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CSHM 2016 - Final
CSHM 2016 - Final
ABSTRACT
The determination of hydrocarbon composition and
physical properties is a critical step in allocation of
assets, process control, and transportation and facility
optimization. However, the instrumentation to perform
such analysis is often complex to install, maintain, and
operate. Recent advances in Near Infrared (NIR)
Spectroscopy has enabled equipment which is
ruggedized for field use, can operate at line conditions,
and perform similar analysis as conventional
equipment with better reliability and speed.
An NIR analyzer has been developed to perform at-line
measurements in applications ranging from upstream
production to midstream processing to downstream
refining. The analyzer has been used to measure crude
properties in real time, optimize fractionation facilities,
and monitor composition and product quality in
pipelines and for resource allocation. The operating
characteristics of the analyzer are discussed, and
application results are presented.
TOPICS:
Fundamental
of
Gas
or
Liquid
Measurement, Analysis, Sampling, Allocation, New
Technology, NIR Spectroscopy
1. INTRODUCTION
The practical application of measurement technology
in the hydrocarbon processing industry has undergone
a technological revolution spanning the last thirty
years. The industry has moved from the use of chart
recorders (with their inherent limitations and built-in
delay of information) to the widespread use of
electronic flow computers to determine increasingly
important volumes and flow rates. In the same time
frame, the increasing use of process analytical
instruments for measuring the chemical composition
and physical properties of hydrocarbon fluids has been
industry wide. From the time hydrocarbons leave the
well-head until they are delivered to the end user, these
fluids are subjected to a variety of analyses, for several
purposes including allocation of assets, process
control, or quality measurement and custody transfer.
2. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
2.1 History
The near infrared region of the spectrum was first
discovered by Sir William Herschel around 1800. [2] He
used a large glass prism to disperse sunlight, and
placed three thermometers at different points in the
dispersed spectrum. He observed that the
thermometer exposed to the red light showed a greater
temperature rise than the one exposed to the blue light.
However, just beyond the red, where there was no
visible light at all, the temperature rise was the
greatest. This was the beginning of infrared
spectroscopy.
5. Applications
JP3 On-line
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6. Conclusions
The use of alternative technologies, such as near
infrared spectroscopy, in the oil and gas sector
increases yearly. NIR spectroscopy allows the use of
modern telecommunication grade components and
fiber optics to perform real-time analysis of both
composition and physical properties in the field. In the
past, NIR instruments were used primarily in large
downstream facilities like refineries and petrochemical
plants. As the merits and advantages of the technology
are better understood by industry, the technology is
migrating to upstream and midstream operations.
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Lab (ASTM Method)
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7. References
1. M.Gaura, Process gas chromatography: Avoid the
iceberg of hidden expenses. Hydrocarbon Processing
2011
2. W.Herschel, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (London) 284
(1800)
3. W. W. Coblentz, Investigations of Infrared Spectra
Part 1. Publication No. 35, Carnegie Institute of
Washington (1905)
4. M. Blanco and I Villarroya, NIR Spectroscopy: a
rapid-response analytical tool. Trends in Analytical
Chemistry Vol 21 No 4 (2002)
5. H. W. Siesler,Y. Ozaki, S. Kawata and H. Heise,
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Principles, Instruments,
Applications, Wiley and Sons, (2002)
6. H. Andersen, H, Wedelsback, P. Hansen. NIR
Spectrometer
Technology
Comparison.
Foss
Corporation. (2013)
7. D. Sword. An Optical Hydrocarbon Analyzer for
Real-Time Hydrocarbon Gas Speciation and
Measurement. ISHM Class # 5065.1
8. C.Brown, Final Report: Optical BTU Sensor
Development, GRI Contract # 5084-271-1197, (1993)
9.
N. Goldstein et al Real Time Optical BTU
Measurement of Natural Gas at Line Pressure, 4th
International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement,
Denver, (1999)
10, N. Makhoukhi Determination of the composition
and gross heating value of a mixture of gases by
infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods. 23rd
World Gas Conference, Amsterdam (2006)
11. D.B. Olsen and D. Wise Energy Meter Performance
Assessment: Phase 1 PRCI Report PR-179-12603R02