MC LC

1. Phng php dy hc hin i .................................................................... 2

1.1. Nhng tc ng dn n s hnh thnh phng php dy hc hin i 2
1.2. Mt s loi hnh Phng php dy hc hin i c xc nh ..........5
1.2.1. Phng php ng no ...........................................................................5
1.2.2. Phng php tr chi .............................................................................5
1.2.4. Phng php to tnh hung ...................................................................6
1.2.3. Phng php ng kch ..........................................................................6
1.2.5. Phng php xy dng d n .................................................................6
1.3. Nhng thnh qu cng ngh in t c vn dng trong PPDHH ......7
1.4. Gio dc in t (e-learning) ....................................................................8
2. Nhng ng gp ca phng php dy hc hin i vo cht lng dy hc
i hc ..............................................................................................................9
3. Nhng hn ch ca vic p dng phng php dy hc hin i c th
nh hng n cht lng dy hc i hc .............................................11
3.1. S chi phi ca thit b hin i i hi gio vin v ngi qun l phi
lun ch ng gii quyt tnh hung .........................................................12
3.2. Yu cu cao ca vic t chc ging dy theo cc Phng php dy hc hin
i c th dn n nhng rc ri trong qu trnh thc hin ........................12
3.3. Khng phi mn no, lc no cng bt buc ngi dy phi s dng phng
php dy hc hin i .....................................................................................13
4. Kt lun .......................................................................................................13
TI LIU THAM KHO ..............................................................................14

NG GP CA PHNG PHP DY HC HIN I

TRONG QU TRNH NNG CAO CHT LNG GIO DC
I HC VIT NAM
Phng php dy hc hin i to ra mt cuc cch mng s phm, ph v
khun mu dy hc cng nhc vn tn ti mt thi gian di nc ta.
Phng php dy hc hin i l mt h thng cc phng php dy hc nhm
pht huy tch cc ca ngi hc. Phng php dy hc hin i cho php m
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rng khng gian dy hc, m rng thi gian dy hc. m rng khi lng tri
thc truyn th, Phng php dy hc hin i nhm to tin ngi hc
tin ti t hc, t o to; tng bc gp phn xy dng mi trng x hi hc
tp trong mi c nhn phi t hc tp sut i. Vi nhng u th c tnh thi
i, phng php dy hc hin i gp phn quan trng trong qu trnh nng
cao cht lng gio dc i hc Vit Nam.
Phng php dy hc hin i c p dng ti Vit Nam bc l nhng
hn ch c th quan st c. Nu khng sm khc phc, nhng hn ch ny s
lm nh hng khng nh n cht lng, hiu qu o to.
T sau 1986 n nay, nn gio dc Vit Nam c mt bc chuyn di
di s tc ng mnh m ca cc ngnh khoa hc ng i. Phng php dy
hc mi vn dng thnh tu ca tm l hc, gio dc hc v khoa hc cng ngh
hin i nhm pht huy cao nht tnh tch cc ca ngi hc. Chng ta gi l
phng php dy hc hin i trong mi tng quan vi phng php dy hc
truyn thng.
2.1.

2. Phng php dy hc hin i

Nhng tc ng dn n s hnh thnh phng php dy hc hin i
Phng php dy hc hin i c hnh thnh di nhng tc ng sau:
S bng n thng tin trn phm vi ton cu, cng s pht trin ca cng
ngh in t bt u t phng Ty, to p lc thc y i mi phng php
dy hc.
Theo G. Anderla, dn theo Thi Vn Ho [2008: 112], k t thp nin 60
ca th k XX, kin thc khoa hc ca nhn loi ch cn khong thi gian di
7 nm tng gp i. V khong thi gian y ngy cng c thu ngn li v
k t 1995, trung bnh ti thiu mi ngy c t nht 4000 ta sch khoa hc
khng ch c pht hnh m cn c b sung vo th mc cc th vin ca

cc i hc v trung tm nghin cu. Qua hn hai thp nin m ca hi nhp,

nhng thnh tu vt bc ca cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng phng Ty
to iu kin Vit Nam nhanh chng thit lp kt ni vi h thng truyn
thng quc t qua nhiu knh khc nhau. Theo , mt lng tri thc khng l
ca nhn loi chuyn vo nc ta, to p lc ln cho ngnh gio dc v ton
x hi. Trong tnh hnh y, phng php dy hc theo li ly thy lm trung
tm bc l nhng hn ch trong vic cung cp tri thc cho ngi hc ni
chung v cho th h tr ni ring. Mt yu cu bc thit t ra l phi i mi
phng php dy hc. V phng php dy hc mi phi phc v tt cho vic
tip thu c hiu qu tri thc nhn loi.
Nhng thnh tu v mt l lun ca ngnh tm l gio dc cng c cho
l lun dy hc hin i v thc y i mi phng php dy hc, chuyn
nghin cu tm l ngi dy sang nghin cu tm l ngi hc ln ngi dy.
Ngnh tm l gio dc khi dy nhiu vn mi, cn phi gii quyt
trong qu trnh dy v hc [Trn Th Tuyt Oanh (ch bin), 2006: 139]: Qu
trnh dy hc l mt qu trnh di s lnh o, t chc, iu khin ca ngi
gio vin, ngi hc t gic, tch cc, ch ng t t chc, t iu khin hot
ng nhn thc hc tp ca mnh nhm thc hin nhng nhim v dy hc.
y vi tr lnh o, t chc, iu khin ca ngi dy c c bit coi
trng.
Xu hng nghin cu lin ngnh v nhng thnh tu ca n cng c
nhng tc ng trc tip n phng php dy hc mi.
Phng php dy hc truyn thng da trn h thng cc tiu ch c bn
gm: ngun tri thc v c im tri gic thng tin. H thng ny gm cc
nhm phng php sau:
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- Nhm cc phng php dy hc dng ngn ng: phng php thuyt

trnh, phng php vn p, phng php s dng sch gio khoa v ti liu;
- Nhm phng php dy hc trc quan: phng php trc quan, phng
php minh ho, phng php biu din th nghim;
- Nhm phng php dy hc thc hnh: phng php luyn tp, phng
php thc hnh th nghim.
Thnh tu lin ngnh tm l hc, cng ngh thng tin, khoa hc qun l,
to ra h thng tiu ch mi trong phng php ging dy hin i. Theo hng
ny, khi nim dy v hc cng c nhn thc li.
Nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh mi to iu kin thun li cho vic thc
hin i mi phng php dy hc.
Nhng phng thc dy hc c s h tr ca k thut in ton trong ging
dy t hiu qu hn so vi nhng phng thc c t trc. Mt s
phng php dy hc c s tr gip ca cng ngh mi nh:
- Dy vi s tr gip ca my tnh (CBT: computer-based training hay
CBI: computer-based instruction);
- Dy hc da trn cng ngh web (WBT: web-based training). Phng
php ny s dng gn vi phng php o to trc tuyn (on-line learning).
Cng t nguyn do ny m cm t on-line c dng vi ngha tng ng
vi internet.
- Dy hc da trn cng ngh internet (IBT: internet-based training).
M hnh
Ch th
truyn thng trung
ngi
thy
tm
thng tin
ngi hc
kin thc (*)

nhm

Vai tr ngi hc
th ng
ch ng
thch nghi

Cng ngh
bng/ TV/ radio
PC/ overhead/
PC + mng
projector

(*) m hnh kin thc c xem l kt qu ca qu trnh x l thng tin.

Bng 1: Cc m hnh dy hc tng c p dng
1.2. Mt s loi hnh Phng php dy hc hin i c xc nh
n nay, xc nh c mt s phng php dy hc theo hng pht
huy tnh tch cc, em li hiu qu cho ngi hc nh sau:
1.2.1. Phng php ng no
Ngi dy a ra ch (topic), t chc lp thnh nhm, cm suy ngh,
a ra tng. Cc tng ny s c ngi ghi li. Ngi dy ng vai tr
iu khin, ng vin ngi hc a ra tng lin tc. Cng vic nh gi, la
chn nhng tng tt c tin hnh trn c s tho lun tp th, tn trng
kin ca tp th lp.
1.2.2. Phng php tr chi
c tin hnh theo trnh t gm 3 bc: chun b, tin hnh, kt thc c
nh gi, phng php ny i hi s chun b k lng trong vic la chn
tr chi sao cho ph hp ni dung bi hc, t chc nhanh, gn va gy hng th
ng thi phi c k lut da trn lut chi r rng. Phn kt thc ngoi vic
tng kt nh gi nhng kt qu t c cng phi c phn nhn xt thi
tham gia ca hc vin.
1.2.3. Phng php ng kch
Tuy cc bc tin hnh gn ging phng php tr chi nhng phng
php ng kch i hi ngi dy phi xy dng kch bn cht ch, ni dung
kch bn gip hc sinh hiu su sc bi hc. Ci kh nht i vi ngi dy l
phi nm chc v th loi kch trong lu nhng c im nh kch tnh,
nhn vt, hnh ng kch, li thoi v ho trang.
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1.2.4. Phng php to tnh hung

Thao tc c p dng ch yu trong phng php ny l nu v gii quyt
vn . Ngi thy ch ng nu cc tnh hung c vn , thng l nhng
vn xut pht t thc tin ngi hc cng trao i, tho lun, gii quyt.
Tnh hung c vn c xc nh thng quan 3 tiu ch c bn sau y:
- L cch nhn thc v nhng tri thc ngi hc cha bit;
- Xut pht t nhu cu v nhn thc ca ngi hc;
- Ph hp kh nng tip thu, l gii da trn kin thc, kinh nghim ca
ngi hc.
C th phn tnh hung c vn thnh 3 loi chnh:
- Tnh hung nghch l: vn tng nh v l v bnh din no
nhng v c bn vn c th chng minh tnh ng n ca n;
- Tnh hung bc b: tm l l v dn chng bc b mt lun im hay
kt lun no ;
- Tnh hung khng nh: tm l l v dn chng khng nh mt lun
im hay kt lun c tnh khi qut hoc cha thng tin mi i vi ngi hc.
1.2.5. Phng php xy dng d n
Phng php ny thng dng cho cc lp cui cp hc ph thng trung
hc hoc i hc theo ngi hc t la chn ch , t ra cc nhim v c
th v t t chc, gii quyt vn (thng hng vo gii quyt nhng vn
lin quan n thc tin xy dng, pht trin kinh t-x hi ca a phng).
Trn c s thng nht ch , lp chia nhm cng nghin cu, thu thp, phn
tch x l d liu. Cc nhm trnh by kt qu ca mnh tp th gp v
cng xy dng nhng gii php chung cho ch chn.
Phng php ny c tnh nh hng cao: nh hng t duy, nh hng
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hnh ng, nh hng kt qu, nh hng tch hp,; c hnh thc a dng:
hc trong phng hc hoc hc ngoi tri; v c ch hc thuc lnh vc
chuyn mn hoc lin mn; c u th l ch trng vo vic gy hng th cho
ngi hc v khuyn khch ngi hc (1) t duy c lp, (2) hnh ng t lp,
v (3) m rng hiu bit, tm nhn i vi th gii bn ngoi.
1.3. Nhng thnh qu cng ngh in t c vn dng trong
PPDHH
c vn dng trong Phng php dy hc hin i l nhng thnh qu
cng ngh in t sau y:
Ti liu hc tp (learning material) c thit k theo mt tuyn lin tc
di dng cc trang (slides). Phng thc ny cung cp thng ni dung, ngi
hc ch vic theo di lin tc ch khng th c s tng tc vo qu trnh dy
hc. c thit k tt, phng thc ny gy s tp trung ch v to s hp
dn; ngc li, n s tr thnh mt b lt trang in t hay b cun trang v
nh vy n ch l mt s thay th cho phng thc c chp (dng phng thc
chiu chp thay cho c chp).
Th gii thc c m phng bng k thut s. Cc phn mm mi nht
cho php ngi hc thm nhp thc s vo th gii s gn nh trng thi thc.
Phng thc m phng thng dng trong cc lp hun luyn k thut phc tp
nh o to phi cng, phi hnh gia.
Tc v c h tr bng cc phng tin k thut hin i nhm gip
ngi hc gii quyt nhanh nhng tnh hung cha gp hoc gp, hc
nhng ngay thi im thc hnh khng th nh ra. H thng ny khng hng
dn ngi hc t vn hnh, s dng phng tin m ch xut hin khi c mt
yu cu h tr hay hng dn cn thit, v d nh phn Help trong cc ng
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dng ca Microsoft Office.

Tr chi kin thc c s dng phc v mc ch o to trn din
rng. Cc tr chi ny va cung cp kin thc va to s tp trung ch ng
thi gy hng th gim cng thng cho ngi hc. Cc chng trnh tr chi
c xy dng rt a dng, t n gin n phc tp, t thp n cao. Nh s
h tr ca cc phn mm ci t sn, ngi tham gia tr chi c th t nh
gi mnh mt cch vui v v c hiu qu. M hnh tr chi kin thc ny ngy
cng tr thnh ph bin v c tc ng tch cc trong i sng cng ng. Tuy
nhin, nu khng qun l cht ch hot ng ca cc nhm (nht l nhm tr)
ti nhng ni khai thc thng tin mng th m hnh ny c th tr thnh phn tc
dng.
1.4. Gio dc in t (e-learning)
S h tr ca cng ngh hin i trong ngnh gio dc hnh thnh khi
nim gio dc in t. S pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin v k thut
truyn thng gip nh hnh mt cch c bn ni hm ca khi nim ny, theo
gio dc in t phi tho mn 3 yu cu sau:
- Kt ni mng cp nht thng tin, mt khc c th d tm kim thng
tin, d lu tr v chia s thng tin cho nhau;
- Thit lp mt h thng my tnh s dng cng ngh internet chun
tng bc to nn tng cho hot ng chuyn giao thng tin ton cu;
- Qu trnh dy hc phi tch hp c lng thng tin a dng (c dng
th ln dng tinh); v vy, hnh thc trc tuyn (online) l ph hp nht.
Nu t c nhng tiu ch trn, gio dc in t khng ch c th nng
cht lng ca phng thc o to tp trung m cn nng cht lng phng
thc o to phn tn tc o to t xa (distance learning, vit tt l d8

learning).
2. Nhng ng gp ca phng php dy hc hin i vo cht lng
dy hc i hc
Phng php dy hc hin i c nhiu u th hn so vi phng php
dy hc truyn thng trong qu trnh truyn th v tip nhn tri thc. iu ny
c th xc nh bng phng php so snh (Bng 2).
Phng php dy hc truyn thng
Phng php dy hc hin i
- Ngi dy truyn th p t
- Ngi dy thc y s tm ti
- Ngi dy ch yu thuyt trnh,
- Ngi dy nu vn , gi gii
ging gii
quyt vn
- Ngi hc th ng, ch cung cp
- Ngi hc ch ng, t tm t
thng tin, kin thc
liu, tch lu kin thc
- Kin thc ngi hc c c nh
- Kin thc ngi hc c c
hc bi, c sch (gii hn trong bi hc thng qua t tm ti, pht hin t
v sch gio khoa)
nhiu ngun khc nhau
- Khng hoc ch kt hp mc
- Kt hp mc cao cc cng
thp cng ngh dy hc
ngh dy hc hin i
Bng 2: i chiu PPDHH vi phng php dy hc truyn thng
Dy (teaching) theo quan im gio dc hin i, khng ch l vic truyn th
kin thc, cung cp thng tin n thun m chnh l gip cho ngi hc t
mnh chim lnh tri thc, hnh thnh k nng v bi dng cm xc. Phng
php dy hc hin i vn k tha l thuyt dy hc truyn thng ch phi
thc hin 4 i hi c bn:
- C mc tiu c th c xc nh da trn nhu cu ca ngi hc;
- C s thit k chin lc ph hp vi nhu cu v thuc tnh ca ngi
hc, k c phng thc nh gi v hiu qu v cht lng dy hc;
- C cc phng tin dng dy hc, tc c s vt cht v cng ngh dy
hc;
9

- C kh nng xc thc, chng nhn, nh gi kt qu hc ca ngi hc.

Kin thc m ngi hc thu nhn qua Phng php dy hc hin i c
nng ln v s lng v cht lng. V s lng, lng thng tin gio vin
chun b cho bi ging bng Phng php dy hc hin i bao gi cng
y n v chu o hn. y l u im ni bt ca Phng php dy hc
hin i. Trong thi gian hu hn, lm ch lng tri thc v cung cp tri thc
ph hp vi i tng l yu cu bt buc cc tit ging c cht lng. Xu
hng tng cc mn hc do yu cu khch quan ca thc tin x hi dn n
vic tnh ton st sao thi lng cho tng mn hc theo phng thc o to tn
ch. V vy, nu khng vn dng tt, ch ng ni n vic khng s dng, cc
phng php trong Phng php dy hc hin i th kh t mc nh gi trn
hi lng ca ngi hc.
V cht lng, Phng php dy hc hin i gip ngi dy chuyn ti
kin thc n ngi hc bng nhiu knh, trong knh nghe kt hp knh nhn
s gip ngi hc c khc su kin thc v nh lu hn. Phng php dy
hc hin i cn i hi c thy ln tr phi kp thi tip nhn, ng dng nhng
thnh tu ca th gii bng cch s dng cc thit b h tr hu hiu, c bit l
bng cc cng ngh hin i nh mng internet, in thoi di ng vo trong
dy v hc. V vy, kin thc trao i, thu nhn lun c cp nht, bo m
tnh hin i trong dy hc ng thi tng bc gp phn hnh thnh ngi
hc thi quen s dng cc thnh tu ca cng ngh tin tin vo mc ch hc
tp, tch lu tri thc.
Quan im dy hc mi cn hng ngi hc vo s chun b cn thit
ho nhp cng ng mt cch tt nht. thc hin c iu ny, khng cn
cch no khc l lm cho ngi hc t mnh tm kim, b sung tri thc, t mnh
10

hon thin k nng sng v cm hng lm vic.

Theo quan im mi, hc (learning) l qu trnh ngi hc t bin i
mnh bng cch thu thp v x l thng tin ly t mi trng chung quanh. Hc
l qu trnh con ngi thu nhn tri thc, k nng mi nhm nng cao hiu sut
lao ng v cht lng sng.
Nh vy, khi nim dy v hc theo xu hng mi vt ra ngoi
cch ngh thng thng l truyn v nhn tri thc. Li suy ngh gin n
rng hc l nhm vo mc ch c cp bng v ngi dy c nhim v
chuyn ti nhng ni dung t c chun kin thc ca tm bng c cp
khng cn ph hp trong cuc sng hin i. Dy v hc hin i nhm o
to nhng con ngi c tri thc, c k nng, c kh nng lm vic ng thi
cn phi bit cch sng chung vi cng ng (learn to live together).
3. Nhng hn ch ca vic p dng phng php dy hc hin
i c th nh hng n cht lng dy hc i hc
Trong qu trnh s dng cc Phng php dy hc hin i, ngi dy v
ngi qun l cn lng trc nhng tnh hung c th xy ra lm nh hng
n cht lng dy hc. C th k ra mt s trng hp thng gp nh sau:
3.1. S chi phi ca thit b hin i i hi gio vin v ngi qun l
phi lun ch ng gii quyt tnh hung
- Tnh hu hn v cht lng v thi hn s dng ca trang thit b: Theo
thi gian v tin ca khoa hc k thut, cc thit b phc v dy hc lun b
lc hu v cng ngh, mt khc vic bo tr, sa cha hoc thay th b phn ca
cc thit b hin i cng phi mt mt khon kinh ph ln
- S thiu ng b ca trang thit b v tnh n nh thp ca cc
dch v truyn thng: Cc thit b lp t thiu ng v cu hnh, thit b ph

11

kin; cc phn mm khng tng thch, mt s phn mm t hiu qu nh

phn mm chng trnh chng xm nhp, chng ph hoi bng vi rt cng c
th gy tr ngi bt k lc no. Cc cng ty lm dch v v mng khng kp thi
nng cp thit b ngun dn n tnh trng nghn mng, rt mng cng c th
gy tr ngi ln cho thy v tr khi trin khai gi ging theo hnh thc gio dc
in t.
- ri ro cao i vi nhng ngi mi tip xc thit b hin i: Cc
thit b ny c th gp trc trc bt c lc no v s lm mt thi gian; ngi s
dng thit b c th gp kh khn bt c lc no nu khng quen s dng cc
phn mm, thm ch c th b mt d liu. C khi ging vin qu l thuc vo
my mc dn n tnh trng b ng khi trin khai gi ging.
3.2. Yu cu cao ca vic t chc ging dy theo cc Phng php dy
hc hin i c th dn n nhng rc ri trong qu trnh thc hin
C ni lnh o pht ng phong tro rt rm r nhng cc bc thc hin
cn thit to chuyn bin c bn li khng thy. Mt phn do kinh ph khng
kham ni yu cu trang b v nh k thay th cc thit b t tin nh h thng
wi-fi, laptop, projector, tivi LCD, phc v cho hng chc, thm ch hng
trm phng hc v phng lm vic; phn khc do cn nhiu kin khc nhau
v ni hm ca cm t Phng php dy hc hin i, dn n tnh trng thiu
ng b trong i ng ging vin trc yu cu vn dng phng php ny.
Vic i mi phng php dy hc, do vy, ch mang tnh hnh thc. R rng,
thc hin tt ch trng thc hin cc Phng php dy hc hin i, ngi
qun l phi quyt tm v c mt chin lc di hi v kinh ph, nhn s, cch
o lng cht lng, hiu qu, trong tit kim v hiu qu l hai yu cu
quan trng nht.

12

3.3. Khng phi mn no, lc no cng bt buc ngi dy phi s

dng phng php dy hc hin i
Trong thc t, vic s dng khng ph hp cc phng php dy hc c s
h tr ca cng ngh hin i lm hng bt cng sc ca thy ln tr trong
bui hc. Ni chung, vic vn dng cc Phng php dy hc hin i mt cch
my mc, cng nhc kh em li nhng thnh cng nh mong mun.
4. Kt lun
Phng php dy hc Vit Nam trong thi gian qua c chuyn hng
mnh m i n hin i ho, quc t ho. l kt qu ca qu trnh vn
ng tch cc ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc, trong tm l hc, gio dc hc v
khoa hc cng ngh c nhng ng gp quan trng.
L mt h thng cc phng php dy hc mi c s h tr ca cc
thit b cng ngh hin i nhm pht huy tnh tch cc trong nhn thc ca
ngi hc, Phng php dy hc hin i to ra mt cuc cch mng s phm,
ph v khun mu dy hc cng nhc vn tn ti mt thi gian di nc ta.
Phng php dy hc hin i to iu kin mi ngi c th cng tham
gia, c x hi c th hc tp, n cho php m rng khng gian v thi gian
dy v hc: dy v hc bt c khi no c th, dy v hc bt c ni no c th,
dy v hc bng bt c phng tin no c th.
Phng php dy hc hin i nhm to tin ngi hc tin ti t
hc, t o to; tng bc gp phn xy dng mi trng x hi hc tp trong
mi c nhn phi t hc tp sut i.
Qu trnh thc hin cc Phng php dy hc hin i Vit Nam cng
bc l nhng hn ch c th nhn thy r: s khng ng b v mt nhn thc,
v vic trin khai thc hin, v ni dung chng trnh, v ngun nhn lc, v

13

trang thit b Nhng hn ch ny dn n hu qu l cht lng, hiu qu gio

dc khng ng u.
Nhn chung, kh c th ni n s thnh cng trong vic thc hin cc
phng php dy hc theo hng hin i nu thiu s nhit tnh v ti t chc
ca ngi qun l tng mi cp trong ngnh gio dc cng nh thiu s quan
tm, u t ca cc ngnh lin quan.
TI LIU THAM KHO
ng B Lm v Phm Thnh Ngh (1999). Chnh sch v k hoch trong
qun l gio dc. Nxb Gio dc.
Dng Thiu Tng (2004). Suy ngh v gio dc truyn thng v hin i.
Nxb Tr.
Hunh Th Cuc (2008). Vi iu suy gm v gio dc sau khi Vit Nam
cam kt thc hin GATS, Tp san Ngoi ng -Tin hc v Gio dc, s 10.
Hunh Vn Thng (2008). Bn v gii php tng cng hiu qu ca
hot ng i mi phng php ging dy i hc. K yu Hi tho khoa hc
i mi phng php ging dy theo hc tn ch, Trng H KHXH&NV,
HQG- HCM.
Nguyn nh Hng (2008). Mt s c s l lun cho vic i mi phng
php dy hc theo hc ch tnh ch hin nay. K yu Hi tho khoa hc i
mi phng php ging dy theo hc tn ch, Trng H KHXH&NV,
HQG-HCM.
Nguyn ng Tin (cb) (1996). Lch s gio dc Vit Nam trc Cch
mng thng 8-1945. Nxb Gio dc.
Nguyn Phng Hong v V Ngc Lan (1997). Phng php trc nghim
trong kim tra v nh gi thnh qu hc tp. Nxb Gio dc.

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Nguyn Vn Hu v inh L Giang (2008). Mt s kinh nghim v hnh

thc hc tp kt hp ti Khoa Vit Nam hc. K yu Hi tho khoa hc i
mi phng php ging dy theo hc tn ch, Trng H KHXH&NV, HQGHCM.
Nhiu tc gi (2006). Khoa hc gio dc i tm din mo mi. Nxb Tr.
Thi Vn Ho (2008). Vn nn gio dc n t t duy kinh k. Tp san Ngoi
ng-Tin hc v Gio dc, s 10.

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