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Chapter9 Unsymmetrical Faults
Chapter9 Unsymmetrical Faults
Outlines
1. Unsymmetrical faults:
Single-phase-to-ground short circuit
Phase-to-phase short circuit
Phase-to-phase-to-ground short circuit
Underground-line case:
V1
V2
I0 = I1 = I2
V0
I0
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Example 1
Wye-connected synchronous
generator with neutral solidly
grounded with single-phase-toground short circuit at terminals:
Xd = 150%, X'd = 35%
X''d = 25%, X0 =10%
Use X''d for both positive and
negative sequence reactance
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Example 1
j0.25 V1
j0.25 V2
I0 = I1 = I2
V
j0.10 0
Example 1
I0 = 1.0/(j0.60) = 1.667 /-90
Ia = 3 I0 = 5.00 /-90 pu
Note: 3-phase short circuit gives
4.00 per unit current, so most
generators are not solidly
grounded
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V1
V2
I1 = -I2
Calculate I1
Example 2
Wye-connected synchronous generator
with phase-to-phase short circuit at
terminals:
Xd = 150%, X'd = 35%, X''d = 25%,
X0 =10%
1.0
j0.25
V1
j0.25
V2
I1
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Example 2
I1 = -I2 = 1/j0.50 = 2.00 /-90 pu
Ib = -j3 I1 = 3.46 /180 pu
Ic = j3 I1 = 3.46 /0 pu
V1 = 1.0 j 0.25 I1 = 0.50 /0 pu
V2 = -j 0.25 I2 = 0.50 /0 pu
Va = 1.00 /0 pu
Vb = Vc = 0.50 /180 pu
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V1
V2
V0
I1 = -I2 - I0
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Example 3
Wye-connected synchronous generator with
neutral solidly grounded with two phase-toground short circuit at terminals:
Xd = 150%, X'd = 35%, X''d = 25%,
X0 =10%
1.0
j0.25
V1
j0.25
V2
j0.10
V0
I1
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Example 3
I1 = 1.0/(j0.321) = 3.11 /-90
V1 = 1.0 j0.25 I1 = 0.222 /0
V0 = V1 = V2
I2 = 0.889 /90
I0 = 2.22 /90
Ia = 0.00 pu
Ib = 4.81 /136.1 pu
Ic = 4.81 /43.9 pu
Va = 3V1= 0.666 /0 < 1 /0
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G1
T1
T2
G2
1f sc
V1
V2
V0
Eth
I0
= I1
= I2
V1
Z1th
Z2th
V2
I0
= I1
= I2
V0
Z0th
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1.0
V1
j0.15 j0.08 j0.275 j0.16 j0.50
V2
j0.15 j0.08 j0.275 j0.16 j0.50
j0.30
I0
= I1
= I2
V0
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1.0
V1
j0.23 j0.935
V2
I0
j0.23 j0.935
V0
j0.08 j1.055
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c
b a
Vca
Vbc
Winding connection
for delta-wye
transformer
Positive
sequence +30
phase shift
30
30
c
b a
Vbc
Vca
Winding connection
for delta-wye
transformer
VBC
VBN
VCA
Vab
VCN
VAN Negative
VAB sequence -30
phase shift
30
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32
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= 1.810 /-90
On the LV side of T1:
I0 = 0
Ia = I0+I1+I2
Ic = I0+aI1+a2I2
= 0.00 per unit
35
c
b a
C
A
Ia
IA
= 3.14 /-90 = 5.72/-90
per unit
per unit
IB = I C
= 0.29/-90
per unit
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T1
G1
T2
1f-gnd sc
Motor
Static loads
ungrounded system
Ungrounded system
E
V1
V2
V0
I0 = 0
Ia = 3I0 = 0
No ground fault
current
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V1 E
V2
I0
V0
42
C0
G1 T1
T2
1f-gnd sc
Motor
Static loads
V1 E
V2
I0
V0
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Discussion
Many other faults have been analyzed
using symmetrical components
See, for example, Electrical Transmission
and Distribution Reference Book,
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1964
48
49
50
I n 0
Zkn 1
0 I n 1
0
Zkn 2 I n 2
0
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