LP TRNH C CHO VI IU KHIN

I.Gii thiu
C l mt ngn ng kh mnh v rt nhiu ngi dng .Nu ni s lnh c bn ca C th khng nhiu
. Nhng i vi lp trnh cho vxl , chng ta chi cn bit s lng lnh khng nhiu .
u tin bn phi lm quen vi
Cc kiu ton t C
Cc kiu d liu
Cu trc c bn ca mt chng trnh
Cc cu trc iu khin (chnh cc tp lnh )
Cu trc iu kin : if v else
Cc cu trc lp
Vng lp while
Vng lp do while
Vng lp for
Lnh break.
Cu trc la chn: switch. case
Bit s dng cc hm v chng trnh con .
II.C bn C
1. Cc ch th trc x l ca Keil C
// chu thich
/********** chu thich******************
****************************************
*************************************** */
y l dng ch thch. Tt c cc dng bt u bng hai du s (//) c coi l cht thch m chng
khng c bt k mt nh hng no n hot ng ca chng trnh. Chng c th c cc lp trnh
vin dng gii thch hay bnh phm bn trong m ngun ca chng trnh. Trong trng hp ny,
dng ch thch l mt gii thch ngn gn nhng g m chng trnh chng ta lm. Cn trong du (/* */)
bn c th ch thch bao nhiu dng tu thch ,
#include <AT89X52.H>
hoc

#include "AT89X52.H"
trnh bin dch s gi file th vin ca 89 ra (c bn l 51 cng nh 52)
#define bien_thay_the bien
Vd
#define Congtac P0_6
port0.6 c t tn l congtac , khi ta gi tn ny trnh bin dch Keil s t chuyn ti bit qun l
P0_6
Note :cch vit P0_6 ph thuc vo tng trnh bin dch , c chng trnh th li vit l P0.6 , cn
keil C vit nh cch u
#define m_left_tien P1_5
#define m_left_lui P1_4
#define m_left_forward m_left_tien=0;m_left_lui=1;
cc bn ch y l mt cch s dng marco trong C
khi mnh gi m_left_forward th chn P1_5 = 0 v P1_4=1
Cc vit ny gn nh cho chng ta mt chng trnh con , tuy nhin khng nn qu lm dng n
Mt u im ni bt ca C l cc bn c th to ra cc b th vin .
V d sau l to th vin thuvien.h (ui .h bn c th to bng cch save as .. *.h Keil C ).
#ifndef _thuvien_H
#define _thuvien_H
....//m chng trnh
#endif
2. Cc ton t :
->Ton t gn (=).
Ex:

b = 5;
a = 2 + b;
a = 2 + (b = 5);

a = b = c = 5;
->Cc ton t s hc ( +, -, *, /, % )
+ cng
- tr
* nhn
/ chia
% ly phn d (trong php chia)
->Cc ton t gn phc hp (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=, <<=, &=, ^=, |=)
value += increase; tng ng vi value = value + increase;
a -= 5; tng ng vi a = a - 5;
a /= b; tng ng vi a = a / b;
price *= units + 1; tng ng vi price = price * (units + 1);
Tng v gim ++ - a++; <=> a+=1; <=> a=a+1;
tnh cht tin t hoc hu t (++a) # (a++) Ex
B=3;
B=3;A=++B;
// A is 4, B is 4
B=3;
A=B++;
// A is 3, B is 4
-> Cc ton t quan h ( ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= )
== Bng
!= Khc
> Ln hn
< Nh hn
> = Ln hn hoc bng
< = Nh hn hoc bng

EX
Lp trnh C cho VXL - C bn VAGAM - giotdang
(7 == 5) s tr gi tr false
(6 >= 6) s tr gi tr true
tt nhin thay v s dng cc s, chng ta c th s dng bt c biu thc no. Cho a=2, b=3 v
c=6
(a*b >= c) s tr gi tr true.
(b+4 < a*c) s tr gi tr false
Ch rng = (mt du bng) lf hon ton khc vi ==
(hai du bng). (==) nhm so snh cn (=)gn gi tr ca biu thc bn phi cho bin bn tri .
-> Cc ton t logic ( !, &&, || ).
! NOT
&& AND
|| OR
EX:
!(5 == 5) tr v false v biu thc bn phi (5 == 5) c gi tr true.
!(6 <= 4) tr v true v (6 <= 4)c gi tr false.
!true tr v false.
!false tr v true.
( (5 == 5) && (3 > 6) ) tr v false ( true && false ).
( (5 == 5)
-> Cc ton t thao tc bit ( &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> ).
& AND Logical AND
| OR Logical OR
^ XOR Logical exclusive OR
~ NOT o ngc bit
<< SHL Dch bit sang tri
>> SHR Dch bit sang phi

->Th t u tin ca cc ton t

Th
t
Ton t M t Associativity
1 :: scope Tri
2 () [ ] -> . sizeof Tri
3
++ -- tng/gim
Phi
~ o ngc bit
! NOT
& * Ton t con tr
(type) Chuyn i kiu
+ - Dng hoc m
4 * / % Ton t s hc Tri
5 + - Ton t s hc Tri
6 << >> Dch bit Tri
7 < <= > >= Ton t quan h Tri
8 == != Ton t quan h Tri
9 & ^ | Ton t thao tc bit Tri
10 && || Ton t logic Tri
11 ?: Ton t iu kin Phi
12 = += -= *= /= %=
>>= <<= &= ^= |= Ton t gn Phi
13 , Du phy Tri
3. Cc kiu d liu
Cc kiu bin.chun
Type Bits Bytes Range

char 8 1 128 to +127

unsigned char 8 1 0 to 255
enum 16 2 32,768 to +32,767
short 16 2 32,768 to +32,767
unsigned short 16 2 0 to 65,535
Lp trnh C cho VXL - C bn VAGAM - giotdang
int 16 2 32,768 to +32,767
unsigned int 16 2 0 to 65,535
long 32 4
2,147,483,648 to
+2,147,483,647
unsigned long 32 4 0 to 4,294,697,295
Kiu d liu trong Keil C
Type Bits Bytes Range
bit 1 0 0 to 1
sbit 1 0 0 to 1
sfr 8 1 0 to 255
sf16 16 2 0 to 65,535
4. Cu trc c bn ca 1 chng trnh C
//Cc ch th tin nh
#include <lcd.h> //Gi th vin c sn cch vit khc "*.h"
#define led1 PORTA.0 //dng nh ngha cc bin
char bien1,bien2; //cac bien can dung
int a,b;
void chuongtrinhcon(unsigned int b) // chuong trinh con
{

int ham(void) // chuong trinh con dang ham

{
.
Return(a);
}
void main(void) //chng trnh chnh
{
int a; // khai bao bien dang so nguyen
chuongtrinhcon();
a = ham();
}
Chng trnh con l ni cc bn vit cc chng trnh nh , rt tin cho cc on lnh gp li nhiu
ln . Chng trnh con c th c th gi trong chng trnh chnh bt k u .
Hm l chng trnh con tr v cho mnh mt gi tr.
Cch s dng hm v chng trnh con cc bn nn tham kho thm quyn k thut lp trnh C
hiu r hn .
5. Cc lnh c bn ca C
Cu trc iu kin: if v else
->if (condition) statement
if (x == 100) x++;
nu x=100 th tng x thm 1
->if (condition) statement1 else statement2
if (x == 100) x++;
else x- -;
Cc cu trc lp
Vng lp while .
Dng ca n nh sau:
while (expression) statement

while(1) {};
To vng lp mi mi , rt hay ng trong lp trnh VXL .Chng trnh chnh s c vit trong du
ngoc.
Vng lp do-while
Dng thc:
do statement while (condition);
do
{
Lp trnh C cho VXL - C bn VAGAM - giotdang
x++; // cho nay cac ban co the viet nhieu cau lenh ,
}
while(x>10)
tng gi tr ca x cho n khi x > 10
Chc nng ca n l hon ton ging vng lp while ch tr c mt iu l iu kin iu khin vng
lp c tnh ton sau khi statement c thc hin, v vy statement s c thc hin t nht
mt ln ngay c khi condition khng bao gi c tho mn .Nh vd trn k c x >10 th n vn
tng gi tr 1 ln trc khi thot
nu x=100 th tng x thm 1 cn khng th gim x.
Vng lp for .
Dng thc:
for (initialization; condition; increase) statement;
v chc nng chnh ca n l lp li statement chng no condition cn mang gi tr ng, nh
trong vng lp while. Nhng thm vo , for cung cp ch dnh cho lnh khi to v lnh
tng. V vy vng lp ny c thit k c bit lp li mt hnh ng vi mt s ln xc nh.
Cch thc hot ng ca n nh sau:
1, initialization c thc hin. Ni chung n t mt gi kh ban u cho bin iu khin. Lnh
ny c thc hin ch mt ln.
2, condition c kim tra, nu n l ng vng lp tip tc cn nu khng vng lp kt thc v

statement c b qua.
3, statement c thc hin. N c th l mt lnh n hoc l mt khi lnh c bao trong
mt cp ngoc nhn.
4, Cui cng, increase c thc hin tng bin iu khin v vng lp quay tr li bc 2.
Phn khi to v lnh tng khng bt buc phi c. Chng c th c b qua nhng vn phi
c du chm phy ngn cch gia cc phn. V vy, chng ta c th vit for (;n<10 hoc for
(;n<10;n++).
Bng cch s dng du phy, chng ta c th dng nhiu lnh trong bt k trng no trong
vng for, nh l trong phn khi to. V d chng ta c th khi to mt lc nhiu bin trong
vng lp:
for ( n=0, i=100 ; n!=i ; n++, i-- )
{
// ci g y cng c...
}
Vi d in hnh nht trong lp trnh VXL
void delayms(int n)
{
int i,j; // khai bao bien chi trong chuong trinh con
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
for (j=0;j<1500;j++) { } // tham so j tuy thach anh toc do vxl ma cac
//ban thay doi cho phu hop
}
Cc lnh r nhnh v lnh nhy
Lnh break.
S dng break chng ta c th thot khi vng lp ngay c khi iu kin n kt thc cha c
tho mn. Lnh ny c th c dng kt thc mt vng lp khng xc nh hay buc n phi
kt thc gia chng thay v kt thc mt cch bnh thng. V d, chng ta s dng vic m
ngc trc khi n kt thc:

Lnh continue.
Lnh continue lm cho chng trnh b qua phn cn li ca vng lp v nhy sang ln lp tip
theo. V d chng ta s b qua s 5 trong phn m ngc:
Lnh goto.
Lnh ny cho php nhy v iu kin ti bt k im no trong chng trnh. Ni chung bn nn
trnh dng n trong chng trnh C++. Tuy nhin chng ta vn c mt v d dng lnh goto m
ngc:
Hm exit.
Mc ch ca exit l kt thc chng trnh v tr v mt m xc nh. Dng thc ca n nh sau
void exit (int exit code);
exit code c dng bi mt s h iu hnh hoc c th c dng bi cc chng trnh gi.
Theo quy c, m tr v 0 c ngha l chng trnh kt thc bnh thng cn cc gi tr khc 0 c
ngha l c li.
cc lnh trn mnh ch yu ch dng lnh break thot khi vng lp . Cc lnh khc thng rt t
dc s dng
y l 1 on code nh mnh trch ra t chng trnh ca mnh
while(1)
{
lcd_gotoxy(5,0);lcd_putsf(" Run Thuan ");
thuan();
if(!enter) { lcd_clear();
lcd_putsf("DA DUNG ");
stop();break;}
}
Cu trc la chn: switch.
C php ca lnh switch hi c bit mt cht. Mc ch ca n l kim tra mt vi gi tr hng
cho mt biu thc, tng t vi nhng g chng ta lm u bi ny khi lin kt mt vi lnh if
v else if vi nhau. Dng thc ca n nh sau:

Code:
switch (expression) {
Lp trnh C cho VXL - C bn VAGAM - giotdang
case constant1:
block of instructions 1
break;
case constant2:
block of instructions 2
break;
.
.
.
default:
default block of instructions
}
N hot ng theo cch sau: switch tnh biu thc v kim tra xem n c bng constant1 hay
khng, nu ng th n thc hin block of instructions 1 cho n khi tm thy t kho break, sau
nhy n phn cui ca cu trc la chn switch.
Cn nu khng, switch s kim tra xem biu thc c bng constant2 hay khng. Nu ng n
s thc hin block of instructions 2 cho n khi tm thy t kho break.
Cui cng, nu gi tr biu thc khng bng bt k hng no c ch nh trn (bn c th
ch nh bao nhiu cu lnh case tu thch), chng trnh s thc hin cc lnh trong phn
default: nu n tn ti v phn ny khng bt buc phi c.
nu nt enter c bm th chng trnh s thot ra khi vng lp while .
III. C cho 8051
1. Keil Variable Extensions
data a ch trc tip MOV A, 07Fh
idata a ch gin tip MOV R0, #080h

MOV A, R0
xdata b nh ngoi MOVX @DPTR
code b nh chng trnh MOVC @A+DPTR
VD
unsigned int data bien = 0; // them data vao khai bao kieu bien
Ch rng , bn c th khng cn khai bo c th , ch cn
unsigned int checksum = 0;
2. a ch ngt
Interrupt
Vector
address
Interrupt
number
External 0 0003h 0
Lp trnh C cho VXL - C bn VAGAM - giotdang
Timer 0 000Bh 1
External 1 0013h 2
Timer 1 001Bh 3
Serial 0023h 4
org 00h
ljmp main
org 0003h
ljmp ngat0
org 30h
main: // chuong trinh chinh
...
Here: sjmp Here // vong lap vo tan
ngat0:

...
reti
code C
Code:
void main // chuong trinh chinh
{
...
while(1) //vong lap vo tan sau khi thuc hien xong cong viec
}
void ngat0(void) interrupt 0 // chuong trinh ngat
{
...
}