HISTORY OF EEUU

The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of debate
among historians. Older textbooks start with the arrival of
Christopher Columbus on August 3, 1492 and emphasize
the European background, or they start around 1600 and
emphasize the American frontier. In recent decades
American schools and universities typically have shifted
back in time to include more on the colonial period and
much more on the prehistory of the Native peoples.[1][2]
Indigenous people lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years
before European colonists began to arrive, mostly from England, after 1600.
The Spanish had small settlements in Florida and the Southwest, and the
French along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast. By the 1770s, thirteen
British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast
east of the Appalachian Mountains. In the 1760s, the British government
imposed a series of new taxes while rejecting the American argument that any
new taxes had to be approved by the people (see Stamp Act 1765). Tax
resistance, especially the Boston Tea Party (1774), led to punitive laws (the
Intolerable Acts) by Parliament designed to end self-government in
Massachusetts. American Patriots (as they called themselves) adhered to a
political ideology called republicanism that emphasized civic duty, virtue, and
opposition to corruption, fancy luxuries and aristocracy.
All thirteen colonies united in a Congress that called on them to write new state
constitutions. After armed conflict began in Massachusetts, Patriots drove the
royal officials out of every colony and assembled in mass meetings and
conventions. Those Patriot governments in the colonies unanimously
empowered their delegates to Congress to declare independence. In 1776,
Congress declared that there was a new, independent nation, the United States
of America, not just a collection of disparate colonies. With large-scale military
and financial support from France and military leadership by General George
Washington, the American Patriots rebelled against British rule and succeeded
in the Revolutionary War.
POBLATION
318,9 millones
RELIGION
U.S. Most Americans say that religion takes a "very important " role in his life, a
unique ratio between desarrollados.1 countries
Most Americans ( 73 % ) identify themselves as Christians and about 20% do
not identify with any religin.2 According to the American Religious
Identification Survey ( ARIS ) , in 2008 , 76 % of Americans identified
themselves as Christians , with 51% attending different types of Protestant
churches , and 25% professing to be catlicos.3 4 same survey says that about

4 % of the population professes other religions (including, among others,

Judaism, Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism ) , that 15% of the adult population
had no religion, and another 5.2 % did not know or refused to contestar.3
according to a 2012 survey , 36% Americans say go to church at least once a
week.

HISTORY OF ECUADOR
The History of Ecuador extends over an 8,000-year period. During this time a
variety of cultures and territories influenced what
has become the Republic of Ecuador. The history
can be divided into five eras: Pre-Columbian, the
Conquest, the Colonial Period, the War of
Independence, Gran Colombia, and Simn Bolvar
to the final separation of his vision into what is
known today as the Republic of Ecuador.
During the pre-Inca period, people lived in clans, which formed great tribes,
some allied with each other to form powerful confederations, as
the
Confederation of Quito. But none of these confederations could resist the
formidable momentum of the Tawantinsuyu. The invasion of the Incas in the
16th century was very painful and bloody. However, once occupied by the
Quito hosts of Huayna Capac (15931595), the Incas developed an extensive
administration and began the colonization of the region. The pre-Columbian era
can be divided up into four eras: the Pre-ceramic Period, the Formative Period,
the Period of Regional Development and the Period of Integration and the
Arrival of the Incas.
The Pre-ceramic period begins with the end of the first ice-age and continued
until 4200BC. The Las Vegas culture and The Inga Cultures dominated this
period. The Las Vegas culture lived on the Santa Elena Peninsula on the coast
of Ecuador between 9,000-6,000 BC. The earliest people were huntersgatherers and fishermen. Around 6,000 BC cultures in the region were among
the first to begin farming.[1] The Ingas lived in the Sierra near present-day
Quito between 9000 and 8000 BC along an ancient trade route.
POBLATION
15,74 millones
RELIGION
In Ecuador there is freedom of worship. Approximately 90 percent of the
population belongs to the Catholic religion. Major groups also practice other
religions like evangelical and Adventist. The mostly Catholics as a result of the
Spanish colonization , indigenous peoples combine the rites of the religion to
its original worldview

HISTORY OF CANADA
The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of Paleo-Indians
thousands of years ago to the present day. Canada has been inhabited for
millennia by distinctive groups of Aboriginal peoples, with distinct trade
networks, spiritual beliefs, and styles of social organization. Some of these
civilizations had long faded by the time of the first European arrivals and have
been discovered through archaeological investigations. Various treaties and
laws have been enacted between European settlers and the Aboriginal
populations.

Beginning in the late 15th century, French and British expeditions explored,
and later settled, along the Atlantic Coast.
France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North
America to Britain in 1763 after the Seven
Years' War. In 1867, with the unio n of three
British North American colonies through
Confederation, Canada was formed as a
federal dominion of four provinces. This began
an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy
from the British Empire, which became official with the Statute of Westminster
of 1931 and completed in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges
of legal dependence on the British parliament.
Over centuries, elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent
immigrant customs have combined to form a Canadian culture. Canadian
culture has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and
economic neighbour, the United States. Since the conclusion of the Second
World War, Canadians have supported multilateralism abroad and
socioeconomic development domestically. Canada currently consists of ten
provinces and three territories and is governed as a parliamentary democracy
and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.
RELIGION
In its multicultural feature, in Canada many types of different religions , none of
them is official manifest . According to figures provided by the Institute of
Statistics Canada , more than 80 % of the Canadian population profess any
religious belief. 7 out of 10 citizens confession is Christian , whether Catholic or
Protestant , the two major religions in the country
POBLATION
35,16 millones

HISTORY OF MEXICO

The history of Mexico, a country in the southern portion of North America,

covers a period of more than three millennia. First populated more than 13,000
years ago,[1] the territory had complex
indigenous
civilizations
before
being
conquered and colonized by the Spanish in
the 16th century. One of the important
aspects of Mesoamerican civilizations was
their development of a form of writing, so
that Mexico's written history stretches back
hundreds of years before the arrival of the
Spaniards in 1519. This era before the
arrival of Europeans is called variously the prehispanic era or the precolumbian
era.
The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan became the Spanish capital Mexico City, which
was and remains the most populous city in Mexico.
From 1521, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec em pire incorporated the region
into the Spanish Empire, with New Spain its colonial era name and Mexico City
the center of colonial rule. It was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan and became the capital of New Spain. During the colonial era,
Mexico's long-established Mesoamerican civilizations mixed with European
culture. Perhaps nothing better represents this hybrid background than
Mexico's languages: the country is both the most populous Spanish-speaking
country in the world and home to the largest number of Native American
language speakers in North America. For three centuries Mexico was part of the
Spanish Empire, whose legacy is a country with a Spanish-speaking, Catholic
and largely Western culture.
After a protracted struggle (181021) for independence, New Spain became the
sovereign nation of Mexico, with the signing of the Treaty of Crdoba. A brief
period of monarchy (182123), called the First Mexican Empire, was followed by
the founding of the Republic of Mexico, established under a federal constitution
in 1824. Legal racial categories were eliminated, abolishing the system of
castas. Slavery was not abolished at independence in 1821 or with the
constitution in 1824, but was eliminated in 1829. Mexico continues to be
constituted as a federated republic, under the Mexican Constitution of 1917.
POBLATION
122,3 millones
RELIGION
Mexico is a country that does not have an official religion, according to the
1917 Constitution , it has been one of the oldest secular nations in Latin
America and one of the nations with the largest number of Catholics in the
world (after Brazil ) . The government provides financial contributions to
churches, and churches or religions should not take part in public education or
make opinion on many issues of social nature .

In 1992 , Mexico lifted almost all restrictions on religions , including the

granting of legal status of all religious groups , granting limited property rights ,
and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country.1 Until recently
the priests had no right to vote , and so far can not be elected to public office ;
In addition they often include other religions like Satanism and holy death .

HISTORY OF PERU
The history of Peru spans several millennia, extending back through several
stages of cultural development in the mountain
region and the coastal desert. About 15,200 years
ago, groups of people are believed to have
crossed the Bering Strait from Asia and survived
as nomads, hunting, gathering fruits and
vegetables and fishing in the sea, rivers, and
lakes. Peruvian territory was home to the Norte
Chico civilization, one of t he six oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the
largest state in Pre-Columbian America. It was conquered by the Spanish
Empire in the 16th century, which established a Viceroyalty with jurisdiction
over most of its South American domains. The nation declared independence
from Spain in 1821, but consolidated only after the Battle of Ayacucho, three
years later.
Hunting tools dating back to more than 11,000 years ago have been found
inside the caves of Pachacamac, Telarmachay, Junin and Lauricocha.[1] Some
of the oldest civilizations appeared circa 6000 BC in the coastal provinces of
Chilca and Paracas, and in the highland province of Callejn de Huaylas. Over
the following three thousand years, inhabitants switched from nomadic
lifestyles to cultivating land, as evidence from sites such as Jiskairumoko,
Kotosh and Huaca Prieta demonstrates. Cultivation of plants such as corn and
cotton (Gossypium barbadense) began, as well as the domestication of animals
such as the wild ancestors of the llama, the alpaca and the guinea pig.
Inhabitants practiced spinning and knitting of cotton and wool, basketry and
pottery.
As these inhabitants became sedentary, farming allowed them to build
settlements and new societies emerged along the coast and in the Andean
mountains. The first known city in the Americas was Caral, located in the Supe
Valley 200 km north of Lima. It was built in approximately 2500 BC.[2]
What is left from the civilization, also called Norte Chico, is about 30 pyramidal
structures built up in receding terraces ending in a flat roof; some of them
measured up to 20 meters in height. Caral is one of the world centers of the
rise of civilization.
RELIGION

Ral Porras Barrenechea said that Peru was probably the most religious man in
the world. And in the territory of Peru, as in other parts of the world, religion
has played a vital role in the social and cultural development of societies from
its origins in the Andes (12,000 BC.), Through the processes gestation of their
civilization (3000 BC.), political and cultural formation of the pre-Hispanic
Andean societies, and finally, the religious transformation following the fall of
the Inca Empire and the seizure of power by the Spaniards, who imposed the
Catholicism.
In Peru Christianity predominates, mostly Catholics. This, arrived in Peru
accompanying the conquistadores, had a meeting with the Inca polytheistic
religion which produced a religious syncretism, present throughout the country
in various ways and magnitudes. Andean original religions granted a high value
on reciprocity, assistance to the needy and full respect for nature. As said Jose
Carlos Mariategui (1968: 130), "The fundamental features of the Inca religion
are his theocratic collectivism and materialism ..
POBLATION
30,38 millones

HISTORY OF BRAZIL
The history of Brazil starts with indigenous people in Brazil. Europeans arrived
in Brazil at the opening of the 16th century.

The first European to colonize Brazil was Pedro lvares Cabral on April 22, 1500
under the sponsorship of the Kingdom of Portugal. From the 16th to the early
19th century, Brazil was a colony and a part of the
Portuguese Empire. The country expanded south
along the coast and west along the Amazon and
other inland rivers from the original 15 donatary
captaincy colonies established on the northeast
Atlantic coast east of the Tordesillas Line of 1494
(approximately the 46th meridian west) that
divided the Portuguese domain to the east from the Spanish domain to the
west. The country's borders were only finalized in the early 20th century.
On September 7, 1822, the country declared its independence from Portugal
and became Empire of Brazil. A military coup in 1889 established the First
Brazilian Republic. The country has seen a dictatorship during Vargas Era
(19301934 and 19371945) and a period of military rule (19641985) under
Brazilian military government.
When Portuguese explorers arrived in Brazil, the region was inhabited by
hundreds of different types of Jiquabu tribes, "the earliest going back at least
10,000 years in the highlands of Minas Gerais".[1] The dating of the origins of

the first inhabitants, who were called "Indians" (ndios) by the Portuguese, is
still a matter of dispute among archaeologists. The earliest pottery ever found
in the Western Hemisphere, radiocarbon-dated 8,000 years old, has been
excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil, near Santarem, providing evidence to
overturn the assumption that the tropical forest region was too poor in
resources to have supported a complex prehistoric culture".[2] The current
most widely accepted view of anthropologists, linguists and geneticists is that
the early tribes were part of the first wave of migrant hunters who came into
the Americas from Asia, either by land, across the Bering Strait, or by coastal
sea routes along the Pacific, or both.
The Andes and the mountain ranges of northern South America created a
rather sharp cultural boundary between the settled agrarian civilizations of the
west coast and the semi-nomadic tribes of the east, who never developed
written records or permanent monumental architecture. For this reason, very
little is known about the history of Brazil before 1500. Archaeological remains
(mainly pottery) indicate a complex pattern of regional cultural developments,
internal migrations, and occasional large state-like federations.
POBLATION
200,4 millones
RELIGION
Brazil is a religiously diverse country, with a tendency of tolerance and
acceptance among different religions. Brazilian Catholic population is mainly
due to the cultural heritage of the Portuguese. By Africa obtained religious
customs of Afro-Brazilian peoples. In the late nineteenth century began to be
reported spiritualism in Brazil, which today is the largest number of spiritualists
in the world. In recent decades the Protestant religion has grown a lot, so still a
fairly significant part of the population. Judaism has 86,825 faithful, 0.05% of
the population, concentrated mainly in the states of So Paulo and Rio de
Janeiro. [Citation needed] The number of people who say they have a religion is
7.4%; group surpassed only by Catholics and protestantes.1

Many practitioners of Afro-Brazilian religions as well as some spiritualists, also

called Catholics and continue rites of the Catholic Church. Similarly, many
spiritualists claim to be Christians despite not accept some important aspects
of traditional Christianity. That kind of social tolerance syncretism is a peculiar
historical context of the various religions in the country.
Next, descriptions of the main Brazilian religions, sorted percentage of
followers according to IBGE population census in 2000

HISTORY COSTA RICA

The first natives in Costa Rica were hunters and gatherers, and Costa Rica
served as an "Intermediate Region" between
Mesoamerican and Andean native cultures.
In 1502, Christopher Columbus made landfall in
Costa Rica. Soon after, the indigenous people were
conquered and Costa Rica was incorporated into
the Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province
of New Spain in 1524. For the next 300 years,
Costa Rica was a colony of Spain. As a result, Costa Rica's culture has been
greatly influenced by the culture of Spain.[1] During this period, Costa Rica
remained sparsely developed and impoverished.
Following the Mexican War of Independence (18101821) Costa Rica became
part of the independent Mexican Empire in 1821. Subsequently, Costa Rica was
part of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823, before gaining full
independence in 1838. Its economy struggled due to lack of connections with
European suppliers. In 1856, Costa Rica resisted American settlers from
mounting a take over of the government. After 1869, Costa Rica became a
democracy.[1]
After the Costa Rican Civil War in 1948, the government drafted a new
constitution, guaranteeing universal suffrage and the dismantling of the
military. Today, Costa Rica is a democracy that relies on technology and ecotourism for its economy. Although poverty has reduced over the last ten years,
economic problems still exist. Costa Rica is facing problems of
underemployment, foreign and internal debt and a trade deficiency
POBLATION
4,872 millones
RELIGION
Costa Rica has a tradition of religious tolerance in the country that allows the
development and free circulation of a variety of religions. It has a rich cultural,
ethnic and religious diversity as a result of immigration of people from all
continents. 80 religions practiced there, so that Costa Rica has a great diversity
religiosa.3 May 4
Christianity is the religion with more followers: 46% declare themselves
practicing Catholics according to the School of Statistics at the University of
Costa Rica in 2012, followed by 23% who consider themselves non-practicing
Catholics, 22% of other religions and 9% have religion.6 most non-Catholic
minority are Protestants who in 2007 accounted for 13.8%.
People without religion went from 3.5% in 1998 to 11.3% in 2007 although
recent studies show a reduction to 9%. As for people of other religions all
together they went from 3.3% in 1992 to 4.3% in 2007 (between 1998 and
1991 were classified Protestants in "other religion" so the overall figure was 10

to 12%). In 2012 the number of non-Catholics was estimated at 22% that,

subtracting the percentage of Protestants, would mean that about 9% of the
population practice religions cristianas.7 The Latinobarmetro survey Pew
Research Center published in 2014, shows that a 62% of Costa Ricans are
Catholic, 25% are Protestant and 9% are of other religions or no religion