(International Phonetic Alphabet)

.
:

.
(..),
..

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M

Alfa ()
Bravo ()
Charlie ()
Delta ()
Echo ( )
Foxtrot ()
Golf ()
Hotel ()
India ( )
Juliett ()
Kilo ()
Lima ()
Mike ()

N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

Novemper ()
Oskar ( )
Papa ()
Quebec ()
Romeo ( )
Siera ()
Tango ()
Uniforme ()
Victor ()
Whiskey ()
X-ray ( - )
Yankee ()
Zulu ()

, ..


: : ()
A: Alpha / America
B: Bravo
C: Charley / Canada
D: Delta / Denmark
E: Echo / Equador
F: Foxtrot / Florida
G: Golf / Guatemala/Germany
H: Hotel / Honoloulou
I: India / Italy
J: Juliet / Japan
K: Kilo
L: Lima
M: Mike / Mexico
N: November
O: Oscar / Ontario
P: Papa
Q: Quebec / Queen
R: Romeo / Radio
S: Sierra / Sugar/Santiago
T: Tango / Texas
U: Uniform / United
V: Victor / Victoria
W: Whiskey / Washington
X: X-ray / Xilophono
Y: Yankee
Z: Zulu / Zebra



. ,

(..) [1]:
.., ..., .

.., .

 Q

. "
100% ". "
! QSL. .

.
QSL 100%/ /
QSY ( QSY 145,250 Mhz)
QRT
QRZ ( )
QRM
QSB ( )
QTH
QRP ( 10 Watt)
QRO
QRX
QSO
Q
QRA

QRB

? (
)

QRC

(
)
;

? ( ?)

QRD

? () ?
()

QRE

(
) ? ();

( ) ?
() ? (GMT)

QRF

? ();

? ();
? ();

QRG

?
(kHz)

QRH

QRI

: (
T)

: (
T)

1.
2.
3. ;

1.
2.
3.

QRJ

.
.

QRK

:
( R)

:
( R)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

QRL

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

QRM

;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

QRN

();
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

QRO

QRP

QRQ

( ? )

QRR

QRS

( ?
)

QRT

QRU

QRV

, .

QRW

?
? (kHz);

?
? (kHz);

QRX

? ( GMT) (
? kHz)

QRY

? ()

QRZ

? ( ? kHz)

QA QZ

QTA

? ? ;

? ? .

QTB

.

.

QTC

? (
?)

QTD

? (
) :
1. ? ()
2.
3. ? ()

QTN

? ();

? () ? (GMT).

QTO

( )
;

( )
.

QTP

(
)
;

(
)
.

QTR

? (GMT).

QTS

?
;

? .

QTU

? ? (GMT).

QTV

? kHz ( MHz) ? ? ;

? kHz ( MHz) ? ? .

QTW

?
?

QTX

(
? );

( ? ).

QTY

, ,
;

? ( ? ).

QTZ

? (
, , ,
).

QUA QUZ

QUA

?
( );

?
( ).

QUC

( )

( ? ( ));

( )
(
? ( )) ? .

QUD

? ( );

? ( ).

QUF

? ( );

? ( ).

QUI

QUM

QUN

(
? (. ) ? (.

,
?

)) ,
.

QUO

:
1.
2.
3.
? (. ) ?
(. ) (
);

QUP

:
1.
2.
3.

:
1.
2.
3.
? (. ) ?
(. ) (
)

:
1.
2.
3.

QUQ

,
,


, ,

;

,
,


, ,

.

QUR

1. ;
2.
;
3.
;

QUS

; ,
;

1.
2.

3.

:
1.
2.

3.
? (. ) ? (.
) ( ).

QUT

:
1.

2.
3.
4. ? (
)

QUU

?
( )
1.

 ? kHz (
MHz)
2. ?
kHz ( MHz)
.

QUV

QUW

,
? (. ) ?
(. );

,
? (. ) ?
(. ).

QUY

:
1.

2.
3.
4. ? (
)

 RST
RST .
R (Readability) 1-5
.
S (Strength) 1-9
.
T (Tone) , 1-9
.
.

Readability
The R stands for "Readability". Readability is a qualitative assessment of how easy or difficult it is
to correctly copy the information being sent during the transmission. In a Morse code telegraphy
transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is to distinguish each of the characters in
the text of the message being sent; in a voice transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult
it is for each spoken word to be understood correctly. Readability is measured on a scale of 1 to 5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Unreadable
Barely readable, occasional words distinguishable
Readable with considerable difficulty
Readable with practically no difficulty
Perfectly readable

Strength
The S stands for "Strength". Strength is an assessment of how powerful the received signal is at the
receiving location. Although an accurate signal strength meter can determine a quantitative value
for signal strength, in practice this portion of the RST code is a qualitative assessment, often made
based on the S meter of the radio receiver at the location of signal reception. "Strength" is measured
on a scale of 1 to 9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Faint signal, barely perceptible

Very weak
Weak
Fair
Fairly good
Good
Moderately strong
Strong
Very strong signals

For a quantitative assessment, quality HF receivers are calibrated so that S9 on the S-meter
corresponds to a signal of 50 V at the antenna terminal. On VHF and UHF receivers used for weak
signal communications, S9 often corresponds to 5 V at the antenna terminal.

Tone
The T stands for "Tone". Tone is only used in Morse code and digital transmissions and is therefore
omitted during voice operations. With modern transmitter technology, imperfections in the quality
of the transmitter modulation that can be detected by humans are rare. Tone is measured on a scale
of 1 to 9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Sixty cycle a.c or less, very rough and broad

Very rough a.c., very harsh and broad
Rough a.c. tone, rectified but not filtered
Rough note, some trace of filtering
Filtered rectified a.c. but strongly ripple-modulated
Filtered tone, definite trace of ripple modulation
Near pure tone, trace of ripple modulation
Near perfect tone, slight trace of modulation
Perfect tone, no trace of ripple or modulation of any kind

Variations
An example RST report for a voice transmission is "59", usually pronounced "five nine" or "five by
nine", a report that indicates a perfectly readable and very strong signal. Exceptionally strong
signals are designated by the quantitative number of decibels, in excess of "S9", displayed on the
receiver's S meter. Example: "Your signal is 30 dB over S9."
Suffixes were historically added to indicate other signal properties, and might be sent as "599K":
X: stable frequency (crystal control)
C: "chirp" (frequency shift when keying)
K: key clicks
Because the N character in Morse code requires less time to send than the 9, during amateur radio
contests where the competing amateur radio stations are all using Morse code, the nines in the RST
are typically abbreviated to N to read 5NN. general, this practice is referred to as abbreviated or
"cut" numbers.