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CytoarchitectureWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Cytoarchitecture
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Cytoarchitecture(Greek="cell"+=
"architecture"),alsoknownascytoarchitectonics,isthestudyof
thecellularcompositionofthebody'stissuesunderthe
microscope.Appliedparticularlytothestudyofthecentral
nervoussystem,cytoarchitectonicsisoneofthewaystoparsethe
brain,byobtainingsectionsofthebrainandstainingthemwith
chemicalagentsthatrevealhowneuronsare"stacked"intolayers.
Thestudyoftheparcellationofnervefibers(primarilyaxons)into
layersformsthesubjectofmyeloarchitectonics(<Gk.
=marrow+=architecture),anapproach
complementarytocytoarchitectonics.[1]

Thehumancerebralcortexdividedinto
Brodmannareasonthebasisof
cytoarchitecture.

Contents
1 Cerebralcytoarchitecture
1.1 Nisslstaining
2 Seealso
3 References

Cerebralcytoarchitecture
Definingcerebralcytoarchitecturebeganwiththeadventofhistologythescienceofslicingandstainingbrain
slicesforexamination.[2]ItiscreditedtotheViennesepsychiatristTheodorMeynert(18331892),whoin1867
noticedregionalvariationsinthehistologicalstructureofdifferentpartsofthegraymatterinthecerebral
hemispheres.[3]
PaulFlechsigwasthefirsttopresentthecytoarchitectureofhumanbraininto40areas.[4]
AlfredWalterCampbell,then,presentthecytoarchitectureofthehumanbraininto14areas.[5]
SirGraftonElliotSmith(18711937),aNewSouthWalesnativeworkinginCairo,identified50areas.[6]
KorbinianBrodmannworkedonthebrainsofdiversemammalianspeciesanddevelopedadivisionofthecerebral
cortexinto52discreteareas(ofwhich44inthehuman,andtheremaining8innonhumanprimatebrain).[7][8]
Brodmannusednumberstocategorizethedifferentarchitecturalareas[2]andhebelievedthateachoftheseregions
servedauniquefunctionalpurpose.[9]
ConstantinvonEconomoandGeorgN.Koskinas,twoneurologistsinVienna,producedalandmarkworkinbrain
researchbydefining107corticalareasonthebasisofcytoarchitectoniccriteria.[10][11]Theyusedlettersto
categorizethearchitecture,e.g.,"F"forareasofthefrontallobe.

Nisslstaining
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TheNisslstainingtechnique(namedforFranzNissltheneuroscientistandhistologistwhooriginatedthe
technique)iscommonlyusedfordeterminingthecytoarchitectonicsofneuroanatomicalstructures,usingcommon
agentssuchasthionin,cresylviolet,orneutralred.Thesedyesintenselystain"Nisslbodies"(roughendoplasmic
reticulum),whichareabundantinneuronsandrevealspecificpatternsofcytoarchitectureinthebrain.Other
commonstainingtechniquesusedbyhistologistsinothertissues(suchasthehematoxylinandeosinor"H&E
stain")leavebraintissueappearinglargelyhomogenousanddonotrevealtheleveloforganizationapparentina
Nisslstain.Nisslstainingrevealsdetailsrangingfromthemacroscopic,suchasthelaminarpatternofthecerebral
cortexortheinterlockingnuclearpatternsofthediencephalonandbrainstem,tothemicroscopic,suchasthe
distinctionsbetweenindividualneuronsandgliainanysubregionofthecentralnervoussystem.Manyother
neuroanatomicandcytoarchitectonictechniquesareavailabletosupplementNisslcytoarchitectonics,including
immunohistochemistryandinsituhybridization,whichallowonetolabelanygeneorproteinexpressedinany
groupofcellsinthebrain.However,Nisslcytoarchitectureremainsareliable,inexpensive,andfamiliarstartingor
referencepointforneuroscientistswishingtoexamineorcommunicatetheirfindingsinawidelyrecognized
anatomicalframeworkand/orinreferencetoneuroanatomicalatlaseswhichusethesametechnique.

Seealso
OtfridFoerster

References
1.JamesP.ByrnesBarbaraA.Wasik(23March2012).LanguageandLiteracyDevelopment:WhatEducatorsNeedto
Know.GuilfordPress.pp.38.ISBN9781462506668.
2.MichaelPetrides(3December2013).NeuroanatomyofLanguageRegionsoftheHumanBrain.AcademicPress.p.90.
ISBN9780124059313.
3.Meynert,T.(1872)DerBauderGrossHirnrindeundseinertlichenVerschiedenheiten,nebsteinempathologisch
anatomischenCorollarium.J.H.HeuserscheVerlagsbuchhandlung,Neuwied&Leipzig.
4.NeueUntersuchungenberdieMarkbildungindenmenschlichenGrosshirnlappen.NeurologischesCentralblatt17,977
996(1898)
5.Campbell,A.W.(1903)Histologicalstudiesoncerebrallocalisation.ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon72:
488492.
6.ElliotSmith,G.(1907)Anewtopographicalsurveyofthehumancerebralcortex,beinganaccountofthedistributionof
theanatomicallydistinctcorticalareasandtheirrelationshiptothecerebralsulci.JournalofAnatomyandPhysiology
(London)41:237254.
7.Brodmann,K.(1909)VergleichendeLokalisationslehrederGrosshirnrindeinihrenPrinzipiendargestelltaufGrunddes
Zellenbaues.JohannAmbrosiusBarth,Leipzig.
8.Garey,L.J.(2006)BrodmannsLocalisationintheCerebralCortex.SpringerScience,NewYork.
9.YosefGrodzinskyProfessorandCanadianResearchChairinNeurolinguisticsMcGillUniversityKatrinAmunts
ProfessorofStructuralFunctionalBrainMappingAachenUniversity(24March2006).Broca'sRegion.Oxford
UniversityPress.p.18.ISBN9780198039525.
10.Economo,C.von,Koskinas,G.N.(1925)DieCytoarchitektonikderHirnrindedeserwachsenenMenschen.Julius
Springer,Vienna.
11.Economo,C.von,Koskinas,G.N.(2008)AtlasofCytoarchitectonicsoftheAdultHumanCerebralCortex(translated,
revisedandeditedbyL.C.Triarhou).Karger,Basel.

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