitu%!::=
.-6
Long transverse
60
/'
420
c.."'
::2:
280
20
!I
140
,1
1
1
1
~/
2
10
80
o,_____,14______,2a______4T2______5T6______7,o______8~
60
140
20
\
\
1
1
1
1
1
1
o
o
10
12
80
60
~
ui
"'
~
40
20
700
100
560
420
ui
280
/1
o Monotonie
e Cyclic R = -1
140
0.01
"'
a.
:2
0.02
Total strain, %
0.03
0.04
"'
~
/
50
1/
20
10
1.--
Long transverse
140
350
280
w
)
1/
LA.001 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
jog.,diool
40
420
70
10
60
50
i
1
40
20
10
/
1V
350
280
............
a."'
:2
210
1/
V
LA.002 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 3/2 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
Longitudinll
140
6
8
Strain, O. 001 in./in.
(/)
70
<J
(/)
/;
420
10
60
50
/
1V
40
210 "'
"'
~
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
420
LA.004 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 5/4 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
350
Longitudin1
280
1/
:a"'
[J_
- - - Long transverse
210 "'
l//
(f)
140
/;V
2
[J_
70
40
:a"'
140
50
10
60
20
350
280
/;
LA.003 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
Longitudinll
l//
V
20
10
420
70
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
LA.005 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
14
28
42
56
70
84
50r-----~-----,------.------.------~-----.350
u;
<!!
0..
""II
"'~
::?!
.,II
~
140
i'i5
L------2'-.----~4~----~6------~8----~~10----~1f
106 psi
LA.006 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 3/2 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
50
or-_____1r4____-,2_8____-,42______,ss______7,o______,8\so
u;
<!!
0..
""II
::?!
II
"'
~
"'
140
~----~2~_----~4~----~6-----L~8----~1~0----~1f
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 6 psi
i'i5
LA.007 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
50 or-_____1,4_____,28______~42~----5T6~--~7To____~8\so
l-----'<:--+-----+----+---+-----1-----1 280
210
"'
a.
::;:;
<J
<J
"'~
~"'
(/)
ii5
140
L-----~----~------~--~~--~~~----~o
6
8
10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
LA.008 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 5/4 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
50
o,______1,4____-,28______,42______s,6______7To_____,8\so
210
30
"'
a.
""'<J
::;:;
ii5
"'
~
<J
"'~
140
20
L__ _ _ _ _2L-----~4------~6---L--~--~-1~0----~1~
100
80
60
"iii
"'uf
U)
40
fL~,;,.,
420
~~
uf
Long transverse
280
60
90
120
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
150
120
1'""''"';""
1
'f
180
840
LA.Ol O 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 3/2 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
560
&.
::ii
420
7
40
140
30
80
&.
::ii
20
100
560
LA.009 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
Long transverse
280
1(
20
140
30
60
90
120
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
150
uf
120
100
80
40
1'""''"";"'
840
LA.011 2024-TJ aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
560
"'
:::;:
a_
420
Long transverse
uj
280
lr-
140
20
30
60
90
120
150
180
120
100
840
LA.012 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4254), 5/4 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
Loog;WdOMI
80
40
560
Long transverse
280
1(
140
20
30
60
90
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
120
150
;;;
100
700
80
560
60
420
LA.013 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4302), 2/1 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
Iti
0..
""'ui
:2
ui
(/)
"'~
ii5
280
40
ii5
~----~2------L4-----~6------~8----~1~0----~1~
;;;
100
700
80
560
60
420
LA.014 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4302), 3/2 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
Iti
0..
""'ui
:2
ui
(/)
(/)
ii5
40
280
10
ii5
100
700
80
560
60
420
"Cii
LA.015 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminates (AMS 4302), 4/3 and 5/4
lay-ups, typical tensile stress-strain curves
"'
0..
""'u
:2
1/)
1/)
Ci5
40
280
20
140
Ci5
0 o~----~2------4L-----~6------8L-----~1o----~1~
80
o,_____,14______2,8____~42______5,6____~7o______,8\
60
LA.016 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4302), 2/1 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
80~----~----~~----,------,------,------,560
LA.017 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4302), 3/2 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
60~----~-----~------4-----~------+-----_,420
14
28
42
56
70
84
80
o_______1,4_____,28______,42______5,6______7,o______,8\
60
60~-----~----~------~-----+------+------1420
LA.018 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet laminates (AMS 4302), 4/3 and
5/4 lay-ups, typical compressive stress-strain
and compressive tangent modulus curves
120
840
LA.019 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4302), 2/1 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
/1<
100
40
20
560
"'
:2
0..
//
f
V
f,.---
- --
Long transverse
-~
80
280
140
10
20
30
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
h'
"
'
"
'
V
1
1/
f
40
40
20
!!!
1i5
120
100
420 ui
cn
10
840
LA.020 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4302), 3/2 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
560
"'
:2
0..
420 .,;
cn
!!!
Long transverse
30
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1i5
280
140
40
LA.021 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4302), 4/3 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
980
140
l><
120
840
rngitudinal
100
700
~ 80
560 ~
1
1/
f
.;
(/) 60
::;;:
.;
"'~
420
40
20
o
o
10
-~
Long transverse
280
140
30
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
40
120
100
80
40
20
A""diMI
1
LA.022 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiberreinforced sheet !aminate (AMS 4302), 5/4 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700
~
::;;:
420 .;
"'~
ii5
Long transverse
280
840
560
r~ ..--
140
10
ii5
20
30
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
40
Copper (Cu)/515
Copper (Cu)
90
630
80
560
70
60
~ 50
ii5 40
--- "
"""4~
1(
,...---......
195 K
I\20K
420
l\
76K\
"'
350 ~
1/
IJ)
280 {{)
~
295 K\'
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.2
0.1
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.6
0.5
60
420
1
55
50
45
40
gf 30
~
ii5 25
r-__. V 1--
/V
2- 350
-3
~.----...-
"-
0.5
1.5
15
280
210 ui
175 {{)
140
105
70
5
r-
35
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
&.
:2
11f
/)~
315
245
V~V
20
385
........
V 1/v
1 ~ ~..----
- 35
10
v--
4.5
5.5
Copper strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 f.!m (10 f.!in.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
the closest current designation is given for reference.
The cold working of each specimen was defined by the
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 371 oc (700 F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 7
516/Copper (Cu)
60
---
55
50
45
40
~
IA
20
280
4- r----
f-- ! -
245 Q_
ca
:2
210 ui
"'
~
175 cn
140
105
5
70
35
lr
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
4.5
--
./
60
/~V
50
Jf /
It~
~~
.--295 K
lf
0.1
r-195
490
76 K\
ca
:2
Q_
280
1\ \
350
210
140
70
0.2
0.3
..-4K'
Copper strip 1.0 rnm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-tofinish grain size of 0.045 rnm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jlm (10 Jlin.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
the closest current designation is given for reference.
The cold working of each specimen was defined by the
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, halfhard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 427 oc (800 F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 7
5.5
560
70
10
315
80
20
350
hV
0.5
30
385
1
// / v
/IJ//
1/l"
15
gf 30
!!:!
Ci5 25
!-""
......:V v
- 35
10
420
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
!I
i
cn
Copper (Cu)/517
560
490
630
90
80
...--
70
60
........
,__
~ 50
4K
~20K
i\
"\K
-~5K
""'"'\ \
~
~
i'i5 40
295~
30
420
"'
350 ~
ui
(/)
280 (/)
~
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.5
Strain, in./in.
60
420
55
50
45
- 35
1 ~~ /
ii
~ 30
i'i5 25
,..........
~~
20
15
10
y
o
5
---
350
!-"2
/ /f'
/'~ /
-
40
385
._- 1
315
280
---
3
245 a.
"'
~
210 ui
(/)
175
140
J"
105
70
35
~1
2
10
i'i5
518/Copper (Cu)
60
420
l,..--1
55
50
45
40
- 35
385
~2
350
f' V
315
-3
280
245
V4
/ '#
li 30
~
(/) 25
,J J'
20
15
2.~.
1,3
10
5
V f--
1 .........
li"
o
o
:2:
1/
175 Ci)
140
105
70
35
5
Strain,
6
7
8
0.001 in./in.
10
90
80
70
60
~ 50
ui
cn
~
Ci)
40
\ '\
\\ \
4K~ ::"\_20 K
v---- \
76
11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 21
630
Cu.008 Zirconium copper (UNS C15000) bar, stressstrain curves showing effect of low temperatures
560
490
420
"
350
280 (/)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
;:"'
ui
cn
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
12
~K
295~
rf
210 ui
Ul
--
0.6
Copper (Cu)/519
400
23.81 'C (751 'F)_
350
300
250
"'
Il.
:<
rJ
"'
~
200
150
100
50
..,...-
1~
--
.".-
1oo
1v/
!JVV v-///
IJ'/
V
3oo l,c
(57~ 'FJ
......
lf
10
r-----,28______5,6____-,84______1T12______
14ro____-.16~
400
a;
"'
Il.
""rJ
:<
"'
~
560
rJ
"'
L------~-----L-----~------~--~-L----~0
12
16
20
24
520/Copper (Cu)
.-----,2~8~--~56______8~4____,_1~1_2_____1~4_0____~16~00
840
120
~
"'
[J_
::;;
<J
<J
IJ)
IJ)
Ci5
560
80
L-----~-----L----~------L----L~----~0
12
16
20
24
200 or-----~28~----~5e~--~8T4~____1T1~2____~1r4~o____~1e~ 00
120
"Cii
"'
[J_
::;;
-"'
<J
<J
IJ)
IJ)
Ci5
560
80
Ci5
Copper (Cu)/521
70
65
55
50
45
Vjl
~ 40
/
/ /
gf 35
~
(/) 30
20
;'_,/ / '
/~ V
25
--
".,.........
f---
2--
1$
j ~
V 0.5
280 8:.
:2
~
245 gf
210 ii5
175
105
5
70
1h
2
:!.5
3 3.5 4
0.001 in./in.
4.5
5.5
420
55
50
45
/~
40
// . /
- 35
/; /
gf 30
/~
ii5 25
20
15
/)
o IP
o
Vf
;,1(/
~
V
0.5
...........
./
---/
1--
385
350
315
280
".,.........
245 0..
"'
--
:2
210 ui
175 (/)
140
105
70
,.....-
1.5
60
385
140
Strain,
10
420
315
-1.5
455
350
,....-
1-'7
15
-1
60
10
Cu.013 Copper gilding-metal (UNS C21 000), stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
490
2.5
3 3.5 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
4.5
5.5
35
6
522/Copper (Cu)
90
630
80
560
20 K
)...---
70
...........::::
~
~
i'i5 40
20
10
.....
~
;} ~v
:gj 50
gf
It
~V
'
4K
~P"
60
30
76 K
295K
'
ro
350 ~
gf
280 (/)
~
)1(
210
140
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
70
60
50
45
~V
u; 40
/. V;;
""gf 35
~
v.6
v;
(/) 30
25
10
1/
55
15
490
-'1 455
65
20
420
1\ ,
195 K
1..---
,.--.
/:V
/
420
2
385
-~ 350
315
V_.,? V
210
175
1 11/
Vf2 v r--
IA V
li'
280 ~
:2
245 gf
140
105
70
35
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
4.5
5.5
i'i5
Copper (Cu)/523
60
50
45
[ij
40
/J V V
'Cii
-" 35
/_ V
<J
(/)
V' v
~ 30
cn
25
l/
!........
1V
20
15
lf
10
--
v 1-1 420
55
455
65
/ t::-
2
385
350
3
315
1--
280
"'
0..
245 :2
~
140
105
70
1.5
0.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
4.5
5.5
90
80
70
~K
(/)
Ci) 40
35
6
Source: RA. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 38
630
560
490
420
76 K
"'
350 ~
195 K
<J
20
~
~
V.~t/--~
l&v\ 1\
~~
gj 50
30
~/
60
295 K
gf
280 ~
cn
210
ft
140
rtJ
70
10
0.1
175
210
Ci)
o
o
ui
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
524/Copper (Cu)
90
_,..... L---
80
//
70
60
gj 50
/~
"'
"'~
ii5 40
30
20
10
630
560
_,.....2
490
420
l.-- - 3
350 ~"'
~-4
280 (/)
~
il'
210
140
70
Source: R.A. Wilkins aud E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 44
70
65
60
55
50
45
"(ii
40
-"'
~ 35
V ~
ii5 30
~~
350
-r--
280
175
140
105
5
70
35
1.5
2.5 3 3.5 4
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
11.
:;;;
210 ii5
/1//
IJ
"
315
245 .;
lh ~
0.5
455
385
"...
490
420
,[,1:V
20
10
~
..-
1~
25
15
/
/
,)...
4.5
5.5
Copper (Cu)/525
70
65
50
~ f...--
.;:: ~~
gj 40
gf 35
V/
U 30
420
l-
1/V . . ............
45
385
350
315
280 ~
:2
245 ui
210
1?/v
25
,.
/J
o
o
~
U
175
#_ V
20
/ /
55
10
/1
60
15
490
3- ~ 455
140
h~
1//
'/
105
70
35
1.5
0.5
~!.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6o
100
90
.......
~/
2
80
L_
v
[;~?
70
/~
60
j
/
40
J~
1~
30
630
560
490
420
350
210
140
70
:2
tV
Cu.022 Spring-brass (UNS C25600) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
700
280
20
10
....-
_].-
10
11
12
uf
rn
~
526/Copper (Cu)
100
90
80
60
70
630
-1
560
2
490
420
h~ v-- 3
gf 50
40
!/'
280
70
6
7
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
100
90
80
70
60
'/
gf 50
10
700
Cu.024 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
630
490
~3
420
280
210
140
70
4
Strain,
0.001
6
in./in.
"'
0..
::;;;
350
p
J
lf
Source: R.A. Wi1kins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 57
560
._4
12
-1
~2
~V
30
20
Ay
E'!
Cii
40
ti)
(/)
140
1-'1
uj
210
;J
20
"'
0..
::;;;
350
30
10
Cu.023 Spring-brass (UNS C25600) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
700
uj
Cii
Source: R.A. Wi1kins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 62
Copper (Cu)/527
100
700
90
630
-1
80
' /l-2
60
V
/v
40
420
350 .;
f-
280
210
140
",...
70
1(
4
6
5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
800
Compression
700
rf.
Torsion
600
.,.;
,g;.,
500
Q)
.sgj
.,
400
Axial tension
following
torsion
prestrain
g 300
200
100
00
~
Cii
900
::;;
"'
::;;
a.
/"
20
490
~V
bV
30
10
560
70
Cu.025 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold working
0.5
1.5
2
van Mises true strain
2.5
3.5
528/Copper (Cu)
800
___
700
/
600
Uniaxial
tensian;1
<Il
[l_
:2 500
f/
<li
(/)
;;; 400
Q)
(/)
c:
o
........
Tarsian
(/)
>
"'
"'
"' "'
Uni;i~ ~~p::i~n
300
200
100
0.5
1.5
2.5
600
f1.
:2
vi
(/)
400
;;;
!!l
300
~ 200
100
V/
/~ ~
l.,./3
500
~~
V2
7{
/'
.1.
oo
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Copper (Cu)/529
75
65
60
--- --
/ /
45
"Cii
""":.
40
(/)
(/)
~ 35
1i5
30
25
20
~V
// ~ ' /
/. ~
~
p
455
350
1---- 315
1--
10
ol/
ui
245 ~
210 1i5
5
175
140
105
70
35
1.5
0.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
4.5
5.5
75
70
65
60
. . . v . . . Jv-2'
55
50
A~
45
"Cii
......-:
"".40
(/)
(/)
~ 35
//
30
// ::,_....--
25
~ /
20
-p
525
490
455
385
350
ui
245 gJ
210
---
175
140
105
70
)r'
35
V
0.5
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
"'
a..
280 :2
O'
o
o
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 72
315
"'/
4.5
5.5
. / 420
IV
u
15
10
"'
a..
280 :2
). !7
15
420
385
#:V
50
3-
~V
55
490
525
70
530/Copper (Cu)
100
v1
90
"'
70
U5
I.
40
30
/_
20
il'
.......
560
490
420
~ 50
~2
60
10
:::::::::!
"'~
280
140
70
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
90
80
70
60
~ 50
10
40
'
--
-2
700
630
490
420
350 ui
280
210
140
70
"'
a_
Source: R.A. Wi1kins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 82
560
~/
/)
~1
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
:::;
;J ~
U5
20
U5
210
".
30
lE
:::;
350 ui
100
10
630
80
700
~
U5
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 82
Copper (Cu)/531
100
90
80
1 - 630
l-- 2
~~
560
/'
70
60
490
j..--3
420
#
.1, ~ j..--
40
30
"
:2
(/)
280
210
140
70
10
11
700
90
630
80
,v
/
70
60
gf 50
40
J7_
30
lP
20
'/
560
490
~2
420
!:"
350 gf
Ci)
280
210
140
"'
IJ..
:2
/; ~ ~
Ci)
l/
-1
1--
70
6
10
11
100
10
rf
350 "'
1/
Jv
20
10
700
532/Copper (Cu)
100
90
80
~~
70
~~
IAV
1 ~V
1~
60
gf 50
40
30
20
10
tf
~ ......
560
490
1-3
420
"'
280
210
140
70
lf
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
V"1
70
"...
? -
60
V
/1
~ 50
~
~ ./
ui
"'~
Cii 40
560
"'
350 ~
ui
"'
280 (/)
~
4
210
140
630
420
ItV
V
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 106
-3
~~
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
70
10
11
490
10
"'
0..
:2
350 ui
j'l
80
20
630
--- 1
90
30
700
11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 106
Copper (Cu)/533
90
80
70
v1
./
.......-
~ ~1--
60
~V~
]l 50
~ ~~
:i
~
i'i 40
10
490
3
420
"'
ui
(/)
280
(/)
210
140
11
560
350 ~
20
!--'
1V
30
630
70
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 96
420
60
55
/
50
45
40
Jv/
- 35
IP
l1
:i 30
~ 25
350
1--
315
280
245 ~
::;
210 ui
(/)
~
175 (/)
;;v
15
385
V/V
20
10
140
105
f_...... 1--
70
1
V
35
2
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
534/Copper (Cu)
60
55
50
45
40
- 35
gf 30
350
-2
315
280
245 Il.
"'
:2
210
15
!IJ
140
11'
70
35
2
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
100
90
80
60
;J /
40
10
/
0
:::::=f.-V
;) ~
700
630
560
490
420
:2
350
210
70
ui
(/)
280
140
"'
Il.
lf
11
11
-1
,....-
70
20
Standard brass (60.05% Cu, 2.12% Pb, balance Zn) forging rod less than 25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter, previous1y
extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. A 45,359 kg
(100,000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 ).Lm
(10 ).Lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the reduction in area: curve 1, 17.5%; curve 2,
8.5%; curve 3, 17.5%, also annealed at 482 oc (900 F)
for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 124
105
lff/
'f
30
ui
!})
~
175 (/)
11 r-
20
385
)f
~ 25
10
V
/ ..-1/
V/
420
~1
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 143
Copper (Cu)/535
100
90
80
70
/(,
60
10
560
1---2
490
420
-3
IT
280
210
140
5
"'
0..
:2
350 ui
rJ)
w
.JJ
/J
630
1
v~-"'
30
. . .v-
) ~/ ....-
40
20
700
70
90.---r---~-------~--,---~---r---r--~---,630
1ou---~--+---+---+---4---~--~--~--~--~7o
OOL---L----L---~--~--~---L---L---L__- L___JO
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in./in.
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
536/Copper (Cu)
110
100
90
/~ v
80
V
;;v---
70
gj 60
~
50
)V
40
20
10
/)
560
~3
490
"'
420 E
ui
rn
350 ~
1i
280
~~
30
210
lf
700
630
'--2
~ f--
ui
in
770
140
70
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
100
90
80
70
[p?
60
1i
40
j,
30
10
-1
630
560
-2
490
420
~
J "...-
350 ui
280
210
140
5
70
"'
Il.
:2
j,'
1/
700
~ 50
20
Copper (Cu)/537
120
110
90
80
/) ~
~-r~-.
l----
./
700
560
490 a.
"'
.'\
::!:
420 gf
'\X
rv
350 Ci5
280
fF
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.2
0.5
0.4
110
./
~ i--2
90
80
~ 60
uj
<J)
50
40
30
20
10
--
~
~ ~ +---- 4
V
70
"'
770
100
<7.1
630
'x
,_.. 76 K
;1
gj 60
~
f //. ~
50
)(
v __ ~
- 70
40
770
20K_
100
(/)
840
1~
P"
700
630
560
~3
490
"'
420 ~
rJ
<J)
350 ~
(/)
280
~"
210
1--
140
70
lf
538/Copper (Cu)
100
700
90
80
630
/1
560
---2
/ V
1--3
70
g. ~
.......
/) "
60
20
10
100
""'~
70
~
(/) 60
50
10
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 155
980
11
/"
"----
/~ ~
r-
....---
--
90
u; 80
140
70
130
110
350 ui
rn
~
(/)
280
210
l/1
JJV
'
CI)
!l..
:2
140
120
420
4
;;
40
30
490
910
840
770
'T
\
700
630
560 ~
:1<
"
:2
490
""'\
350
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
ui
420 iii
295K\ \
40
4K
\76 K
r-..,195 K
r--.....
20 K
0.3
Strain, in./in.
0.4
0.5
o.Jl
Copper (Cu)/539
100
90
560
/~V
70
h ~/
60
)i 50
490
~3
420
It;....-l--4
40
350 ui
rn
280
30
20
210
1/
140
70
o
o
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
11
100
80
//
V~ ."....-
70
60
/
j V
)i 50
CI)
40
h ~ f..--
30
--
630
~1
560
490
420
:2
350 ui
rn
280
210
lff
20
'
140
i'
70
2
1\l
a..
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
10
11
700
90
10
1\l
a..
:2
~V
10
630
1/,...,-1--2
80
700
V1
540/Copper (Cu)
50~----~----~------4------+------+-----~350
40~----~----~------1------+------+-----~280
30~----~----~------1------+------+-----~210
20~-----r----~------+------+------+-----~140
10~-----r----~------+------+------+-----~70
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
o.tP
0.5
0.4
455
65
1
60
.........
~ F-
55
50
1~
45
420
385
350
315
/;V
40
'(ii
"" 35
1!
"'
cn
~ 30
(/)
25
280
~
/
1/ /
1/
l'
1
20
15
10
5
oV
o
c.."'
245 ::;:
2
<li
210 ~
ii5
175
140
105
70
35
3
10
11
Copper (Cu)/541
100
700
90
630
80
70
r--
V ,.,..- ~ ~2
/
60
~/-:V
40
140
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 265
490
420
280
a."'
:2
JV
20
210
560
350
~v"
30
10
II
e?"'
Ci5
70
10
11
140
130
120 ....--"""
110
\ \ \
100
\ 1
90
"iii
80
*~
910
840
20 K
770
700
b6K
630
295 K\
-"
1\
980
560
:l
&
:2
li
70
C/J
60
420 Ci5
50
350
490
I\195K
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
li
0.4
0.5
o.o'l
542/Copper (Cu)
90
80
70
/~.--h ~V
y !-~
gj 50
<I
(/)
ii5 40
10
1
~~
420
350 ~
"'
<I
280
(f)
210
)
1(
560
p~
30
490
60
20
:::::: ~~
630
140
70
10
11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 248
110
100
90
80
- 70
~
~ 60
~
ii5
50
40
30
840
120
700
~flsK
/,~/
v- i195K
V/ ~ ~
11
V/ V
V/
560
490 o.
"'
:\
\\
2:
420
(f)
\l
280
210
140
10
70
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Strain, in .lin.
0.7
<I
i
350
20
0.1
630
/V
770
~ ')<
0.8
0.9
1.0
Copper (Cu)/543
100~----,.-----,------,-----~------,------,700
90~----~----~------4------4------+-----_,630
20 K
20------~-------~----~-----4------+-----~140
10~----~-------~----~-----+------+-----_,70
OOL______OL.1------0.L2-----~0.-3-----0~.4------0~.5----~0.~
Strain, in.lin.
90
1
80
~3
60
~ 50
"'~
40
30
20
10
560
420
"'
350 ~
!---
rJ
"'
280 ~
rn
210
5
140
11
lf
490
11 V
li /
1f
rJ
i)
2 ~-?""':
70
V
-
1--
630
70
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 237
544/Copper (Cu)
80
..?V v-
70
40
20
10
490
3
420
<Il
350 ~
1V
Vi
30
1 - 560
~V
~ 50
60
Ci5
630
90
:It
~'(
Vi
1/)
--
280 U)
~
4
210
140
11
ff
70
110 . . . - - - - - , - - - - , - - - , - - - - - , . - - - , - - - - - - , 770
20~--~--~---+----+---t---~140
10~--~---4---+----+---t---~70
0 oL---~o.-1---o~.-2---o~.3---o~.4---oL.5--~o.~
Strain, in./in.
Copper (Cu)/545
90
/
80
60
gf 50
ip
40
20
10
w
/
70
30
f"'~
",...-
630
i--- 2
560
".,._ ._3
490
420
4
280
1
5
140
70
5
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
4
630
2
70
60
gf 50
40
30
!J w
1/1
0.5
1/
V ~~
v__... v
1VV
1.----
j.....- 1--
560
490
420
280
210
140
70
2.5 3 3.5 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
&.
::li
350 ui
1.5
4.5
5.5
700
80
10
210
1(1
j
90
20
&.
::li
350 ui
100
700
100
546/Copper (Cu)
100
700
90
630
1
80
70
/ ~
60
40
10
560
490
",...-
420
&.
:2
350 "'
UJ
IAVV
Ci)
20
p-
JVj
gf 50
30
Ci)
280
Xlf
hr
210
140
11lf
70
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 230
110
90
80
70
gj 60
gf
1~
())
c\5 50
40
10
?
,...-
~v
!.-- f----
560
490
"'
420 ~
!-
280
210
140
Jr/
70
2
"'
UJ
350
rr
1/f
700
630
~~
30
20
Cu.064 Nickel silver (UNS C74400) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
770
100
10
~
Ci)
Copper (Cu)/547
110
770
100
700
90
70
/'
~ 60
i:f
$
50
490
Cll
420 ~
i:f
350 ~
210
Jrtj
!fJ v
lf
560
1----2
280
d [t-
30
630
lkV
40
10
Q)
20
80
Cu.065 Nickel silver (UNS C74400) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
140
70
2
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 220
10
110
100
90
80
70
~ 60
Q)
50
10
700
630
[.....-- -1--- 3
560
490
Cll
420 ~
ui
350
280
;j"
30
1---1
2
III
40
20
1~
V
V
~ +-
J f/ ~-
ui
"'
$
Cu.066 Nickel silver (UNS C74500) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
770
!..--
210
lfl-
140
70
4
5
6
7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(i
548/Copper (Cu)
110
770
100
700
....-= 1
90
70
gj 60
";
c\5 50
"'
420 ~
";
"'
350 ~
1/
40
30
rn
280
210
1(
20
10
490
560
2
1--
630
80
Cu.067 Nickel silver (UNS C74500) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
140
70
1/
10
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
1p
110
80
70
gj 60
11
";
c\5 50
30
20
10
-~
700
~1
90
40
770
100
630
~t-
560
)/
V
/
490
f.--
"'
420 ~
";
350 ~"'
1/ hfj/ V
rn
280
1l /
1w11
210
140
70
10
1p
Copper (Cu)/549
Cu.069 Nickel silver (UNS C75400) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
770
110
/? -
100
700
-1
90
630
1--2
80
70
~ 60
())
{/V
~ 50
40
10
560
490
"'
420 ~
li
350 ~
280
/)
30
20
lb
V
li
--3
lf
./
1V ..-V
IV
210
140
1-""
70
~.......
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 208
10
110
770
100
700
90
630
V -b
!---
80
70
~ 60
li
())
~ 50
)1
Il
40
30
20
10
IV
420 ~"'
ui
1/)
350 ~
280
4
210
L-2
490
1--"
560
-2
Cu.070 Nickel silver (UNS C75400) strip, stressstrain curves showing effect of cold rolling
(/)
), '/"
11
--
140
5
70
10
1p
550/Copper (Cu)
100
90
630
)~
gf 50
40
280
1"
70
4
5
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
~2
630
560
~V
70
V/
gj 60
!l ~
ui
Ul
())
c7J 50
~~
490
-3
"'
420 ~
4
ui
Ul
350 ~
(/)
280
210
'
140
70
2
770
1/V
80
10
700
VV
90
j...---1
100
Ul
140
lf
30
ui
210
110
10
350
'1
40
"'
a_
:2:
j;'
30
20
420
g,V
(/)
10
490
j V
60
560
1---2
~/
70
80
20
700
1p
Copper (Cu)/551
1.----
90
80
70
60
1i5
40
~.f/
1~V
~ 50
.---2
1----3
10
630
560
490
420
350
280
Ul
1/
140
70
4
5
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
700
90
630
-1
80
70
60
~ 50
~
(J)
40
/
V
490
420
280
./""'
210
140
70
"'
a.
:2
350
v;:v- ----j
30
560
100
10
ui
210
20
"'
a.
:2
30
20
700
100
1/
552/Copper (Cu)
110
100
70
1~
gj 60
Ol
40
490
"'
420 ~
350
140
70
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 181
770
100
90
.L
80
/)
70
~V
gj 60
liOl
c7J 50
40
10
110
20
210
V/V
"
30
li
Cii
280
;_ ~
30
560
"'
c7J 50
630
:..-- 2
~/
CI
1 - 700
r-
80
10
90
20
770
/)
t/
--
j;7
V
...-
1--
--
1 - 700
2 - 630
560
3
490
"'
420 ~
CI
350
280
210
5
140
JV
70
1/
10
Copper (Cu)/553
110
770
100
700
-1
90
80
w
lll
e5
h
J~
50
40
/L, v
30
20
10
---
(?"
/:
gj 60
V A
70
V
2
560
490
"'
420 ~
gf
350 ~
280
210
140
t~
V
f,---
630
70
2500.-----,------,-----,------,------,-----,
'
Tungsten wire
"' 1500
a.
:2
gf
Ci5
--~---~-----~-~
Copper
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain, % elongation
2.0
2.4
554/Copper (Cu)
140
980
130
fi"<
910
..,/'~ tx
840
4~
120
110
----/....-It
// V/ ...
20 K
100
90
c;; 80
""'g 70
~
ii5 60
50
h
W/
/76K
19:JS-
V/
v __ --x
i--"295 K
11~ V
770
700
630
560 ~
::;;;
490 g
~
420 ii5
350
40
280
30
210
140
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.11>
Magnesium (Mg)/555
Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.001 Magnesium single crystal,
stress-strain curves
Arrows indicate yield strengths. Relationship between
specimen and slip plane orientation is shown.
500
Normal to
slip plane
E 400
E
Resolved area
= Aa/cos <1>
ECl
u
Slip direction,
resolved force
=Fcos'A.
(/)
'1ii
o
z
F
200
A.= 58'
<1> = 31'
100
00
100
200
300
400
Shear strain, 1Q-6
500
35
~nsion 1--
'iii 20
""
Cii 15
Compression
140 ~
1
:2
gf
105
70
35
0.2
210
LV
25
245
30
10
600
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
Cii
556/Magnesium (Mg)
50
14
28
42
56
70
280
40
o;
-"'
ui
"'~
U5
20
10
210
<
V
30
~~mpression
"'
Il.
:2
ui
"'
140
70
14
10
12
25
20
o;
15
/
/
"---~
1/
-"'
ui
"'
~
10
28
--
42
56
70
.--T.Tens1on
T
140
-Compression
1\
"'
Il.
:2
ui
"'
~
(f)
70
35
10
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
4
12
Magnesium (Mg)/557
Temperatura,
-129
-18
93
204
316
427
50r-------,--------,--------r-------,---------,350
210
30
"iii
-""
"'
Q.
:2
ui
cn
ui
cn
140
20
Data from three sources: circle, Mg-43, Alloy Digest, Aug 1959; triangle, Properties and Selection of Metals, Vo11, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1961; square, C.R. Tipton, Reactor
Handbook, Vo1 I, 2nd ed., Interscience Publishing, 1960. As pub1ished
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3603, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3
80r-------,---------,---------r-------,---------,
"E
E
lemperature, "F
Ci5
558/Magnesium (Mg)
40
//V
30
a."'
~
140 ui
1/l
ii5
1/
210
10
280
70
10
30
210
25
175
1
1
20
'iii
"'ui
1/l
15
ii5
10
o
o
140
;/
a."'
~
105 ui
V
1
1
1
1/l
ii5
70
35
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Magnesium (Mg)/559
280
40
r
V/
/
30
210
8?.
::!:
//
10
140 ui
70
vi
10
30
210
Il
25
175
/
1
/ / f}-1/
20
"iii
-"'
ui 15
"'~
1i5
10
140
a."'
::!:
105 ui
"'~
1i5
1
1
70
35
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
560/Magnesium (Mg)
25
175
140
105
u;
C\l
a.
-"'
:2
"'
"'
!/)
~
(J)
!/)
(J)
10
70
30
210
25
175
20
140
15
:2
105 "'
!/)
C\l
u;
a.
-"'
"'
!/)
i'i5
i'i5
10
70
35
Magnesium (Mg)/561
-18
50
38
Temperatura,
93
149
204
26~50
40
fiu
"'
o.
:;
"(ii
-"
ui
cn
30
1i5
210
Exposure (tested at
room temperatura)
o 100 h
e1000h
20
tb
140
f[y
10
70
<fl.
c:o
c:
"'
"1
o
[jj
00
100
200
t i
300
lismperature, f
400
1
500
ui
562/Magnesium (Mg)
-129
50
-18
Temperatura,
93
204
316
42~50
c;;
""'
"'"'~
30
Cii
~
1
/' ~\
~
..
c;;
c:
$
$ 20
E
"'
""
5
"" T4
.&. T5
T6
"'
a.
:2i
210 gf
c;;
c:
*
$
\~
\
10
140 E
70
)~
30.-------,--------,-------,--------,-------,210
oL-------L-------~------~------J-------~0
n~~lrf?Fd
-200
200
280
400
Temperatura, F
600
800
Magnesium (Mg)/563
40
Ten~
35
/~
30
20
U5
15
10
5
250
~ompression
1
1
"iii
~
'r
25
""uirn
200
"'
150 ::;;
[]_
ui
rn
~
U5
1/
100
50
1/
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain,%
40.---------~---------,---------r---------.280
564/Magnesium (Mg)
25
20
~
ui
cn 15
~
o;
.l!1
u;
t:
10
140
rf.
:::2;
105 ui
.l!1
u;
t:
70
175
35
25.-------,--------,-------,--------,-------,175
"'
u;
105 ~
cn
ui
cn
-""
ui
~
o;
.l!1
.l!1
u;
u;
t:
70
t:
Magnesium (Mg)/565
30r-------~------,--------,-------,-------,210
&.
::2
gf
~------~--~--~~--~~~------~--------1105 ~
.!!1
'iii
<::
t!!:1
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
425 Of (218 C)
24.-------,-------,-------,--------,------~168
;e_
.~
"' 10
.S
c:
o
5~------~-~--~~~----~r-------~--~~~
[i
10
10
Exposure time, h
10
566/Magnesium (Mg)
. - - - - , - - - - , - - - - . - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - , - - - - - - - , 140
!Il
u;
a.
::;;:
-"'
U)
U)
70
Cii
Cii
~
u;
u;
"
"
~
35
o
140
20
400 F (204 C)
105
a."'
u;
::;;:
-"'
(/)
(/)
70
Cii
~
"ijj
Cii
~
u;
"
c:
~
35
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Magnesium (Mg)/567
Temperatura, 'C
-18
38
93
149
204
260
316
50.------,------~----~------,-------.-----.350
"" T6 condition
T4 condition
Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn
30
210
20
"'
jg
140 (/)
ui
OL------L------L-----~----~------~----~0
-? 80
E
eo
""
.5
N
0..
ui
"'
Cii
:a:"'
10 min
> 10 min} Attemperature
40
....
L?
~
cr~
100
200
300
lemperature, 'F
400
500
600
568/Magnesium (Mg)
45
315
40
280
35
~u
-- 1----.,
245
"'
[l_
210 u
Ci5
175
25
..._
20
~y
140
135
15
6
<!.
iS
:!.
c
,-/'
.........
...&_
.............
...........
"'o
c
jj]
200
400
600
Exposure time, h
800
1000
Magnesium (Mg)/569
105
"iii
~
a."'
:2
"'
~
"'
Ul
Ul
70
Ci5
L-----~----~------L-----~-----L----~0
10
12
28,---------,----------,--------,---------.196
0 oL--------,-2~-------~4_________J6--------~8
570/Magnesium (Mg)
28,---------.---------,---------.---------~196
24~--------+---------4-------~~--------~168
28
24
'
20
~ 16
"'
(/)
~
(J)
12
\6
\
168
T~
112~
:a;
"'
(/)
----
'-....
140
--~\
o
o
196
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
84Ci3
1'\
56
~
28
Magnesium (Mg)/571
28
196
24
168
\re
20
140
~ 16
ui
E
(/) 12
\\
~"'
T4
112&:
:::!:
gf
""'
..........._
84 Cii
.~ ~'
.......
56
28
o
o
Temperature, oc
-18
38
93
149
204
260
316
371
50.----,~---,-----,----~----~----~----~350
u; 30
f---------ji-~------j-\----'l.-l-----1------l------+------l
21 o &:
:::!:
ui
20
140
<F.
co
~40~--~~--~---==~~~~~==~~~~----~
c
[ij
100
200
300
400
Temperature, oF
500
600
700
572/Magnesium (Mg)
>
0..
::;;:
""'"
"'
"'
~"'
~"'
(J)
(J)
70
L __ _ _ _
25
14
_ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _J __ _ _ _
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
10
""'"
"'
(/)
U5
_Jo
12
70
X
1/ \
15
"Cii
\ 1
20
10
_ _ _ _ _ L_ _ _ _
105
"'
(/)
(J)
.......
70
35
>
0..
::;;:
10
12
Magnesium (Mg)/573
24 . - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - - , 1 6 8
3oo oF (149 oc)
15s
20
16
112
12
84
56
"'
~
ui
"'
~
:2
24
ui
~"'
(/)
168
4oo F (204 oc)
20
140
16
112
15 s
"'
;;;
0..
-"'
:2
ui
84
"'
!!:'
i'i5
56
28
6
Sltrain, 0.001 in./in.
10
ui
"'
~
574/Magnesium (Mg)
Temperatura,
oc
so1~8_________,93__________
2,04__________
31~6_________4~21so
210
30
rJ
"'
~
"'
~
140
20
Exposure
1/2 h
o 100 h
... 1000 h
oL---------~--------~----------~--------~0
160
........
6'
,g
.,....
::!-
"'
"'
"'
0..
::;;
ui
80
O>
o
ITi
----
_J
,..,
200
400
Temperatura, oF
600
800
Magnesium (Mg)/575
28
196
24
---~
20
~
...
L---
...--.:-: .. -
---
140
.,....."............
...",.".
-~
5oo F (260
c)
.....
.......,.
(/) 12
!
1/
1/
"' ..
"
.. -- --- -
,;'
. ..
.....
"'
.. -
3 h exposure
,;
- - - - 30min
1h
2h
10 h
----
--.--.
56
5s
----
28
28
o
196
24
r
11//
20
Ji/.'1
It..... .
,. ..
~--
140
---
~ : .. - .. ,:.. .. ."".
.
4oo F (204 c)
168
!~~ - -"".
o
o
-::..
--
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
-ao-oo
10
1/
---__ .- .::.::.:
----
t'/~
. . . . . .~
.......
gj 16
168
-300 F (149 C}
56
28
576/Magnesium (Mg)
25r-------,--------,-------,--------,-------.175
;;;
15
-"'
ui
"'
~
(ii
~
;;;
c
~ 10
35
0 oL-------~2--------~4--------6L-------~8------~1~
150
- 20
125
<Il
15 s f..-::::::;:::
100
0..
:::;
/~
ui
50
25
15
;;;
-"'
ui
75
;;;
c
~
.;::::::::;n-o-;
"'
- 10
;;;
c
~
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys andSpecialPurpose Materials, Voi 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 504
Magnesium (Mg)/577
100
- 14
90
- 12
1h
2
5---= 10
-10
80
70
1\l
c..
:::2;
60
uj
U)
"' 50
1;;
~
"iii
c:
40
15 s 15 min
--=t:::::=-
/; ~ ---= ~
f.-~~
';f
~
1-"
- 8
V'
30
-=
20
10
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain,%
60.-----r-----,-----,------.-----r-----r-----,
c..
"'
"iii
:::2;
-"
uj
U)
U)
1ii
~
"iii
c:
"iii
c:
20
10~----r---~----._,----~-----+-----+----~
OOL-----L-----L-----L----~----~----~--~0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and SpecialPurpose Materials, Vol2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990,
p504
578/Magnesium (Mg)
50r-----,-----.-----.-----~----~-----r----~
40r-----r---~----~-----+-----+-----+----~
5
5min
10
15
20
"iii
-"'
ui
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and SpecialPurpose Materials, Voi 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 505
(/)
..!!1
"iii
1h
2
5
3 c
~
10
ooL-----L-----L----~----~----~----L---~0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
5
'iii
-"'
ui
rn
rn
..!!1
'iii
c
~
Strain,%
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and SpecialPurpose Materials, Voi 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 505
Magnesium (Mg)/579
25
20
15
<J
"'
U5
l.----
--
1/
105
"'
0..
:2
<J
70
35
140
1/
"iii
-"'
10
175
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
580/Magnesium (Mg)
25
51
76
102
JOr---------~---------r--------~--------~210 ~
a..
::iE
20r---------r---------,---------,--------.140
10L---------L---------L---------L-------~70
<!.
E'
E
!!?..
.5
N
.!:
c
~Cl
c
w
20
2
Distance from chill, in.
Magnesium (Mg)/581
210
30
"'
e 400 'F (204 'C)- 196 ~
Exposure:
~ 28
~
22
154
22
154
.(
-
r.
--
140 ~
:;
:5
Cl
126 ~
(ij
"O
Qi
:;.
.,
112 c:
~
14
98
6
~
E'
E
~
.5
"'c:
.s
o
Cl
c:
[jJ
~~
1000
2000
3000
Exposure time, h
4000
5000
582/Magnesium (Mg)
150
20
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and SpecialPurpose Materials, Voi 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 505
15
100
"'
[l_
u;
::2;
-"'
ui
ui
"'~
"'
1i 75
.91
u;
10
c:
.91
u;
c:
50
5
25
0 oL-----O.L2----0~.-4----0~.6-----0~.8-----1~.0-----1L.2----~1.f
Strain,%
300.-------.-------,-------.-------.------.
40
10
Strain,%
Magnesium (Mg)/583
300~------~------r-------~------~------.
40
10
0.4
Strain,%
300.-------.-------,-------~------,-------,
250~------+-------+-------+-------+-~--~
200~------+-------+-------+-------+-----~
10
0.4
1.2
0.8
Strain,%
1.6
584/Magnesium (Mg)
300.-------.--------,-------,-------.--------.
40
250~------+-------~-------+-------4------~
200~------+-------~-------+-------4------~
"'
o._
~
~150~----~~~q---~----~=+~~---4------~
~
i'i5
10
0.4
0.8
Strain,%
oc
Strain,%
Magnesium (Mg)/585
140~----~----~----~----,------,-----,-----,20
oc
16
~--~----~------L----~----~----L---~0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain,%
140.-----~----,-----,------,-----,-----,-----,20
oc
120~----+-----+------~----~----~-----+-------
16
100~----+-----+------~----~----~-----+------1
Strain,%
586/Magnesium (Mg)
OOL-----~----~----~----~----~----~~~0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
210
25
175
20
140
15
105 ui
30
- - Longitudinal
- - Transverse
70 F (21 C)
"'
~
ui
1/l
!l..
::!!:
- --
10
70
o
o
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
1.2
Magnesium (Mg)/587
182
26
400 F (204 C)
24
;;;
22
r-----sooF(26oc)
.:.:
u
r---. -
"'
~
20
18
168
1----
----~
1000
3000
2000
llf
140
126
4000
112
5000
Exposure time, h
300
- 40
250
200
30
"'
0..
::!:
llf(!! 150
Cii
100
50
24 c (75 'F)
1:
;;
V
.l
:
1
371
0.4
149
(300 'F)
2o4 c (4oo 'F)
260 c (5oo 'F)
0.8
1.2
Strain, o/o
~ (700 "F)
1.6
10
588/Magnesium (Mg)
300
40
250
30
200
"'
ii5
100
50
k
;;;_
-,'
1
11
~/ /
0.4
24 oc 75 oF)
a_
:2
li 150
0.8
1.2
149 oc (3oo F)
1
204 oc (4oo F)
260 oc (5oo F)
316
OJ (600 F)
371
OJ (700 F)
-1
-,
10
1.6
2.0
Strain,%
300
-
40
250
200
"'
li 150
30
a_
:2
~ 24 oc (75 F)
ii5
100
50
/_
f;
./
316 oc (600 F)
--
0.4
10
0.8
1.2
Strain,%
1.6
2.0
Magnesium (Mg)/589
300
-
40
250
200
30
Cll
a_
.,.,..-1--
l!f 150
/; ~
~
100
50
24
oc (15 F)
- 149
::::- 204
260
71_
oc 1300 F)
oc (400 F)
oc 500 F)
316 1 (600 F)
371
0.8
0.4
1.2
10
OJ (700 F)
1.6
2.0
Strain,%
30
__ l Longitudi~al
-
20
,__ ___
--- ~--
15
}, ~
10
J'IJ.
-:/
0.2
Cll
a_
300 ~~49~~
f/
140
/_
;;;
Ci5
175
,..._
70 F (21 C)
"'~
Transverse
25
"""ui
210
105 ui
70
600 Of (316 C)
35
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
590/Magnesium (Mg)
280
40
"'
u;
0..
-"'
u)
(/)
Source: R.P. Reed, R.P. Mikesell, and R.L. Greeson, "Some Mechanical
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures," ASTM STP
287, 1961, p 61-73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
::2;
210
30
u)
(/)
Ci5
20
140
10
70
00
10
15
20
25
30
35
Strain,%
25.-----,------,------,------,------,-----,175
- - Longitudinal
Transverse
20~-----+------+------+------1-----~------~140
500 F
(260 C)
105
"'
0..
::2;
u)
u)
(/)
(/)
Ci5
70
L-----~-----L-----J------~----~----_Jo
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
1.2
Magnesium (Mg)/591
120
100
80
"'
o_
::2:
1/
U)
Q)
1;;
60
~
"(ii
,L,
v-::::-/
/
16
v1o
30
iP
12
-100h
"(ii
.>::
1/
U)
~
"li)
"(ii
40
-
20
0.4
0.8
"1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.8
2.4
120
-
16
100
"'
80
o_
::2:
1/
U)
Q)
1;;
60
"fii
c
15 s
v--
~ ---
1 min
"(ii
.>::
1h
oo
cn
~-
- 8
20
c:
_,r
0.4
0.8
~
"(ii
40
12
l---30
"1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
592/Magnesium (Mg)
120
-
oc
16
100
40
20
1
~ r=:::
It~
"(ij
-"'
,;;
(/)
!--'"
t::-~
--
15 s - 8
1 min
5
r--
100 h
:...--
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
1h
.91
"(ij
t:
1020
1/l:_
0.4
- 12
2.0
2.4
2.8
150
20
125
15
100
0..
"(ij
:2
-"'
,;;
,;;
(/)
(/)
1h 75
1h
10 .91
.91
"(ij
t:
"(ij
t:
50
5
25
Strain,%
Magnesium (Mg)/593
150
oc
- 20
125
1 ~
15 s
............: 10 h
p--
- 15
~
ai
rn
~
;;;
- 10 ..!!1
;n
t:
50
-
25 1
1/
0.4
0.8
1.2
2.0
1.6
2.4
2.8
Strain,%
150
-
oc
20
125
&.
100
:;
ui
ti
75
(1)
;j
r;~
./.
5h
1--
10 h
-
15
;n
-"
ai
"'~
;;;
- 10 ..!!1
;n
t:
t:
50
25
1
1
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
594/Magnesium (Mg)
150
20
125
"'
100
1h
2
a.
~
30
15
o;
-"'
!l
(/)
5
10
75
o;
!l
(/)
10
~
1i)
~
o;
50
5
25
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain,%
50.-------------.-------------.-------------~350
10~------------+-------------4-------------~70
0 oL-------------~5------------~1o------------~1~
Strain,%
Source: R.P. Reed, R.P. Mikesell, and R.L. Greeson, "Some Mechanical
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures," ASTM STP
287, 1961, p 61-73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
Magnesium (Mg)/595
225
200
175
/~
150
"'
::;;
0..
rJ
rn
~
Ci) 100
24
lf
30
149 c (3oo F)
!--
204
c (400 F)
20
"iii
260
c Joo F) _
316 c r o F)
15
371 c (700 F) -
10
/; '?/./"""' .r-
11/
c (71 F)
25
~P--
75
25
--
g V"
125
50
""'rnrJ
~
0.2
- 5
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.4
1.2
225
- 30
200
175
150
/ 1--::
~~
"'
0..
::;; 125
rJ
rn
Ci) 100
75
50
25
~-
) V,_ 'rf-
/? V
V
0.2
--=
25
20
"iii
15
316c roF)
371
c (too F) -
10
- 5
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
24 c (75 F)
1.0
1.2
1.4
""'rnrJ
~
Ci)
596/Magnesium (Mg)
150
20
125
15
100
"'
0..
:;;:
ui
rJ)
""'ui
75
rJ)
10 (j)~
(j)
50
5
25
1.0
1.2
1.4
Strain,%
150
-
20
125
100
1/
"'
0..
:;;:
ui
UJ
75
(j)
50
25
+-
24 oc (75 F)
-
15
ui
UJ
1
1
10
1/
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
(j)
Magnesium (Mg)/597
140
_1ss
11~
~~,, ~
120
100
rJi
(/)
16
100
1/
80
.!!1
~
"'
a_
:::;:
20
1 mlin
1h
10
60
40
1
-
20
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Strain,%
40
-4
20H-----r---~-----~----~-----+-----+----~
QOL-----OL.4----~0.-8----~1.~2----1~.6-----2~.0-----2~.4-----"2.i
Strain,%
598/Magnesium (Mg)
100
90
80
~
~v-
15 5
"'
Il.
:2 60
ui
:Il
ti
50
.l!1
u;
~ 40
30
12
21 h----=
- 10
30
5
10
~ ~::::-~/
--
u;
..>:
1.6
1.2
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
"'~
.l!1
"<ii
10
0.8
ui
1i5
100-
20
0.4
oc
1 min
5
10
~~ ~ ~
..-'t;; ~p- !-----f.,.---
2~
70
14
2.8
t:
Magnesium (Mg)/599
30r-------,-------~--------.-------,--------,210
25~------~-------+--------~------~------~175
140
"'
0..
:2
"'
105
U)
"'
U)
ii5
70
L-------L-------L------~-------J------~0
30
210
25
175
20
;.-
/
1/
~
1/
U)
15
ii5
70 OF (21 C)
140
"'
0..
:2
105
70
o
o
35
1/
UJ
10
-,
600/Magnesium (Mg)
40r------,-----,------,------,------r-----~
280
245
210
175
<O
Il.
:2
140 ui
"'~
ii5
70
10
35
400
350
300
250
<O
Il.
:2
ui 200
"'~
100
50
~
b.~
l&
371 'C
il-
0.4
- 40
~700 'F) _
10
)..---7
!--""?'
0.2
1 v-r
ii5
150
50
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
Magnesium (Mg)/601
350
50
300
- 40
250
[1_ 200
::;;:
rJ
150
100
50
l-----
li
....
~
rJ
"'~
VJ'
1---1
)V
l.---
- 30
1 /'
"'
U5
7
1
'1'
-/
0.2
OA
0,6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1,2
250
35
30
25
i'
200
"'
150
a_
::;;:
~'r"f1;-
rJ
"'~
U5
_i_
100
50
j~
0,2
- 20~
'Fl
'F)
'F)
'F)
CI)
15
- 10
- 5
OA
0,8
0.6
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1,4
602/Magnesium (Mg)
250r-----,-----,-----,-----,-----~----~----~
35
200~----~----+-----+-----4-----~----~----~
30
"'
150
Il.
rJ
c (5oo "F)
316 c (6oo "Fl
1
100
20~
oo
~
260
rn
~
1i5
15 1i5
10
0 oL-----DL.2-----0~.4-----0~.6-----0~.8----~1.-0-----1.L2----~1.f
Strain,%
40.------.------,------,------.------,------~280
Mg.082 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Extrusions up to 25.8 cm2 (4.0 in. 2) cross section tested in
longitudinal direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn.
UNS Ml3312
g 20~-----+---f+-~~~~------~
1i5
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 3, Cade 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
Magnesium (Mg)/603
30 . - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - , 2 1 0
25 1-------+-------+-~""""'---t--------j 175
20
140
&_
:2
ui 15 ~---------h~L,~---~----~--~~----------1105 ~
rn
UJ
Strain,%
80
490
420
Source: R.P. Reed, R.P. Mikesell, and R.L. Greeson, "Some Mechanical
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures," ASTM STP
287, 1961, p 61-73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5
70
V~
60
/ -1----
50
30
560
<ti
o.
v-- -
- 80 F (27 oc)
:2
280 ui
rn
210
20
140
10
70
o
o
10
Strain,%
15
604/Magnesium (Mg)
24
20
168
oc
15 s
1 min
~
V
10 h
140
112
16
"'
0..
Source: "HM31XA MagnesiumAlloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
:2
84 ui
(/)
~
ii)
56
28
0.8
16
2.4
3.2
168
24
20
1.6
Strain,%
1
15 s
1 min
10 h
112
Source: "HM31XA MagnesiumA11oy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
~
8
56
28
2.4
140
8:.
1.6
Strain,%
oc
:2
84 ui
(/)
0.8
3.2
Magnesium (Mg)/605
24.---------.---------.---------,---------~168
20~--'--~~========~========~155------~140
ff
1
1 min
~-=--~---------+-------1 r~ min
16~-1~~~~t=====~=1~--~---t10h,------~112
~" V
~.7/
.~
56~
ooL--------~--------~----------L-------~0
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
Strain,%
20
140
16
;;;
12
-"'
rJ
Ul
Ci5
8
1~
v- -
15 s
~
~
1-~
:::-
--
112
1 min
10 min
30 min
2h
5h
10 h
84
56
28
0.8
1.6
Strain,%
2.4
3.2
606/Magnesium (Mg)
24
168
oc
20
140
r
1
1
1
16
5s
10 s
112
56
28
1/
0.8
1.6
Strain,%
2.4
3.2
168
24
oc
20
140
30 s
16
112
10 min
"'
u;
0..
-"'
::2
84 ui
gf 12
"'~
ii)
ii)
56
28
00
0.8
1.6
Strain,%
2.4
3.2
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141199, Dow Chemica1 Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo1 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
Magnesium (Mg)/607
350
50
70 oF 21 oc)
40
280
30
210
&.
::E
,;;
,;;
"'~
20
140
10
70
0 oL------o.~2----~o.-4-----o~.-6-----o~.8------1~.o----__J1.f
Strain,%
"'
~
608/Magnesium (Mg)
30
210
175
70 OF (21 C)
1
300 OF (149 C)
25
400 F (204 C)
1
20
500 OF (260 C)
140
600 F (316 C)
'Cii
"'
0..
..>::
1/
U)
15
105
~
1/
U)
U5
U5
10
70
800 OF (427 C)
35
30
210
25
175
20
140
15
105
"'
'Cii
0..
..>::
";
U)
1/
U)
(/)
U5
10
70
800 OF (427 C)
35
~------L-------~------~-------L------~0
0.2
0.6
0.4
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
Magnesium (Mg)/609
18
126
15
105
12
84
"'
u;
o..
-"'
ui
rn
:2
63 ui
rn
Ci5
42
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.8
Strain,%
140
20
18
16
14
120
100
"'
o..
:2
ui
rn
80
.91
':?!
60
40
20
2 min
12 ~
10
rn
~~
(1)
10 h
f
!/
- 4
-
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
1il
.91
u;
p-
0.4
ui
-::::::
tp
2.0
2.4
1:::
61 0/Magnesium (Mg)
32
28
24
20
o;
-"'
"' 16
cn
12
ooL-------~------~------~------~------~0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain,%
50.------,-----,------~-----,------,-----~350
210
o;
co
Il.
-"'
"'
"'
cn
cn
~
140
U5
Magnesium (Mg)/611
Temperatura, oc
-129
-240
60
50
~
O-
-"
tJ
204
316
427
420
Ci5
280
""~u
......
"'
0..
::2
20
210
140
70
120
E'
E
__._
e 80
-~
"'.00
40
....--~
Cl
"'o
iii
-200
200
Temperatura, oF
400
tJ
Ci5
~~
10
~o o
350
-o--_ r--..,q_
30
"'~
93
.___
40
u;
-18
V
600
800
612/Magnesium (Mg)
120
\~
~~
~
~
""
~82F(250C)
~~ t--
----
20
0.1
10
Time, h
10
10
Magnesium (Mg)/613
350
50
280
u;
:2
ui
li
"'~
~
245
35
- - Chilled casting
Unchilled casting
25L---------~---------~----------~--------~175
20.----------r---------~----------,----------,
E'
E
-~ 10f~~~::~----~=-~~====:::::=:====~
.0:
N
-~
"
~
1\l
a.
-"'
315
45
ii5
--
-~r--
---- -------
0 oL----------2~--------~4~--------~6--------~8
Reduction, %
614/Magnesium (Mg)
35
30
w
/
25
"tii 20
-"'
"'
cn
1i5
15
10
-"'
"'
1i5
cn 15
~
10
=---=
140
&.
:2
105
~
~
1i5
70
35
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
140
~-
--
r-
&_
:2
105 "'
cn
1
1
175
lr
12
210
---1--r H24
25
'tii
175
245
210
30
20
70
35
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Magnesium (Mg)/615
25r------,------,------,-----~------.-----~175
105
"'
a.
"iij
:;
""'uicn
ui
cn
U5
70
L __ _ _ __ L_ _ _ _~------~----~------~----_Jo
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
20
"'
a.
:;
ui
ui
cn
cn
15
~cn
"iij
"iij
c:
c:
!-'!!
!-'!!
10
Strain,%
616/Magnesium (Mg)
25
20
u;
14
V\
rJ
"'~
Ci
140
l\/
-"
70
15
10
105
rJ
'
"'~
70
\
1\
8
10
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
12
30
210
25
175
20
140
Cll
(L
-"
rJ
Ci
35
u;
"'
~
Cll
(L
:2
1
2
:2
105
15
rJ
"'~
Ci
10
70
35
Strain,%
Magnesium (Mg)/617
40
u;
v~
30
-"'tJ
.---
20
280
= 7.0.
210
"'
D..
:::!;
tJ
"'
~
(J)
10
350
50
"'~
140
U5
70
10
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
50
1
1-45
3-5in~ (19.~~~~
""""
35
11
1/
1/
30
1/
lf'
15
10
5
j>..F(L)
315
-1
210
---
175 tJ
}F
~
5-40 in~ (32.2-258 cm') 140 U5
- -'
ST
"'
105
70
35
0.4
0.6
0.8
"'
D..
:::!;
0.2
280
245
LT
20
r-
T5(L)
40
350
_1
1.0
Strain,%
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
618/Magnesium (Mg)
Temperatura, "C
70
60
-240
-129
-18
93
204
~
!"--..
-...... ~
50
420
u; 40
1\
1\\
ii5 30
20
fiu
280
~
~
210 ii5
140
70
o
40
.0:: 20
"'
.!:
/~
~c
10
,.....,...
-400
-200
Temperatura, F
200
:2
~~
10
o
lii
350
liy\ ~
~
-"'
u
400
600
Magnesium (Mg)/619
100,------,------,-----~------,-------,------,700
80~-----~------+-- ---~------~-----b------1560
C\l
a.
:::!:
:1
~-----~----~------~~~-4~~~+---~~280
00
10
260
420
350
280
Temperatura, 'C
-18
60
38
93
149
204
50
40
C\l
a.
'iii
"'IIrn
~
:::!:
30
210
20
140
Expos~re
10
?fi
70
10 min
- . - - 1000 h
E100
E
.5
~ 50
c:
"'oc: o
o
[iJ
:1
Cii
100
200
300
Temperatura, 'F
400
500
620/Magnesium (Mg)
30
210
1/
~
ui
cn
20
ui
cn
~
140
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
40
_...
35
.. J
1
lf./
30
~
~
%'/
25
~~~
10
12
l' :,
1---,
7!
I-L- ~:
210
1---
r--
b:::.-
)...- ~ :;::; ;;
..... ~
in~
175
5-40
(32.2J58 cmj) (LT)
5-40 in~ (32.2-258 cm') (ST)
"'
::;;
a.
140 ui
cn
(f)
105
70
--T5
--F
35
1/
0.4
r--
"..- ~----
280
J~-:'~ ~
0.2
1i5
70
15
"'
a.
::;;
1i5
Tested in longitudinal direction. Extrusions with crosssectional area less than 12.90 cm2 ( 2.000 in. 2). Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
280
40
10
350
50
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Strain,%
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Magnesium (Mg)/621
35
30
--...._;::::
245
\......::::__,
11)
-..,
210
~
25
175
20
140 ui
15
105
"'
u;
""'ui
280
40
Il.
::2;
(/)
Exposure
10
10
20
30
40
.------,------,------,------,-------r------,140
oc
112
1h
u;
84
"'
Il.
""'ui
::2;
ui
11)
11)
(/)
56
0 o~-----o~.4------o~.8-------1~.2------~1.-6------2.Lo----~2.P
Strain,%
Ci5
622/Magnesium (Mg)
oc
112
16
;;;
140
20
30 s
12
Ol
0..
-"'
tfj
:2
2 min
U)
tfj
U)
5min
i'i5
56
140
20
16
112
12
84
oc
~
tfj
U)
56
8
~5
V -~
1~
1-----
)-----
0.8
1.2
Strain,%
2 min
28
15 min
1h
...-
0.4
30 s
1.6
2.0
2.4
Magnesium (Mg)/623
40
35
25
15
210
175
"'
:2
140 ";
105
j,.t.--35
5oo F (~60 oc)
6oo oF (3 16 c)
0.4
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
40
1.4
Mg.118 ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy forging, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
280
V
35
30
25
1//
IV/
V
10
/J
.O
75 oF (24 oc)
210
175
3oo F (149 oc)
k---""
"'
0..
:2
140 ";
CI)
70
500 oF (260 oc)
6oo oF I 6 oc)
0.2
0.4
245
V
/
15
0..
....;.-- ~
v11
~/
75 oF (24 oc)
~v
0.2
245
30
10
Mg.117 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy forging, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
280
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
35
1.4
624/Magnesium (Mg)
40
35
30
li
10
--
"'
[]_
:::?!
140 ui
70
500 OF (2160 'C)
r""'"
6oo oF (3 16 oc)
___..,
0.2
245
--
V/ V
1
/) V
Mg.119 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy forging, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
280
210
.;----
1/
15
25
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
35
1.4
Strain,%
40
35
1/
"(ii
-"'
cn"
cn 20
1/
15
V/
V
jj
--
;----
!-
175
3oo oF (149 oc)
"'
[]_
:::?!
140 ui
(/)
105
70
_,......
0.2
0.4
245
210
25
30
10
Mg.120 ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy forging, stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
280
75 oF (24 oc)
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
35
1.4
Magnesium (Mg)/625
Temperatura, 'C
50
u;
1r8~--~_,38~------93________
14r9_______2,0_4______-,26~
'
50
30
"'
Q_
.><
::;;
ui
Il)
ui
!/)
CI)
140
20
OL--------L-------L--------L--------L------~0
~100r-------.--------r--------r-------.---------,
E'
E
Temperatura, 'F
CI)
626/Magnesium (Mg)
40
Tang~ntial
"- Axial
Radial
35
- 30
~
u
rJ)
~
U5
25
...-
280
Mg.122 ZK60A-T5, ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy rollforged rings, effect of rolling reduction and
orientation on compressive yield strength
245
210 ro
IJ..
:a;
u
rJ)
175 00
.....,
20
15
105
40
280
35
140
30
/~
.----------
u
rJ)
~
U5 25
t--
----=
245
210 IJ..
"'
:a;
--
175
140
20
20
30
40
Rolling reduction, %
50
60
105
70
!
U)
Magnesium (Mg)/627
'iii
28
24
20
oc
-+------+-----! 112
16
""rnrii
~
i'i5 12 ~~~~~-~~~+----+----+----+----IM
8:.
:2
rii
rn
Strain,%
28.----,r-----,------,-----,-----,-----,----~
196
oc
24~--t---+----+----+----+----+-----1
168
20~----+-----+-----+------+------+------+------1
140
16r-----+---~~-----+---~~~--+------r----1
112
8:.
:2
rii
rii
rn
rn
~
i'i5 121--f.y<--:;;~I----=::::::::;::;;;;~=~10 mint-+-------1 84 CI)
~---+---
30 min
56
28
0 0L-----0".-4~---0~.8-----1~.2----~1.-6-----2.L0-----2L.4____-J2.~
Strain,%
628/Magnesium (Mg)
28
196
24
168
20
140
c;; 16
112
-"'
u
!/)
oc
&.
:2
ii5 12
84
/;r-::::
~
r---1~
v-
~5s
30s
-2min
5 min
rr-
0.8
56
30min
28
2h
10 h
0.4
(~/)
1.6
1.2
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
35r-------,-------,-------,--------,------.
c;; 20
Source: J.W. Meier and M.W. Martinson, Development of HighStrength Magnesium Casting Alloy ZK61, Trans. AFS, Vol58, 1950,
p 742-751. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol3, Code 3409, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 4
j----+-~~-::;;.1-"'---------lr---
-"'
u
!/)
(/) 15
1------t--,..._.---+-------1'----+------j
Strain,%
Magnesium (Mg)/629
Temperature, 'C
50
1~a~------~3ra_________~s3~_______1,4~s________,2o~
50
210
30
-"
u
"'
~
140
20
10~--------~-------~~-------4--------~70
o
<fi 40
E'E
~
.S
N
20
.s
c:
Cl
c:
[j
a..
"'
::2:
00
100
200
Temperature, 'F
300
400
"'
~
Nickel (Ni)/631
Nickel (Ni)
80
560
r---
60
/~
--
420
20
140
o
o
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
30
0.30
210
- 20
~
ui
(/)
v--
~
1i)
Cl
~
())
"5>
c
w 10
1
o
o
4
Strain x 0.001
632/Nickel (Ni)
120
. . rr=V
1
1
ro
0..
:::;:
560 (/)
<li
V
1
280
137 ksi (945 MPa)
- - - 130 ksi (896 MPa)
- - - 130 ksi (896 MPa)
1
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.2
1.0
1.4
1120
160
.- - --
120
,/
'f
. - .1.'
.A
,-rr
trf
f-..1\J
840
0..
:::;:
560 (/)(/)
/{
1i5
,f
ro
/1,
0.2
Source: Pratt and Wbitney Aircraft Communication to MPDC. As pubiished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 5, Code 4213,
CINDASIUSAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 13
1i5
11
40
840
40
1120
160
280
139 ksi (958 MPa)
- - - 136 ksi (938 MPa)
- - - 124 ksi (855 MPa)
0.4
1
1
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
Source: Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Communication to MPDC. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 5, Code 4213,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 13
Nickel (Ni)/633
160
1120
~649
oJ
---
840
120
......
~
/
1/
1
#'
--
<li
0..
::;;
1
1
__ ..,.,
........
-- --.1 l:.r
..........-
560 vi
,..;
--r--- --
cn
1 "'_.;"
40
280
v-
,~;---
~/
~
0.2
--
0.4
>---
0.6
-- 1 - - - -- '{""
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
634/Nickel (Ni)
500
450
400
350
a.."' 300
vi
250
200
1\
~
U)
(\
"" ....
Q)
0.98/s
150
100
50
0.5
1.0
rr
10-2
1--
1.5
1.4xW:
9.0x10
2.0
2.5
3.0
True strain
400
350
300
"' 250
a..
~
vi
U)
~
1ij
,........
"\
200
1~
Q)
150
0.09/s
100
1
50
li""
0.3
0.9
0.6
True strain
10-2
'1
.1
-3
1.4x10_3
3.0x10_,
9.0x10
1.2
1.5
Nickel (Ni)/635
100
700
80
560
60
420
Ul
~
~ 40
'lii
;;;,
~c.
30
a."'
(.)
l/~
10
0.1
~
280 1ii
:!2
CI)
;;;,
210 g/
-~
~ = 28.880.235
20
oc
350 ~
ui 50
-~
c.
(.)
140
0.5
0.2
80
560
oc
70
V
1
40
30
l/
/o
a.
"'
~
420
0.01
0.02
0.05
i.!!1
-~
CI)
350 -;
i
5
280
490
0.'1
0.2
0.5
Strain rate, in./in./min
636/Nickel (Ni)
120
100
- 80
~
ui
"'~
Cii
g>
60
-~
840
/
rl
700
560 0..
"'
::;;
ui
420
~
c:
"55
(])
(])
c:
c:
o,
;:;,
c:
c:
UJ 40
280 UJ
140
20
0.05
0.15
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain
70
490
60
420
/\_
50
~
ui
~ 40
Cii
Ol
c:
-~
c:
30
o,
c:
w
20
10
350
1
1
1
1
"'
0..
::;;
280
Ol
c:
210 -~
c:
o,
c:
UJ
140
70
gf
Cii
6
Strain x 0.001
10
Nickel (Ni)/637
840
120
100
700
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.25
0.20
60
0.30
420
r1
50
350
~---
- 40
1!1
i!
~
1ii
g> 30
-~
<D
c:
c;,
c:
UJ
20
10
280 ~
:2
::i
210 ~
c:
"55
<D
c:
c:
c;,
140
70
4
Strain x 0.001
UJ
638/Nickel (Ni)
20
.-------------,-------------.-------------~140
12
~------------+-------~~--~--~~--L_--~84
:2
:i
~
lf
8 ~----~~~--+-~~~~~~~-------+----~56
100 h
o L-----------~-------------L------------~0
8
.-------------,-------------.-------------~56
"'
a..
]
~..
:2
~-------1~~+-------~~--~~~~------~28
:i
~
lf
lf
500 h
1000 h
2000 h
o L-----------~------------~------------~0
8 .-------------,-------------,-------------.56
1650 'F (899 'C)
6
~------------+-------------~------------~42
"'
v;
a..
-""
:i
Q)
:2
~------------t-------------~--~~------~28
:i
~
Vl
~
2
Total strain, %
Nickel (Ni)/639
20 .-------------,--------------,-------------,140
1300 'F (704 'C)
16 ~------------+--------------~------------~112
- 12 ~----------~+--------------~~----~70--~84
"""'tJ
"'~
&
:2
tJ
cn
U5 8 ~----------~~~-----~~~~~------+----156 ~
2000 h
o L---~--------L-------------~----------~0
8 .-------------.--------------.--------------,56
1500 'F (816 'C)
6
'iii
""gf
100 h
500 h
1000 h
2000 h
o L-------------L-------------~----------~0
6 .-------------.--------------.--------------,42
1650 'F (899 'C)
- 4 ~------------+--------------~------~----~28
~
tJ
"'
~
&
:2
gf
~
2 ~------------+-~~~--~~~~~--~----~14 U5
100 h
500 h
1000 h
0.1
10
Total strain, %
640/Nickel (Ni)
Composition: Ni-15Co-10Cr-5.5Al-4.7Ti-3Mo-0.95V.
UNS N13100
Source: W.F. Simmons and R.B. Gunia, "Compilation of Trade Names,
Specifications, and Producers of Stainless Alloys and Superalloys,"
ASTM Data Series DS 45, 1969, p 7, 10, 115, revised by personal communication, Metcut to MPDC 13 June 1978. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4212, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24
Strain x 0.001
1120
160
70 OF (21 C)
840
120
<Il
;;;
Il.
.>::
"'~
560 u
80
"'~
Cii
Cii
280
40
Strain x 0.001
Nickel (Ni)/641
80.---------~--------~---------,---------,560
Ni.017 lnconel 702 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at various temperatures
20
140
1600 F (871 c)
18oo F (982 c)
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
80r---------.----------r---------r---------,560
642/Nickel (Ni)
10
--
oc
. . . . r-....
70
56
"'
a_
ui
!/)
84
12
ui
!/)
42
ti
CI>
CI>
~
4
28
14
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
Source: J.K. Gregory, J.C. Gibeling, and W.D. Nix, High Temperature
Deformation of Ultra-Fine-Grained Oxide Dispersion Strengtbened
Alloys, Metall. Trans., Vo116A (No. 5), 1985, p 777-787. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code #4122,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995,pl6
1.0
True strain
200.-------,-------,--------,-------,--------,1400
Annealed at 1000 oc (1832 F), 1 h, air cooled in argon10% hydrogen. Grain aspect ratio = 17: 1. Initial strain
rate= 0.00015/s. Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W2.5Ti -2.0Mo-2.0Ta-1.1 Y20 3
1050
1472 oF (800 oc)
"'
a_
ui
!/)
ui
700 ~
ti
ti
CI>
CI>
::J
t=
1832 F (1ooo oc)
350
0.04
0.08
0.12
True strain
0.16
o
0.20
Nickel (Ni)/643
1400
200
oc
2x10- 2/s
160
2x10-3 /s
840
~120
&
:2
gi
<Il
1120
80
<Il
1x10-6 /s
560 ~
280
40
o Strer al failure, impensated fT necking
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.20
0.16
True strain
60
y
...j ...
40
1652 F (9QQ
20
u:::
p/
t/
/
~/o
. ff
~
/;~ ....... /
tl
o
'!7
~ 10
ui
rn
V 1/
J:.
-~
'/
56
ui
rn
tl
~
.Q
LL
28
v2012 F (1100 C)
10
"'
Q_
:2
14
10
70
42
10
280
140
.,
10
420
10
10
10
7
10
Source: J.K. Gregory, J.C. Gibeling, and W.D. Nix, High Temperature
Deformation of Ultra-Fine-Grained Oxide Dispersion Strengthened
Alloys, Metal/. Trans., Voll6A (No. 5), 1985, p 777-787. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code #4122,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 18
644/Nickel (Ni)
120
100
80
(/)
60
U5
40
20
(.. /
u;
""'ui
'
./
r~V
840
700
560
"'
0..
:2
420 "'
(/)
@
~--
U5
280
140
!
0.4
1.2
0.8
1.6
2.0
Strain,%
120.---------,----------,----------,---------,840
"'
u;
""'ui
(/)
:2
420 ui
(/)
60
_g;
U5
(f)
280
140
Nickel (Ni)/645
160
-423
140
;,/--
120
60
40
20
(-253 'C)
~96'C)
~
r
V
100
980
840
700
"'
:2
0..
560 ";
420
1
1
1120
280
140
10
1960
280
-42l 'F (-213 'C)
240
c;; 160
""'";
~
~~
~E::::./
200
1680
~
1400
\-110 'F (-79 'C)
"\
:...--
\ Room temperatura
11208:
:2
Ci5 120
840 Ci5
80
560
40
280
0.05
0.1 o
0.15
0.20
Strain, in./in.
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, ''Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials From 20 to 300 K," Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol4, Code 4105, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 16
646/Nickel (Ni)
560
80
1000 oF (538 oc)
12oo' oF (649 oc)
~
II
"'
~
"'
[J_
::;;
420
60
II
"'
~
(/)
40
280
20
140
00
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
140r-------,--------,-------,--------,-------, 980
1200 oF (649 oc)
~ 80~------4-----~~~-----4--------+-------~
840
700
560 (1_
::;;
gj"
II
"'~
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prasser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High-Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN-3315, Nov 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 4105,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 19
Nickel (Ni)/647
1400
200
Bar specimen
160
"iii
-"'
vi
cn
1680
240
120
y-er ~
~~
...--V
V
/
1120
a.
"'
:2
vi
cn
~
840 (/)
VSheet specimen
80
560
40 -
10
10-
280
10
10
Offset strain
140
980
120
...............
100
,/
------
840
700
&.
:2
560 gf
Cl
c:
420 -~
c:
;:;,
c:
UJ
40
280
20
140
o
o
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.38
648/Nickel (Ni)
420
60
1
1
g> 30
-~
CI)
<::
;:;,
<::
20
10
350
- 40
UJ
50
70
1/
2
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Nickel (Ni)/649
160
1120
160
1120
140
980
140
980
120
840
120
840
100
700
u;
-"'
gf 80
100
700
Il.
"'
::;::
<I
gf 80
560
420
560
::;::
~ ~
U5
"'
"'
Il.
U5
60
420
60
40
280
40
140
20
20
oo
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
o
o
12
(a)
<I
"'~
280
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
140
12
(b)
160
1120
160
1120
140
980
140
980
120
840
120
840
100
700
100
700
u;
Il.
"'
u;
<I
~- 80
::;::
-"'
gf 80
560
40
"'
Il.
::;::
560 .;
"'~ ~
"'
U5
-"'
<n
420
60
420
280
40
280
140
20
140
00
(c)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
00
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
(d)
Ni.032 Rene 41 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet solution treated 1066 oc (1950 F), 0.5 h, rapid air cooled, aged 760 ac (1400 F), 16 h, air cooled. (a) Sheet thickness =
1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate= 0.00060 in./in./min. (b) Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate= 0.060 in./in./min.
(c) Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate= 6 in./in./min. (d) Sheet thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Strain rate=
0.005 in./in./min. Composition: Ni-19Cr-11Co-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Rene 41 Sheet Materia1s," Report No. BLR 61-21(M), Bell Aerosystem Co., 29 June 1962; "Tensile and Creep Properties of
0.010 and 0.050 Inch Rene 41 Alloy Sheet from Room Temperature to 2000F," Report PR 281-1Q-1, The Marquardt Corp., 12 Sept 1962. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo15, Code 4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 34
650/Nickel (Ni)
280
1960
-42~ OF (-253 C)
1
240
200
u; 160
"'ri
~~
V
--~
-;:::::::::. ~ -::320 ~-196
F
1680
C)
-110 F (-79 C}
l::;:::::=== :::::::::::=
1400
,...70 OF (21 C)
1120~
::2;
ri
~"'
(/) 120
840
80
560
40
280
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.20
0.24
0.28
"'
Source: F.R. Schwartzberg, S.H. Osgood, R.D. Keys, and T.F. Kieffer,
"Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," ML-TDR-64-280, Air Force
Materials Laboratory Report, Aug 1964; K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed,
"Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materials from 20 to 300
degrees K," Monograph 63, National Bureau of Standards, June 1963.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 5, Code
4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 34
Nickel (Ni)/651
160r-----,------,------,-----,------,-----, 1120
160
1120
980
140
980
840
120
840
Room temperatura
700
1600 F (871 "C)
100
"' ""
::::;
g
560 g
0..
o;
420
700
1600 "F (871
"Cii
c)
"'
0..
::::;
.,
80
560 .;
~
o;
UJ
60
420
280
140
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(a)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
o
12
(b)
1 6 0 . - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , 1120
Room temperatura
980
840
700
"'
0..
::::;
o;
420
1600 "F (871 "C)
280
140
0 o~-----2L-----~4L-----~6------~8------~1o----~1l
(c)
Ni.034 Rene 41 nickel alloy sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Strain rate= (a) 6 in./in./min. (b) 0.6 in./in./min. (c) 0.0006 in./in./min. Heat treatment: 1079 oc (1975 F), 0.5 h, water
quenched + 760 oc (1400 ]F), 16 h, air coo1ed. Composition: Ni-19Cr-11Co-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: P.R. Dioguardo and R.D. Lloyd, "Investigation of the Effects of Rapid Loading and E1evated Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties of Compressive
and Co1umn Members," ASD-TR-62-199, Jan 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vo15, Code 4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 43
652/Nickel (Ni)
-'\
200
....
~
,.----1--'l,......
....
--
~ .......
cn120
"'~
"'
Cl
c:
"55
--- --
Wheelfo~
160
--~
1120
Bar
"'
a.
840 ::?:_
"'"'~
"'
Cl
c:
-~
;:;,
c:
w
1
40
560 ~
c:
oc
!----
<1>
.g, 80
1400
280
1
A
0.008
0.016
0.10
0.06
0.14
0.18
Strain, in./in.
100
- 80
1!
cn
~g> 60
-~
<1>
c:
;:;,
840
120
/_
...............
700
560 a.
"'
:2
cn
"'~
420
~
c:
-~
<1>
c:
;:;,
c:
c:
280 w
w 40
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
Nickel (Ni)/653
420
60
350
50
- 40
~
rJ
~g> 30
-~
c:
"6>
c:
LU
20
10
280 c..
"'
1
1
1
:2
rJ
"'
~
210 ~
c:
m
140
c:
"6>
c:
LU
70
4
6
Strain x 0.001
180
1260
A
l~
160
140
!----"
1120
980
lf
120
u; 100
-"'
rJ
"'~
ii
80
60
40
20
840
1
1
"'
700 ~
rJ
560 (/)
~"'
1
1
l
0.4
420
280
140
0.8
1.2
1.6
Strain,%
2.0
2.4
2.8
654/Nickel (Ni)
840
"'
ui
a_
'iii
-"'
:2:
ui
"'
"'~
1ii
560
80
1ii
Ni.040 lnconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
240.-------,-------,-------,-------,------. 1680
-423 OF (-253 C)
1400
1120
"'
a_
:2:
840 ui
g"'
(J)
560
280
0.2
0.6
0.4
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
Nickel (Ni)/655
220
1540
200
75 F (24 c) 1400
180
6do
140
f (316 c) 1260
9oo F (482 c)
1200 f (649 c) 1120
/ l..--"::
~~
160
ii
Ni.041 lnconel 718 nickel alloy plate, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures in
hydrogen at 34.5 MPa (5.0 ksi)
980
'1
!Il
840 ~
120
<J
<J
"'
"'
Q)
700 ~
ti) 100
80
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
Strain,%
240
1680
200
160
u;
-"'
<J
~"'
120
f--
--
--
10
F(L c)
1400
1200
F (649 c)
----
1120
.........
&
:2
840
CI)
......
80
560
40
280
o
o
8
Strain,%
10
12
14
Ni.042 lnconel 718 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
<J
"'
~
656/Nickel (Ni)
200
400
840
120
"'
0..
""<F
::;;:
~
(/)
u)
(/)
(/)
560
80
10
12
25
30
o
14
15
10
20
35
Ni.044 lnconel 718 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
1680
240
-41 "F (-2j "C)
1-1
200
160
~
u)
(/)
120
....---
"'
0..
::;;:
840
1
1
80
40
r-
0.2
560
280
0.4
CJi
(/)
Ci5
1400
0.6
0.8
Strain,%
1.0
1.2
1.4
Nickel (Ni)/657
1120
160
1h
10 h
100 h
840
1000 h
<Il
o;
c..
-"'
:2
rJ
560
"'~
Ci5
rJ
"'~
Ci5
280
o
840
1h
10 h
100 h
1000 h
o;
560
<Il
c..
-"'
:2
rJ
rJ
"'
~
"'~
280
Ci5
o
120
840
1300 "F (704 "C)
1h
o;
80
10 h
-"'
560 "'
c..
:2
100 h
rJ
"'~
rJ
"'~
1000 h
Ci5
40
Ci5
280
L--------~--------~--------~--------~0
0.4
0.8
Total strain, %
1.2
1.6
658/Nickel (Ni)
200
....... ~
175
150
125
75
50
25
1400
1/
/;
11 /
1//
75 OF 24 oc)
v--
1225
-
1200 F (649 C)
1050
875
a.."'
______ 1400F(760C)
:2
700
f-"
<J
"'~
Ci5
525
350
175
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Strain,%
140
120
1120
160
980
840
100
a..
"'
:2
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
<J
"'
~
Nickel (Ni)/659
200
35
120
Compression~~
...............
-"'
ui
"'
~
80
40
1120
160
u;
210
Tension
ui
~ .......
V
1
"'
IJ_
cn
560
""
~
280
10
12
14
25
30
35
10
15
20
160
1120
140
120
---
980
840
"'
IJ_
700
560
-~
O)
420
.g>
LU
. 40
280
20
140
0.05
0.1
Strain
0.15
0.2
660/Nickel (Ni)
1120
160
752 OF 400 C)
120
gf
~ 80
<Il
840
RTt
1112 OF (600C)
&.
:2
yj
560 ~
1i
<Il
14 72 OF (800C)
40
280
1562 F (850C)
1832 F ( l
ooooq
2192 F (l200C)
20
10
40
30
True strain,%
100
~ 80
yj
VJ
60
-~
<Il
-----
560
&.
:2
700
420 ~
c
-~
<Il
a,
tlJ
840
120
a,
40
280
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
Nickel (Ni)/661
490
70
60
~--
50
1
1
1
1
20
10
----
os
:2
420
350
a.
:i
~
280
C1
c:
~
c:
o,
210
c:
w
140
70
1/
4
Strain. 0.001
180
1260
160
1120
980
120
800 'FI(427
'CJ
~~
~ ;::::::-::
1'"""
~ 100
u
"'~
Ci5
,."....
80
os
700 ~
gf
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
1/
5
10
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
25
30
g
cn
662/Nickel (Ni)
560
80
r---
-----
- r--
'T.''ic,
40
420
&.
:2
1-
20
700
100
tii
rn
l'!
Ci)
Q)
280 ~
-r"_
140
"2012 OF (11r0 C)
/
2 102 OF (r50 C)
22 28 F (112o oc)
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
True strain
80
v-- ~
Strai~rate
"'-....
r---
40
700
100
1/
--- --
:nin
1--
~min
420
l'!
Ci)
0.3 min
-r---
Q)
280 ~
140
0.3
0.4
True strain
0.5
0.6
&.
:2
tii
rn
20
0.2
560
~r--.._
0.03 min
0.1
oc
0.7
0.8
Nickel (Ni)/663
240
200
;;;
""'. 160
"'
~ 120
Ni.056 Waspaloy nickel alloy forging, true stressstrain curves at room temperature
1960
280
~-
-::C-
1400
&.
1120 :2
840
80
560
40
280
0.05
1680
0.10
0.15
True strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
f
"'
664/Nickel (Ni)
200
-l'l
100
a.
E
"'"'
50
1400
~
Y'
1-
-.
--
"'
a_
:2
1050--"
<Il
"'c~
700
a.
Static
350
2-
<Il
"C
"'"'"'
~
Ci5
o (a)
Source: J.D. Morrow and F.R. Tuler, Low Cycle Fatigue Evaluation of
Inconel 713C and Waspaloy (Paper No. 64 MET-15), Trans. ASME, J.
Basic Eng. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Voi 5, Code 4208, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 17
700
<Il
"C
E
a.
E
350
"'"'
"'
Ci5
o~(b~)----~-------L------~------~o
700
<Il
"C
a.
E
350
QL----~----~4-----6L----~s 0
o (c)
Strain range, %
"'"'
"'
Nickel (Ni)/665
250
200
~1
30% CR + 704 oc (1300 F), 16h, AC
1
-[
150
100
50
1400
1
f-""Zo% cR + 732 oc (135o FJ.
16~. AC
16~. AC~
"1
1750
"iii
""'ucn
~
2100
300
"'
::;:
D..
1050 ~
(/)
700
350
1/
5
10
15
20
25
Ni.059 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
12oL------r-----J~~~~~==~==~~~~~~~o
1
1110 F (599 C)
750 F (399 C)
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
666/Nickel (Ni)
140
--
TransJers:_ _
120
"'
~
560 ~
:2
gf
!!:!
60
40
20
700
rJi
420
1
1
o
o
840
~ 80
980
Longitudinal
100
CI)
j_ _
280
140
6
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
i'i5
Nickel (Ni)/667
200r---------.---------,---------,---------~1400
1400
200
10%CR
O%CR
160
v;
---;;
120
r----
""'u
"'~
ii.i
80
40
jl
lf
a."'
:::;
u
v;
840
120
""'u
"' ii.i"'~
~
560
a."'
:2
u
"'~
80
560
ii.i
10
280
280
~--------~5--------~10~------~15--------~2~
15
20
(a)
(b)
200.---------,---------,---------,---------,1400
75 "F (24 "C)
20%CR
L__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L-------~--------~---------"0
10
15
20
Ni.061 Nimonic 90 nickell alloy sheet, stress-strain curves at various temperatures showing effects of cold working
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Sheet exposed to rapid heating, 10 s heat time, and rapid
strain rate of 0.1/s. Treatment: mill annealed, varying amounts of cold rolling (CR); aging: 0% CR, 760 oc (1400 F), 16 h, air
cool; 10 and 20% CR, 732 CC (1350 F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-1.5Al. UNS N07090
Source: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short Times at Temperatures,"
Southern Research Institute, for The International Nickel Co., Inc., April 1959; J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys under Conditions of
Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading and Short Times at Temperature," Supplementary Report by Southern Research Institute, for The International Nickel Co., Inc., 5
June 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol5, Code 4210, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
668/Nickel (Ni)
1960
280
30%CR
1680
240
70 'F (21 'C)
v-1
200
1/v--
u; 160
~
ui
ifJ 120
80
40
Itv/11
1400
1120
8:
2
ui
rn
840
560
1800 'F (982 'C)
280
10
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
15
20
(a)
1960
280
50%CR
70 'F (21 'C)
240
'Cii
~
1680
200
1400
160
1120
8:
2
ui
(/)
ui
(/)
({) 120
840
80
560
1800 'F (982 'C)
280
40
00
(b)
10
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
15
20
Nickel (Ni)/669
100
gj 80
u
"'
jg
"'g>
60
-~
())
c:
"6>
c:
-v-
:2
:z
c:
c:
"6>
c:
280 w
140
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
60
420
50
350
"'~
1i
g> 30
c:
"6>
c:
w 20
10
420 ~
0.05
gj 40
jg
20
700
560 ~
w 40
840
120
280 ~
1
1
1
:2
jg
210 ~
c:
-~
())
c:
"6>
c:
140 w
70
1/
2
4
Strain x 0.001
670/Nickel (Ni)
140
980
120
100
,.....
.......-
:,_-840
700
c.."'
:2
560
gf
Ol
1:
420
'gj
1:
o,
1:
UJ
40
280
20
140
o
o
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.25
0.20
80
"'
1/
70
60
50
g> 40
-~
"'
"g> 30
1:
UJ
20
10
560
490
420
350
1
1
1
1
~"'
u
"'
~
280 ~
1:
-~
"'
1:
210 o,
1:
UJ
140
70
1/
2
0.30
4
Strain, 0.001
Nickel (Ni)/671
u;
100
700
80
560
60
-"
ui
"'
~~
t---
420
t-
40
20
lf
ui
280
v--
a.."'
::!!:
800 OF (4~7 G)
1200 OF (649 G)
cn
- - - 1600 OF (871 G)
140
10
12
35
80
l'-60
~
ui
"'
~
40
20
1/
...---
175
----
560
420
140
10
a.."'
::!!:
280
1
lj
2
210
700
672/Nickel (Ni)
80r---------,---------,----------,--------,560
Room temperatura
420
"'
::::;
a_
i 40~------+.hH-----~=-~--~~~
ui
cn
280 ~
.!!1
"iii
c
.!!1
"iii
c
80
~ 60
ui
cn
~
t5
.!!1
"iii
&40
20
700
100
V
1 ---
Room temperatura
420 ~"'
ui
cn
~
t5
800 F (427 C)
1
.!!1
1200F(649C)------ 280 -~
P'"
f ...--VI
560
1600 OF (871 C)
140
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Nickel (Ni)/673
60 I--IIH"'------+----+--------t------+-----1 420
gf
"'
u)
j~
~~
20H----+-----~------t------+-----1140
0 oL------~--------.z'------3L-----4L-----~s 0
Strain,%
100
700
80
560
Longludinal
1~
60
"Cii
-"'
20
l-
Short transverse
420
:2
ui
280
140
1/
2
"'
Il.
ui
(/)
40
+-
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
Ci
674/Nickel (Ni)
35
70
105
140
175
80
"
"iii
-"'
ui
~"'
rn
40
20
560
Short transverse
60
21~00
"'1
420
"'
a_
:;e
ui
~"'
rn
280
140
1/
10
12
400
2800
300
2100
_,.V
/
200
ui
"'~
u;
.... ~
(])
100
80
60
., ...
.....
~.
1400
"'
a_
:;e
ui
/
/
/
/
700
/
/
/
560
420
50
350
/
/
/
0.04
0.06
0.10
0.20
0.40
0.60
280
1.0
"'
~
~
t=
Nickel (Ni)/675
80.-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,560
75 F 24 c)
20~------+-------4-------~------~-------4140
,,<.
3
Strain,%
120
100
]l 80
u)
g> 60
-~
<Il
<:
"5l
<:
840
J_.---- +-
700
560
~
~
420 ~
<:
m
<:
"5l
<:
w 40
280 w
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
676/Nickel (Ni)
60
420
50
350
- 40
_g;l
ig> 30
-~
(])
c:
"g>
UJ 20
10
.....
280 ~
1
1
1
:2
~
~
210 ~
c:
"$
c:
"6>
c:
140 UJ
70
1/
4
6
Strain x 0.001
210
30
---v- - -
oc
Monoto~
25
20
.;
Ul
15
05
10
175
~/
tV
l.---""
10 h
140
a.."'
:2
105 w
Ul
10 h
05
r-70
35
0.4
0.8
1.2
Strain,%
1.6
2.0
2.4
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
VIII, 1977, 1, p 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1615, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
Nickel (Ni)/677
25
20
v--
;;;
""";
"'
~
210
30
---
Monotonie
175
r--
140
"'
a..
15
v--
10
oc
::2
10"h
105 ";
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
VIII, 1977, 1, p 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1615, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
70
1(-
1cT h
f--
0.4
35
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
Strain,%
30
210
25
175
20
;;;
""";
"'
~
15
10
...........
v--
oc
140
"'
a..
::2
105
70
v-
o
o
10 h
0.4
10" h
0.8
1.2
Strain,%
1.6
2.0
35
2.4
ui
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
VIII, 1977, 1, p 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Voi 2, Code 1615, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
678/Nickel (Ni)
140
980
120
840
100
~
<ii
~ 80
1ii
Cl
c
-~ 60
c
o,
c
----
~
700
"'
a.
:;;
560
Cl
c
c
o,
llJ
40
280
20
140
o
o
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
70
490
60
420
50
<ii
~ 40
1ii
Cl
c
"ij5
30
llJ
20
10
a.
"'
:;;
280
1
1
1
350
o,
li
~
420 -~
llJ
:g
li
~
1ii
Cl
210 -~
c
o,
c
llJ
140
70
4
6
Strain x 0.001
10
Nickel (Ni)/679
70~------,--------,--------~------,---------,490
L-------~------~---------L-------~------~0
10
80r-------~--------r--------,-------,----------560
N i.084 1N 617 nickel alloy sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
680/Nickel (Ni)
120
100
~ 80
ii
~
i)
g>
60
"fiS
Ql
c
/1
v-
700
560 ~
2
u
420 ~
c
-~
Ql
c
w 40
280
20
140
0.10
0.05
0.15
Strain
60
.-------
50
~ 40
u
cn
~
i)
g>
840
30
-~
Ql
c
a
c
w
20
10
0.20
0.25
---
0.30
420
350
"'
280~
1
1
1
Cl
210.
Ql
Ql
a
c
w
140
70
a
c
w
6
Strain x 0.001
Nickel (Ni)/681
120
840
100
700
cn 80
-"'
rJ
cn
~
1ii
Cl
<::
60
.,
"55
<::
"O>
<::
40
./
"'
560 a_
::2:
rJ
420 ~
<::
"5i.,
<::
"O>
280
<::
140
20
0.05
0.15
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain
40
~
~ 30
~
1ii
Cl
<::
.,
"55
20
<::
10
350
50
v280
"'
a_
210 ::2:_
cn
cn
~
1
1
1ii
Cl
<::
"55
140 ~
"O>
<::
70
6
Strain x 0.001
10
682/Nickel (Ni)
QOL-----~2------4L-----~6------L8----~10----~1f
60
35
175
210
420
50
350
40
280
c.."'
u;
::;;;
210 .;
rJl
"'g 30
~
Cii
Cii
20
140
10
70
Do
10
10
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15
25
20
6
12
Nickel (Ni)/683
60r------r-----,------,-----~------~-----,420
L-----~----~2----~3------~4------5~--~6
100
_,......
80
L~/
::i
60
;;;
Ol
c:
-~
Q)
,
c:
40
700
560
c..
"'
420
1
g>
-~
280 ~
-~
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
684/Nickel (Ni)
280
40
ro
:2:
~~
30
210
a..
ui
"'~
140
~
c
-~
Q)
c
c:
o,
llJ
70
10
1/
4
Strain, 0.001
140
v---
120
100
ui
~
80
Cl
"gj
c
c
60
o,
llJ
40
20
o
o
840
700
~
t
980
ro
a..
:2:
560 gf
/
1
1
Cl
420
"gj
c
o,
c
llJ
280
140
10
Strain x0.001
15
Nickel (Ni)/685
140
-423 F (-253 C}
v:=
120
100
]l 80
_,---
E
cn 60
40
840
'1
Room temperature
700
560 ~
ui
20
/ ~-::;;;""oF (-196 C}
980
ui
(/)
420 Ci5
280
140
c;;
200
1400
160
1120
120
840
Ni.096 Monel K-500 age-hardened nickel alloy, coldrolled product, tensile stress-strain curves at room
and low temperature
"'
0..
~
""'ui
ui
(/)
(/)
Ci5
560
80
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Ci5
686/Nickel (Ni)
200
160
"iii
""u
"'
E!
120
Ni.097 Monel K-500 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and low temperatures
1680
240
..----::
~~
.....--
--
1400
v---
1120
\
-110 OF (-79 C}
m
a_
80 OF (27 C)
:2
840 u
U5
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials jrom 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol4, Code 4116, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18
U5
80
560
40
280
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.32
0.40
Strain in./in.
400 . - - - - - - , - - - , - - - - - - - , - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - - - , 2800
360~--~---~--~--~
~-
2520
u)
00
1680 ~
~ 240
Nickel (Ni)/687
260
240
220
(; ........
200
gf
------------
1820
1680
300 ppm H2
H2 IFree
-- --- --
1540
1400
1
1
1260
160
1120
140
980
"'
cn
cn 180
120
fl.
20
40
60
80
Strain, 0.001
120
100
480
Source: W.M. Cain, C.C. Koch, J.L. Mihelich, and A.R. Troiano,
"Solute Induced Embrittlement in Steel and Severa! Face-Centered
Cubic Alloys," Report ARL 64-101, Aerospace Research Laboratories,
June 1964, p 40. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol4, Code 4116, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18
840
140
3360
/o
/
400
/o
320
~
ai
c:
"'~ 240
cn
cn
!!!
i'i5
160
80
o
o
//
2800
2240
vo
fl.
.;
1680
cn
cn
!!!
i'i5
1120
~
0.4
560
0.8
"'~
1.2
Strain range, %
1.6
2.0
2.4
688/Nickel (Ni)
50
'Cii
40
(/)
cn 30
20
10
-~
~ tr-::
V'
/
60
""'CI
490
70
~ ----
/~
420
350
-F
/'
-!
-c
280
&
::i:
<I
210 1'i5
f---3.75--....j
~},%R
140
70
- - Longitudinal
Trjnsverse
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
50.---------r---------~--------,---------~350
30
'Cii
""'<I
(/)
cn
20
1800 'F (982 'C), L, T
0 oL---------0~.-2---------0~.4~------~0~.6~------~0.~
Strain,%
Nickel (Ni)/689
140
20
1700 F (927 C)
112
16
u;
84
12
..><
1i5
8
~}.6
%R
ui
Vl
56
a."'
::!!:
r----3.75___,
ui
Vl
690/Nickel (Ni)
Ni.1 04 TD nickel alloy bar (a) and sheet (b), stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
. - - - - - - - - r - - - - , - - - - - - r - - - - - , - - - - - - , 490
c;;
420
60
"'
0..
:2;
-"'
ui
ui
"'
~
"'~
350
50
Ci5
40~------~------~------~------~------~280
(a)
60.-------,-------~------~------,-------,350
c;;
210
40
"'
0..
:2;
-"'
"'-
ui
~"'
"'~
(/)
140
30
20
1472 'F (800 'C)
100
(b)
3
Elongation, %
Ci5
Nickel (Ni)/691
Ni.l 05 TD nickel alloy sheet, compressive stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
350
50
L
280
40
;;;
210
30
"'
c..
""'vi
vi
U)
U)
CI)
20
CI)
140
10
0 0L---------0~.2---------0J.4
__________
0.L6---------"0.~
Strain,%
70 .-------,-------,-------,--------,-------,490
2000 F (1093 oc)
60
50
"iii
""'vi
U)
40
Cii
Cii
.o
<;::
30
:::l
20
r- 1----
r-~~~~-------+--~----~------4--------1140
0.025-j
o1
10
1.375
---1
Loaded in bending
75
70
L-----~~----~--------J------~------~0
00
0.004
0.008
Plastic strain, %
0.020
692/Nickel (Ni)
-1
r-0.025-0.040
Dr----
l
-------1
75
1. 37 5
70
Loaded in bending
0.004
0.008
Plastic strain, %
80
~
<J
60
1ii
O)
c
"53
cu
,
c
40
UJ
700
100
----
560
"'
0..
420
~rn
rn
~
1ii
O)
"53
280 ~
a
c
UJ
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
Nickel (Ni)/693
,.....
40
gf 30
280
"'
0..
"'
<::
"'
Ol
<::
-~
Ql
20
"5
140 ~
o,
<::
LU
10
210 :2_
1/
350
50
1/
<::
LU
70
Strain, 0.001
160
140
120
1
1/
100
""""
----
--
---1'-"
---
840
700
"'
0..
:2
560 ui
420
40
280
140
11
0.5
11
60
20
1120
1.0
1.5
2.0
Strain,%
2.5
3.0
3.5
694/Nickel (Ni)
150
1400
200
1750
250
~
,../"'
-,..,
IX
1050
1'
"'
a.
:2
rJ
rJ
~"'
"'
~
(J)
(J)
100
700
50
350
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain, in./in.
0.20
0.25
0.30
200
1400
160
1120
120
840
a.
"'
:2
"'-
rJ
"'
"'~
~
560
80
U5
Nickel (Ni)/695
Ni.113 lnconel 706 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
700
rn
a.
:2
80~-----~~~LA------~-----+------+-----~ 560 ui
!/)
U5
U5
420
280
140
10
12
Ni.114 lnconel 706 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
L-----~----~------~----~------~-----"0
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
12
696/Nickel (Ni)
35
70
105
140
175
210
245
200 r - - - " T - - - , - - - - , - - - - - . , - - - - , - - - - . , - - - - , 1400
RT
8oo F (427 c)
.:.:.
ui
"'~
Cii
80
00
10
12
o
14
25
30
35
10
15
20
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Nickel (Ni)/697
50
--------
45
40
35
c;; 30
-"'
350
3150
280
245
210
1
~"' 25
rf.
:::;
ui
rn
175
t!: 20
140 ~
15
105
(])
::l
(])
10
70
35
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
True strain, x 0.001
12.5
15.0
698/Nickel (Ni)
200
1400
180
1260
-A
160
140
120
/
1
1
V
J
80
1120
Y"'
j_ ..----:
Ni.119 lncoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room temperature with effect of
various heat treatments
V' ~
/
1 V
c
_.....o
980
840
"'
a..
700 2 _
~
~
560 cn
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 V
1 1 1 1
o1 V 1 1
r-o.2-1
60
420
40
280
20
140
Strain,%
160
140
120
100
---
40
20
"'
2
a..
560
420
280
0.2
980
700
Ni.120 lncoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curve at 538 oc (1 000 F)
840
60
1120
140
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
1.2
<I
~
U5
Nickel (Ni)/699
Ni.121 lncoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at 649
(1200 F) with effect of
various heat treatments
140,----,----,-----,----,-----,----,----. 980
A
oc
840
700
~ 80~---+----4---~-~-7~--~~~~~--~
560 ~
:ii:
~~
ui
"'
280
140
700/Nickel (Ni)
800.------,------,-----~------.------,------~
3%
(a)
800
295 K
700
600
"'
Q_
:2
ui
!Il
400
300
200
100
o
o
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
Strain
0.4
0.5
0.6
Nickel (Ni)/701
100
- 80
1!
"'
Ul
~
1i)
g> 60
-~
Q)
a,
c
w 40
./
----
:::!!:
i"'
420 ~
c:
"$
c
"6>
c
280 w
140
0.05
0.15
Strain
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
350
50
10
700
"'
560 [)_
20
40
840
120
280
1
1
1
lj
2
"'
[)_
210
~Ul
01
-~
140 ~
"6>
c
70
Strain x 0.001
10
702/Nickel (Ni)
80
~
60
rJ
Cl
0:
-~
Q)
.g, 40
0:
UJ
700
100
'/
v--
--
560
"'
a..
420 :::;_
12
~
ti
Cl
0:
-~
280 ~
a,
0:
UJ
140
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Strain
100
- 80
g)
rJ
~g> 60
v--
~
700
560 a..
"'
:2
rJ
420!
0:
-~
-~
Q)
Q)
0:
a,
0:
a,
0:
UJ
840
120
40
280
20
140
0.05
0.10
0.15
Strain
0.20
0.25
0.30
0:
UJ
Nickel (Ni)/703
70
490
60
420
50
&.
:2
:il 40
280 gf
ti
Cl
-~ 30
c
o,
Cl
210 -~
c
;:;,
c
w
140
'/
c
w
10
350
20
70
4
Strain x 0.001
Temperatura, oc
o.9"r:Is~_-.::,26r-o____5:.;;3.:..8_ _...:8::;:26.:.___
___:_1o=r-9_3-----,
137110
0X
lL
<f
?
~
c
.,c
"
oc
0.40L---~50'-=-0----1--'00-0---1...!.50-0---20.J..O~O---:-'2500
Temperatura, F
80
70
60
e =0.02
e =0.20
490
420
50
560
---
350
1
_3.-: ~ ---;; =
fr -:::::::-=
[
=
[
"'
e =0.03
30
20
10
a_
::2:
280
0.04
e 0.45
e 0.20
4
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
UJ
210
140
70
lf
2
rJ
70
490
60
420
72 oF (22JC). f. = 0.0~2 s-
50
u; 40
-"'
~
~
(/) 30
rV/
/
300 F (149
:fl, f. = 0.003 s
~
350
=0.03 s~ 1
210
'/
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.12
0.08
0.16
&
:2
U5
0.20
0.24
Strain, in./in.
90
80
.,....-
70
60
u; 50
-"'
{/_
---
560
490
1><
300 F (149 C}
500 F
700 F
72 F (2~ C)
ui
(/)
U5 40
630
v-
(~60 C}
(~71
420
"'
350 ~
C}
ui
(/)
280 (/)
~
30
210
20
140
10
70
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.20
0.24
0.28
80
560
490
Room telperature
70
v-/ v-/V
60
50
'1
20
10
420
~
~V
30
f,.--
"'
0..
280
ui
210
1000 'F (538 'C)
140
70
55
J--=
50
v-fo""
45
/
40
gj 30
1!
1
gf
25
20
15
10
5
1V
/
r;
1
350
245
"'
210 ~
175
/'
315
280
1
IY
35
~emper~ture
~ !---
385
140
1100 'F (593 'C)
105
70
35
4
5
6
6
Strain, 10- in./in.
~
~
Ci5
70.-------,--------,-------,--------,-------,490
L-------L-----~------~------~------_JO
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Strain,%
60
420
50
350
Room temperature
40
:/
r-----
10
ro
a.
400 F (204 C}
:2
210
140
70
0.2
rJ
(/)
~
8QQ F 427 C)
0.1
280
20
0.3
0.4
Strain,%
0.5
0.6
0.7
Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, G.E. Watts, and A.S. Neiman, A
Mechanical Property Evaluation of Be-38% Al Alloy from -320 to 800
F, Met. Eng. Q., Nov 1965. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vo15, Code 5102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
60.-----,-----,-----~----,------,-----,----~420
50~----~--~-----~----~-----+-----+----~350
40
Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, G.E. Watts, and A.S. Neiman, A
Mechanical Property Evaluation of Be-38% Al Alloy from -320 to
800 F, Met. Eng. Q., Nov 1965. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol5, Code 5102, CINDAS!USAF CRDA Handbook
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
u;
""'<J
"'~ 30
Ci5
20
L---~----~------L----~----L---~----~0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
o. 7
Strain,%
60
420
",,,L,
V<.
50
;;~-
350
3Q(h ("149 Cj
40
u;
""'<J
"'~
30
d!/ v-~
--
500 F (260 C)
700 F (371 C)
280
"'
Q.
210
Ci5
20
140
10
70
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
~
<J
"'
~
50
___.
Serratio1
30
'ili
-"'
u
No seJations
40
RM.011 Worked chromium rod, quenched mediumgrain size chromium, stress-strain curve
350
.......
280
"'~
1ii
20
10
70
10
15
20
25
30
35
Elongation, %
50
SOr-----------------------------------------.350
350
Quenched
280
Ji.
30
'iii
-"'
/I
1
.,;
" '1-
210 ro
-1- - v l '-...1,
Quenched
Il.
2
.,;
V>
1ii
20
V>
"'
"' "'
"' "' ~ "'"'
J.-... 1
--!~~.::.c:'~~-1- i--I-I-I
-~
~
140
V>
ro
Il.
310 oc
.,;
.,;
378 oc
~
cn
V>
140
20
1ii
Furnace cooled
'1-...I-
10
210
30
'iii
-"'
70
70
10
2%
'---'
320
340
360
Test temperatura,
(a)
oc
380
a~--------------~----------------------~0
400
(b)
RM.012 Worked chromium rod, quenched and furnace cooled medium-grain size chromium, effect of quenching on
yield properties
(a) Yield stress versus temperature. (b) Effect of cooling rate on the shape of stress-strain curves. The quenched specimens were
all strained 8% in the strain-aging range and, compared with the fumace-cooled samples, had higher upper and lower yield stress
values and markedly different stress-strain curves that showed an unusually high rate of work hardening. After about 3% strain,
the rate of work hardening decreased substantially.
Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Hahn, Tensile Properties of Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature Refractory Metals,
R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed., based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High Temperature Metals Committee Extractive
Metallurgy Division) and the Refractory Metals Committee (Institute of Metals Division) of the Metal!urgical Society of the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 199
80
60
;;;
-"'
li
40
cn
~
rvr
440 "C
420
Test stopped at
.".- 8%strain
Test stopped at
8%strain
:a;
280
140
-~
420 "C
;;;
"'
~
20
5% plastic strain
'------'
o
60
.;
"'~
1i5
20
"'
280 ~
u)
"'
140 ~
'
cn
v - -"\
5% plastic strain
420
"'
280 ~
u)
"'
140 ~
cn
'------'
60
420
690 "C
Small-amplitude serrations
"'
~ 40
u)
"'
~
20
~
1i5
420
469"C
;;;
-"' 40
u)
60
u)
"'
Il.
20
-"' 40
560
330 "C
280 ~
/'
1/
-.........
5% plastic strain
'------'
u)
"'
140 ~
cn
80
0.109
thick
60
v. . .
490
,/
420
/
;;/
400 F (204 C}
o~
"'
a_
:2
280 "'
rn
1000 OF (538 Cl
1200 F (649 Cl
1600 OF (871
oc
~
u
'f
20
350
oei
600
(316
;;... 800 F ( 42 7 C}
~~ ~ ~
30
50
10
Rooj tempeJture
70
560
210
140
70
lf
70
490
0.040 ir. (1.0 mr) thick
60
----
420
Strain rate
50
11
~
Ql
c\5
---
40
30
20
10
60 in./in. miri
1
0.003 in .lin. miri
ave rage of 1O s and
1/2 h holding time
1
0.0025 in .lin. miri
350
280
-- ---
1--_
2000 F (1 093 C}
r-
.1
--~ --
(/)
140
o
o
210 ~
2250 F ( 1232 C}
1--
--r------
r---
&
:2
1600 FI(871 C)I
5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
70
2000 F (1 093 C}
2250 F ( 1232 C)
1
80 .-------.-------,-------,-------,-------.560
o.1
s'
RT
60
a;
""'
li
~
40
U5
20
o ~-----~-------L-------L-------L----~0
80 .-------,-------,-------,-------,-------,560
3
10
s'
60
a;
""'li
~
40
20
QL-------L--------~------~------~----~0
80
560
1o s'
60
20
420
RT
....---7
'
v-
1600 !F (871 oq
1800 F (982 oq 2QQQ F (1 093 C)
2200 OF (1204C) -
140
40.--------------------,--------------------.280
--1%}
___ % Total strain
2
30~-------------------r--------------------1210
---
1600 F (871 C)
1o1'--o--------------------1o'--o-------------------1--'ooTP
Time, h
40.----------,----------~---------,-------,280
To
;..-;..:.
--.
..,.,.~..~--:;::....
210
o~--------~--------~----------L-----~0
0.1
0.2
Strain,%
0.3
50
Strain
0.009 ...
~~
350
rate/~in
0.036
...--
40
f280
~---
30
~
ui
1/)
~
20
10
1/
210
1
1
ui
1/)
~
140 Ci5
70
1/
5
80
/
1/
70
60
10
15
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
25
~om te~perature
560
490
420
!v-
50
600 F (316 C)
1
1000 F (538 C)
~~
V
V
350
1400 F (760 C)
<Il
a.
:2
280 ui
1/)
30
210
20
140
10
J
~
70
:2
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
80
70
/
1
60
50
490
420
v--
350
"'
[L
280 .;
fi
"'
UJ
210
fi
20
560
1
Room temperatura
IA ~b::====f--
30
10
!-'
140
70
10
60
42
84
126
210
168
252
420
Room te mperature
1
50
350
Room temperatura
280
40
"'
2
u;
[L
-"'
ii
~
210 .;
30
"'
Ci5
140
20
1400'F 760 'C)
70
12
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
18
24
10
12
30
36
84
42
70
60
600F (316 C)
------
350
"'
D..
600F (316 C)
1---
:::;;
280 ui
Ul
100rF (538 oq
10
420
-1400F (760 C)
30
490
v-- ~~ ~
20
252
560
210
168
J....--
;<-r---
~ /
"'-..'b ~
"~ =---
50
126
'1400F (760 C) _.
210
140
70
1/
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
12
10
24
18
30
36
J
160
--~
- .... ,
"""' ~
-- -~ --
1120
Transvele
Longitudinal
Warmworked
120
........
1---
Stress relieved
g 80
840
t---...
~
........
cn
D..
:::;;
.\
"'
560 Ul
ui
~
ii)
40
280
12
16
20
24
120
100
80
"'Room
20
1 -- -lr
l-4
tll
[l.
80
1
y
V
//
V
40
20
420 ui
140
2400 F (1316 C)
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
840
700
--
180o F
(~2
c)
560
tll
2ooo F (1b93
2400 F
c)
(1~16 c)
[l.
:::!:
420 ui
Ci5
280
140
---
:::!:
120
100
700
560
te~pera;;;;-1---
........
40
840
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Source: J.A. Houck, "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Commercial Molybdenum Base Alloys," DMIC Rep. 140, 1960. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Voi 5, Code 5303,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 9
RM.026 MP35N multiphase alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
~----L2----~4----~6----~8----~1~0----~1P
2100
300
250
Longitu~
200
150
100
50
~
1750
1400
li
700
RM.027 MP159 multiphase alloy bar, tensile stressstrain curve at room temperature
350
6
:Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
240
1680
200
1400
160
~-423'F(-253'C)
1120
"'
"iij
o._
-"'
"'
U)
,........
120
rf-
ii5
80
40
cr:_
o1------- 0.02 ~
::;;;
t...-
U)
840 "'
(/)
560
11
r--1...
-- ------Rooi - - - -
280
t.mpOffi'ffi
...
Strain, m./m.
80.----,------.------,------.------,-----,560
28.----------,----------,---------,----------,
RM.030 Nb752 niobium alloy, isochronous stressstrain curves for several temperatures
Composition: Nb-10W-2.5Zr
Source: E.J. Beck and F.R. Schwartzberg, "Determination of
Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties of Refractory Metals,"
AFML-TR-65-247, July 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5209, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 13
-~ 16~------?S~~---~---+--------~--------~
-"
<I
"'
~
12~--------4------~---+~~--~~--------~
8.01
0.1
Creep,%
50
350
40
280
,1(
1
u;
-"
ui
"'
30
Cii
CI)
.!::
"'
"O
CI)
o>
20
"'
CI)
10
~195'C
"'
a.
:2
210
"'
"O
140 ~
LJ
-80 'C
&
~ --+
25 'C
ui
"'
~
30
o
350
50
-"
70
92.5%
u;
(\
280
a.
"'
:2
-195
210
g
~
tii
CI)
"'
CI)
.!::
.!::
"'
"'
"O
o
"'
~
"O
CI)
o>
g
~
.!::
1/
40
140 ~
20
"'
CI)
-80'C
10
25 'C
v10
20
Strain,%
A
\ 1\
CI)
70
30
40
2800
400
200
~
1ii
Ql
f-
100
l/
60
40
0.01
V
l/
/
1400
<Il
Il.
:2
cii
1ii
Ql
700~
420
0.02
0.04 0.06
0.1
0.2
0.4 0.6
1.0
280
2.0
1400
200
1120
160
" " " ' -320F(-196C)
u;
120
""cii
.--
gi
1
r---. 1
80
-103 OF (-75 C)
560
1
40
RT
r- 1----
r-
__
~0.02----1
<Il
Il.
:2
(/)
840
-423 OF (-253 C)
~-----
"=103F(-75
~q
~------
RT
---280
---o
Strarn, rn./rn.
Source: A.G. Imgram, F.C. Holden, H.R. Ogden, and R.l. Jaffee, "Notch
Sensitivity of Refractory Metals," WADD Tech. Rep. 60-278, 1960. As
published inAerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol5, Code 5401,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 4
60
420
50
350
Cii'
w40
280 ~
Cll
Oi
<:
"5
Oi
<:
:g
"
210 ~
c: 30
0..
-"'
:!
rJ
<I
(/)
20
140
10
70
10
15
20
25
Elongation, %
30
"'~
Cii
35
1400
200
Room temperatura
1120
160
c;;
Cll
'Cii
840
120
Cll
0..
-"'
:!
rJ
rJ
(/)
(/)
560
80
2000 oF (1093 oc)
40
6
4
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
o
10
56
!'
~~.
42
oc
1
V
14
1000.------r-----,------,------.------.-----~
10
15
Strain
20
25
30
100.-------.--------,-------,-------,-------.700
80~------+-------~-------+------~------~560
0oL_______o~_-1_______oL.2-------o~.3------~o.-4-------"o.~
True plastic strain, in .lin.
60.---------,----------,---------,,---------.420
~
~"'
gf 30 ~-------++----------+-----------if------+-----l 21 o gf
~
cn
20~--~L---r---------+---------+----;--~140
Elongation, in.
140
~oom temp~rature
p
.,/
r)
120
/
/ / / / . / ) 302 F (150
100
-"'
"'
~
Q)
2 60
1-
........
--
"'"
"'" "'"
t"'"
.~
~---
~--
~-------
//
,L
40
...
~
'
I.L
80
"'
840
! /
u;
..
RM.040 Zr-1.5Sn zirconium alloy, true tensile stressstrain curves at room and elevated temperatures
980
"'"
... ......
..--"'"
o~ (250 C)
.1
"'" "'"
"'"
"'" "'"
"'"482
700
"'
560 :;:
o._
:Z
420 !!5
t=
932
OJ (500 C)
20
280
140
o
o
0.2
0.4
0.6
True strain
1.0
0.8
140
RM.041 Zr-1.5Sn zirconium alloy, true tensile stressstrain curves for various conditions
980
Maximum load
Fracture
r / ...
120
840
/,._....
/. ...
/ ......:~ /
100
u;
-"' 80
"'
"'
Q)
60
.......:..
~t
:.....f"
()
o~
<f.
a:
"'
Ltl
N
o
o
a:
280
!e..
-
..,.
0.02
"'
o
o
!e..
()
t=
P"
o
<f.
o
o
o
1ii
P"
o
N
"'
o._
560 :;:
420 !!5
a:
()
o
20
/HR
700
-------
pF
40
/~~
r~:;.....~::::;;------ .....
0.04
a:
140
()
o~
o
>
0.06
True strain
0.08
0.10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Titanium (Ti)/729
Titanium (Ti)
Ti.001 Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheet,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) at
room temperature
800
700
600
500
(/)
400
cn
j----'
v
V
"'
:::;
Il.
ui
r-
Ti-70
-r--
Ti-40
100
Yield strength = 275 and 480 MPa (40 and 70 ksi). Ti-40
is UNS R50400; Ti-70 is UNS R50700.
-
80
t--_
1/
300
- 40
200
20
100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
600
- - - Ti-55
Ti-70
500
70
400
"'
Il.
50
:::;
ui
(/)
c;;
""'
300
30
200
100
10
4
5
6
Sllrain, 0.001 mm/mm
10
Source: Ti-70 data from E.J. King and H.M. Lundstrom, "Short-Time
High-Temperature Data of Titanium Sheet RC-70," Bel! Aircraft Corp.,
1955. Ti-55 data from D.D. Doerr, "Determination ofPhysical
Properties of Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
Temperatures," AFI'R 6517 Part l, Supplement 1, Feb 1953. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 3701,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p5
730/Titanium (Ti)
70
50
~ 3oor-----~~----~-----r------~-----r----~
:2
40
:i
~
UJ.
~
o;
-UJ~
Q)
30 ~
100r------r------~-----r------~-----r----~
10
0 L-~--~----~~----~----~----~~--~.O
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Natural strain, mm/mm
0.25
0.30
500.---------r---------,---------,---------
Q)
~ 200~--------~---------+----------t---------~
100~--------~--------+---------~--------~
0.1
0.2
Natural strain
0.3
0.4
Titanium (Ti)/731
2.70
2.68
2.66
oo
45
./
./ ..._soo
2.64
~
~ 2.62
? //
Q)
2
-;;, 2.60
h/ ~
-'
2.58
-~.... ~
2.56
2.54
2.52
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
1200
- 160
800
"'
::;;;
Il..
ui 600
"'~
Ci5
400
L/
- 140
rue
- 120
- 100
~
ui
-'"'
Engineering
""-(
- 80 ~
Ci5
- 60
- 40
200
- 20
0.25
0.50
0.75
Strain, mm/mm
1.00
1.25
1.50
732/Titanium (Ti)
1200
- 160
1000
- 140
800
"'
o._
:2
ui 600
(/)
~
- 120
{r r--....__
......
1i5
Kue
~ineering
,.
400
100
80
60
40
20
~
ui
(/)
~
1i5
200
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
Strain, mm/mm
1.50
1.75
2.00
600
500
&.
400
:2
1~
l?'
,-v
1
f
......,
'\
- 80
.........__
Transverse
- 60
~
Longitudinal
ui
ui
(/)
- 50 ~
~
~ 300
Cl
'55
40
-~
Q)
Q)
c
c
a,
a,
UJ
- 70
200
30
20
10
100
o
o
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Engineering strain, mm/mm
0.35
0.40
UJ
Titanium (Ti)/733
270
210
1/
"'
a_
"'"'~
1ii
CI)
120
90
60
180
~ 150
600 K
240
J(/;
V
- 30
!---,..... 700 K
~
V.ooK
.;
- 20
vso6K
{/
CI)
--
r-
1150 K
0.16
0.24
-1000 K
1050K
30 ,......
0.08
0.32
10
1100 K
--..:.:
0.40
200
.;
"'
100 ~
CI)
50
o~---~o.~o~5--~o~.1~o---o~.1~5~~0.~20~--o~.2-5---o~.3-o---o-.L35--~o.48
True strain, mm/mm
734/Titanium (Ti)
70
60
50
40 ~
"'
"'
30
20
10
1600
1
1.5 J.lm
4.2 K
1400
11 11
1200 1\
ro1000
"'"'
~ 800
'li)
t=
......
--
::;;
:::J
...... L--
1/
0..
.,
--~
~
600
(._-----
--
p-
200 K
j
__.-:: 16J.1m
1.5J.lm
300K16J.lm
1-----:::
~
200
V
4
200
- 150
1.5 J.lm
1---
~~ ~
400
o
o
77K
16 J.lm
12
True strain, %
1.5J.1m
500K16 J.lm
1
50
1 5 J.lm 650 K
16 J.lm
16
20
24
Titanium (Ti)/735
140
130
1000,---------,---------,---------,---------,
120
"'
110
Il.
:;;
ui
ui
~ ?OOJ-------~~~~-------+----------4-----------
~"'
100
"'
t="'
:::>
90
80
500~--------+---------+---------+-------~
70
60
0.16
400L-------~--------~---------L------~
0_04
o_oa
0.12
60
50
40
'(ii
""ui
"'~
30
1ii
20
10
4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
1ooo F (538 c)
736/Titanium (Ti)
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
700
]l 100
"'
o._
::;<
ui
ui
"'~
Ci5
75
525
50
350
25
175
"'
~
~---L----~--~----J_--~-----L--~0
00
10
12
14
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
700
u; 100
""'ui
"'
~
"'
o._
::;<
ui
75
"'
~
525 cn
50
350
25
~--~-----L----~----L---~-----L----~0
00
10
12
14
Titanium (Ti)/737
100~----+-----~---~~~~~L_~~----~--~
""gf
~
00
75~----+-----4-~~~~~-+-----+----~--~
10
12
175
1225
150
1050
125
875
w 100
700
""u
"'
0..
::;;:
"'
"'~
75
525 00
700 "F (371 "C)
50
350
25
175
00
10
12
738/Titanium (Ti)
80
560
60
420
"'
'iii
""!I
11)
0..
~
~F (371 oc)
9oo F (482 oc)
100
280
20
140
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
11)
Cii
40
00
!I
10
140r-----.-----~------,------,------.-----~980
00
~M
--+----
~-----L2------~4----~6-----~8------~1L0----~1f
~Cii
Titanium (Ti)/739
60.-------.-------.-------.-------.-------.420
UNS R54520/R54521
Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
"The Mechanical Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at
Very Low Temperatures," WADC TR 58-386, June 1958. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 3706, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
L------~------~------~-------L------~0
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
20
7 40/Titanium (Ti)
70,-------,-------,--------,-------,--------,490
oc
Total strain, %
40.-------,-------,--------,-------,--------,280
1h
oc
10 h
Source: J.O. Hatchet and E.L. Horne, "Tensile and Creep Properties of
A110-AT Titanium Sheet Material at E1evated Temperatures," ASD
TDR 62-524, 1962. As published inAerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol4, Code 3706, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
-----170
oL_______
o
0.2
L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L-----~o
0.4
0.6
Total strain, %
0.8
1.0
Titanium (Ti)/7 41
160.-------,------,------r------,------,----~1120
840
.------r------,-------,------.------r------.1120
840
~-----~----~------+.~~~~~~~~~700&
:2
"'
"'
~-----~------t----~~~----+------+----~560 ~
"'
u;
<::
~-----r----~~~---t------+------+----~420~
10
7 42/Titanium (Ti)
...------,-----,------,----,------,-----, 1225
10
175.-------,------,------.-----~------~-----,
1225
1050
875
i
~
.92
-~
"'
:::;:
0..
700
100
ui
U>
~
ii)
75~----~----~~~L-+------+------+------1
525 .92
c;;
c
~
350
175
Titanium (Ti)/7 43
1400r------r------.-----~------~-----,------,
~ 800~-----~------+------+~~~+-~~~----~
:::;;;
100 ~
j 600~-----~------+-~~~~c_----+------+----~ ~
50
10
200~----~------~-----,------,------,------,1400
7 44/Titanium (Ti)
Temperature, oF
60
1400
1600
1500
1700
Sheet thickness = 2.5 mm (0.10 in.). As-annealed stepstrain-rate tensile tests under argon at several strain rates
50
2 X 16'
40
"'
o._
"iii
:2:
IJ
-"'
IJ
cn
5 X 16'
Il)
~
u; 30
u;
i;
i;
o
iL
o
iL
20
-5
8 X 10
10
900
850
800
750
950
Temperature, oc
180
1260
160
1120
140
.....
120
"iii
.><
100
IJ
Il)
U5 80
840
'x
"'
700 ~
.................
IJ
'"\
900 F (482 C)
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.04
0.08
0.12
~oom tmperature
-~oo OF (31~ C)
,..,....... ~
v--
.,
0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.20
0.24
0.28
(/)
Titanium (Ti)/7 45
Ti.033 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex- and triplexannealed titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stressstrain curves at room temperature and 482
(900 f)
1400
200
oc
1120
160
120
-u;
--"'
ui
"'~
Ci5
80
40
/;
v-
1--
840
v1/
1/
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.22-2.16 mm (0.048-0.085 in.). 0.5 h exposure.
UNS R54620. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 35; n(900 F) = 12
Room temperatura
"'
o_
:2
ui
"'
(/)
560
280
16
12
Strain, 0.001 inJin.
20
24
1400
200
oc
1120
160
1----
Room temperatura
1/-u;
1v--
--"'
ui
"'~
Ci5
80
40
840
120
"'
:2
o_
/;V
280
12
16
Strain, 0.001 inJin.
20
24
7 46/Titanium (Ti)
140r------r------r------r------r------,-----.980
Room temperature
6
8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
1200
160
1000
140
800
100
"'
a.
:2;
"'
(/)
600
80
400
40
200
20
4
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
1i5
Titanium (Ti)/747
32
28
-----
r--_
24 r - - ~ 20
<I
"'~
iij
16
~"'
12 r - - -
8 f---------
Stress ~s strain
r-.....
---
r--..
3.5
Tested at 915 oc for a+~ (a) and ~ (b). For both, the
stress decreases with strain (flow). UNS R54620
2.5
"\
t--...
iij
1.5
0.5
48
4.0
42
3.5
36
3.0
2.5
... ... . .
2.0 c:
18
1.5
12
1.0
0.5
oL----L----~---L----~--~----~--~--~0
0.1
(b)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
True strain
0.6
'"'2
~
.stress vs strain
~ 24
"':::>
j!:
1.0
<I
"""\
(a)
'"'
c:
2.0 -~
~ 30
"'
"'
"'2
f-
3.0
4 f---------
4.0
0.7
0.8
~
~"'
748/Titanium (Ti)
150.-------~------,--------,-------,--------,
- 20
120
1---::_::_-.::_-.::_t=.::::~~t~:-:_::=.=.i::::.::.::::.tr-"':9'-'-15=---=co.._-1
15
980 c
~ 90 -----:_~-"
955 c
i~
~-----~l_--_--_--_-_--_--:-:+-_
2 60
30
----_-9-151.:010 c
- - - - - 955 'c
---
----------
,1,
..........
--- --- --- ------ ---
0.2
___ - - - - - - 98ol c
0.6
0.4
0.8
1.0
True strain
70.-------,--------,-------,--------,--------~10
60~-----~---+------4----~---~
50
- 8
~-:.:.._.
---r---~~-~--~-f-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~------~--955c
...........
- 910 c - 6 gj
~~
~
~
w
~
~ 30
rl:::::;;;::::::=t====t====i=~ill:::f:=-----~
980 c
- 4
...............
..................
::::::::::::::::
- 955 c
--980 c _
10~---r------+------4----~----~
.-------------------------------- -1o1oc
0 oL_______0~.2--------0L.4_______0~.-6-------0~.8------~1.J
True strain
~
2
Titanium (Ti)/7 49
280
240
f\.
200
........
160
r---.
15
'
._
............
-- --
899 c. 0.1/s
-- ---- ~-
...____
____
--
982 c. 0.001/s
10
--13
- - - (a+f3)
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.8
140
120
1120
160
- r-:::-
980
840
700
100
"'
a.
:2
560
!I
"'
~
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
750/Titanium (Ti)
120
v--
100
80
840
oc
700
560
'
"'
0..
::!:
420 u
"'~
ii5
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Strain, in./in.
100
80
840
120
,1
oc
p-~
700
560
"'
0..
::!:
420 u
"'
~
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in./in.
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Titanium (Ti)/751
80
u;
oc
~
~
(1
420
1
8:.
:2
lZ
560
60
-"'
ui
(/)
700
100
40
280 U5
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
752/Titanium (Ti)
200
160
"'!.':'
1i5
120
(/)
80
40
1120
il
~/
V BjV'
AJ
11
1 1
11
V
1400
840 a.
"'
:2
560 1i5
280
+--0.04-j
Strain,%
.-----,------,-----,-----,------,-----.1400
1------+----+~---,~----~------+-----1840"'
a.
:2
gf
!.':'
l------+f~--~~---+----~------+-----156oli5
Strain,%
Titanium (Ti)/753
1200
................
- 160
Room temperatlre
1000
800
"'
a_
:2
ui
"'~
600
ii5
400
- 140
..............
/~
"205 c
X
............
_"
'x 370 c
-- -----
- 120
--~ 480
c
- 100
~--~
540 c
~
ui
"'~
- 80
ii5
- 60
- 40
200
-
o
o
0.04
0.08
20
0.12
0.16
Strain, mm/mm
160
140
1120
-- -
980
......
.........
120
'x
840
700
100
/f
:2
560 ui
"'
ii5
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
Strain, in./in.
0.08
0.10
0.12
754/Titanium (Ti)
200.-----,------,-----,----~------.-----.1400
840
"'
0..
::;;:
u)
u)
"'
560
i"'
L-----~-----L-----L----~------L---~0
12
16
20
24
160
1400
200
200 OF (93
oc
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, n(200 F)
= 27, n(400 F) = 22, n(600 F) = 12, n(800 F) = 11,
n(lOOO F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
1120
120
600 OF (316 C)
800 F (427 C)
840
"'
0..
::;;:
-"'
u)
u)
"'
~
"'~
1000 F (538 C)
(/)
560
80
L-----~4----~8------1L2----~16----~2~0----~2i
Ci5
Titanium (Ti)/755
200.-----,------,-----,------.-----~----,1400
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 13, n(200 F)
= 15, n(400 F) = 14, n(600 F) = 10, n(800 F) = 11,
n(lOOO F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
409 OF (204 9)
609 OF (316 9)
120 f------+-----,f/h~--7"'~~---801 OF (427 1)------1840 ~
<I
"'
~
!Z
~
80 f-----4~~~-b~---+----~~----+---~560
0 oL-----~4------8L------~12~--~1L6-----2~0~--~2~
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
200
or-----=r------=5,.:.6_____8-T4'-------'-11r=2____....:1,4o"--___
16~
400
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, n(200 F)
= 27, n(400 F) = 22, n(600 F) = 12, n(800 F) = 11,
n(lOOO F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-80
120
840
"iii
"'
o.
""'<I
"'
~
<I
"'
80
560
0 oL-----J4______8L----~~12-L-LLi1U6-----2~0----~2~
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
756/Titanium (Ti)
200
400
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 13, n(200 F)
= 15, n(400 F) = 14, n(600 F) = 10, n(800 F) = 11,
n(IOOO F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-81
120
~
ai
"'
!!!
Ci)
80
0 oL---~4---8L--~~12-L~Li1u6_ _ _2~0--~2!
2 0 0 . - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - , - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - - , 1400
"'
:2
0..
-"'
ai
ai
"'
~
"'!!!
Ci)
560
Titanium (Ti)/757
200r---------,----------,---------.----------,1400
Room temperature
u;
120
-"'
.;
rn
~
Ci5
80
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
6
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
10
758/Titanium (Ti)
200
1400
Room temperature
160
200 F (93 C)
1120
120
"iii
""'ui
840
"'
a.
::2;
ui
(/)
(/)
li)
80
li)
560
QOL-------4~------8~------1~2-------1~6-------"2~
240 . - - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - - - r - - - . , - - - - - - , 1680
200 f---------!---------!---------!---------+--------l1400
160 r-----+----+------7'"---c7""f::::..._--+-----I1120
400 of (204 oc)
6oo oF (316 oc)
"iii
a."'
-"'
::2;
8oo oF (427 oc)
ui
840 ui
(/)
120 t--------t-------tc-rv-:7""--c:..,...."F--cc:;;;;--90o oF (482 oc)
~
li)
~--
80
40
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
Titanium (Ti)/759
280.-------,-------,--------r-------,-------,1960
-320 OF (-196 C)
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Treatment: 921 oc (1690 F),
12 min, water quenched, + 482 oc (900 F), 4 h. UNS
R56400/R5640 1
1400
12
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
16
280.---------,----------,----------,---------,1960
-425 OF (-254 C)
8:
~
ui
~1W
MO
760/Titanium (Ti)
200.-----,------.------,------,-----,------.1400
L-----~-----L-----L----~------L---~0
20
16
12
0.001 in./in.
24
Strain,
200
160
;;;
28
84
--v-
112
140
. /~
..............
~
840
-"'
ui
1/)
!':'
i'i
80
:i
~
560
280
"'
a..
1
4
1120
120
40
56
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
6
24
Titanium (Ti)/761
~ 80~----~------~~~~~--~~--~~----~
560 ~
:2
ui
ui
"'~
280
140
10
12
10
762/Titanium (Ti)
~--~----L---~---L---~0
12
16
20
200.------,-----,----,---,-----.1400
"'
a.
:2
~
u
(/)
(/)
Cii
560
12
16
cn
Titanium (Ti)/763
200
28
56
84
112
140
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. RambergOsgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 21, n(400 F)
= 19, n(700 F) = 14, n(900 F) = 9.8. UNS
R56400/R56401
1120
160
'-.. ~emperature
u;
120
-"'
ui
"'
~
80
r--- t-..
....___
840
~~
)
560
~~
~
:::;:
280
40
12
16
20
24
1400
--
1200
1000
:::;:
ui
600
400
r-
.........
........
200
r---
21 'C, 10- /s
150
' ~1~
541:::- ~
540't;;:- ~ ~
---
rr
r;
""":::: 50
200
0.02
0.04
0.06
)'..
800
"'
r ~ Koc.l30/s
0.08
Strain, mm/mm
0.10
0.12
0.14
764/Titanium (Ti)
500
400
&.
:;;:
1\
~ ~c
.....,
300
u
rn
- 70
- 60
(----..,
- 40
ti
ti
u::~
- 50
200
goo c
- 30
- 20
1000 c
100
20
40
60
80
Strain,%
100
120
10
140
f1.
Titanium (Ti)/765
700
600
----
- 100
6oo c -
- 80
500
"'
:::;:_ 400
Il.
.,.,
~
~ 300
1--
:::1
t=
----100
Zl
~
r-----
750 c
200
a;
- 60 ""-
1---
8oo c
1ii
"'
1-
/goo c
850 c
- 40 ~
- 20
100
1100 c
o
"-1ooo c
(a)
500
700 c
400
"'
::2:
.,
Il.
""-----
300
u)
1ii
~"'
200
!'-..... ........
--.......... 1'--....
~'
20
1000 c
1100 c -
10
1200 c
0.1
0.2
0.3
Strain, in./in.
60
30
gooc
'-
~
- 40 gf
----~
1----~
70
- 50
t--..
100
0.4
0.5
!!l
t=
766/Titanium (Ti)
180
160
140
1120
980
1260
1---,
840
"'
~ 100
700 ~
ui
"'
ui
80
"'
560 ~
60
420
40
280
20
140
cn
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Strain, in./in.
2oo.---------r---------r---------.---------,1400
Annealed, 760
u;
"'
c..
-"'
:2
ui
ui
"'
"'
560
Titanium (Ti)/767
200
-80 "F
180
1260
--......_-......
r--..."'
1"--
160
180 "F (82 "C)
1400
/O 0 ~ (-18 "C}
(-b "C)
1120
140
970
120
840
8:.
:2
700
ui
Ul
~
(/)
80
560
60
420
40
280
20
140
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Source: M.F. Amateau, W.D. Hanna, and E.G. Kendall, "F-15 Program
Final Report: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Ti-6Al-4V Fatigue Crack
Propagation," ATR-72(9990), The Aerospace Corp., Sept 1971. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 3715,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 26
0.10
0.12
Strain, in./in.
200.-----.----,------,-----r-----,----,-----,1400
180~--~~-~-------~~R
__s-+-----+-----r-----r--~1260
1
----
-----r----- RM
TM
:i 100
700 ui
00
80~--~-----+-----+-----r----,_----~----1560
60~--~-----+-----+-----r----,_----~----1420
40H---~-----+-----+-----r----,_----~----1280
20~--~-----+-----+-----r----,_----~----1140
0 oL----o-.0~2----0~.0-4____
o~.0-6----0.~0-8---0-.~10----0~.1~2--~0.1S
Strain, in./in.
00
768/Titanium (Ti)
200.-------,-------.-------.-------.-----~1400
840
"'
r;;
a..
-"'
::2'
ui
ui
"'~
i'i5
560
L__ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _ _ _L __ _ _ _
"'
~
~o
10
r;;
200
1400
160
1120
120
ui
"'
~
UJ
80
40
ui
"'~
560
1
4
280
"'
a..
::2'
1/
Specimen tested in longitudinal direction. RambergOsgood parameter: n(longitudinal) = 30. UNS R56620
1-
-"'
16
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
24
i'i5
Titanium (Ti)/769
200
160
u;
....__
r--- ~~
J
120
-"'
uj
l'!"'
1i5
80
40
28
840
a."'
::;;:
uj
"'
~
CI)
560
1
4
1120
+--
i/
1/
140
280
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
24
240
1680
200
1400
1120
160
~
u 120
"'
l'!
i'i5
80
40
1/
/
V
v- -
"'
a.
::;;:
840 u
i'i5
560
280
8
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
770/Titanium (Ti)
60~----~------~~r-~-.~~r------r----~420
ro
m
~"'
oo
~"'
oo~
Exposure
1h
10 h
100 h
250 h
500 h
1000 h
BOO
140
o~----~----~------L-----~----~----~0
80r------.------.------.------.------.-----.560
/ 7oo F (371 c)
ro
40
1--------+--~~l=;-..=,.-,;~;<>----t------+-------J 280 gf
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
Titanium (Ti)/771
200
1400
160
1120
1--
u;
1.....-
120
-"
ui
Il)
1ii
80
40
Room temperatura
8'.
:::;
ui
Il)
560
V/
.Cil
280
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
24
200
1400
160
1120
/~~
120
"iii
-"
ui
Il)
1ii
80
40
1-
Room temperatura
"'
c..
:::;
1(
280
12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
20
772/Titanium (Ti)
840
120
600 OF ~
(J16 C)
100
80
1 //
--
__:
20
a.."'
u;
r;
tJ)
~
280
1/
2
560
420
1//
ac
900 OF (4l2 C)
40
700
140
8
6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
100
700
80
560
60
420
"'
a..
-"'
r;
r;
tJ)
tJ)
(/)
280
40
i'i5
Titanium (Ti)/773
200
160
_,.----
"'
U>
ii.i
80
840
!.----
28
r-----,
U)
560
280
12
18
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
120
-"'
U>
80
40
;)
v-
~
V
'---
24
140
1120
'iii
::;:
gJ-
160
"'
a.
"'
J
4
1120
RT
li
140
1
"c)_/
---- 1/
120
200
40
28
1-- RT
a.
"'
::;:
~550"F(288"C)
r---
gi
~
U)
560
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
774/Titanium (Ti)
120r-------,--------.-------.------~------~
840
700
250 h
0.1 h
560
"'
Il.
oc (1450 F),
:::;
420 ui
"'~
ii5
100 h
280
140
UNS R56080
120
100
"'600~--------+-~L_~--~---------+--------~
Il.
80 u;
:2
O<!
.,;
ui
"'~
400~------~~--------~--------~------~
60
40
20
0.5
1.0
Strain,%
1.5
2.0
(/)
Titanium (Ti)/775
140
UNS R56080
120
100
ro 600~---------+~~~-~--+----------+--------~
a.
:2
80
'Cii
""'ui
U)
!!!
cn
60
(ii
40
20
L-------~--------~---------L------~0
0.5
1.0
Strain,%
1.5
2.0
280.-------~-------,--------,-------,-------,1960
776/Titanium (Ti)
140.---------~---------.---------,---------.980
Room temperature
0 o~--------~4----------sL---------~1z--------~1;
Titanium (Ti)/777
250
.r~
200
"'
~
150
~ 100
t!=
Ti.090 Ti-1 OV-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, true stressstrain curves for ~ and a + ~ processed material
'
10/s
~
~
......
,...,
--
.....
A)
.-0)..
. ....
30
1.0/s
JT'
0.10/s
-
10
50
(a)
250
200
~"' 150
II
rn
10/s
30
--
.....
..-
....
~
~
1.0/s -
20 gf
Q)
~ 100
('\
t!=
Q10/s~
10
50
o
o
0.15
(b)
0.30
0.45
True strain, in .lin.
0.60
0.75
0.90
778/Titanium (Ti)
1000
A
~
800
1/
&.
:;;;
600
vi
"'"'
~ 400
200
__... 140
1!/
/1
r-f
'/
li
:..::::
- 100
'iii
- 80
""vi
(/)
- 60
"'"'
::;,
- 40
120
- 20
5
6
4
True strain,%
10
1200.----,-----,-----,-----,----,-----,-----.
160
140
100
a.."'
:;;;
vi
(/)
~
vi
600
(/)
80
~
400
40
20
1i5
Titanium (Ti)/779
16
---
RJom templature
14
!/
12
1-
10
u;
-""
ui
"'
~
V:~V
40~r4C)
800 OF
....-
(~27 C)
70
"'
a..
::;;;
56
ui
"'
~
42
28
~
2
98
84
/V
4
2
112
14
10
12
14
1200
160
1000
140
100
800
"'
a..
::;;;
ui
"'
600
~
ui
80 "'
e!
Cii
400
200
20
6
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
10
12
780/Titanium (Ti)
16
12
~~
400 F,(204 ~
10
IL ~
v--
"iii
14
"'vi
"'
~
112
84
70
"'
0..
800 OFI(427 C)
:::;;
:......-
56
~
y
vi
~"'
CI)
42
28
~
2
98
14
10
12
14
840
120
"iii
"'
0..
:::;;
"'vi
"'
~
vi
"'~
560
80
1ii
Titanium (Ti)/781
200
120
'iii
"'
0..
::;;
""<li
~
<li
Ul
Ul
~
560
L---~4--~8----~12----1~6---2~0--~2;
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
1500 .------r-----.--------,-------r---210
200
150
140
oL---~~---~----~---~----~
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
True fractura strain
782/Titanium (Ti)
300
Below f3 transus
Above f3 transus
250
;e
200
(/
f3 .1
/o
1/
"'!.'!
t)
;:
..
~ 150
~
/rX.
~
100
cf
CI
50
12
14
16
oj
8:::;;;
40
J.
18
20
~
22
V_
a+f3
li
!.'!
t)
;:
o
u::
-
20
10
28
26
24
30
Ln Z
250
200
10/s
8:::;;;
---.....,
150
-
1/
"'
u::~
100
0.1/s
-
10
50
0.001/s
10
20
30
Strain,%
40
50
60
oc (1500 F)
Titanium (Ti)/783
300
"'
:2
40 ~
"'
Q_
"'
(fJ
(fJ
1ii
;:
o
u::
lL
30
200
20
10
20
30
50
40
60
Strain,%
16o
o(J...--
14
12o
1120
840
10o
"'
Q_
:2
560 "'
~
1i5
6o
4o
280
2o-
o
o
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Strain, in .lin.
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Source: R.F. Simenz and W.L. Macoritto, "Eva1uation of Large Ti-6A14V aud IMI-679 Forging," Technica1 Report AFML-TR-66-57,
Lockheed-Ca1ifornia Co., 1966. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 3711, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
784/Titanium (Ti)
1400
200
oc
120
iV
~
ui
!1)
~
U5
80
40
v---
Room temperatura
840
~
550F(288C)
560
12
8
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
20
16
240
200
,...---
160
k:::::+--
~~
120
40
1400
1120
"'
o._
850 OF (454 C)
:2
840 ui
!1)
~
560
)V
1680
600 OF (316 C)
1~
U5
80
Room temperatura
400 OF (L4 C)
~
!1)
Source: R.F. Simenz and W.L. Macoritto, "Eva1uation of Large Ti-6A14V and IMI-679 Forging," Technica1 Report, AFML-TR-66-57,
Lockheed-Ca1ifornia Co., 1966. As pub1ished in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 3711, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 28
280
u;
"'
:2
o._
""'ui
1120
160
280
10
20
15
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
25
30
Titanium (Ti)/785
Room temperatura
200
1400
160
u;
-"
ui
CI)
!!!
120
U5
80
40
10
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
25
30
240
1680
Tiansverse
/ ..... ~gitudinal
200
,V
160
-"
ui
CI)
120
40
"'
0..
:2
840 ui
CI)
U5
80
1120
11
u;
~
560
280
10
1400
+-
15
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
25
30
786/Titanium (Ti)
1680
240
RLm tempJature
1
200
/;v-
160
"iii
""ui
rn
~
120
ii5
80
40
4oo oF
(~04 oc)
1400
1120
6oo oF (316 C)
850 F (454 oc)
rf.
:2
840 ui
VI
560
280
10
15
20
25
30
240
200
/;
"iii
120
80
40
1400
1120
h~
~
160
""uirn
~
1680
Room temperatura
8:.
:2
840 ui
.~
1
V
o
o
._
560
280
10
15
20
25
30
Titanium (Ti)/787
Ti.1 09 Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI titanium alloy, tensile stressstrain curves at very high temperatures
4r---------.---------,----------r---------,28
UNS R58010
Source: P.E. Moorhead, "Tensi1e and Creep Properties of Co1umbium,
Tantalum and Titanium A11oys at E1evated Temperatures," Bell
Laboratory Report BLR-62-26M, Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vo14, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p Il
~--------~
gf 2 1-------J'--------t.-~-------t---------+------------j 14 gf
~
~
w
00
2300 'F (1260 'C)
0 oL--------~2--------~4~--------6~------~a 0
150
125
100
"iii
""'ui
(/)
75
. __ _ _...J__ _ _ _~------:':------'---------'--~
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
24
788/Titanium (Ti)
200 . - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - , - - - - - - - , 1400
"'
::;;;
o._
""'ui
ui
U)
"'
Ci
560
cn
L-----~----~-----L----~------L---~0
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20
24
2 0 0 . - - - - - - . - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - , . - - - - - - - - - - , 1400
-65 F (-54
c)
840
"'
o._
::;;;
ui
U)
ui
U)
560
Ci
Source: "Data Sheet B 120 VCA," Titanium Alloys Issue 2, TDS-20075M, Crucib1e Stee1 Co. of America, Dec 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 11
Titanium (Ti)/789
(a)
r------t-----t~~~-1------~------~-----4840 rn
a.
:2
ui
"'~
r------+<Mr#~4-----~------~------~----~560 00
~-----4~----~8------J12~----~1-6------2L0----~24
(b)
790/Titanium (Ti)
"'
u;
""'vi
"'
E!
a_
::2:
1
160
Room temperatura
1120
U5
li
E!
U5
560
80
1680
240
"'
li
a_
u;
""'vi
"'
~
1680
240
::2:
1120
160
560
80
{b)
Titanium (Ti)/791
1400
200
1400
1120
160
1120
840 c..
"'
840 c..
"'
:;;:
11)11)
!!!
560 Ci5
:;;:
ui
11)
11)11)
560 Ci5
280
280
4
(a)
12
16
20
24
24
(b)
200
1400
1400
1120
1120
R9om temper~ture
160
__ 120
840 c..
"'
:;;:
11)
-"
ui
11)
ui
Ci5
11)
Ci5
ui
11)
80
560 cn
40
280
840 c..
"'
:;;:
ui
"'~
560 Ci5
280
L-----~----~-------~----~----~----~0
(c)
12
16
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
20
24
(d)
12
16
20
24
Ti.115 Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI solution treated and aged titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperatures
(a) Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.); test direction: longitudinal. (b) Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.); test direction:
transverse. (c) Sheet thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.); test direction: longitudinal. (d) Sheet thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.); test
direction: transverse. UNS R58010
Source: P.J. Hughes, "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy Sheet," Voi I, ASD-TR-62-335, 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
792/Titanium (Ti)
400
320
1-423 "F
1
L,
240
2800
"C)
UNS R58010
Bar diameter = 19 mm (:Y. in.)
2240
--
ui
rn
160
Il.
::;;:
...
1120
80
0.16
0.08
Room temperatura
Source: F.R Schwartzberg, S.H. Osgood, R.D. Keys, and T.F Kiefer,
"Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," Progress Report No. 1,
ML-TDR-64-280, SuppL, 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Voi 4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
""
ii5
560
0.32
0.24
Strain, in./in.
200
1400
160
1120
120
""uirn
~
ii5
80
40
::;;:
560
1
4
280
co
Il.
1/
1--
'(ii
12
Strain, 0.001 in .lin.
16
20
24
Titanium (Ti)/793
200
160
........_
1--J
120
"iii
""'u
"'
~
80
40
28
840
"'
a.
"'
560
1
4
1120
140
280
12
16
20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
24
1200~--------.----------~--------~------~
160
140
120
f-------+-------h4---=------t---------j
100
~
u
80
20
8
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
12
~
iii
794/Titanium (Ti)
900
-
800
1~
700
Long
"'~
ii5 400
300
"'
60
40
ii5
b?'
'fii
ui
200
80
ui
100
100
~ngitudinal
"'
::;;; 500
a_
l---
transverse~V
600
120
- 20
10
o
1200
30
150
160
1000
140
800
100
"'
a_
::;;;
~
ui
ui 600
"'
80
~
(/)
400
20
L------4L-----~8------~12_____L1~6~--~2~0----~2;
~
ii5
Titanium (Ti)/795
1400
2
1
16
200
"'
Il.
oc'
425C
::;;:
"'"'
~
.,>
r--1----r--- r---- ~
1--1---~\
---
800
............
1\
o;
c.
E
150
i.,
...............
1i
"'~
600
100 -~
"'c.~
E
(.)
(.)
400
50
200
20
1200
40
60
80
Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
27
18
100
21
120
24
oc (80 F)
160
1000
201
140
oc (4001 F)
3)6 oc (6qo F)
427 oc (800 F)
800
"'
100
::;;:
"'
80
Cii
60
400
200
00
o;
-"'
600
!l
12
15
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
18
21
o
24
= 1.6 mm
120
Il.
"'
2!
"'"'
Cii
796/Titanium (Ti)
21
24
160
100
20
0 oL----L3----~6----~9----~12----~1-5----1L8----2~1--~2;
12
15
18
21
24
160
1000
140
100
"'
Il.
::;;
600
80
E!
Cii
60
400
20
= 1.6 mm
120
800
ui
CI)
~
ui
CI)
Titanium (Ti)/797
1400
18
21
24
200
1200
6':
150
1000
800
'ijj
:2
.:.:
vi
100 gi
"'~
1i5 600
400
50
200
9
12
15
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
18
21
24
4000
MulticrysJalline
.. Pb
3500
ro
[)._
~
2500
00
"'2S
b
"'"'~
3000
2000
1
1
<::
1000
/(\
500
.'
1 ///
1
~//
~
"
;'
.'/
l---S-1
Pb
~"s-1
0.35% Sn
0.05
4.5
0.10
0.15
Elongation
0.20
0.25
30 lei
Laboratory extruded, tested 30 oc
b. Commercial rolled sheet, 65 oc
4.0
3.5
3.0
vy /
"'
~ 2.5
"'
"' 2.0
~
1.5
p ,~
/:
~
~
~/
/
/
600
"iii
c.
1~
"'
300 ~
1i5
L~""
1- 200
1- 100
0.5
0.01
0.1
10
Greep rate, %/year
400
1.0
(o.
7' V~
0.30
v/
cn
F)
S-1
1 0.0007% Cu
(~321
//
S-1
t)
..!!1
"iii 1500
Tested at 77 K
100
30.-----,-----.------.-----.-----.------~~
25
4
20
"'
a.
ui
~"'
(/)
Source: B.P. Haigh and B. Jones, J. lnst. Metals, Vol51, 1933, p 49.
As published in W. Hofmann, Lead and Lead Alloys, Springer Verlag,
1970, p 201
10
0 o~----2~o-----4~o------6~o-----8Lo-----1~o-o----~12-o~
Elongation, %
60
1
50
1/~"
11
"' 40
~ffi
(])
.s=
(/)
20
10
30
III
111-
L-
001
011
12
o
o o
~ 10
:::l
o<P"oo
~
~
'b
O'b
:::l
o=
"o
o
o
"o
o
o
o
"'c
Cl
jg
oo
00
O'
cP<f'oOo
.!:::
'b00
o~o
ii 8
:a
o
o
o
o
cO
00
~co<~t? ~
20
40
Shear strain
60
80
100
100
80
u;
,___
0.70
f_.----
0.56
1(
0.42
60
c.
ui
~
::;;;
ui
"'
40
0.28
20
0.14
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Strain x 0.001
500
X a-Pu
400
"'
300
o._
- 40
::;;;
ui
"'
Full range uniaxial stress-strain curves for unalloyed aplutonium and fcc o-phase Pu-1.7 Ga (at.%). X is fracture
point compared to cast iron fracture point. 8-phase is
ductile and work hardens like aluminum.
- 60
Ci)
200
Cast iron
- 20
Aluminum
100
8-Pu
10
20
Strain,%
30
600
500
x Fracture
400
a-Pu/
200
100
1
V'
j/-
~ = 97 GPa
42GP'
'Jield strength
8-Pu
0.2
0.4
0.6
Strain,%
0.8
1.0
1.2
oc
50
Lamellar structure produced by unidirectional solidification had an initial strain rate of 0.020/min. Equiaxed
structure produced by extrusion and recrystallization had
an initial strain rate of 0.025/min. It is superplastic at
675 oc with low stress and elongation as great as 500%.
40
"E
E
'tii
~2o.-~~~~~~~-r~~~-+~~~~~~~__,
30
t/)
20
'""""re (675iC)
10
10
20
30
Elongation, i5 %
40
t/)
ti)
u.mo"'
-"'
50
& 300~-----+------~----~~~~~---=~~=--4
:ii
";
Ul
~
<Il
~ 200~-----+--~~~~~--+------4------~---4
0.1
0.2
0.3
Natural strain
0.4
0.5
& 300~----~------~~~~~~-4--~--+------4
:ii
i
<Il
~ 200~----~~~~~~--+------+------+-----~
0.1
0.2
0.3
Natural strain
0.4
8
0.5
0.6
80
60
"'
a_
:;;:
rJ
~ 40
ii)
Q)
~
20
1--
!(
-if
(_---- ~- 1\1
o
o
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
True strain
80
60
"'
a_
:;;:
rJ
~ 40
ii)
Q)
f4
1!';__2
[(
~
20
\1
(..----
0.1
0.2
0.3
True strain
0.4
0.5
40.-------,-------~-------,-------r-------,
"'
Il.
:2
"'
~ 20~~~~~~~~~-------4-------~------~
1ii
())
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.5
True strain
20 --
15
"'
Il.
:2
"'
"'~
10
1ii
())
~
5
,------- ""~.
0.1
......._
~
1
0.2
~\
"
0.3
True strain
0.4
0.5
400
350
v3
300
250
2800
2450
2100
-2
1750 "'
a.
:::;:
1400
.,
i)
150
100
----
1050
1-
700
1/
350
50
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
Strain
50
350
45
315
40
35
30
260
245
210
&.
:::;:
175 ui
"'
~
U)
20
140
15
105
10
70
35
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Strain,%
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
36
252
32
224
28
ro
196 Il.
oc
:2
ui
ui
"'
1ii
(1)
(1)
:::l
168
t!= 24
True strain
15r-------,-------,--------,-------,-------,105
Unload
gr---~1~h~a~n~ne=a~l~7-+-~~~~~-----r-------i68
True strain
36
32
r1 !\
-"'
196 ~
~
\''"' "'
UJUJ
~
ii)
a>
24
20
~
0.1
224
"Cii 28
252
a>
168
~nsverse
0.2
ui
0.3
0.4
True strain
.6.
~
..... __,
0.5
140
0.6
112
0.7
Source: G.R. Edwards, J.C. Payne, and O.D. Sherby, Strain Softening in
Powder Metallurgy Zinc, Met. Trans. A, Oct 1971, p 2957
Alloy Index
1.1% carbon W-type water-hardening (too1
steel) .......................... 276
2.25Cr-1Mo chromium-mo1ybdenum a11oy
stee1 ........................... 94
3.3% silicon alloy steel .............. 127
3.60-3.90% carbon ductile steel ........ 29
4.35 carbon equiva1ent compacted graphite
iron ............................ 25
9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength
steel ...................... 151, 152
9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength
steel ...................... 153-155
1OB46 carbon steel .................. 85
13-8PH Mo (stainless steel) ....... 220-224
14-8PH Mo (stain1ess stee1) .......... 225
15-5PH (stainless steel) .......... 225-228
15-7PH (stainless steel) .......... 228-234
17-4PH (stainless steel) .......... 234-238
17-7PH (stainless steel) .......... 238-249
17-22A(S) ultrahigh-strength steel ..... 150
18Ni (250) high-strength maraging
stee1 ...................... 142-147
18Ni (280) high-strength maraging
steel ...................... 147, 148
18Ni (300) high-strength maraging
steel ...................... 148, 149
21-6-9 (stainless stee1) ........... 163-165
+99.90% lead ..................... 799
124EG-T5 (cast alurninum) ........... 279
200 high-strength maraging steel ...... 141
201 (stainless steel) ............. 161, 162
201.0-T43 (cast aluminum) ....... 282, 283
201.0-T6 (cast aluminum) ........ 279, 280
201.0-T6 (cast a1urninum) ........ 279, 280
201.0-T7 (cast a1uminum) ........ 281, 282
201-1 (stain1ess stee1) ............... 162
201-2 (stainless stee1) ............... 162
202 (stain1ess steel) ................. 163
205 (stain1ess steel) ................. 162
242.0-T5 (cast a1uminum) ............ 284
300M ultrahigh-strength stee1 ......... 150
301 (stain1ess steel) ......... 162, 166-180
302 (stainless steel) ................. 180
303 (stainless steel) ................. 181
304 (stainless steel) ..... 162., 181-189, 214
304L (stainless steel) ............... 190
310 (stainless steel) ............. 190-192
316 (stainless steel) ............. 193-202
316L (stainless steel) ............... 202
321 (stainless steel) ............. 203-205
347 (stainless steel) ............. 205-208
348 (stainless steel) ............. 209, 210
354.0-T5 (cast aluminum) ............ 286
356.0-T6 (cast alurninum) ........ 288-291
409 (stainless steel) ................. 268
81 O 1 Alloy Index
7050-T73651 (wrought
aluminum) .................. 438, 439
7050-T74 (wrought aluminum) ... 438, 442,
447,448
7050-T7451 (wrought aluminum) ..... 438,
439,443-445,448,449
7050-T74511 (wrought aluminum) . 449, 450
7050-T7452 (wrought aluminum) ..... 441,
450-452
7049-T73511 (wrought aluminum) ..... 429
7050-T7531 (wrought aluminum) ...... 442
7050-T76 (wrought aluminum) ........ 441
7050-T7651 (wrought aluminum) ..... 440,
452,453
7050-T7651X (wrought
aluminum) .................. 453-455
7055-T77511 (wrought aluminum) ..... 455
7075-0 (wrought aluminum) ...... 299, 463
7075-0, clad (wrought aluminum) ..... 459
7075-T6 (wrought aluminum) .... 299, 456460,463-466
7075-T6, clad (wrought
aluminum) .......... 459-462, 464, 465
7075-T62 (wrought aluminum) .... 466, 467
7075-T651 (wrought aluminum) ... 465, 466,
468
7075-T651X (wrought aluminum) .. 469,470
7075-T73 (wrought aluminum) .... 470, 471
7075-T7351X (wrought aluminum) .... 471,
472
7075-T7352 (wrought aluminum) .. 472, 473
7079-T6 (wrought aluminum) ..... 299, 473
7149-T73 (wrought aluminum) .... 427, 428
7149-T7351l (wrought aluminum) ..... 429
7150-T6151 (wrought aluminum) ...... 474
7150-T61511 (wrought aluminum) ..... 475
7150-T7751 (wrought aluminum) ...... 476
7150-T77511 (wrought aluminum) ..... 477
7175-T7351l (wrought a1uminum) .... 477,
478
7175-T74 (wrought aluminum) .... 478-480,
482-485
7175-T7452 (wrought aluminum) .. 480,481
7178-T6 (wrought aluminum) ..... 299,486
7249-T7452 (wrought aluminum) .. 486, 487
7475-T61 (wrought aluminum) .... 493, 494
7475-T61, clad (wrought aluminum) ... 489,
495
7475-T651 (wrought aluminum) ... 488, 490,
491
7475-T7351 (wrought aluminum) .. 488, 491,
492
7475-T761 (wrought aluminum) ... 496, 497
7475-T761, clad (wrought a1uminum) .. 489,
490,497-500
7475-T761+ararnid 2/1 (aluminum
!aminate) .................. 509, 510, 512
7475-T76l+aramid 3/2 (a1uminum
!aminate) ............... 509, 511, 512
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si
(titanium) .................. 741-744
Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (titanium) ... 744-751
Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (titanium) ....... 752
Ti-6Al-4V (titanium) ............ 753-764
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (titanium) ........ 765-769
Ti-70 (titanium) ................... 729
Ti-7Al-4Mo (titanium) .............. 770
Ti-8Al-1Mo-IV (titanium) ....... 771-774
Ti-8Mn (titanium) .............. 774-776
Transformation-induced plasticity
(TRIP) high-strength steel ...... 157-159
TRI-TEN high-strength lo~-al1oy steel .. 129
TRIP steels ................... 157-159
Tungsten copper composite (copper) .... 553
TZM mo1ybdenum alloy
(molybdenum) .................. 718
UNS Index
The Unified Numbersing System (UNS) is a joint effort of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and ASTM International providing designations for the purpose of metal and alloy identification. The designation is not a specification. No requirements are established or implied.
A02010 ...................... 279-283
A02420 .......................... 284
A03320 (formerly A63320) ........... 286
A03360 (formerly Al3320) ........... 285
A03540 .......................... 286
A03560 ....................... 288-291
Al20l0 .......................... 284
A13560 ...................... 291-294
A13570 ...................... 294-297
A33550 ........................... 287
A43570 .......................... 297
A91060 .............. , ....... 299, 300
A91100 ...................... 301-303
A92014 ...................... 304-317
A92017 .......................... 318
A92024 ...................... 319-347
A92048 ...................... 358, 359
A92090 ........................... 350
A92124 ...................... 351-354
A92219 ...................... 355-361
A92519 .......................... 362
A92618 ...................... 363-367
A93003 ...................... 367-369
A93004 ...................... 370, 371
A95052 ...................... 372-377
A95083 ...................... 378, 379
A95086 ...................... 379-384
A95154 .......................... 389
A95454 ...................... 389-392
A95456 ...................... 393-398
A96013 ...................... 399-402
A96061 ...................... 403-421
A96063 .......................... 422
A97010 ...................... 423-426
A97049 ...................... 427-437
A97050 ...................... 438-455
A97055 .......................... 455
A97075 ...................... 456-473
A97079 .......................... 473
A97149 ...................... 427-429
A97150 ...................... 474-477
A97175 ...................... 477-485
A97178 .......................... 486
A97249 ...................... 486, 487
A97475 ...................... 488-500
A98090 .......................... 501
C10200 .......................... 515
C11000 ...................... 515, 516
C12200 ...................... 516, 517
C14200 ...................... 517, 518
C15000 .......................... 518