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15-19th Century Society-2 PDF
15-19th Century Society-2 PDF
15-19th Century Society-2 PDF
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d. Britain (which suffered a cholera epidemic in the Use space below for
early 1830s), passed its first public health law in notes:
1848.
Germany, France and U.S. also adopted
Chadwicks ideas.
e. By 1860s and 1870s many European cities had
made significant progress in public sanitation
D. Urban planning & public transportation
1. France took the lead during reign of Napoleon III
a. Georges von Haussmann redeveloped Paris:
Wide
boulevards
(partially
to
prevent
barricades)
Better middle-class housing on the outskirts of
the city
Demolition of slums
Creation of parks and open spaces.
b. New system of aqueducts doubled fresh water
supply and 400 miles of underground sewers were
built (in response to cholera epidemics in 1832 &
1849).
c. Cities such as Vienna, Cologne followed Paris
lead.
2. Mass transportation
a. By 1890s the electric streetcar had
revolutionized city transportation
Created suburbs on outskirts
Electricity led to the creation of Londons
subway system in the 1860s and then Paris
metro in 1900.
b. By 1900, only 9% of Britains urban population
was overcrowded (more than 2 per room)
E. Migration and emigration
1. Significant migration to cities from the countryside
continued although migrants often maintained a
connection to their rural areas.
2. Huge numbers of southern and eastern Europeans
migrated to Americas largest cities after 1880 in
search of economic opportunity.
a. Canada and Latin America were also major
destinations
b. Jews in eastern Europe fled the persecution of the
Pogroms.
c. In some areas, agricultural challenges forced
people to search for other opportunities.
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oppressive.
4. In 20th century, middle-class youths would follow this
pattern.
IV. Life in the fin de sicle (end of the century)
A. The Belle poque (c. 1895-1914)
1. Increased standard of living in all industrialized
countries
a. This period would later be remembered after
World War I as the Belle poque (the good
old days)
b. However, better living occurred much more in
northern Europe (Britain, France and Germany)
than in southern or eastern Europe.
c. People gradually enjoyed higher wages while the
price of food declined.
In Britain, wages almost doubled between
1850 and 1900.
More money came to be spent on clothing
Meat consumption increased significantly
2. Increased leisure time resulted along with increased
money to spend
B. Increased consumption
1. Sports attracted increased spectators and participants
a. Sports clubs grew significantly
b. Soccer (football), rugby, bicycle and automobile
races, track and field
c. A huge bicycle craze swept western Europe in the
1890s
d. Increased numbers of women took part in
bicycling and sports clubs
Women gradually abandoned the more
restrictive clothing (e.g. corsets, whale-boned
skirts) for dresses that allowed more
movement
e. The emerging sports culture mirrored the growth
of aggressive nationalism in the late-19th century
Some Social Darwinists believed that sports
competition confirmed the superiority of certain
racial groups
2. Cafs and taverns enjoyed increased patronage in
cities and towns
3. Department stores grew significantly
Frequented by the middle-class
4. In Paris, dance halls, concerts and plays drew
thousands of people each week.
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C.
D.
E.
F.
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Monet, Impression
Sunrise
Pisarro, Garden at
Pontoise, 1877
Gauguin, Where Do We
Come From? What Are
We? Where Are We
Going?, 1897
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Picasso, The
Accordionist, 1911
Kandinsky, Composition
VII, 1913
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Terms to Know
Second Industrial Revolution
urbanization
Public Health Movement
Edwin Chadwick
sanitary idea
Georges von Haussmann
fin de sicle
Belle poque
Louis Pasteur, germ theory
pasteurization
Joseph Lister
Dmitri Mendeleev
Michael Faraday, electromagnetism
August Comte
positivism
Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species
Thomas Huxley
Hebert Spencer, Social Darwinism
Sigmund Freud
Marie Curie
Ernest Rutherford
Max Planck
Albert Einstein
theory of relativity
Rerum Novarum
Realism
Honor de Balzac
Gustave Flaubert
Thomas Hardy
Emile Zola
George Eliot
Leo Tolstoy
Henrik Ibsen
Gustav Courbet, The Stonebreakers
Francois Millet, The Gleaners
Honore Daumier, Third-Class Carriage
Edgar Degas
Edouard Manet, Le Djeuner sur
lherbe ;Olympia
Impressionism
Claude Monet, Impression Sunrise
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la
Galette
Camille Pissarro
Berthe Morisot
Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night
Paul Gauguin
Paul Czanne
Henri Matisse, les fauves
Pablo Picasso, Les Madamoselle
dAvignon
Cubism
Expressionism
Wassily Kandinsky
Essay Questions
Note: This sub-unit is a very high probability area for the AP exam. In the
past 10 years, 8 questions have come wholly or in large part from the
material in this chapter. Below are some practice questions that will help
you study the topics that have appeared on previous exams or may appear
on future exams.
1. Compare and contrast the first and second industrial revolutions.
2. Analyze ways in which urbanization impacted European society in the 19th
century.
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3. How did the industrial revolution and urbanization impact Europes social
structure.
4. Analyze the forces that caused the family to change in the 19th century.
5. How did scientific advances in the late-19th century challenge the ways
Europeans viewed the world?
6. Analyze how Realism, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism reflected
European society in the late-19th and early 20th centuries.
Bibliography:
Principle Sources:
McKay, John P., Hill, Bennett D., & Buckler, John, A History of Western Society, AP Edition, 8th
Ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006
Merriman, John, A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present, 2nd ed.,
New York: W. W. Norton, 2004
Palmer, R. R., Colton, Joel, A History of the Modern World, 8th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill,
1995
Other Sources:
Chambers, Mortimer, et al, The Western Experience, 8th ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003
Hunt, Lynn, et al, The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 3rd ed., Boston: Bedford/St.
Martins, 2009
Kagan, Donald, et al, The Western Heritage, 7th ed., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice
Hall, 2001
King, Ross, The Judgment of Paris: The Revolutionary Decade that Gave the World
Impressionism, New York: Walker & Company, 2006
Kishlansky, Mark, et al, Civilization in the West, 5th ed., New York: Longman, 2003
Mercado, Steven and Young, Jessica, AP European History Teachers Guide, New York:
College Board, 2007
Spielvogel, Jackson, Western Civilization, 5th ed., Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thompson
Learning, 2003