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Tam Ly Hoc Phat Giao - ThichTamThien
Tam Ly Hoc Phat Giao - ThichTamThien
Thch Tm Thin
Xut bn: Ban Vn ha Trung ng GHPGVN
---o0o--Ngun
http://www.thuvienhoasen.org
Chuyn sang ebook 25-7-2009
Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.com
Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org
Mc Lc
Li Gii Thiu Cun Sch
Phn I : Gii Thiu Tng qut
I.1.Chng 1 : Dn nhp
I.2. Chng 2 : S lc lch s tm l hc
Phn II: Tm L Hc Pht Gio
II.1 Chng 1 : Vi nt v lch s tm l hc Pht gio
II.2.Chng 2 : i cng Tm l hc Pht gio
Phn III : Ging Lun Tm L Hc Pht Gio Qua 30 Bi Tng Duy Thc
III.1. Chng 1: Tm l hc Pht gio qua ni dung 30 bi tng Duy thc ca
Vasubandhu.
III.2.Chng 2: Con ngi v th gii qua trit hc duy thc
Phn IV : Duy Thc Hc V h Thng Tm L Hc Pht Gio
IV.1 Chng 1 : Vn tm l gio dc
IV.2 Chng 2: Tm l gio dc Pht gio
Phn V : Kt Lun v Ti liu Tham chiu
---o0o---
ang pht trin th cn bnh khng hong bao gm c hai : khng hong
kinh t v khng hong tm l. Vi mt ng hng pht trin nh th
nh mt s qun bnh ca i sng con ngi. Nu s pht trin ch da
vo li tc thu nhp (income) kinh t v t bn (tin t), ngha l ch da vo
kht vng lm giu v tn vinh s bo th c quyn (exclusive) - ni theo
ngn ng ca Pht l tham i (tanh) v chp th (upadna) - th t hn s
a n kh au, bt hnh v tuyt vng.
V th, trc vin cnh ca nhng khng hong trm trng, nht l khng
hong tm l ca con ngi nh l cc hi chng ca stress thi i, cc gi
tr trong s sng ca con ngi cn thit c xt li, v cn c soi sng
bi nhng li dy ca c Pht.
---o0o--1- Vn khng hong tm l
Nh va trnh by, trong xu th cng nghip ha v siu cng nghip ha
ca th gii hin nay, con ngi thng xuyn ri vo cc khng hong theo
hai chiu hng, hoc l b loi tr bi cc thit b hin i, hoc l phi lao
ng qu mc c th. S kin xy ra trn qui lut cnh tranh m cc nh
kinh t thi i cho rng l cnh tranh sinh tn v cnh tranh pht
trin (2). Nhng thc cht l cnh tranh i n chin thng c quyn, v
c khi dn n s trit h ln nhau gia t bn t nhn hoc t bn c
quyn nh nc (3); cn hu qu th a n khng nhng mc cng
ng m cn chnh mi con ngi.
Trong khi , c Pht dy : "Du ti ni chin trng, thng hng ngn
qun ch, t thng mnh tt hn, l s chin thng ti thng".
(Php.103) Hoc l "Du Thin thn, Cn tht b, Ma Vng hay Phm
Thin, khng ai chin thng ni ngi t chin thng v t ch phc".
(Php. 105)
S chin thng nh th chnh l nn tng t ti lp s qun bnh cho
i sng tm l, v xa hn l s gii quyt cc khng hong ca con ngi
chnh n, vi t cch l con ngi c bit (individual) v con ngi ca
cng ng, vi t cch l thnh vin ca x hi (member of society).
---o0o--2- Vn trit l nhn sinh
bnh" trong kinh tng Pht gio. Cc cuc chin tranh nng v lnh trn th
gii u l din bin ca tm thc xung t, kht vng v bt an.
c Pht dy (12) : "Li na, ny cc T kheo, do dc vng lm nhn, do
dc vng lm duyn, do dc vng lm nguyn nhn, do chnh dc vng lm
nhn, vua tranh ot vi vua, St l tranh ot vi St l, B la mn
tranh ot vi B la mn, gia ch tranh ot vi gia ch; m tranh ot vi
con, con tranh ot vi m; cha tranh ot vi con, con tranh ot vi cha;
anh em tranh ot vi anh em; anh tranh ot vi ch, ch tranh ot vi anh;
bn b tranh ot vi bn b. Khi chng dn mnh vo tranh chp, tranh
lun, tranh ot, chng tn cng nhau bng tay, bng gch , bng gy gc,
bng ao kim. y, chng i n t vong, i n kh au gn nh t
vong".
"Li na, ny cc T kheo, do dc vng lm nhn, do dc vng lm duyn,
do dc vng lm nguyn nhn, do chnh dc vng lm nhn, chng cm mu
v thun, chng eo cung v tn, chng dn trn hai mt v tn c nhm
bn nhau, ao c qung nm nhau, kim c vung chm nhau, chng
bn, m nhau bng tn, chng qung, m nhau bng ao, chng cht u
nhau bng kim. y, chng i n t vong, i n kh au gn nh t
vong".
V Ngi cng dy rng : "Nu tm thc b dao ng bi bng, thng hay
thua, th u tranh khi ln, khi c ba khng dao ng, th u tranh khng
sinh khi".(13)
Hoc l : "Thng trn sinh th on, bi trn nm kh au, ai t b thng v
bi, tch tnh hng an lc".(14)
---o0o--7- Vn tm l gio dc
Nh cp, tm l gio dc l mt trong nhng ngnh hc quan trng
nht v con ngi, nhm kho cu, quan st, kim chng cc s kin tm l
xc nh nhng nh lut tm l gip con ngi gii quyt cc vn ni
ti ca mnh, nhm a n cuc sng hnh phc. Do , ngnh tm l gio
dc c chc nng xy dng ni dung gio dc v phng php hng dn
thc hin ni dung gio dc . Cc nh tm l gio dc ni ting trong thi
hin i nh Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Erich Fromn, Adler, Maslow,
Allport, Carl Rogers, John Dewey, Dalton, George H. Mead, Winnetka,
n bao gi cng sai lch, kh chnh xc; v thc trong tng chp t tng
lun lun thay i. V li, ni quan l mt th gii khp kn ca thc ch
quan ; n ch cho php (ch th quan st) bit c chnh n, tc th gii
thc, tinh thn, tnh cm... ca ring mnh, ch khng th bit c dng
tm thc ca ngi khc, ngoi tr nhng phn on v suy lun mang tnh
cch cng c.
b) Ngoi quan : Cc gii hn ln nht ca ngoi quan l khng th trc tip
ghi nhn cc hin tng din tin ca tm l m phi thng qua cc phn
ng sinh l. Do vy, nhng kt qu em li t ngoi quan khng hn lc no
cng chnh xc.
Ngoi nhng gii hn va nu, phng php ni quan v ngoi quan
ng gp mt mt cch hu ch thit thc cho tin trnh nghin cu tm l
hc t xa n nay. (21)
I.2.3 Nhng l thuyt tiu biu v tm l hc hin i
Nh trnh by, c rt nhiu l thuyt v tm l hc hin i. Tuy nhin,
y tc gi ch cp n mt s l thuyt tiu biu lin h n tm l con
ngi v tm l x hi, ngha l cc thuyt c tp trung vo cc vn
then cht nh : tm thc v bn ng (hay nhn tnh) trong tng quan gia
con ngi v x hi; v cng l im trng tm ca ngnh tm l gio
dc hin i.
---o0o--1- L thuyt ca George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
George H. Mead l mt gio s trit hc v tm l x hi thuc i hc
Chicago, ng l mt hc gi chuyn chnh c nh hng rng ln; tuy nhin,
cha bao gi vit sch hay bo bin minh hc thuyt ca mnh. Nhng
lp tm l hc u tin ca ng c dy t nm 1900 ti i hc Chicago.
V sau, vo nhng nm 1927-1930, ngi ta vit li t tng ca Mead
v ph bin rng ri. Phn trnh by di y c trch dn t tc phm
"Mind Self and Society" (21) v c tm tt trong ni dung quyn
"Sociology" (22) ca Leonard Broom, v Philip Selznick. (23)
Ni dung l thuyt tm l ca Mead c trnh by qua cc im trung tm
ca : tm thc, bn ng, v x hi.
Ch thuyt ca Mead, cng nh John Dewey (mt trit gia thc nghim),
cho rng c cu tm l ca con ngi l mt h thng bao gm : tm thc,
bn ng v x hi. Tuy nhin, theo Mead, tm thc (mind) v bn ng (self)
vn l sn phm ca x hi. Tm thc v bn ng l mt h thng x hi,
pht sinh t kinh nghim x hi; v do , c th xem bn ng ca tm thc
l mt n v c lp, nhng khng th pht sinh ngoi kinh nghim x hi.
(24)
Mead, qua ghi nhn ca L. Broom v P. Selznick, l lun rng : "T tng
hay tm linh v bn ng, ch xut hin trong din tin giao t v giao dch x
hi, ch khng th c trc x hi. Nhng lm th no giao t v giao dch
x hi c th hot ng trc tm linh v bn ng ?". Mead gii thch : "Kh
nng giao dch v giao t l kh nng sinh l ca nhng sinh vt thng
ng. Thc vy, giao t bng nhng phng tin khng dng ngn ng
trong nhng hot ng chung l iu kin c trc ngn ng. Ngn ng
gp thm vo s giao dch v giao t th s, ca loi ngi bng cch lm
cho x hi ha c th thc hin c. Nh ngn ng nn ngi ta c th lnh
hi r rng thi ca nhng k khc v cc on th h tham d vo ...
Cui cng, tm thc v bn ng pht sinh khi giao t x hi i song song vi
ngn ng v do ngn ng m c hon thnh" (25).
T , l thuyt tm l ca Mead a ra tin trnh pht sinh v pht trin ca
bn ng t thi bt chc n kh nng tng qut-lin h. C th tm tt
l lun cn bn ca Mead nh sau :
a) Giao t tin ngn ng
Trong nhiu trng hp, cc ging vt giao cu vi nhau v sn sc tr con
lm cho pht sinh s tng quan gia con ny v con kia, l s pht sinh
ca i sng gia nh- th s trong cc ging vt thp hn ngi.
i vi con ngi, do , nu khng th giao dch bng c ch - (hnh ng
khng li) - th khng th giao tip bng ngn ng. V l cc tr em nh
tui, n s khng hiu c "gin" hay "i" l g tr phi n hiu c c
ch gin hn v cho n ca ngi m v.v... y l giai on u ca thc
v bn ng hay giai on giao t tin ngn ng. (26)
b) Giai on ngn ng hnh thnh tm thc v bn ng
Trong trng hp ny, Mead cho rng, nh c ngn ng nn c t tng v
nh c t tng nn mi c s giao t; v nh c ngn ng nn c th thay
vng, dc vng, thm mun giao tip vi th gii thc ti khch quan.
thc l l bn nng kht vng sng ca t ng ( ci ti). Nhng khi thc t
ng b kim ch bi nhng khun nh, qui c x hi (social conventions)
n li i vo v thc (inconscient). Ri t , nhng xung nng kht vng
bc pht ln thc, bin thnh nhng u phin, lo u... "Ci ti" ca mi c
th lun lun b ph v bi s mu thun ca bn nng dc vng v s kim
ch ca thc x hi.
c) Siu ng (superego)
Siu ng cng c gi l siu thc, n vt ln trn bn nng tnh dc
(sexuality) v thc t ng duy tr mi gi tr truyn thng v cc l
tng o c x hi. N, mt mt va kim ch s thi thc ca "kht
vng dc tnh" (sexual desize), mt khc thc gic thc bo tr cc gi tr
o c c nhn v x hi. Do , siu thc l thc vn n s hon
thin ca i sng.
Theo nh gi ca L. Broom v P. Seiznick, th c hai trit gia thc nghim
George H. Mead v Sigmund Freud, nhng ngi sng lp ngnh gii phu
tm l ny ng gp mt phn ln vo tin trnh nghin cu bn ng
trong qu trnh x hi ha. (29) Tuy nhin, nh chng ta thy, quan im
ca Mead v Freud hon ton khc nhau. Mead th ly x hi lm nn tng
cho s pht trin ca thc, trong khi Freud th cho rng, nhng qui c x
hi kim hm v lm sai lch thc t ng. Mead chia thc thnh hai
phm tr : bn ng (ego) v s hu t ng (ego - attribute), v cho rng c
hai u nng ta vo x hi m hnh thnh v pht trin. Ngc li, Freud
chia thc lm ba phm tr : bn nng (Id), thc (ego) v siu thc
(superego); v , bn nng (Id) l phn trng tm ca sinh l c th m x
hi khng th no iu hnh c, ego l ngi trung gian ha gii cc nhu
cu sinh l v nhng i hi ca x hi. i vi Mead, ng v s hu t ng
c th dung ha ln nhau, trong khi theo Freud, cc phm tr ca ng lun
tim tng nhng kh nng xung t, mu thun (30)... hay cn gi l xung
nng (pulsion). (31)
---o0o--3- L thuyt ca Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)
Carl Gustav Jung l ngi cng thi vi Freud, mt nh phn tm hc ti
Zurich. Lc u, Jung l mn trung thnh ca ch thuyt Freud
(Freudianism) sau khi tip xc vi Freud ti o, vo nm 1907. Nhng sau
Pht gio cch thi c Pht mt khong thi gian lu di, nn gi l Pht
gio Abhidhamma.
V s hnh thnh v pht trin ca Pht gio Lun th c hc gi Kimura
Taiken (41) ghi nhn nh sau : "A-t-t-ma, tc l mc ch "i php", c
nhim v tp hp cc php ngha (ca Pht) li, ri em phn loi, nh
ngha, gii thch v phn bit. Nh vy, cc phng php nghin cu d
cho khng c s hng khi ca b phi, n cng c kh nng pht sinh.
Khng nhng th, chnh trong khi p dng phng php nghin cu , t
nhin a n s bt ng kin lm nguyn nhn cho s phn phi".
V Kimura Taiken trnh by v hng pht trin ca Pht gio Lun th, c
th tm tt nh sau :
a) Ngun gc v s hnh thnh
Lun th, trc ht, pht sinh t nhng li gio hun r rng, trong sng, rt
minh bch, dung d... ca Pht v i sng minh trit, thnh thin ca Ngi.
Lun th lc u vn c xem l phng php nghin cu gio hun ca
Pht, do , i tng nghin cu l kinh - hay li dy c ni ra bi chnh
c Pht. y, Lun th khng c a v c lp m hon ton ph thuc
vo kinh. Lun th c th c xem nh l kinh c din t rng bi cc
v t ca Pht. Tuy nhin, v mt lch s kt tp, th ch c Kinh v Lut
l r rng, cn Lun th th t c cp n, ch c c nhn san nh hoc
tr tc.
b) S pht trin
Theo nh gi ca Kimura Taiken (42), c th chia s nh hnh ca Lun
th Abhidhamma qua bn giai on :
* Giai on kt tp : l giai on lun th ha kinh (gio hun ca Pht) qua
phng php bin tp thi ca Gio hi, chng hn nh b Tng Nht A
Hm, Tp A Hm, v.v... Ni chung, giai on kt tp, th Lun th vn gi
hnh thc ca kh kinh.
* Giai on gii minh gio hun ca Pht :
Giai on ny Lun th khng cn hnh thc kh kinh na, m chuyn
sang nh ngha, phn loi, phn bit v ch gii gio hun ca Pht. Lc
ny, kh kinh ch ng vai tr bi cnh, tuy nhin, Lun th vn cha c
TM trong kinh tng v lun th Mahayana ny cho thy tnh cht phong
ph v a dng v h thng phn tch tm l hc Pht gio trong t tng
Mahayana.
---o0o--4- S tp thnh ca Lun th (Abhidhamma)
Nh trnh by, lun th Pht gio ra i song song vi qu trnh kt tp
kinh tng v phn ha gio on. Tuy nhin, vo thi k kt tp ln th nht,
lun th cha xut hin. n thi k kt tp ln th hai, lun th xut
hin nhng cha c lp thnh mt h thng ring bit, cn ty thuc nhiu
v kinh tng. Cho n khi Thng ta b chnh thc ra i, th lun th mi
thc s c thnh lp thnh mt tng ring bit (trong ba tng Kinh - Lut v Lun) ca Pht gio.
V lun th ca Pht gio Hinayana, c th tm tt mt s lun th ni ting
ca Thng Ta b nh sau :
a) Nhn thi thit tc lun (Abhidhamma-prajntipada-sstra) gm 18.000 bi
tng do ngi Ca Chin Din sng to.
b) Gii thn tc lun (Abhidhamma-harma-dhtukyapada-sstra) gm 3
quyn do ngi Th Hu bin son.
c) Pht tr lun (Abhidhamma-jnnaprasthna-sstra) gm 20 quyn, do ngi
Ca a Din Ni T (44) sng tc. y l b lun nn tng ca Thng Ta
b.
d) Tp d mn tc lun (Abhidhamma-sanjitiparypd-sastra) gm 20
quyn, do ngi X Li Pht ch tc (trong lc c Pht cn ti th?)
e) Un tc lun (Abhidhamma-dharma-skandhapda-sstra) gm 12 quyn,
do ngi Mc Kin Lin sng tc.
f) Phm loi tc lun (Abhidhamma prakadanapda-sstra) gm 18 quyn,
do ngi Th Hu bin son.
g) Thn tc lun (Abhidhamma-Vijnnakyapda-sstra) gm 16 quyn, do
ngi Devasarman dch, khong sau Pht dit 100 nm.
"[ l] D thc v T lng cng vi Liu bit cnh. Trc ht l thc Ali-da, cng gi l D thc hay Nht thit chng".
(The maturing consciousness [Vipka], the consciousness that deliberates
[Manana], and the consciousness that discriminates [Vijnapti] the spheres of
objects. The first is the storehouse - consciousness [layavijnna] which is
also called retributive consciousness [Vipkavijnna] and consciousness
carrying all seeds [Sarvabijaka]).
(03)
"[c tnh ca n l] bt kh tri, chp th v duy tr, [nhng] trong s biu
bit cc x [cc quan nng ca cn thn] n thng biu hin cng vi xc,
tc , th, tng v t ; [v trong cc th] n ch tng ng vi x th".
(It is not aware of what it "grasps" and "receives", of its place and of its
discriminatory power. It is always associated with touch, attention,
sensation, thought and volition. But it is always associated with sensation of
indifference only".
(04)
"Thc ny v cc tm s ca n l v ph v v k, [n] tri chy nh dng
sng, [khi t n] qu v A La Hn [th tt c] u bung x".
(It is unobscured and undefined. The case of Mental Contact is also like this.
It is perpetual evolution like a violent current, and is renounced in the state
of an arhat).
(05)
"Thc nng bin th hai gi tn l Mt na, nng ta vo v duyn vi thc
[A li da] kia, nn tnh v tng ca n l suy ngh [t lng]".
(The second evolving consciousness is called manas. It functions with
storehouse - consciousness as its support and object. It has essentially the
characteristics of "Cognition").
(06)
(First, universal mental factors are Mental Contact and so forth ; next,
special mental factors, i.e. Desire, Resolve, Memory, Meditation and
Wisdom : the objects caused by the special mental factors are different).
(11)
"Thin tm s l : Tn, tm, qu, v tham, v sn, v si, tinh cn, khinh an,
khng phng dt, hnh x v bt hi".
(The good mental factors are belief, sense of shame, sense of integrity, the
three roots of non-covetousness and so forth ; diligence, composure of mind,
vigilence, equanimity, and non-injury).
(12)
"Phin no l : Tham, sn, si, mn, nghi, c kin ; ty phin no l : phn,
hn, ph, no, tt, xan".
(The defilements are covetousness, anger, delusion, conceit, doubt and false
views ; the secondary defilements are fury, enmity, hypocricy, vexation,
envy and parsimony).
(13)
"Cung, sim v hi, kiu, v tm v v qu, tro c v hn trm, bt tn v
gii i".
(Deception, duplicity, harmfulness, pride, shamelessness, non-integrity,
restlessness, conceit, unbelief and indolence).
(14)
"Phng dt v tht nim, tn lon v bt chnh tri ; [v bn th] bt nh l :
hi, min, tm v t. Tm v t c th chia thnh hai loi".
(Carelessness, forgetfulness, distraction, thoughtlessness, the indeterminate
mental qualities are called remorse, drowsiness, reasoning and deliberation,
these two can be of two kinds).
(15)
(The "force of habit" of previous action together with the "force of habit" of
the two concepts, engenders succeeding retribution after the previous
retribution has been exhausted).
(20)
"Do t tnh gi lp nn chp tt c l tht. T tnh gi lp [hay bin k] ,
t n khng tht c".
(From such and such imaginations, such and such things are imagined. What
is apprehended by this imagination, has no self-nature).
(21)
"Cn t tnh ty thuc [hay y tha khi] do cc duyn m sinh. [Bn cht ca]
t tnh tuyt i [vin thnh tht] v ty thuc [y tha] n xa la mi hnh thi
gi lp [bin k]".
(The self-nature that arises from dependence on others, is the [act of]
discriminations produced by causes and conditions ; the nature of ultimate
reality is different from this, as the former is perpetually free from the
former nature [i.e. imagined nature]).
(22)
"[T tnh] ty thuc v tuyt i va khc va khng khc, nh tnh cht v
thng, khng th thy rng y [l tuyt i] v kia [l ty thuc]".
(Therefore the nature of ultimate reality and the nature of dependence on
others are neither different nor non-different, just as impernanence is neither
different nor non-different from the impermanent dharmas. As long as this
(nature of ultimate reality) is not perceived, that (nature of dependence on
others) is also not perceived).
(23)
"Nng vo ba tnh ny m lp thnh ba v tnh, nn bn [mt ] ca Pht
ni rng tt c cc php l v tnh".
4/ Tng thc v ba th
Th (Vedana) l cm th (feeling). Trong Duy thc cp n ba th (kh
th, lc th v x th) hay nm th (kh th, lc th, u th, h th v x
th). Trong cc th trn, Tng thc ch quan h hay tng ng vi x th.
5/ Tng thc ba ci v chn a
* Gii (Dhatu) l ci ca tm thc (States of mind), gm c ba ci :
a) Ci dc (realm of desire) : th gii ca con ngi v cc loi sinh th (dc
l dc vng kht vng, ham mun, thm kht...)
b) Ci sc (realm of form) : th gii vt cht nhng nh nhng v tinh t hn
ci dc.
c) Ci v sc (realm of no form) : th gii phi vt cht, vt th (matters) hay
th gii ca nng lng (energy). Tm thc cng l mt dng nng lng
(mental energy).
* a (Bhumi) l th gii tm, bao gm chn a
a) Dc gii
- 1 Ng th tp c
- 2 Ly sinh h lc
- 3 nh sanh h lc
b) Sc gii
- 4 Ly h diu lc
- 5 X nim thanh tnh
- 6 Khng v bin x
- 7 Thc v bin x
c) V sc gii
- 8 V s hu x
- 9 Phi tng phi phi tng x
6/ Tng thc v chn duyn
Thc ny ch c 4 duyn : a) Cn (Mtna), b) Cnh (cn thn, th gii v
chng t, c) Tc , d) Chng t.
Th gian (The world) c chia thnh 2 loi l Kh th gian (v tnh chng
sinh) v Tnh th gian (hu tnh chng sinh) hay cc loi sinh th - hm thc
(sentient beings)
- Kh th gian (non-sentient beings) nh : sng, ni, khng kh, tri t, tng
ozone, thc vt v.v...
- Tt c gii, a v th gian u l biu hin ca Tng thc. y, trong ba
ci v chn a Tng thc u quan h ty theo nhn duyn. Tuy nhin, khi
t n Bt a (Bt ng a), hnh gi on tr cu sinh php chp,
khng cn cm th sinh t. Do tn gi D thc thc khng cn na m
c gi l V cu thc v chuyn thnh i vin cnh tr (tu gic v i)
Trn y chng ta va kho st i cng v cc mi quan h duyn sinh
ca Tng thc, gi y chng ta i vo tm hiu hnh thi ca Tng thc.
---o0o--D- Hnh thi ca Tng thc
Nh va trnh by, Tng thc quan h y ba ci v chn a, ty theo
nhn duyn, nghip lc (Volitional force). Tuy nhin, hnh thi c bn ca
Tng thc l v hnh, v tng (v sc) ; hnh thi ca Tng thc v cc
thc khc ni chung l phi vt th (non-form), n l mt dng ca nng
lng (energy) - nng lng tm l (mental energy). Theo quan im ca
khoa hc hin i, "Vt cht l s c kt ca nng lng v nng lng l s
pha long ca vt cht". T d, v vt cht nh mt gram Uranium, khi bin
thnh nng lng nguyn t (atomic energy) sc cng ph v tiu dit ca
n khng th tng tng c. Hay mt tri chng hn, nh sng ca n
cng l mt dng nng lng, do nh sng nng lng mt tri m mun
loi pht sinh.
d) 6 tm phin no cn bn :
1/ Tham (Rga) : tm tham lam (covetousness).
2/ Sn (Pratigha) : tm sn hn (anger).
3/ Si (Moha) : tm si m (delusion).
4/ Mn (Mna) : tm kiu cng, ngo mn (conceit).
5/ Nghi (Vicikits) : tm nghi ng (doubt).
6/ c kin (Kudrsti) : c kin c 5 loi :
- Thn kin : chp ng.
- Bin kin : chp hoc c / khng, hoc thng / on...
- T kin : m tn, d oan, ...
- Kin th : bo th tri kin ca mnh / ngi...
- Gii cm th : chp vo hnh thc, l nghi, phong tc...
e) 20 tm phin no th yu (Upaklesas)
1/ Phn (Krodha) : gin d (fury).
2/ Hn (Upanh) : hn ly (enmity).
3/ Ph (Mraksa) : che giu ti li (hypocrisy).
4/ No (Pradsa) : u bun (vexation).
5/ Tt (Issy) : ganh ght (envy).
6/ Xan (Mtsarya) : bn xn (parsimony).
7/ Cung (Sthyam) : la di (deception).
8/ Xim (My) : nnh ht (duplicity).
9/ Hi (Vihims) : tn hi (harmfulness).
10/ Kiu (Mada) : kiu cng (pride).
(Trn y l 10 tiu ty).
11/ V tm (hrikya) : t mnh khng bit h thn (shamelessness).
12/ V qu (Anapatrpya) : khng bit xu h vi ngi (non-integrity)
(y l hai trung ty)
13/ Tro c (Auddhatya) : s giao ng trong tm (restlessness).
14/ Hn trm (Styna) : s trm ut, u tr (torpidmindedness).
15/ Bt tn (sraddhya) : khng c nim tin (unbelief).
16/ Gii i (Kausidya) : chng li bing, tr ni (indolence).
17/ Phng dt (Pramda) : bung lung, khng thn trng (carelessness).
18/ Tht nim (Musitsmrti) : ng tr, lng qun (forgetfulness).
19/ Tn lon (Viksepa) : ri lon tm thc (distraction).
20/ Bt chnh tri (Asamprajanya) : s hiu bit sai lm, bt chnh (nondiscernment).
f) 4 tm s bt nh (non- determined caittas)
Tm s bt nh l tm khng th xc nh hay khng nht thit l thin hay
c.
1/ Hi (Kankrtya) : s n nn hi tic vic qua (remorse)
2/ Min (Middha) : s ng qun, thim thip (drowsiness).
3/ Tm (Vitarka) : tm kim (mental search), truy tm (paryesan).
4/ T (Vicra) : thm nh, qun st (judgment)
v minh cha thot ly khi bin kin (ditthi) ca s phn bit lng nguyn
(dualism) c v khng ny.
T , trn bnh din ngn ng, ting ni u tin v thc ti - trong trit
hc Duy thc - theo mt ca Pht l Tng v tnh (Non- existence
regarding characteristics).
2- V t nhin tnh (Utpattinihsvabhvat)
Rng hin hu t th gii nim cho n th gii thc ti khch quan,
chng lun lun tng tc ln nhau v iu kin ha ln nhau. Th tnh
(essence) ca n khng phi t nhin m c, tt c u l hin hu ca tng
duyn (dependent origination) nn biu hin l v thng. T quan im
ny, ci gi l thc th bt bin (immortal entity) thc cht l "bng hoa trn
tri" hay "hoa m gia h khng" (flower in the sky). Do , ting ni th
hai v thc ti - trong tin trnh Duy thc - theo mt ca Pht l V t
nhin tnh.
3- Thng ngha v tnh (Paramrthanihsvahvat)
Rng hin hu khng phi l v khng h c t tnh gi lp ; rng hin hu
l hin hu t nh l Duyn khi - tc ty thuc - pht sinh ; v nh th, t
tnh ca hin hu l khng thc c (unreal by nature) ; v do , hin hu
chnh n l thc ti-hin hu (ultimate reality). N thot ly ngoi v thot
hin khi tng i tnh, gi nh tnh v y duyn tnh - n l thc ti tuyt
i, bt kh thuyt v bt kh t ngh. y l ting ni ti hu v thc ti trong tin trnh kh d ca trit hc Duy thc - m theo mt ca Pht (a
secret intention of Lord Buddha) hin hu l Thng ngha v tnh, tc l
thc ti-hin hu hay thc ti nh thc - mt cnh gii thc ti ti hu t t
th (The ultimate reality in its nature).
---o0o--III.2.4 Nm cp th nhp thc ti v ng
Tng ngn vit rng :
[26]
"T khi sinh thc cha hin khi cho n khi hin khi v cu tr Duy thc
tnh, [trong thi gian ] th cha th dit tr hai s chp th cn ng yn".
[27]
"[Nu] hin tin cn nim v "Duy thc tnh" ; v, v cn c s c nh
th, th khng thc th an tr trong Duy thc".
[28]
"Cho n khi no i tng [b duyn] v tr [nng duyn] u c bung
x, khi xa la hai s chp th v an tr trong Duy thc".
[29]
"Khng c s c v khng th t ngh, l tr xut th [v phn bit tr],
v xa la th [phin no chng] v trng [s tri chng] nn chng t
chuyn y".
[30]
"y l ci v lu, bt t ngh, thin, thng, an lc, gii thot thn, i
Mu Ni, danh php].
Nm tng ngn cui cng trong 30 bi tng Duy thc trnh by v nm cp
thng chng tu gic hay th nhp thc ti v ng - Nit bn Ti thng.
y l con ng hin qun (thin nh), thc tin i vo ngun mch ca
tu gic siu vit (Prajnaparamita) - ci bn th uyn nguyn t nghn xa.
Theo ngn ng c in ca trit hc Duy thc, tin trnh phn tch tm l
c chia thnh nhiu loi :
---o0o--A- L thuyt tuyn (c 2 loi) :
1/ Duy thc tng : (cc hin tng tm l )
2/ Duy thc tnh : (thc ti hin hu siu vit mi danh xng v tng trng
ca cc hin tng tm l ...)
B- Thc hnh tuyn (1 loi) :
3/ Duy thc hnh : (con ng tu tp thin nh - chnh kin v chnh t
duy ... Duy thc hnh l thc hnh tu tp v Duy thc).
C- a v tm chng (c 5 loi)
4/ Duy thc qu : (kt qu ca s thin nh v Duy thc hay thng chng
Tu gic bnh ng v i - tc tr tu v phn bit, v ng - hay Duy thc
thc tnh)
V Duy thc qu, c chia thnh 5 loi, gi l ng v Duy thc (5 a v
thng chng) : 1) T lng ; 2) Gia hnh ; 3) Thng t ; 4) Tu tp ; v 5)
Cu cnh, nm a v ny c trnh by c th trong 5 tng ngn cui cng
nh trn. y, chng ta s kho st i cng v 5 a v Duy thc.
1- T Lng (Sambhnvasth) tng ngn s [26]
"T khi sinh thc cha hin khi cho n khi hin khi v cu tr Duy thc
tnh, [trong thi gian ] th cha th dit tr hai s chp th cn ng yn".
Trc ht, "sinh thc" y c hiu l tm B (Bodhicitta) - tc l
tm thc ca tu gic (mind of Bodhi) bnh ng (v phn bit tr). T khi
sinh thc cn yn ng cho n lc n thc dy v thy r s tri chy ca
dng sng tm thc (cc hin tng tm l), ri ct dy mt kht vng gic
ng (Enlightenment) thnh tu tr tu v phn bit (Nirvikalprajnna) hay an tr trong Duy thc tnh (Vijnptimtrat). Trong sut thi gian ny,
tc thi gian m p hoi vng Gic ng Ti thng (Supreme
Enlightenment), hai s chp th (Grhas hay Grhadvaya) vn cn ng yn
trong tm thc. Hai s chp th l :
a) Nng th (Grhaka) - s bm vu vo tc nng nhn thc ca ch th.
b) S th (Grhya) - s bm vu vo cc i tng c nhn thc bi ch
th.
y, s chp th (ttachment) vo nng v s l mt chng ngi ln m
hnh gi hay con ngi cn phi vt qua tin vo tu gic.
V ngha ca T lng (Sambhara), tc l s chun b hnh trang tham
d vo gia tc ca Nh Lai (state of Accumulation moral equipments Sambhrvasth).
2- Gia hnh (Prayogvasth) - tng ngn [27]
Nh th, cu cnh l Duy thc thc tnh l Nit bn, l V ng, l Tnh
Khng, l Chn nh v l thc ti-hin hu.
iu quan trng l cu cnh khng phi l mt cnh gii vin vng, xa xi
no ht, m n lun lun c mt gia ci i trn th u huyn sng lc
trong cng mt thc ti-hin hu, by gi v y (The here and now).
Trn y l phn trnh by i cng v trit hc Duy thc qua 30 bi tng
Duy thc ca Vasubandhu ; v y cng l phn i cng v Tm l hc
Pht gio c trnh by trong hu ht cc h thng trit hc Duy thc ca
c lun th v kinh tng. V mt trnh by c th c nhiu s khc bit v
quan im, ngn ng v cch phn loi v.v..., nhng v phn ni dung c
bn th cc h thng u tp ch vo dng vn hnh ca tm thc theo
nhng gio hun ca Pht c ghi li trong kinh tng Nikya v cc kinh
in ca i tha Pht gio.
---o0o---
H thng gio dc Pht gio l con ng hng n s pht trin ton din
ca con ngi qua cc mt ca i sng, c bit l tm thc, nhm kin to
mt i sng tr tu v hnh phc tht s ngay ti con ngi ny v cuc i
ny. Tt nhin, con ng y bao gm c hai mt tm l v vt l, nhn thc
v hnh ng, l tng v thc ti v.v... iu ny c c Pht xc nh
r qua gio l Trung o (Middle Way) - ngha l nu con ngi khng xa
ri hai cc oan : hoc l kh hnh p xc, hoc l ly lc th ca xc thn
lm mc ch ca i ngi u ri vo kh au. V ci hnh phc thong
qua (fleeting happiness) m con ngi cm nhn c t hai cc oan ,
thc cht ch l o nh ca kht vng v cung si, n cht n v cht i
trong nhy mt ! Do , nh hng gio dc Pht gio l con ng gio
dc m theo cch ni ca E.F. Schumacher : "... khng phi l con ngi
phi bit mi th mt t, cng khng phi l bit r chi tit ca mi vn
..., m l ngi tht s bit r im trung tm ca vn - khng m h,
nghi hoc v nim tin c bn ca mnh, v quan im ca mnh, v ngha
v mc ch ca i sng... bi s soi sng t ni tm" (70). Hoc, ni theo
Plato qua ngi vit ca Jasper : "... l s tr v cn nh tm thc (Eros) tc ci Mt ti hu (Absolute Oneness) hay ci Mt (Arete) - ton th ca
chn l vnh cu ...; v l con ng a con ngi n mt vin cnh
ca s ton chn (sophon), ton thin (agathon) v ton m (kalon)" (71).
Plato (427 - 347 B.C) ra i sau c Pht (563-483 B.C) khong 136 nm
trc Ty lch (72), l mt mn ni ting ca Socrates. Theo Jasper,
nhng g ngi ta bit v Socrates l qua Plato. Trong t d v "hang " ni
ting ca ng c th ni l rt gn gi vi t tng gio dc Pht gio. S
th l nh vy, nhn loi c xem nh l nhng k b xing xch trong mt
hang ti tm. Chng ch c th nhn thy mt ngun sng mp m t
ngn la hng lp le, thp thong. Ci g c nhn thy y ch l nhng
chic bng trn tng. Trc vin cnh ca mt thc ti nh th, nhng
k ang b xing xch c cho rng nhng chic bng trn tng l
s tht, l chn l. Th ri, sau khi c ci b xing xch, mt ngi vn
vai, ng dy v chuyn tm nhn... Lc by gi ci kinh nghim u tin l
ci c b au v l ln u tin hn xoay u chuyn tm nhn v hng
khc. V khi nhn nhng ngn la hng sng th mt hn b nhc nhi ; v
hn theo thi quen, by gi ch mun nhn li nhng chic bng mp m n
hin trn tng. Khi b y ra khi hang, ln u tin i din vi nh sng
ca mt tri, mt ca hn b la khng nhn ra g c. Ri sau , mt cch
chm ri hn nhn ra. Sau khi nhn thc c s tht (chn l), hn mun
tr li hang cu ri bng hu ca mnh. Nhng tr tru thay, bn b
bin, dit tn, tr li bn tnh thanh tnh v nhim cho Tng thc, m thut
ng gi l Bch tnh thc hay V cu thc (Amalavijnna). y l ngha
"la sanh t khng c Nit bn, mun n Nit bn phi i vo sanh t ; v
Nit bn v sanh t khng hai, khng khc". (73)
Mt khc, trn bnh din chuyn mn, mc tiu ca h thng tm l gio dc
trong trit hc Duy thc (Vijnana hay Vijnapti) l hng n mt s chuyn
y (Asrayaparvrtti hay Parvrtti) - tc l thay i ton b nn tng c cu
ni ti ca tm thc (Transformation at the base), phng thch cc ht ging
nng hun (subject) v s hun (object) trong tin trnh vn hnh ca tm
(citta) v tm s (cetasika). Hay ni mt cch c th l gii tr cc ht ging
tp nim tri ln trong din bin tm l ca ch th nhn thc v i tng
c nhn thc. V th, h thng tm l gio dc Pht gio khng nhng ch
tp trung kho st cc hin tng tm l nh : vui, bun, kh, lc... m cn
i vo nm bt ci bn cht ca cc hin tng tm l - tc nhng ht ging
(seeds), tp kh (energy of the past and the present habit) v gene nghip hay
cn gi l Nghip thc, Kit sanh thc (Gandhabha) cng gi l hng m
v.v... - l cc ng c chnh gy nn s bt an, ri lon v khng hong
tm l. Do , thnh tu mt s chuyn y trong tm thc l mc tiu ti hu
- Nit bn gii thot - ca cc gii php c ra bi trit hc Duy thc.
---o0o--IV.1.3 C s v i tng ca tm l gio dc Pht gio
Trong cc h thng Pht hc (Buddhist studies) ni chung u ly con ngi
lm tm. Nhng con ngi y c xem l con ngi - v ng, l i tng
c th un nn, chuyn ha v vn n nh cao ca chn, thin, m ch
khng phi l con ngi xut hin nh mt thc th c lp (separate
entity). Tng t nh th, ngnh tm l gio dc Pht gio (Buddhist
educational psychology) tp trung vo con ngi ton din (whole man) tc
con ngi vi y mi c tnh (virtue), phm cht (quality), tnh hnh
(behaviour), tm thc (mind), thc (consciousness), tnh cm (sentiment)
v.v... Hay ni khc hn l con ngi ca nm un (sc, th, tng, hnh,
thc).
Tuy nhin, v mt chuyn mn, ngnh tm l gio dc Pht gio tp ch vo
h thng tm thc (Tng thc, Mt na thc, thc v nm thc gic quan mt, tai, mi, li, thn) v xem nh l c s kho st, nghin cu v
ng dng tu tp (bao gm c dy, hc, v thc hnh). y, tuy nhin, i
4/ 6 tc nng c bn ca tm gy ra phin no :
(1) tham lam, (2) sn hn, (3) si m, (4) kiu mn, (5) hoi nghi, (6) s hiu
bit mang tnh cht ti c, bao gm 5 loi : (a) chp ng, (b) c thnh kin,
(c) m tn d oan, (d) ch quan v bo th, (e) i theo cc h tc, hnh thc
v gio iu.
5/ 20 tc nng th yu ca tm gy ra phin no : chia thnh 3 loi :
a- Phm vi hp : (1) gin, (2) hn, (3) che giu ti li, (4) u phin, (5) ganh
t, (6) bn xn, (7) la di, (8) nnh ht, (9) lm hi, (10) kiu cng.
b- Phm vi bnh thng : (11) khng bit xu h vi lng tm, (12) khng
bit xu h vi k khc.
c- Phm vi bao qut : (13) thn tm giao ng, (14) chng trm ut, (15)
li bing, (16) phng tng, (17) ng tr, (18) ri lon tm l , s hiu bit
bt chnh.
6/ 4 tc nng trung tnh (bt nh) ca tm :
(1) n nn, (2) chng bun ng, (3) s thao thc tm cu, (4) s thm nh
k lng.
(gi 4 tc nng ny l bt nh, v nu mi tc nng i theo iu thin, n
c gi l thin, v ngc li l c...)
Trn y l 51 tc nng ca tm l hay cn gi l cc hin tng tm l ca
con ngi, v phm vi hot ng ca mi tc nng tm l trn lun lun gn
lin vi thc. Ni khc i, thc lun lun c mt trong 51 hin tng
tm l trn bt k khi no cc hin tng xut hin. T d, s trm ut s
din ra khi thc b suy thoi v phn tn gn nh t lit, hoc ng tr s
xy ra khi thc thiu s tp trung v.v... Tng t nh th i vi cc hin
tng nh bun, gin, thng, yu, ght, mun...
V gii quyt cc hin tng tm l trn, cn phi p dng phng php
T . T d, khi s u phin xy ra, con ngi khng cn phi chy trn n
hay cu khn van xin ai ht. y, chng ta cn tm mt ch yn tnh, vng
ngi, dng li cc tp nim, bt u quan st v i din vi s u phin.
Hy quan st tht k : (1) hin tng u phin, (2) nguyn nhn ca s u
phin, (3) s chm dt u phin v (4) (lm cch no i vo) con ng
Ba hnh thi nhn thc trn li c chia thnh 4 loi c th theo cc trng
hp ng v sai.
1/ Trc gic ng : (Cn gi l Chn hin lng)
T d : nhn con b bit r l con b.
2/ Trc gic sai : (Cn gi l T hin lng)
T d : nhn ci bng trn tng m tng l ngi tht.
3/ Suy lun ng : (Cn gi l Chn t lng)
T d : V c khi nn c la (ng vi s tht)
4/ Suy lun sai : (Cn gi l T t lng)
T d : V c khi nn c la (sai vi s tht, v khi l khi my, ch
khng phi l khi la. Suy lun nh th l v ngi suy lun ng xa thy
khi tng l c la).
Trn y l s trnh by v hnh thi ca nhn thc gc c bn theo tri
thc bnh thng ca con ngi.
---o0o--IV.2.3 Cc trng thi hot ng ca thc
C nm trng thi hot ng ca thc, l : thc trong tn lon, thc
c lp, thc trong nh, thc trong s in lon v thc trong tng
quan vi nm thc gic quan.
1/ thc trong tn lon (Tn v thc) :
L thc b phn tn, khng tp trung. T d, va nghe in thoi, va m
tin, va ni chuyn... thc trong tn lon lm suy gim hiu qu ca nng
lc hot ng, ca cng vic v thng gy ra s ri lon v lng qun.
2/ thc c lp (c u thc) :
L thc lm vic mt mnh khng lin h vi 5 thc ca gic quan nh :
mt, tai, mi, li v thn. Trong trng hp ngi lng yn suy t khng
Nh th, tinh thn gio dc Pht gio l tinh thn nh thc con ngi v tr
con ngi v vi chnh n. y, thc ca mi c th bao gi cng ng
vai tr trung tm trong cc lnh vc ca i sng.
Stanley Hall - mt nh tm l hc ngi M - v hc tr ca ng l John
Dewey - mt nh trit hc thc dng - l nhng ngi xng mt phng
php gio dc mi ti M nhng nm cui th k 19 v u th k 20.
Theo quan im ca phng php gio dc mi m Hall v Dewey bt mt thi thnh hnh v vn cn nh hng n nn gio dc ca M cho
n ngy nay - th "s tin trin ca tm l con ngi pht sinh t bn trong
m ra. Nh vy, s tin trin y khng phi nh s thc y bn ngoi m
c. V gio dc phi ly a tr lm khi im, phi cn c trn tm l ca
n ch khng phi l ca ngi dy n, phi da vo nng lc v nhu cu
ca mi a tr, phi ly k lut t gic lm phng tin, a tr l trung
tm im ca hc ng" (75).
V th gii ca tm l trong gio dc, Dewey cho rng : "Tm l ca tr con
khng phi l mt tinh th (systme statique) c ng yn mi mt ch, gi
mt mc, m n l mt "ng lc" din tin khng ngng" (76). Vi ng,
ci m gi l bn ng thc cht khng g khc hn l tin trnh hot ng
(Le moi c'est de l'activit). N l mt ngun nng lng tim tng trong tm
thc v lun lun hot ng tm cch th hin "ci chn tnh" ca n, v tin
trnh hot ng khng ngng c biu hin qua ba hnh thc : (1) ch
(Volont), (2) Tri gic (Intelligence) v (3) Tnh tnh (caractire). V theo
Dewey, gio dc chnh l s o luyn tnh tnh. Ngha l trc ht, gio
dc gip ci ng lc sn c trong tm tr ca mi ngi, pht ng v ku
gi n ci ng lc nguyn sinh ca con ngi, ri sau , hng dn n
pht trin v thch ng ha vi x hi.
Sau cng Dewey kt lun nh sau : "Gio dc khng phi l mt cng vic
dy ch, dy ting, m trc ht l cho tr sng, hot ng theo tin
pht ca chng, theo ting p ca con tim chng trong mt bu khng kh
thun tin, cho c c th, tm tnh v tr tu ca chng dung dng v ny
n iu ha. Gio dc c ngha l hc, nhng hc nh s sng v trong s
sng (apprendre par la vie et dans la vie)"(77). V t , Dewey ra cc
nguyn tc gio dc nh : (1) Nguyn tc gio dc ng pht sinh"
(pdagogie gntique), (2) "Nguyn tc s phm c nng" (pdagogie
fonctionnelle) v (3) "Nguyn tc thc x hi". (78)
(19) Xem "Tm l hc kinh doanh v qun tr", Nguyn Vn L, Nxb Tr,
TP. H Ch Minh, 1994.
- "An Outline of Psychoanalysis", Sigmund Freud, Norton, Newyork, 1949.
- "Sociology", Leonard Broom, and Philip Selzick, Peterson and Company,
Evanston, Illinois, USA, 1958.
(20) "Personality can be described as the psychological characteristics that
both determine and reflect how a person will respond to his or her
environment". Trch dn ca Nguyn Vn L trong "Psychology of Business
and Administration", Nxb Tr, 1994, tr. 58.
(21) Xem "L-gch hc v phng php nghin cu khoa hc", L T Thnh
Nxb Tr, TP. H Ch Minh, 1993.
- Tp san Trit hc v t tng, s 1-2, San Jose, 1996.
(21) "Mind Self and Society", George H. Mead, University of Chicago
Press, Chicago, 1943.
(22) "Sociology", Leonard Broom & Philip Selznick, Peterson and
Company, Evanston, Illinois, USA, 1958.
(23) Bn dch : X hi hc, Trung tm nghin cu VN, Ban tu th Din
Hng, Si Gn, 1962.
(24) Mind Self and Society,..., tr. 140.
(25) X hi hc ....., tr. 118
(26) Ibid..., tr. 119-120.
(27) Xem "An Outline of Psychoanalysis", Sigmund Freud, Norton,
Newyork, 1949.
(28) T in trit hc gin yu, Nxb i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip ,
H Ni, 1987, tr.267.
(29) Sociology ..., tr. 111
(30) Ibid, tr. 113
(31) Xung nng (pulsion), l nhng xung lc mang tnh nng ng lun lun
thi thc thc tm kim s tha mn cho cc nhu cu sinh l c bn nh :
n ung, sinh dc... Sinh dc hay nhc dc (khoi lc xc tht) nu khng
c tha mn, th c th dng nng lng u t cho cc hot ng vn
ha, s kin ny c gi l thng hoa (Sublimation). Ngc li, nhc dc
nu khng gii quyt c s to thnh cc bnh l nh : dn nn
(repression) mc cm (oedipe), d tn (truculent), qui k (eyocentric), thm
lng (inhibited), a cm (hypermotivit) v.v..
(32) Theories of Personality, Calvin. H. Hall and Gardner Lindzey, Wiley
Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, 1991.
- Handbook of Social Psychology, 2 vols, Gardner Lindzey, Cambridge,
Addision - Wesley, 1954.
(33) c thm "Tm l bnh nhn", A.V. Kvaxenco, Ju. G. Dubarep, Nxb
Mir, Maxcva, H Ni, 1986.
(34) Escape from Freedom, Erich Fromn, Reinhart and Company, Inc,
1941.
(35) Tm l hc qun tr, kinh doanh, Nguyn Vn L, Nxb Tr, 1994, tr.
72-73.
(36) "The Role of Dominance in the Social and Sexual Behavior of
Infrahuman Primates : III. A. Theory of Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman
Primates", A.H. Maslow, Jouraual of Genetic Psychology, 48 (1936), 31038.
(37) Sociology,..., tr 103
(38) Tm l hc kinh doanh v qun tr,..., tr. 73.
(39) Xem ch thch s (7).
(40) Xem "Tm hiu nhn sinh quan Pht gio". Thch Tm Thin, THPG
TP. H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1995.
- Lc s Pht gio n , Thch Thanh Kim, THPG TP. H Ch Minh,
TP. H Ch Minh, 1989.
(41) Tiu tha Pht gio t tng lun, Kimura Taiken, Thch Qung
dch, Tu th i hc Vn Hnh, Sign, 1959, tr. 37, (b mi in).
(42) Ibid, tr. 36-45 (b mi)
(43) Ibid, tr. 42-43.
(44) Ngi Ca a Din Ni T, mt ngi tinh thng Tam tng ra i sau Pht
khong 300 nm, ngi c xem l thy t ca Thng Ta b qua tc
phm Pht tr lun. (Xem Lc s Pht gio n , Thch Thanh Kim,
THPG TP. H Ch Minh, TP.HCM, 1989, tr. 90.
(45) y l hai b lun trung tm ca Hu b lc by gi.
(46) V nin i ra i ca cc v Lun s ny vo khong t u th k II
n cui th k th IV.
(Xem : Lc s Pht gio n , Thch Thanh Kim..., tr. 135-136)
(47) Xem thm : Lc s Pht gio n - Sd, tr. 116.
(48) Ibid, tr. 165-166.
(49) Tng truyn B Tt Di Lc (Maitreya) ti cung tri Tusita ng
xung ging ng Ayodhya, Trung n, nc Magadha ging v Duy
thc cho ngi Asanga sut 4 thng - Sd, tr. 176.
(50) Trong cc lun th trn, Cu x lun thuc v gio ngha ca Hinayana,
Duy thc tam thp tng v nh thp tng thuc v Mahayana.
(51) Khng phi l ngi A Nu a La thi c Pht.
(52) Thng php tp yu lun, Thch Minh Chu dch, 2 quyn, Tu th vin
i hc Vn Hnh, Sign, 1971 (ti bn).
(53) Xem Trng B kinh, bn dch ca Thch Minh Chu, VNCPHVN, TP.
H Ch Minh, 1993.
(54) Xem i cng Cu x lun, Thch Thin Siu, VNCPHVN, TP. H
Ch Minh, 1992.
(55) c thm : "Tiu tha & i tha Pht gio t tng lun", Kimura
Taiken, Thch Qung dch, Tu th i hc Vn Hnh, SiGn, 1959.
- "i cng Cu x lun", Thch Thin Siu, VNCPHVN, TP. H Ch
Minh, 1992.
(55) Xem "Ging lun Duy Biu Hc" (Tm l hc Pht gio), Nht Hnh,
L Bi, TP. H Ch Minh, 1996, tr.13.
(56) Xem "L thuyt khoa gio v con ngi qua t tng Gandavyaha
(Hoa Nghim), Thch Tm Thin, TP.H Ch Minh, 1996.
(57) Treatise in Thirty Verses on Mere-Conciousness; Swati Ganguly,
Motilal Banarsifdass Publishers, Private limited, Delhi, First Edition1992.
(58) Xem "Vn c bn ca trit hc Pht gio", Thch Tm Thin,
BVHTW.GHPGVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1997.
(59) Bch Php Minh Mn lun ca Vasubandhu, bn dch ca Ngi Huyn
Trang.
(60) Xem Vn C bn ca Trit hc Pht gio Thch Tm Thin,
BVHTW.GHPGVN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1997
(61) "Einstein The Life and Time, Ronald W.Clark, Avon Books, World
Publishing Company, Newyork, 1993.
(62 The Buddhist Teaching of Totality - (The Philosophy of Hwa Yen
Buddhism) Garma C.C.Chang, The Pennsylvania State University, USA,
1989.
(63) Hua Yen Buddhism, The Jewel Net of Indra, Francis H.Cook, Sri
Satguru Publications, New Delhi, 1994.
(64) Xem The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, edited by Ted Honderich,
Oxford University Press Inc., Newyork 1995.
(65) Trong Pht gio thng cp n cc a (bhumi) v gii (dhatu) nh
: tam gii (ba ci), bao gm :
- Ti liu gc :
1- Duy thc tam thp tng, Thch Thin Hoa dch (trong Duy thc hc),
THPGTP H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1992.
2- Nhip Lun, Tr Quang dch, NXB Thnh ph H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch
Minh, 1995.
3- i tha khi tn lun, Tr Quang dch, NXB TP. H Ch Minh, TP. H
Ch Minh, 1994.
4- Kinh Gii Thm Mt, Tr Quang dch, NXB TP. H Ch Minh, TP. H
Ch Minh, 1994.
5- Thnh Duy thc lun, Thch Thin Siu dch, VNCPHVN, TP. H Ch
Minh, 1996.
6- Cu X lun, Thch Thin Siu dch, VNCPHVN, TP. H Ch Minh,
1995.
7- Bch php minh mn lun, Thch Thin Hoa dch (trong duy thc hc),
THPGTP. H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh, 1992.
8- Thng php tp yu lun (Abhidhammatthasangaha), Thch Minh Chu,
Vin i hc Vn Hnh, Sign, 1971.
9- i tr lun, cc bn dch (khng y ) ca Tr Hi, Diu Khng ...
ti liu rono.
* Ti liu th yu
1- Ging lun Duy biu hc, Nht Hnh, L Bi, 1996.
2- Nghin cu kinh Lng Gi, D.T. Suzuki, Thch Chn Thin v Trn Tun
Mn dch, GHPGVN, Ban GDTN, TP. H Ch Minh, 1992.
3- Tm l hc, Trn Bch Lan, Ngn Ng XB, Sign, 1969.
4- Tm l hc (Kinh doanh v Qun tr), GS. Nguyn Vn L, NXB Tr,
1994.