doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.

10140
E-mail: pichet.pin@kmutt.ac.th

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DIRECTIONS OF PRINCIPAL STRESSES:

POINT-WISE AND FULL-FIELD
ANALYSES THROUGH A PROBLEM IN
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Pichet Pinit
Department of Mechanical Technology Education
Faculty of Industrial Education and Technology
King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi
Bangkok, Thailand 10140
E-mail: pichet.pin@kmutt.ac.th

ABSTRACT
As far as concerned with authors experiences, most of teaching and learning
processes in Mechanics of Materials emphasize only a numerical calculation
of directions of principal stresses but lack an in-depth explanation to students
about the relation between them and their principal stresses, in spite of their
importance in stress analysis. To fill the gap, this paper describes a deep
analysis of the directions of principal stresses using three different methods:
equation of stress transformation, Mohrs circle and pole, and Eigen value and
Eigen vector. These methods are applied on the basis of point-wise and
whole-field representations to a two dimensional problem in Theory of
Elasticity. The contents could enhance students understanding with the hope
that the students could apply the knowledge gained to solve or to interpret
those related problems in hand.

KEYWORDS
theory of elasticity, directions of principal stresses, Mohr circle and pole, eigen
value and eigen vector, equation of stress transformation

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I.
(Mechanics of Materials)



(tensor) 2 9

[1]
(
)

:
?

(hoop stress)
(axial stress) 2

1.5 :
2.5
?

???
(
)

(yield strength)
(maximum stress)
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? ( 1)

(a circular disk subjected a diametral compression)

Il.
2.1

(plane problem)
[2]

1
1
xx yy xx yy cos2 xy sin2

2
2
1
1
y ' y ' xx yy xx yy cos2 xy
2
2
1
x ' y ' xx yy sin2 xy cos2
2

x 'x'

(1)

x y x ' y ' ( 1)

1,2

xx yy
2

yy
2
xx
xy
2

(2)

1
()

()

tan2 p

2 xy
xx yy

2 xy
1
p arctan

xx
yy

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(3)
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1 2 xx yy xy
p
x p (principal
values) 90 90
( periodic function)

tan2 p tan 2 p 180 (3)

( ) (3)
p
1 2 [1]
(3) 2 p p
45 45 p 90
90 (3) (wrapped phase)
(unwrapped phase)

(phase unwrapping) [3]
p (3) 1 2
(2)

(3) x ' y ' 0 (

)


[1]

1. 1 2 p
(2) (3)
2. p ()
x ' y ' (1)
3. x ' y ' 2. 1 2
1.

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x ' y ' p

p x ' y '
(1)
x ' y ' x
x ' ( 1)

2.2
(2)

1
1
1 2 1 2 cos26
2
2
1
1
y ' y ' 1 2 1 2 cos26
2
2
1
x ' y ' 1 2 sin2
2

x 'x'

(4)

1 2 x ' y '
1 x y
1 2 , 1 2 x ' y ' p
(4)
x ' y '

1 2 (isopachics)
1 2 (isochromatics)
p (isoclinics)
xy [4], [5]

2.3 :
[2]

xx p nx xy ny 0
xy nx yy p ny 0

(5)

nx2 n y2 1

(6)

p p 1,2 nx ny
x y
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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

x
nx cos p ny sin p (5) (6)

yy

p cos p xy sin p 0

xy cos p yy p sin p 0

(7)

cos 2 p sin2 p 1

(8)

(5) (8) p (Eigen value) nx

ny (Eigen vector)

(7) (8)

xy2
sin p
2
2
xy2 yy p
yy p
1

xy

(9)

cos p yy p sin p
xy

(10)

sin p

cos p

p arctan

(11)

1. 1 2 (2)
2. 1 2 p (9) (10)
3. p (11)
(3) (11) (3)
45 p 45 () (11) 90 p 90 ()

III

2.4
(1)

2
1. CCW (
)
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2. ( C)
1
xx yy ( O)
2
3. A xx , xyccw
x ( 2)
4. C CA
5. AB C B
y

2 ()
2

yy
2
R CA CB max xx
xy
2

(12)

(13)

(14)
(3)

2.5

2 3
[6]
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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

1. A 2
A ' (a conjugate point
A ' ) ( 3) A A '
(reference line)
2. A ' (pole)
G x ' x ', xcw' y '
A ' G

3. G x ' x ', xcw' y ' A ' A

A 'G A ' A A 'G A'

G x ' x ', x ' y '
A ' A A 'G CA'G

1
CA'G CGA' CA'G 180 2
2

CA'A 180
2

180 C A'A C A'G

A ' A
1
1
180 180 180 2
2
2

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F ( 3)
1 ( A ' F ) p A ' A A ' F
3

III.
(3) 45 p 45

1 ( 2)

( ACB ) 1 ACF
1 A E 2 p 90 p 45 (
) A E
1
B ( y ) 2
2 A ( x )
p 45 ( A)

A
A
A H 2 p 90 p 45

p 45 p 45 45 p 45
45 p 45 90 p 90

2 90
2 90
(digitally graphic representation) (discrete
function)
45 p 45 90 p 90 (
3) A 2 p 180 ( E H)
p 90 90 (modulo)
( 3) 1 A 2 p 180 (
E H) p 90 (modulo)

(pixel-based methods) [7] - [9]
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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

/ (4)
(4) x ' x ' y ' y '
1 2 cos 20 cos2 x ' y '
1 2 sin 20 sin2
4 (4)
2 x ' y '
( x ' y ' 3 2)
(flip)



[10]

IV.

xx 30MPa, yy 90MPa xy 40MPa (2)
ave 60MPa 1 110MPa 2 10MPa

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(4)

4.1
3

( 2.1) (3)
(3)

45 p 45 90 p 90

(9) (11)
(7)

xx
tan p p

xy

xy
tan p

p yy

(15)

(15)
p
(15)
p
(quadratic equation) (
(2)) (9) (11)
3
(5) (6)

xx p nx xy xz nz 0
xy nx yy p ny yz nz 0
xz nx yz ny zz p nz 0
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(16)

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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

nx2 ny2 nz2 1

(17)

(16)
nx ny nz

p 1

p 2

( 2.1)

( 2.2)

(9) (11) (numerical techniques)

(node)





[11]
(16) (system of homogeneous
equations) (non-trivial solutions) nx ny nz 0
(17)
(17) (6)
() (17)
1 2 3

4.2
5 A ' 30,40
2.3 2
E A ' E p 2

p 2 26 p1 64 (
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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

)
max A ' D
71
45
26 45 71 26 45 19
F

V.
IV




( [4])

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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

5.1

xx , yy xy
( 6) [12]

R y x2
R y x2
1

2
2
2

2
2
2

y
x

y
2
R

xx
3
3

2F R y
R y
1

yy
2

2 2
2 2
2
t x R y x R y 2R
xy
R y 2 x

R y 2 x

2
2
2
2
2
x R y x R y

(18)

(18) (3)
2F / t
p (3)

[11]

tan p

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2 xy
R2 x2 y 2

(19)

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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

p
(19)

[12]
2.1 2.2 2.3

( )
[13]
(18) P 0, R xx , yy
xy
1 xx F / Rt ,
2 yy 3F / Rt xy 0
yy



F 300N D 30mm
t 6mm 4

(3)

(15)

(19)

1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1 7
(15)

3
2.1 (3)

3 4

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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

( 19) 4

5.2
7 [[13]]
7 7 45 p 45
90 p 90
121000
(3) ( 1 )
(3)
( 7 )
( 4)

1 p 1 56.90 ( )
45 p 2 33.10 ()

7 0
0
(phase-flipped line)
(isoclinic fringes)
7
2 7 ()

1
2 1
2
5.1

P x,0 xy 0 1 xx 2 yy
(11) / (15)
(

)

P x,0 p 1 0 p 2 90
7 7 P 0, y

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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

()

4 ()
()

()

VI.
3

3
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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

7 7
121000





[11]


3 (analytical method)
(experimental method) (numerical method)

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doi:10.4186/ejth.2010.2.1.1

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]

[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]

[14]

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