Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary Babu Suthar: A Nirman Foundation Project
Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary Babu Suthar: A Nirman Foundation Project
Babu Suthar
(Second draft)
3
In Memory of
Harivallabh Bhayani
We will revise this draft again after we receive comments and suggestions from the
scholars and the users. There are still problems with phonetic transcription of some
words. We will fix them as soon as we get feedback from the scholars. Meanwhile,
we request the users to consult us before using information from this dictionary in
their reserach.
Babu Suthar
bsuthar@sas.upenn.edu
5
Introduction
Gujarati is a poor language of the rich people. This language does not have scientifically
written grammar books. Whatever grammar books it has are mainly pedagogic. It does
not have well written dictionaries either. There are some, monolingual as well as
bilingual, but many of them are impressionistic and outdated. This language is divided
into many social and geographical dialects, but very few of them have been explored.
Many dialects still await their documentation. It has attracted many linguists, but their
impact on the language, speakers, and writers has been negligible. Gujaratis are
everywhere, and so is Gujarati; but Gujarati rarely is taught systematically. The children
of Gujarati Diaspora learn some Gujarati either from their parents or from Gujarati
language classes run mainly by Hindu temples. There is no well written teaching material
either. Some individuals have created some material, but much of it lacks
professionalism. In addition, it is also faulty either in grammar or in pragmatics or both.
This is unfortunate. In order to overcome this situation, partially if not fully, the
Department of South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania has taken a
leadership role. They have encouraged designing teaching material under which we have
created three textbooks: Gujarati Reader 1, 2 and 3. The Reader 1 is devoted to the
writing system, while the Reader 2 is devoted to written conversations. The Reader 3 is a
collection of Aesops fables rendered in Gujarati. This dictionary is a part of that project
but it has been funded by the Nirman Foundation, Washington DC. It is perhaps the first
dictionary of the language created for the beginning student who is learning Gujarati
language as a second language. It is also the first dictionary in Gujarati which gives
phonetic transcription of the head words in International Phonetic Alphabet. Besides, it is
also the first one that gives graphemic transcription of each head words. This dictionary
will certainly facilitate the learner in learning the differences between spoken and written
Gujarati.
I am thankful to Nirman Foundation. Without their support this dream would have
remained unfulfilled. I am also thankful to Prof. Bhikhu Parekh and Dr. Chandrakant
Shrof for taking personal interest in this project. I can not forget Prof. Guy Welbon,
former Chairperson of the South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania, who
underlined the need of creating teaching material and supported all the projects. This
dictionary is the third project that he supported. I am also thankful to Prof. Michael W.
Meister, the Chairperson of the Department of South Asia, for encouraging me in
finishing this work. Finally, I am thankful to Prof. Buckley, Department of Linguistics,
University of Pennsylvania, and Dr. Bharti Modi, Ex. Chairperson, Department of
Linguistics, The M.S. University of Baroda for ofering me guidance on various issues
related to compiling dictionary.
Babu Suthar
Sunday, June 29, 2003
6
Content
1. Explanatory notes
2. Abbriviations
3. Dictionary
A
Aa
;
:
w
W
Ae
AE
Ao
AO
k
`
g
3
c
2
j
z
4
5
6
7
t
9
d
0
n
p
f
b
m
y
r
l
v
=
q
s
h
7
10
12
12
20
25
26
26
29
30
30
32
32
33
33
41
46
52
55
62
65
70
73
75
77
79
80
87
88
96
100
111
132
137
146
154
167
168
175
183
200
205
205
229
7
x
}a
4. Gujarati Parts of speech
5. Numerals
235
235
236
255
8
Explanatory Notes:
Structure of the entries: Each entry contains five parts in the following order: 1. Headword, 2. Phonetic transcription, 3. Graphemic transcription, 4. Grammatical designation
and 5. Gloss. In addition, some entries may contain example.
1. Head-word: Head-word is the word to be glossed. It is given here in Gujarati script.
Spellings such as gga, pjo, 5*6I, sNt and sMp are avoided in favor of more traditional
spellings g&ga, p&jo, 5&6I, s&t and s&p.
2. Phonetic transcription: For each head-word phonetic transcription is given here in
Broad transcription. Syllabic division is also marked. This will facilitate the learners in
learning how to pronounce the words and how to relate them with their grapheme
structure. However, stress pattern is left unmarked.
Phonetic transcription is given in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) which is
given bellow:
Vowels:
Front
Close
Central Back
Close-mid e
o
\
Open-mid
Open
Lateral
approximant
Approximant
non-asp.
asp.
Plosive
vl.
Trill
vd.
Bilabial
Nasal
vd.
b
Labiodental
vl.
vd.
Dental
vd.
Alveolar
Fricative
vl.
vd.
vl.
Retroflex
vd.
c
Palatal
vl.
vd.
Velar
vl.
g
Pharyngeal
Consonants:
10
3. Graphemic transcription: For each word graphemic transcription is also given using
the following symbols. This will help students learning the relationship between sound
and later with is not always symmetrical in Gujarati.
Vowels:
A
\
Aa
a
;
i
:
ii
w
u
W
uu
Ae
e
AE
\i
Ao
o
AO
\u
A&
\m
A
\h
ru
Consonants:
k
k\
`
kh\
g
g\
3
gh\
c
c\
2
ch\
j
\
z
h\
4
\
5
h\
6
\
7
h\
8
\
t
t\
9
th\
d
d\
0
dh\
n
n\
p
p\
f
ph\
b
b\
bh\
m
m\
y
y\
r
r\
l
l\
v
v\
=
\
q
s\
s
s\
h
h\
X
\
x
k\
}a
gn\
4. Gloss: Gloss illustrates the main sense of the word. In some cases, more than one
meaning are given in the order of their prominence.
11
Abbriviations
adj.
advb.
conj.
fem.
hon.
masc.
neut.
postp
pron.
v.intr.
v.dat.
v.exp.
v.tr.
adjective
adverb
conjunction
feminine
honorific
masculine
neuter
postposition
pronoun
intransitive verb
dative verb
experiencer verb
transitive verb
Symbols:
/./
<.>
syllabic break
boundary of the letter
13
AgTy /\.g\t.j\/ <\.g\.tj\> neut.
important.
AgTyta /\.g\t.j\.ta/ <\.g\.tj\.ta> fem. .
importance.
Agm cetI /\.g\m.ce.ti/ <\.g\.m\.ce.tii>
fem.
1.forsight. 2. precaution.
Agm va8I /\.g\m.va.i/ <\.g\.va.ii>
fem.1. prophecy. 2. mysterious words.
AiGns&Skar /\g.ni.sam.ska.r\/
<\.gni.s\~.ska.r\> masc. . cremation
ceremony.
14
A2o6o /\.co.o/ <\.cho.o> masc. a
chain of gold or silver
15
A5\yasI /\.ja.si/ <\.hja.sii> adj. . eighty
eight.
16
Ana9a[am /\.na.ta.r\.m\/
<\.na.tha.r\.m\> masc. . an
orphanage.
Anadr /\.na.d\r/ <\.na.d\.r\> masc. .
an insult.
Anamt /\.na.m\t/ <\.na.m\.t\> fem. .
deposit.
AnamI /\.na.mi/ <\.na.mii> adj. .
nameless.
Ainyimt /\.nij.mit/ <\.ni.j\.mi.t\> adj.
irregular.
Ainit /\.ni.cit/ <\.ni.ci.t\> adj. .
uncertain.
AnIit /\.ni.ti/ <\.nii.ti> fem.
immorality.
Anukr8 /\.nu.k\.r\/ <\.nu.k\.r\.\>
neut.
immitation.
17
AnukUX /\.nu.ku/ <\.nu.kuu.\> adj. .
suitable.
18
19
AvXu& /\v.u~/ <\.v\.u~> adj. up side
down.
Avaj /\.va/ <\.va.\> masc. .1.voice, 2.
sound.
Avarnvar /\.var.n\.var/
<\.va.r\.n\.va.r\> advb. .frequently.
AvaXu& /\.va.u~/ <\.va.u~> neut. . the
gums of teeth.
Aivny /\.vi.n\j/ <\.vi.n\.j\> masc.
.immodesty.
A=kt /\.\k.t\/ <\.\.kt\> adj. . weak.
ASva-aivk /\.sva.ba.vi.k\/
<\.sva.bha.vi.k\> adj. . unnatural.
ASvIkar /\.svi.kar/ <\.svii.ka.r\> masc.
1.rejection 2. denial.
Aih&sk /\.him.s\k/ <\.hi~.s\.k\> adj. .
non-violent.
20
Aihsa /\.him.sa/ <\.hi~.sa> fem. . nonvilence.
Aa
21
Aa6o=pa6o= /a.o.pa.o/
<a.o.\.pa.o.\> masc. neighbours.
22
23
Aa-ar /a.bar/ <a.bha.r\> masc. .
thanks.
Aa-as /a.bas/ <a.bha.s\> masc.
.illusion.
Aa-Uq8 /a.bu.\/ <a.bhu.s\.\> neut. .
ornaments.
Aam /am/ <a.m\> advb. .in this manner.
Aamjnta /am.\n.ta/ <a.m\.\.n\.ta>
adj. .1. the common people, 2. laymen.
24
Aa&k6a=aS{a /a~k.a.a.tr\/
<a~.k\.a.a.str\> neut. . statistics.
25
;
;C2vu& /ic.c\.vu~/ <i.cch\.vu~> v.tr. . to
wish.
;C2a /ic.ca/ <i.ccha> fem. .1. desire 2.
wish.
;jner /i.ner/ <i.\.ne.r\> masc. . an
engineer.
;jaro /i.a.ro/ <i.a.ro> masc.
.monopoly.
;jjt /i.\t/ <i.\.t\> fem. .1. reputation
2. a womans chasity.
;5\5oter /i.o.ter/ <i.hho.te.r\> adj. .
seventy eight.
;5\yasI /i.ja.si/ <i.hja.sii> adj. . eighty
eight.
;tr /i.t\r/ <i.t\.r\> adj. . another.
;ithas /i.ti.has/ <i.ti.ha.s\> masc.
.history.
;nam /i.nam/ <i.na.m\> neut. .1. a gift
2. a present 3. a prize.
;mam /i:.mam/ <i.ma.m\> masc. . the
chief prise of Muslims (honorific).
;mart /i:.ma.r\t/ <i.ma.r\.t\> fem. . a
big building.
26
;yX /i:.j\/ <i.j\.\> fem. . a kind of
worm.
27
wCcar /uc.car/ <u.cca.r\> masc. .
pronunciation.
28
wTsah /ut.sah/ <u.tsa.h\> masc. .1.
enthusiasm. 2. zeal.
29
wmda /um.da/ adj. . <u.m\.da> 1. best.
2. excellent.
W
WkXvu& /u.k\.vu~/ <uu.k\.\.vu~> v.intr. .
to boil.
WkaXvu& /u.ka.\.vu~/ <u.ka.\.vu~> v.tr.
.to boil.
30
W0; /u.d\.i/ <uu.dh\.ii> fem. . a white
ant.
Wn /un/ <uu.n\> neut. . wool.
Wpj /u.p\/ <uu.p\.\> fem. .1. a farm
product. 2. an income.
Wp6vu& /u.p\.vu~/ <uu.p\.\.vu~> v.intr.
.1. to be lifted. 2. to set out a journey.
W-aW- /u.ba.ub/ <uu.bha.uu.bh\>
advb.
hurriedly.
W-u& /u.bu~/ <uu.bhu~> adj. . standing
upright.
Wl4I /ul.ti/ <uu.l\.ii> fem. . vomiting.
Wl4u& /ul.u~/ <uu.l\.u~> adj. .1. opposite.
2. contrary.
WlXvu& /u.l\.vu~/ <uu.l\.\.vu~> v.intr. .
to be bumped.
Whapoh /u.ha.poh/ <uu.ha.po.h\> masc.
. uproar.
W&3 /u~.g\/ <uu~.gh\> fem. . sleep.
W&ckvu& /u~.c\k.vu~/ <uu.c\.k\.vu~> v.tr.
.to lift up.
Ae
Ae /e/ <e> adj. .that.
Aek /ek/ <e.k\> adj. .one.1.
Aek4a8u& /ek.a.u~/ <e.k\.a.u~> neut. . a
kind of fasting in which a person eats
only once a day.
Aek6o /ek.o/ <e.k\.o> masc. . the sign
of number 1.
Aekta /ek.ta/ <e.k\.ta> fem. . unity.
31
32
Ae6I /e.i/ <e.ii> fem. . heel.
seventy nine.
AE
AEravt /\i.ra.v\t/ <\i.ra.v\.t\> masc. .
Indras elephant (with seven trunks).
AEyR /\i.v\.rj\/ <\i.v\.rj\> neut.
godliness.
Ao
Aog8calIs /o.g\.ca.lis/
<o.g\.\.ca.lii.s\> adj. . thirty nine.
Aog8{aIs /o.g\.tris/ <o.g\.\.tri.s\>
adj.
.twenty nine.
Aog8pcas /o.g\.p\.cas/
<o.g\.\.p.ca.s\> adj. .forty nine.
Aog8sa;5 /o.g\. sa.i/
<o.g\.\.sa.i.h\> adj. .fifty nine.
Aog*yaAe&=I./og.ja. ~i/ <o.g\.ja.e.ii>
adj.
33
AosrI /os.ri/ <o.s\.rii> fem. . the front
open part of a house.
AO
AOicTy /\u.ci.tj\/ <au.ci.tj\> adj. .
appropriateness.
AOdICy /\u.di.cj\/ <\u.dii.cj\> masc. . a
sub-caste of Brahmin
AOpcarRIk /\up.ca.rik/ <\u.p\.ca.rii.k\>
adj. . formal.
AOq0 /\u.\d/ <\u.s\.dh\> neut. a
medicine.
Aod\yoigk /\u.djo.gik/ <\u.djo.gi.k\>
adj. . industial.
34
k5or /k\.or/ <k\.ho.r\> adj. . harsh.
35
kbUtr /k\.bu.t\r/ <k\.buu.t\.r\> neut. .
a pigeon.
kmnsIb /k\m.n\.sib/ <k\.m\.n\.sii.b\>
adj. . unfortunate.
36
kLpna /k\l.p\.na/ <k\.lp\.na> fem. .
imagination.
37
kak6I /kak.i/ <ka.k\.ii> fem. .
cucumber.
38
kamcor /kam.cor/ <ka.m\.co.r\> adj. .
not inclined to work.
kamdar /kam.dar/ <ka.m\.da.r\> masc. .
a manual worker.
kamdev /kam.dev/ <ka.m\.de.v\> masc. .
ther god of love.
kam0&0o /ka.dn.do/ <ka.m\.dh\~.dho>
masc. .1. business 2. profession.
39
40
41
``6avvu& /k\k.av.vu~/
<k\.k\.a.v\.vu~> v.tr. .to knock (on
a door etc.).
42
`6bc6u& /k\.b\c.u~/
<kh\.\.b\.c\.u~> adj. .rough.
43
`&i6yer /k\.i.jer/ <kh\~.i.je.r\> neut.
.a ruin.
`a0a`orakI /ka.da.kho.ra.ki/
<kha.dha.kho.ra.kii> fem. .1.
maintenance 2. livelihood.
`angI /kan.gi/ <kha.n\.kii> adj.
.secret.
`anu& /ka.nu~/ <kha.nu~> neut. .a drawer.
44
`aisyt /ka.si.j\t/ <kha.si.j\.t\> fem. .a
special quality.
clarification.
`uLlu& /kul.lu~./ <khu.llu~> adj. .open.
45
`e6vu& /ke.vu~/ <khe.\.vu~> v.tr. .to
plow.
`oXa-r8u& /kho.a.b\r.u~/
<kho.a.bh\.r\.u~> neut. .the
celebration of first pregnancy.
46
g
g;kal /g\i.kal/ <g\.ii.ka.l\> fem.
yesterday.
gg6vu& /g\.g\.vu~/ <g\.g\.\.vu~> v.intr.
.to roll down.
gjro /g\.ro/ <g\.\.ro> masc. .a
bouquet of flowers.
gjvu& /g\.vu~/ <g\.\.vu~> neut. .a pocket.
gzl /g\.z\l/ <g\.h\.l\> fem. .a type of
poem.
g4g4avvu& /g\.g\.av.vu~/
<g\.\.g\.\.vu~> v.tr. .to swallow
quickly.
g4r /g\.t\r/ <g\.\.r\> fem. .a gutter.
g5\5o /g\.o/ <g\.hho> masc. .a
lump.
g6da pa4u& /g\.da.pa.u~/
<g\.\.da.pa.u~> neut. .blows by hand
and feet.
g6do /g\.do/ <g\.\.do> masc. .a
punch.
g6b6 /g\.b\/ <g\.\.b\.\> fem. .1.
a rowdyism 2. misappropriation.
g6m9l /g\.m\.t\l/ <g\.\.m\.th\.l\>
fem. .hard work.
g6I /g\.i/ <g\.ii> fem. .a fold (of
cloth, paper etc.).
g7 /g\/ <g\.h\> masc. .a fortress.
47
grmagrm /g\r.ma.g\.r\m/
<g\.r\.ma.g\.r\.m\> adj. .fresh and
hot.
48
groXI /g\.ro.i/ <g\.ro.ii> fem. .a lizard.
g-aR0an /g\r.ba.dan/ <g\.rbha.dha.n\>
neut. .impregnation.
g-aR=y /g\r.ba.\j/ <g\.rbha.\.j\>
neut. .the uterus.
49
gajvu& /ga.vu~/ <ga.\.vu~> v.intr. .to
thunder.
ga6I /ga.i/ <ga.ii> fem. .a vehicle.
50
gu8o]ar /gu.o.tt\r/ <gu.o.tt\.r\> masc.
.a ratio.
gunegar /gu.ne.gar/ <gu.ne.ga.r\> adj.
.criminal.
51
gersmj /ger.s\.m\/ <ge.r\.s\.m\.\>
fem. . misunderstanding.
gokXgay /go.k\.gaj/ <go.k\.\.ga.j\>
fem. .a snail.
go`lo /gok.lo/ <go.kh\.lo> masc. .a
small recess in a wall.
go`vu& /gok.vu~/ <go.kh\.vu~> v.tr. .1. to
cram 2. to memorize.
gozaru& /go.a.ru~/ <go.ha.ru~> adj.
.sinful.
go4lI /go.li/ <go.\.lii> masc. .a mango
seed (usually soft)
go4lo /go.lo/ <go.\.lo> masc. .a mango
seed (usually hard)
52
53
3m&6I /g\.m\.i/ <gh\.m\~.ii> adj.
arrogant.
54
3a8 /ga/ <gha.\> masc. .a unit of
production.
3o6aga6I /go.a.ga.i/
<gho.a.gha.ii> fem. .a horsecarriage.
55
3o6o /go.o/ <gho.o> masc. .a horse.
c
ckckvu& /c\k.c\k.vu~/ <c\.k\.c\.k\.vu~>
v.intr. .1.to shine 2. to glitter.
ckckIt /c\k.c\.kit/ <c\.k\.c\.kii.t\>
adj. .shining.
ck6oX /c\k.o/ <c\.k\.o.\> masc.
.marry-go-round.
cktI /c\k.ti/ <c\.k\.tii> fem. .a name
plate.
ckXivkX /c\.k\.vi.k\/
<c\.k\.\.vi.k\.\> adj. . frightened and
puzzled.
56
57
crbI /c\r.bi/ <c\.r\.bii> fem. .fat.
camacI6Iyu& /ca.ma.ci.i.ju~/
<ca.ma.cii.ii.ju~> neut. .a bat.
58
59
cIj /ci/ <ci.\> fem. .a thing.
ictar /ci.tar/ <ci.ta.r\> masc. .1.a picture
2. a detail narration.
ic]a /cit.t\/ <ci.tt\> neut. .the mind.
ic]ao /cit.to/ <ci.tto> masc. .1.a panther
2. a leopard.
ic{a /cit.r\/ <ci.tr\> neut. .1. a picture 2.
a drawing.
60
cUkado /cu.ka.do/ <cuu.ka.do> masc. .a
judgment.
cu6el /cu.el/ <cu.e.l\> fem. .a kind of
female ghost.
cup /cup/ <cuu.p\> adj. .quite.
cUpkIdI /cup.ki.di/ <cu.p\.kii.dii> fem.
.silence.
61
celo /ce.lo/ <ce.lo> masc. .a male
disciple.
celI /ce.li/ <ce.lo> fem. .a female
disciple.
cev6o /cev.o/ <ce.v\.o> masc. .a food
item.
62
cor /cor/ <co.r\> masc. .a thief.
corvu& /cor.vu~/ <co.r\.vu~> v.tr. .to steal.
cors /co.r\s/ <co.r\.s\> masc. .1. a
square figure 2. a square.
cora=I /co.ra.i/ <co.ra.ii> adj. .eighty
four.
63
2apru& /cap.ru~/ <cha.p\.ru~> neut. .a hut.
2br6o /c\.b\r.o/ <ch\.b\.r\.o>
masc. .a fiasco.
2bI /c\.bi/ <ch\.bii> fem. .1. a picture
2. a portrait.
2m2m /c\m.c\m/ <ch\.m\.ch\.m\>
advb. .with a jingling sound.
2l&g /c\.l\.g\/ <ch\.l\~.g\> fem. .a
long leap.
2la2l /c\.la.c\l/ <ch\.la.ch\.l\> advb.
.over flowing.
2VvIs /c\v.vis/ <ch\.vvii.s\> adj.
.twenty six.
2X /c\/ <ch\.\> neut. .a fraud.
2&2e6vu& /c\.nce.vu~/ <ch\~.che.\.vu~>
v.tr. .to enrage.
2&d /c\n.d\/ <ch\~.d\> masc. .an
addiction.
2&d /c\n.d\/ <ch\~.d\> masc. .a poetic
meter.
2a8 /ca/ <cha.\> neut. .a dung of
buffalo, cow, bullock and oxen.
2a8u& /ca.u~/ <cha.u~> neut. .a dungcake used as fuel.
2atI /ca.ti/ <cha.tii> fem. .the chest.
2anu& /ca.nu~/ <cha.nu~> adj. . secret.
2ap /cap/ <cha.p\> fem. .1. an
impression 2. a print.
64
2etrpI&6I /ce.t\r.pi.i/
<che.t\.r\.pi~.ii> fem. .a cheating.
2etram8u& /cet.ram.u~/
<che.t\.ra.m\.u~> adj. .deceitful.
2etaXIs /ce.ta.i.s/ <che.ta.ii.s\> adj. .
forty six.
2ed /ced/ <che.d\> masc. .a cut.
2edvu& /ced.vu~/ <che.d\.vu~> v.tr. .to cut.
2eLlu& /cel.lu~/ <che.llu~> adj. .last.
2ev4e /ce.v\.e/ <che.v\.e> advb. .at
last.
2okrmt /co.k\r.m\t/ <cho.k\.r\.m\.t\>
adj. . childish.
2okrI /cok.ri/ <cho.k\.rii> fem. .a girl.
2okru& /cok.ru~/ <cho.k\.ru~> neut. .a
child.
2okro /cok.ro/ <cho.k\.ro> masc. .a
boy.
65
2ol /col/ <cho.t\.ru~> masc. .woodscraping
2olvu& /col.vu~/ <cho.l\.vu~> v.tr. .1. to
scrape 2. peel.
2oter /co.ter/ <cho.te.r\> adj. .seventysix.
jNmku&6XI /\.nm\.ku.\.i/
<\.nm\.ku~.\.ii> fem. .a horoscope.
jNmaQ4mI /\n.ma.\.mi/
<\.nma.s\.mii> fem. .Lord Krishnas
birth day.
jnmojnm /\n.mo.\.n\m/
<\.n\.mo.\.n\.m\> advb. .in each
birth.
66
67
jat /at/ <a.t\> fem. .1.a tribe 2. a caste
3. a community.
68
ijLlo /il.lo/ <i.llo> masc. .a district.
ij&dgI /ind.gi/ <ii~.d\.gii> fem. .life.
@vncir{a /i.v\n.c\.rit.r\/
<ii.v\.n\.c\.ri.tr\> neut. .biography.
69
jubanI /u.ba.ni/ <u.ba.nii> fem. .oral
testimony.
70
jo68Iko= /o.i.ko/ <o.\.ii.ko.\>
masc. . spelling dictionary.
zgmgvu& /\g.m\g.vu~/
<h\.g\.m\.g\.vu~> v.intr. to glitter.
z36a`or /\g.a.kor/
<h\.g\.a.kho.r\> adj. . quarrelsome.
z36az36I /\g.a.\g.i/
<h\.g\.a.h\.g\.ii> fem. quarreling.
71
zpazpI /\.pa.\.pi/ <h\.pa.h\.pii>
fem. .a scuffle.
72
za6I /a.i/ <ha.ii> fem. .a dense
bush.
za6u& /a.u~/ <ha.u~> neut. .a broom.
za6o /a.o/ <ha.o> masc. .excretion.
zap4vu& /a.p\.vu~/ <ha.p\..vu~> v.tr. .to
clean by striking a piece of cloth.
zap4vu& /a.p\.vu~/ <ha.p\.\.vu~> v.tr.
.to eat speedily.
zap4u& /ap.u~/ <ha.p\.u~> neut. .a
sudden rain that comes for a short time.
73
4
4kvu& /\k.vu~/ <\.k\.vu~> v.intr. .1. to
survive 2. to last.
4kaw /\.ka.u/ <\.ka.u> adj. ..durable 2.
lasting.
4kavarI /\.ka.va.ri/ <\.ka.va.rii> fem.
.percentage.
74
75
4I&6oru& /i.o.ru~/ <i.o.ru~> neut. .a kind
of vegetable.
5
5g /\g/ <h\.g\> masc. . a cheat.
5gvu& /\g.vu~/ <h\.g\.vu~> v.tr. .to
cheat.
5ga; /\.ga.i/ <h\.ga.ii> fem. .cheating.
5garu& /\.ga.ru~/ <h\.ga.ru~> adj.
deceitful.
76
77
5ervvu& /e.r\v.vu~/ <he.r\.v\.vu~> v.intr.
.to fix the price.
78
79
7glab&0 /\g.la.b\nd/
<h\.g\.la.b\~.dh\> adj. . abundant.
80
81
82
83
tlvar /t\l.var/ <t\.l\.va.r\> fem. .a
sward.
84
tar /tar/ masc. . <ta.r\> 1. a fiber 2. a
string 3. a thread.
85
86
tEyarI /t\i.ja.ri/ <t\i.ja.rii> fem.
.readiness.
87
9
96 /t\/ <th\.\> neut. .the trunk of a
tree.
96kvu& /t\\k.vu~/ <th\.\.k\.vu~> v.intr.
.1. to stammer 2. to tremble with fear.
88
9aXI /ta.i/ <tha.ii> fem. .a dinner plate.
9a&-lo /ta~b.lo/ <tha~.bh\.lo> masc. .a
small pillar.
9Ig6u& /tig.u~/ <thii.g\.u~> neut. .a
patch.
9Ijvu& /ti.vu~/ <thii.\.vu~> v.intr. .to be
froze.
9UlI /tu.li/ <thuu.lii> fem. .half
grounded wheat.
9Ulu& /tu.lu~/ <thuu.lu~> neut. .husks
separated from flour.
9U&k /tu~k/ <thu~.k\> neut. .1. saliva 2.
spittle.
9eplu& /tep.lu~/ <the.p\.lu~> neut. .a kind
of bread.
9elI /te.li/ <the.lii> fem. .a small bag.
d
dix8 /d\k.i/ <d\.ki.\> fem. .the
south.
dix8a /d\k.i.a/ <d\.ki.a> fem. .alms
(given to the Brahmins).
dga`or /d\.ga.kor/ <d\.ga.kho.r\> adj.
treacherous.
dgabaj /d\.ga.ba/ <d\.ga.ba.\> adj.
treacherous.
dga`orI /d\.ga.ko.ri/ <d\.ga.kho.rii>
fem. . treachery.
89
ddU6I /d\.du.i/ <d\.duu.ii> fem. .a
thin current of water falling down.
dbdbo /d\b.d\.bo/ <d\.b\.d\.bo> masc.
pomp.
dba8 /d\.ba/ <d\.ba.\> neut. .1.
pressure 2. force.
dbavu& /d\.ba.vu~/ <d\.ba.vu~> v.intr. .to
be pressed.
90
d=Rn /d\.r\n/ <d\.r\.n\> neut.
philosophy.
91
dhej /d\.he/ <d\.he.\> neut. dowry.
dhe=t /d\.he.\t/ <d\.he.\.t\> fem.
apprehension.
dXdar /d\.dar/ <d\.\.da.r\> adj. 1.
thick 2. heavy.
dXvu& /d\.vu~/ <d\.\.vu~> v.tr. to grind.
d&gl /d\.g\l/ <d\~.g\.l\> neut. a
quarrel.
d&6 /d\.\/ <d\~.\> masc.
punishment.
d&6vu& /d\.vu~/ <d\~.\.vu~> v.tr. to
punish.
d&tk9a /d\nt.k\.ta/ <d\.t\.k\.tha> fem.
1. a legend 2. a fable.
d&tm&jn /d\nt.m\.\n/
<d\.nt\.m\~.\.n\> neut. 1. toothpowder 2. tooth-paste.
d&t=UX /d\nt.u/ <d\~.t\.u.\> masc. an
elephants tusk.
92
dado /da.do/ <da.do> masc.
grandfather.
93
idlcSp /dil.c\.p\/ <di.l\.c\.p\> adj.
fascinating.
94
du-avvu& /du.bav.vu~/ <du.bha.v\.vu~>
v.tr. to displease.
duracr8I /du.ra.c\.r\.i/
<du.ra.c\.r\.ii> adj. a person who
behaves immorally.
95
de`av6u& /de.kav.u~/ <de.kha.v\.u~>
adj. 1. attractive 2. handsome
3.beautiful.
de`avu& /de.ka.vu~/ <de.kha.vu~> v.tr. to
appear.
de`Itu& /de.ki.tu~/ <de.khii.tu~> adj.
obvious.
de6kI /de.ki/ <de.\.kii> fem. a
(female/ small) frog.
de=ai-man /de.a.bi.man/
<de.a.bhi.ma.n\> neut. patriotism.
96
do6ado6 /do.a.do/ <do.a.do.\> fem.
1. hurry 2. haste.
0
0kelvu& /d\.kel.vu~/ <d\.ke.l\.vu~> v.tr.
to push.
0k\k&0k\ka /d\.kk\m.d\k.ka/
<d\.kke.dh\.kka> masc. intensely
crowded state.
0k\ka0k\kI /d\.kka.d\k.ki/
<dh\.kka.mu.kkii> fem. . intensely
crowded state.
0k\kamuk\kI /d\.kka.muk.ki/
<dh\.kka.mu.kkii> fem. a crowd
marked with pushes and blows.
0kko /d\k.ko/ <dh\.kko> masc. a
push.
0kko /d\k.ko/ <dh\.kko> masc. an
errand.
0g0gvu& /d\g.d\g.vu~/
<dh\.g\.dh\.g\.vu~> v.intr. to burn
intensely.
0g= /d\.g\/ <dh\.g\.\> fem. 1. zeal
2. enthusiasm.
97
0ja /d\.a/ <dh\.a> fem. 1. a flag 2. a
banner.
06 /d\/ <dh\.\> neut. the human
body without head.
0m0okar /d\m.do.kar/
<dh\.m\.dho.ka.r\> advb. at full
speed.
98
0rmUX /d\r.mu/ <dh\.r\.muu.\>
neut. the very beginning.
0mRg/&9 /d\r.m\.gr\nt/
<dh\.rm\.gr\~.th\> masc. a religious
book.
0mRs&k4 /d\r.m\.s\m.k\/
<dh\.rm\.s\~.k\.\> neut. a moral
dilemma.
99
100
n
nkl /n\.k\l/ <n\.k\.l\> fem. 1. a copy
2. a transcript.
nklI /n\k.li/ <n\.k\.lii> adj. 1.
artificial 2. unoriginal.
nk=Ikam /n\k.i.kam/ <n\.k\.ii.ka.m\>
neut. carving.
nk=o /n\k.o/ <n\.k\.o> masc. 1. a
map 2. an outline.
nkamu& /n.ka.mu~/ <n\.ka.mu~> adj.
useless.
nkar /n\.kar/ <n\.ka.r\> masc.
negation.
101
nkUco /n\.ku.co/ <n\.kuu.co> masc. a
hook for locking.
njronjr /n\.ro.n\.\r/
<n\.\.ro.n\.\.r\> advb. in front of.
102
n5aru& /n\.a.ru~/ <n\.ha.ru~> adj. 1.
wicked 2. harmful.
n5or /n\.or/ <n\.ho.r\> adj. 1.
heartless 2. cruel.
n6tr /n\.t\r/ <n\.\.t\.r\> neut. 1. an
obstruction 2. troubles assumed to be
created by ghosts and evil spirits.
n8dl /n\.d\l/ <n\.\.d\.l\> fem.
husbands sister.
n8dI /n\.di/ <n\.\.dii> fem.
husbands sister.
n8do; /n\.do.i/ <n\.\.do.ii> fem.
husbands sisters husband.
ntIjo /n\.ti.o/ <n\.tii.o> masc. 1.
result 2. an outcome.
n8&d /n\.\nd/ <n\~.\.d\> fem.
husbands sister.
n9 /n\t/ <n\.th\> fem. a nose-ring.
n9I /t\.ti/ <n\.thii> neg. is not.
ndI /n\.di/ <n\.dii> fem. a river.
n0i8yatu& /n\.d\.i.ja.tu~/
<n\.dh\.i.ja,tu~> adj. 1. unguarded 2.
stray.
103
104
nvesr9I /n\.ve.s\r.ti/ <n\.ve.s\.r\.thii>
advb. to start a work again from the
beginning.
105
na4kIyu& /na.\.ki.ju~/ <na.\.kii.ju~> adj. 1.
dramatic 2. not real.
106
naiyka /na.ji.ka/ <na.ji.ka> fem. a
heroine of a novel, a play etc.
107
108
109
iny /ni.c\.j\/ <ni.c\.j\> masc. a
determination.
110
nIcajo8u& /ni.ca.o.u~/ <nii.ca.o.u~>
neut. shameful condition.
111
nEsigRk /n\i.s\r.gik/ <n\i.s\r.gi.k\> adj.
natural.
nokr /no.k\r/ <no.k\.r\> masc. a male
servant.
p
pk6 /p\.k\/ <p\.k\.\> fem. an act of
holding or gripping.
pk6vu& /p\.k\.vu~/ <p\.k\.\.vu~> v.tr.
1. to hold 2. to catch 3. to grasp.
pkvvu& /p\.k\v.vu~/ <p\.k\.v\.vu~> v.tr.
1. to ripen 2. to cook 3. to produce
pkvan /p\k.van/ <p\.k\.va.n\> neut.
sweets.
px /p\k.\/ <p\.k\> masc. 1. side 2. a
party (political).
pxa3at /p\k.a.gat/ <p\.ka.gha.t\>
masc. paralysis.
pxpat /p\k.\.pat/ <p\.k\.pa.t\>
masc. partiality.
pxapxI /p\k.a.p\k.i/ <p\.ka.p\.kii>
fem. discord.
pxI /p\k.i/ <p\.kii> neut. a bird.
p`vaj /p\k.va/ <p\.kh\.va.\> fem. a
kind of drum.
p`vai6yu& /p\k.va.i.ju~/
<p\.kh\.va.i.ju~> neut. a fortnight.
p`vai6k /p\k.va.ik/ <p\.kh\.va.i.k\>
adj. fortnightly.
112
113
p4la8I /p\.la.i/ <p\.\.la.ii> fem. 1.
the wife of the village headman 2. the
wife of a Patel.
p4abaj /p\.a.ba/ <p\.a.ba.\> adj.
skilled in swordsmanship.
p4aba@ /p\.a.ba.i/ <p\.a.ba.ii> fem.
skill in swordmanship.
p4am8I /p\.am.i/ <p\.a.m\.ii> fem.
deceit by flattering.
114
ptrI /p\t.ri/ <p\.t\.rii> fem. a small
thin metal piece.
p{akar]v /p\tr.ka.r\t.r\/
<p\.tr\.ka.r\.tv\> neut. journalism.
p{aVyvhar /p\.tr\.vj\v.har/
<p\.tr\.vj\.v\.ha.r\> masc.
correspondance.
115
pdavvu& /p\.dav.vu~/ <p\.da.v\.vu~> v.tr.
to cause work hard.
p0ram8I /p\d.ram.i/
<p\.dh\.ra.m\.ii> fem. a formal
visit.
116
prpuruq /p\r.pu.ru/ <p\.r\.pu.ru.s\>
masc. a man other than ones husband.
117
pra8e /p\.ra.e/ <p\.ra.e> advb. 1.
unwillingly 2. forcibly.
118
prox /p\.rok.\/ <p\.ro.k\> adj.
indirect.
119
phervu& /p\.her.vu~/ <p\.he.r\.vu~> v.tr. to
wear.
120
p&9 /p\n.t/ <p\~.th\> masc. 1. a road, 2.
a sect 3. a cult.
121
pa4u /pa.u~/ <pa.u> neut. a kick.
pa5 /pa/ <pa.h\> masc. a reading.
122
parsmi8 /pa.r\s.m\.i/
<pa.r\.s\.m\.ii> masc. a
mythological stone that turnn iron
into gold.
123
ip]a /pit.t\/ <pi.tt\> neut. bile.
pa&`6I /pa~k.i/ <pa~.kh\.ii> fem. a
petal.
124
punravlokn /pun.rav.lo.k\n/
<pu.n\.ra.v\.lo.k\.n\> neut. a
revision.
puravtRn /pun.ra.v\r.t\n/
<pu.n\.ra.v\.rt\.n\> neut. a
repetition.
punrav<i]a /pun.ra.vrut.ti/
<pu.n\.ra.vru.tti> fem. a reprint.
punruikt /pu.n\.ru.kti/ <pu.n\.ru.kti>
fem. a repetition (of an expression).
punjRNm /pu.n\r.\n.m\/
<pu.n\.r\.nm\> masc. a rebirth.
punlRGn /pu.n\r.l\g.n\/ <pu.n\.rl\.gn\>
neut. a remarriage.
puint /pu.nit/ <pu.ni.t\> adj. holy.
purbhar /pur.b\.har/ <pu.r\.b\.ha.r\>
adj. at the climax.
purv5o /pur.v\.o/ <pu.r\.v\.ho> masc.
supply.
125
purv8I /pu.r\v.i/ <pu.r\.v\.ii> fem. a
supplement.
pU2pr2 /puc.p\.r\c/
<puu.ch\.p\.r\.ch\> fem. a verbal
inquiry.
126
pUrpa4 /pur.pa/ <puu.r\.pa.\> advb.
at full speed.
p<(9kr8 /pru.t\k.k\.r\/
<pru.thth\.k\.r\.\> neut. analysis.
pU8Rivram /pur.\.vi.ram/
<puu.r\.vi.ra.m\> neut. a full-stop.
pU8aR&k /pur.a~k/ <puu.ra~.k\> masc. an
integer.
pUi8Rma /pur.i.ma/ <puu.ri.ma> fem. a
full moon day.
127
pe&6o /pe.o/ <pe~.o> masc. a kind of
sweet.
pe&tro /p~t.ro/ <pe~.t\.ro> masc. a
stratagem.
128
po&`vu& /p~k.vu~/ <po~.kh\.vu~> v.tr. the
formal ritual of receiving bride and
bridegroom.
pO{a /p\ut.r\/ <p\u.tr\> masc. a
grandson.
pO{aI /p\ut.ri/ <p\u.trii> fem. a
granddaughter.
pOrai8k /p\u.ra.ik/ <p\u.ra.i.k\> adj.
related to the Puranas.
pOiQ4k /p\u.ik/ <p\u.si.k\> adj.
nutritious.
pOAa /p\u.a/ <p\u.a> masc. a kind of
rice flake.
p/jas]aak /pr\.a.s\t.tak/
<pra.a.s\.tta.k\> adj. republic.
129
p/itSp0IR /pr\.ti.sp\r.di/
<pr\.ti.sp\.rdhii> masc. a rival.
p/ithar /pr\.ti.har/ <pr\.ti.ha.r\> masc.
a gate-keeper.
p/tIk /pr\.tik/ <pr\.tii.k\> neut. a
symbol.
p/tIxa /pr\.tik.a/ <pr\.tii.ka> fem. a
waiting for.
p/tIit /pr\.ti.ti/ <pr\.tii.ti> fem.
conviction.
p/Tyx /pr\.tj\k.\/ <pr\.tj\.k\> adj. 1.
visible 2. the knowledge gain through
senses.
p/Tyy /pr\.tj\.j\/ <pr\.tj\.j\> masc. an
affix.
p/Ty&Cya /pr\.tj\n.ca/ <pr\.tj\~.ca> fem.
the string of a bow.
p/Tyagmn /pr\t.ja.g\.m\n/
<pr\.tja.g\.m\.n\> neut. a return.
p/Tyu]ar /pr\t.u.tt\r/ masc. 1. a reply 2. a
rejoinder.
p/Tye /pr\t.je/ <pr\.tje> postp. 1. at 2.
towards.
p/Tyek /pr\t.jek/ <pr\.tje.k\> adj. every
one.
130
p/ma8-Ut /pr\.ma.but/
<pr\.ma.\.bhuu.t\> adj. reliable.
131
p/yojk /pr\.jo.\k/ <pr\.jo.\.k\> masc.
an organizer.
132
133
134
fraX /p\.ra/ <ph\.ra.\> masc. light
food taken while fasting.
firyad /p\.ri.jad/ <ph\.ri.ja.d\> fem. a
complain.
firyadI /p\.ri.ja.di/ <ph\.ri.ja.dii>
masc. a complainant.
135
faydo /paj.do/ <pha.j\.do> masc.
benefit.
fargtI /par.g\.ti/ <pha.r\.g\.tii> fem.
a divorce.
136
fuleku& /pu.le.ku~/ <phuu.le.ku~> neut. a
marriage procession.
fUlf4ak /pul.p\.ak/
<phu.l\.ph\.a.k\> adj. foppish.
137
foru& /po.ru~/ <pho.ru~> neut. a drop.
folvu& /pol.vu~/ <pho.l\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to
peel
2. to husk.
foLlI /pol.li/ <pho.llii> fem. a skin
boil.
foslavvu& /pos.lav.vu~/ <pho.s\.la.v\.vu~>
v.tr. to coax.
138
b4ako /b\.a.ko/ <b\.a.ko> masc. a
potato.
b6b6vu& /b\.b\.vu~/ <b\.\.b\.\.vu~>
v.intr. to prattle.
139
140
b&0bestu& /b\nd.bes.tu~/
<b\~.dh\.be.s\.tu~> adj. suitable.
b&0besvu& /b\nd.bes.vu~/
<b\~.dh\.be.s\.vu~> v.intr. to be fitting.
b&0ar8Iy /b\n.da.r\.ij/
<b\~.dha.r\.i.j\> adj. constitutional.
b&i0yar /b\n.di.jar/ <b\~.dhi.ja.r\> adj.
1. unventilated, 2. stagnant.
b&0I /b\n.di/ <b\~.dhii> fem.
prohibition.
b&0u /b\n.du/ <b\~.dhu> masc. 1.
brother, 2. a co-worker.
b&ba`anu& /b\m.ba.ka.nu~/
<b\~.ba.kha.nu~> neut. a fire-brigade
station.
141
ba`6vu& /ba.k\.vu~/ <ba.kh\.\.vu~>
v.intr. to quarrel.
142
baldI /bal.di/ fem. a bucket.
143
ibLlo /bil.lo/ <bi.llo> masc. 1. a badge,
2. a medal.
144
be5k /be.\k/ <be.h\.k\> fem. a seat.
bU /bu:/ <buu> fem. odor.
bUc /buc/ <buu.c\> masc. a cork.
145
be-an /be.ban/ <be.bha.n\> adj.
unconscious.
146
boXvu& /bo.vu~/ <bo.\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to dip,
2. to soak.
147
-6ko /b.ko/ <bh\.\.ko> masc. a big
flame.
-ravvu& /b\b.rav.vu~/
<bh\.bh\.ra.v\.vu~> v.tr. to sprinkle
powder.
-r-a&`Xu& /b\r.ba~k.u~/
<bh\.r\.bha~.kh\.u~> neut. the dawn.
148
-rvvu& /b\.r\v.vu~/ <bh\.r\.v\.vu~> v.tr.
to hang.
-rva6 /b\r.va/ <bh\.r\.va.\> masc.
a shepherd.
-lmnsa: /b\l.m\n.sai/
<bh\.l\.m\.n\.sa.ii> fem. goodness.
149
150
-a8o /ba.o/ <bha.o> masc. a sisters
son.
151
-a&gvu& /ba~g.vu~/ <bha~.g\.vu~> v.tr. to
break.
-a&jg6Iyu& /ba~.g\.i.ju~/
<bha~.\.g\.ii.ju~> adj. 1. quarrelsome,
2. negotiator.
-Ul-ulam8I /bul.bu.lam.i/
<bhu.l\.bhu.la.m\.ii> fem. a
labyrinth.
-USko /bus.ko/ <bhuu.sko> masc. a
jump downward.
-Uk&p /bu.k\mp/ <bhuu.k\~.p\> masc.
an earthquake.
152
-UtavX /bu.ta.v\/ <bhuu.ta.v\.\> fem.
a group of ghosts.
-UStrivd\ya /bus.t\r.vi.dja/
<bhuu.st\.r\.vi.dja> fem. geology.
153
154
-o&y /b~j/ <bho.\> fem. 1. land, 2.
ground.
m~`IcUs /m\k.ki.cus/
<m\.khkhii.cuu.s\> adj. extremely
miser.
m
mkr /m\.k\r ra.i/ <m\.k\.r\> fem. the
Capricorn, the tenth sign of the zodiac.
155
mjnU /m\.nu/ <m\.\.nuu> adj.
lovelorn.
m4m4avvu& /m\.m\.av.vu~/
<m\.\.m\.a.v\.vu~> v.tr. to wink.
m4vu& /m\.vu~/ <m\.\.vu~> v.exp. to be
cured.
m5 /m\/ <m\.h\> masc. pl. a kind of
pulse.
m5 /m\/ <m\.h\> masc. a monastery.
m5arvu& /m\.ar.vu~/ <m\.ha.r\.vu~> v.tr.
1. to repair, 2. to fix error in a writing.
156
m9vu& /m\t.vu~/ <m\.th\.vu~> v.intr. to
churn.
157
mrvu& /m\r.vu~/ <m\.r\.vu~> v.intr. to die.
mmra /m\m.ro/ <m\.m\.ra> masc. a
type of rice flake.
mmXavvu& /m\m.av.vu~/
<m\.m\.a.v\.vu~> v.tr. to chew.
mrkvu& /m\.r\k.vu~/ <m\.r\.k\.vu~> v.intr.
to smile.
158
mvalI /m\.va.li/ <m\.va.lii> masc. a
scoundrel.
mhasagr /m\.ha.sa.g\r/
<m\.ha.sa.g\.r\> masc. an ocean.
159
mhetl /m\.he.t\l/ <m\.he.t\.l\> fem. a
time limit.
m&gXacr8 /m\g.a.c\.r\/
<m\~.g\.a.c\.r\.\> neut. invocation
of a divine being at the bringing of an
auspicious work.
160
ma9afrel /ma.ta.p\.rel/
<ma.tha.ph\.re.l\> adj. hot-tempered.
161
162
maXa /ma.a/ <ma.a> fem. a garland.
mailkI /ma.li.ki/ <ma.li.kii> fem.
ownership.
mail= /ma.li/ <ma.li.\> fem.
massaging.
mavjt /mav.\t/ <ma.v\.\.t\> fem.
care.
mav5u& /mav.u~/ <ma.v\.hu~> neut.
unseasonable rain.
mavi6yu& /ma.v\.ju~/ <ma.v\.i.ju~> adj.
too much obedient of mother.
mavtr /mav.t\r/ <ma.v\.t\.r\> neut. pl.
parents.
mavo /ma.vo/ <ma.vo> masc. 1. solid
cream of milk, 2. kernel of fruits etc.
ma=I /ma.i/ <ma.ii> fem. mothers
sister.
mas /mas/ <ma.s\> masc. a month.
maisk /ma.sik/ <ma.si.k\> adj.
monthly.
maisk /ma.sik/ <ma.si.k\> neut.
womens menses.
maso /ma.so/ <ma.so> masc. mothers
sisters husband.
maihtI /ma.hi.ti/ <ma.hi.tii> fem.
knowledge.
maX /ma/ <ma.\> masc. a storey.
maX`u& /ma.ku~/ <ma.\.khu~> neut. 1. a
structure, 2. a frame.
163
mukmo /mu.k\d.d\.mo/
<mu.k\.dd\.mo> masc. a law suit.
164
mua /mud.ra/ <mu.dra> fem. a stamp.
muin/mu.ni/ <mu.ni> masc. a sage.
munIm /mu.nim/ <mu.ni.m\> masc. 1.
an accountant, 2. a manager.
mufils /mup.lis/ <mu.ph\.li.s\> adj.
penniless.
165
166
meXap /me.ap/ <me.a.p\> masc. 1. a
meeting, 2. a union.
mo7amo7 /m.a.mo/
<mo.ha.mo.h\> advb. fact to face.
mo7u& /m.u~/ <mo.hu~> neut. the
mouth.
mo8 /mo/ <mo.\> neut. lubricant
mixed with flour.
mot /mt/ <mo.t\> neut. death.
moityo /mo.ti.jo/ <mo.ti.jo> masc.
cataract.
motI /mo.ti/ <mo.tii> neut. a pearl.
modI /mo.di/ <mo.dii> masc. a grocery.
mo- /mob/ <mo.bh\> masc. a beam
supporting a roof.
mo-adar /mo.ba.dar/ <mo.bha.da.r\>
adj. 1. respected, 2. having high status.
mor /mor/ <mo.r\> masc. peacock.
morco /mor.co/ <mo.r\.co> masc. front.
167
morlI /mor.li/ <mo.r\.lii> fem. a flute.
y
yk<t /j\k.rut/ <j\.kru.t\> neut. the liver.
yjman /j\.man/ <j\.\.ma.n\> masc. a
host.
168
yogI /jo.gi/ <jo.gii> masc. an ascetic.
yatna /jat.na/ <ja.t\.na> fem. suffering.
ya{aa /jat.ra/ <ja.tra> fem. a pilgrim.
yad /jad/ <ja.d\> fem. memory.
r`6p4\4I /r\.k\.p\.i/
<r\.kh\.\.p\.ii> fem. 1. wandering,
2. roaming.
169
r`at /r\.kat/ <r\.kha.t\> fem. an illicit
wife.
r`e /r\.ke/ <r\.khe> advb. by chance.
r`evaX /r\.ke.va/ <r\.khe.va.\> masc.
1. guardian, 2. a protector.
170
rta= /r\.ta/ <r\.ta.\> fem. redness.
171
rso: /r\.so.i/ <r\.so.ii> fem. 1. cooking,
2. cooked food.
rhe8Ikr8I /r\.he.i.k\r.i/
<r\.he.ii.k\.r\.ii> fem. 1. life style,
2. manners.
rhevu& /r\.he.vu~/ <r\.he.vu~> v.intr. 1. to
live, 2. to dwell, 3. to reside.
172
ram-roso /ram.b\.ro.so/
<ra.m\.bh\.ro.so> masc. faith in god.
ram-rose /ram.b\.ro.se/
<ra.m\.bh\.ro.so> postp. 1. things left
on the faith in god, 2. things left
unattended.
ramrajy /ram.ra.j\/ <ra.m\.ra.j\> neut.
an ideal state.
173
rav8h(9o /ra.v\.h\t.to/
<ra.v\.\.h\.ththo> masc. a kind of
musical instrument.
174
rui0r /ru.dir/ <ru.dhi.r\> neut. blood.
175
l
lkvo /l\k.vo/ <l\.k\.vo> masc.
paralysis.
lx8 /l\k.\/ <l\.k\.\> neut. 1. a
sign, 2. a symptom, 3. quality.
lmI /l\k.mi/ <l\.k\.mii> fem. the
wide of lord Vishnu and the goddess of
wealth.
l`pit /l\k.p\.ti/ <l\.kh\.p\.ti> masc.
a millionaire.
l`lU4 /l\k.lu/ <l\.kh\.luu.\> adj.
abundant.
l`vu& /l\k.vu~/ <l\.kh\.vu~> v.tr. to
write.
176
l`a8 /l\.ka/ <l\.kha.\> neut.
written material.
l3rv3r /l\.g\r.v\.g\r/
<l\.g\.r\.v\.g\.r\> adj. tattered.
177
l8vu& /l\.vu~/ <l\.\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to
reap, 2. to harvest.
178
llkar /l\l.kar/ <l\.l\.ka.r\> masc. a
loud singing or utterance.
179
180
lalsa /lal.sa/ <la.l\.sa> fem. intense
desire.
181
lU4 /lu/ <luu.\> fem. robbing.
lI&p8 /li~.p\/ <lii~.p\.\> neut. daubing
with cow-dung, clay etc.
lI&pvu& /li~p.vu~/ <lii~.p\.vu~> v.tr. to daub
with cow-dung, clay etc.
luCca: /luc.cai/ <lu.cca.ii> fem.
cunningness.
luCcu& /luc.cu~/ <lu.ccu~> adj. cunning.
lu2i8yu& /lu.c\.i.ju~/ <lu.ch\.i.ju~> neut.
jute cloth for wiping.
lu4aru /lu.a.ru/ <lu.a.ru> masc. a
robber.
luhar /lu.har/ <lu.ha.r\> masc. a
blacksmith.
lu&gI /lu.gi/ <luu~.gii> fem. a cylindrical
garment worn round the waist and
covering the legs.
182
le-agu /le.ba.gu/ <le.bha.gu~> adj.
unreliable (person).
183
lohIwkaXo /lo.hi.u.ka.o/ <lo.hii.u.ka.o>
masc. quarrel.
v
vkrvu& /v\.k\r.vu~/ <v\.k\.r\.vu~> v.intr.
1. to deteriorate 2. to worsen.
vkro /v\k.ro/ <v\.k\.ro> masc. sale.
vkIl /v\.kil/ <v\.kii.l\> masc. a
lawyer.
vkIlatnamu& /v\.ki.lat.na.mu~/
<v\.kii.la.t\.na.mu~> neut. power of
attorney.
184
vcgaXo /vc.ga.o/ <v\.c\.ga.o> masc.
in middle part of time.
vcn /v\.c\n/ <v\.c\.n\> neut.
promise.
vcn /v\.c\n/ <v\.c\.n\> neut. number
(grammatical).
vclu& /v\c.lu~/ <v\.c\.lu~> adj. 1. middle,
2. intermediate.
vCce /v\c.ce/ <v\.cce> postp. in the
middle.
v2U4vu& /v\.cu.vu~/ <va.chu.\.vu~>
v.intr. to go off suddenly.
v2eru& /v\.ce.ru~/ <va.che.ru~> neut. a
colt.
185
vyov<)0 /v\.jo.vrud.d\/
<v\.jo.vru.dhdh\> adj. 1. old, 2.
elderly.
vr /v\r/ <v\.r\> masc. a bridegroom.
vr` /v\.r\k/ <v\.r\.kh\> masc. a very
thin layer of gold or sliver.
186
vr3o6Iya& /v\r.go.i.ja~/
<v\.r\.gho.ii.ja~> neut. pl. people
accompanying a marriage procession.
vr3o6o /masc./ <v\.r\.gho.o> masc. a
marriage procession.
vr8 /v\.r\/ <v\.r\.\> fem. 1. a caste,
2. a social class.
vgRivg/h /v\rg.vig.r\h/
<v\.rg\.vi.gr\.h\> masc. a class-war.
vcRs /v\r.c\s/ <v\.rc\.s\> neut.
controlling power.
vcRSvI /v\r.c\s.vi/ <v\.rc\.svii> adj.
powerful.
v8R /v\r.\/ <v\.r\> masc. color.
v8R /v\r.\/ <v\.r\> masc. letter.
v8R /v\r.\/ <v\.r\> fem. caste.
v8Rn /v\r.\n/ <v\.r\.n\> neut. 1.
description, 2. narration.
v8Rvvu& /v\r.\v.vu~/ <v\.r\.v\.vu~> v.tr.
1. to describe, 2. to narrate.
v8Rs&kr /v\r.\.s\.k\r/
<v\.r\.s\~.k\.r\> adj. born of parents
of different castes or religion.
187
v8aRnuk/m /v\r.a.nu.kr\m/
<v\.rna.nu.kr\.m\> masc.
alphabetical order.
vtR8U&k /v\r.t\.u~k/ <v\.rt\.u~.k\> fem.
1. behavior, 2. conduct.
vtRn /v\r.t\n/ <v\.rt\.n\> neut. 1.
behavior, 2. conduct.
vtRmankaX /v\r.t\.man.ka/
<v\.rt\.ma.n\> masc. present tense.
vtRmanp{a /v\r.t\.man.p\t.r\/
<v\.rt\.ma.n\.p\.tr\> neut. a
newspaper.
vStIg8trI /v\s.ti.g\.\t.ri/
<v\.stii.g\.\.t\.rii> fem. census.
vStIp{ak /v\s.ti.p\t.r\k/
<v\.stii.p\.tr\.k\> neut. a census
record.
188
vStu /v\s.tu/ <v\.stu> fem. a thing.
vS{a /v\s.tr\/ <v\.str\> neut. a garment.
vha8 /v\.ha/ <v\.ha.\> neut. a ship.
vhal /v\.hal/ <v\.ha.l\> neut.
affection.
vhI /v\.hi/ <v\.hii> fem. an accountbook.
vhIv4 /v\.hi.v\/ <v\.hii.v\.\> masc.
an administration.
vhIv4I /v\.hi.v\.i/ <v\.hii.v\.ii> adj.
administrative.
189
v&4oXIyo /v\.o.i.jo/ <v\~.o.ii.jo> masc.
whirlwind.
190
va6ab&0I /va.a.b\n.di/ <va.a.b\~.dhii>
fem. group-ism.
191
vas8kUs8 /va.s\.ku.s\/
<va.s\.\.kuu.s\.\> neut. pl. kitchen
utensils.
vare36Iye /va.re.g\.i.je/
<va.re.gh\.ii.je> advb. frequently.
varo /va.ro/ <va.ro> masc. turn.
192
vaihyat /va.hi.jat/ <va.hi.a.t\> adj. 1.
hollow, 2. bogus.
193
194
ivtr8 /vit.r\/ <v> neut. distribution.
ivta6vu& /vi.ta.vu~/ <vi.ta.\.vu~> v.tr. to
harass.
ivday /vi.daj/ <vi.da.j\> fem. a
departure.
iv0vaivvah /vid.va.vi.vah/
<vi.dh\.va.vi.va.h\> masc. a widows
re-marriage.
195
ivmanm9k /vi.man.m\.t\k/
<vi.ma.n\.m\.th\.k\> neut. an
airport.
196
ivlx8 /vi.l\k.\/ <vi.l\.k\.\> adj.
peculiar.
ivly /vi.l\j/ <vi.l\.j\> masc.
dissolution.
ivlsvu& /vi.l\s.vu~/ <vi.l\.s\.vu~> v.intr. 1.
to shine, 2. to glitter.
ivlap /vi.lap/ <vi.la.p\> masc.
lamentation.
ivlayt /vi.la.j\t/ <vi.la.j\.t\> neut.
England.
ivlaytI /vi.la.j\.ti/ <vi.la.j\.tii> adj. 1.
made in England, 2. foreign.
ivvadaSpd /vi.va.da.sp\d/
<vi.va.da.sp\.d\> adj. controversial.
197
ivStarpUvRk /vis.tar.pur.v\k/
<vi.sta.r\.puu.rv\.k\> adj. 1. at
length, 2. in detail.
198
199
ver82er8 /ve.r\.ce.r\/
<ve.r\.\.che.r\.\> advb. scattered.
Vyi-carI8I /vj\.bi.ca.ri.i/
<vj\.bhi.ca.rii.ii> adj. an immoral
woman.
200
Vyvharku=X /vj\v.har.ku.\/
<v\.v\.ha.r\.ku.\.\> adj. 1.
practical, 2. good at social interaction.
Vyvharu /vj\v.ha.ru/ <vj\.v\.ha.ru> adj.
feasible.
Vysn /vj\.s\n/ <vj\.s\.n\> neut. a bad
habit.
VySt /vj\s.t\/ <vj\.st\> adj. dispersed.
Vy&g /vj\.g\/ <vj\~.g\> masc. satirical.
Vy&jn /vj\.\n/ <vj\~.\.n\> masc. a
consonant.
Vyakr8 /vjak.r\/ <vja.k\.r\.\> neut.
grammar.
Vya~ya /vja.kja/ <vja.khja> fem.
definition.
Vya~yata /vjak.ja.ta/<vja.khja.ta> masc.
a lecturer.
Vya~yan /vjak.jan/ <vja.khja.n\> neut. a
lecture.
=
=k /\k/ <\.k\> masc. 1. doubt, 2.
suspicion.
=kdar /\k.dar/ <\.k\.da.r\> adj.
suspected (person).
=km&d /\k.m\nd/ <\.k\.m\~.d\> adj.
suspicious.
=kro /\k.ro/ <\.k\.ro> masc. 1. a
hawk, 2. a falcon.
=kvu& /\k.vu~/ <\.k\.ro> v.intr. 1. to be
able, 2. to be possible.
=kkiryu& /\\k.k\.ri.ju~/ <\.kk\.ri.ju~>
neut. a sweet potato.
=iktpUjk /\k.ti.pu.\k/
<\.kti.puu.\.k\> adj and masc. a
worshipper of the goddess.
201
=rdI /\r.di/ <\.r\.dii> fem. cold.
=kyta /\k.j\.ta/ <\.kj.ta> fem.
possibility.
=8 /\/ <\.\> neut. a plat of jute.
=8gar /\.gar/ <\.\.ga.r\> masc.
beauty-aids.
=taBdI /\.tab.di/ <\.ta.bdii> fem. 1. a
century, 2. a centenary.
=rIrrcna /\.rir.r\c.na/
<\.rii.r\.r\.c\.na> fem. anatomy.
=rIrs&b&0 /\.rir.s\m.ban.d\/
<\.rii.r\.s\~.b\~.dh\> masc. sexual
relation.
202
=S{aik/ya /\.tr\.kri.ja/ <\.str\.kri.ja>
fem. 1. surgery, 2. surgical operation.
203
i=x8 /ik.\/ <i.k\.\> neut. 1.
education, 2. teaching.
i=xa /ik.a/ <i.ka> fem. 1. teaching, 2.
education, 3. punishment.
i=ixka /ik.i.ka/ <i.ki.ka> fem. a
female teacher.
204
205
206
sg6 /s\.g\/ <s\.g\.\> masc. 1. footprints etc. 2. traces.
sgu&vhalu& /s\.gu~.v\.ha.lu~/
<s\.gu~.v\.ha.lu~> neut. relative.
sgu&s&b&0I /s\.gu.s\m.b\n.di/
<s\.gu~.s\~.b\~.dhii> neut. relatives etc.
207
208
209
s_y /s\b.j\/ <s\.bhj\> adj. polite.
sfr /s\.p\r/ <s\.ph\.r\> fem. 1. a
travel, 2. a journey.
210
smiQ4 /s\m.dr\.i/ <s\.m\.dr\.si>
adj. impartial.
smysUck /s\.m\j.su.c\k/
<s\.m\.j\.suu.c\.k\> adj. sharpminded.
smysUckta /s\.m\j.su.c\k.ta/
<s\.m\.j\.suu.c\.k\.ta> fem. presence
of mind.
smrvu& /s\.m\r.vu~/ <s\.m\.r\.vu~> v.tr.
to remember someone or something with
devotion.
smp /s\m.rup/ <s\.m\.ruu.p\> adj.
1. of the same form, 2. similar.
sm9R /s\.m\r.t\/ <s\.m\.rth\> adj.
powerful.
smpR8 /s\.m\r.p\/ <s\.m\.rp\.\>
neut. 1. an offering, 2. a surrendering, 3.
dedication.
smpRvu& /s\.m\r.p\.vu~/ <s\.m\.rp\.vu~>
v.tr. to offer, 2. to dedicate, .3 to
surrender.
smvySk /s\m.v\.j\s.k\/
<s\.m\.v\.j\.sk\> adj. of the same
age.
sm=er /s\m.er/ <s\.m\.e.r\> fem. a
sword.
smSt /s\/m\s.t\/ <s\.m\.st\> adj. 1.
entire, 2. whole.
smacarp{a /s\.ma.car.p\t.r\/
<s\.ma.ca.r\.p\.tr\> neut. a
newspaper.
smaj /s\.ma/ <s\.ma.\> masc. 1.
society, 2. an association.
smajvad /s\.ma.vad/ <s\.ma.\.va.d\>
masc. socialism.
smaj=aS{a /s\.ma.a.tr\/
<s\.ma.\.a.tr\> neut. sociology.
smaj=aS{aI /s\/ma.a.tri/
<s\.ma.\.a.trii> masc. a sociologist.
sma0an /s\/ma/dan/ <s\.ma.dha.n\>
neut. 1. compromise, 2 settlement.
smai0 /s\.ma.di/ <s\.ma.dhi> fem. 1.
deep meditation, 2. a death of an ascetic,
3. a shrine, etc. constructed over the
spot where an ascetics corpse is buried.
sman /s\.man/ <s\.ma.n\> adj. 1.
similar, 2. equal.
smanta /s\.man.ta/ <s\.ma.n\.ta> fem.
1. similarity, 2. equality.
smapn /s\.ma.p\n/ <s\.ma.p\.n\> neut.
an act of completion.
211
smaPt /s\.map.t\/ <s\.ma.pt\> adj. 1.
completed, 2. finished.
sr`am8I /s\r.kam.i/
<s\.r\.kha.m\.ii> fem. comparision.
sr`avvu& /s\r.kav.vu~/ <s\.r\.kha.v\.vu~>
v.tr. to compare.
sr`u& /s\r.ku~/ <s\.r\.khu~> adj. equal.
srgvo /s\r.g\.vo/ <s\.r\.g\.vo> masc.
a tree or its fruit like stick that can be
used as vegetable.
sr3s /s\r.g\s/ <s\.r\.gh\.s\> neut. a
procession.
212
srmu`TyarI /s\r.muk.tja.ri/
<s\.r\.mu.kh\.tja.rii> fem.
dictactorship.
srmu`Tyar=ahI /s\r.muk.tjar.a.hi/
<s\.r\.mu.kh\.tja.r\.a.hii> fem.
dictatorship.
srvaXo /s\r.va.o/ <s\.r\.va.o> masc.
1. addition, 2. total.
srvEyu& /s\r.v\i.ju~/ <s\.r\.v\i.ju~> neut. a
balance-sheet.
sri=yu& /s\.r\.i.ju~/ <s\.r\.i.ju~> neut.
rapeseed oil.
AvRkalIn /s\r.v\.ka.lin/
<s\.rva.ka.lii.n\> adj. eternal.
213
svRg/ahI /s\r.v\.gra.hi/ <s\.rva,gra.hii>
adj. comprehensive.
svR=iktman /s\r.v\.\k.ti.man/
<s\.rv\.\.kti.ma.n\> adj.
omnipotent.
svaRnumt /s\r.va.nu.m\t/
<s\.rva.nu.m\.t\> adj. unnimous.
svaRnumit /s\r.va.nu.m\.ti/
<s\.rva.nu.m\.ti> fem. unanimity.
svoRCc /s\r.vo.cc\/ <s\.rvo.cj\> adj.
highest.
sla4 /s\.la/ <s\.la.\> masc. stonemason.
slam /s\.lam/ <s\.la.m\> fem.
salutation.
214
sveXa /s\.ve.a/ <s\.ve.a> advb. in
time.
shanu-av /s\.ha.nu.bav/
<s\.ha.nu.bha.v\> masc. sympathy.
shanu-Uit /s\.ha.nu.bu.ti/
<s\.ha.nu.bhuu.ti> fem. sympathy.
215
s&~yab&0 /s\.kja.b\nd/
<s\~.khja.b\~.dh\> adj. numerous.
s&k6am8 /s\k.a.m\/
<s\~.k\.a.m\.\> fem. crowdedness.
s&kLp=ikt /s\.k\l.p\.\k.ti/
<s\~.k\.lp\.\.kti> fem. will-power.
216
s&gemrmr /s\.ge.m\r.m\r/
<s\~.ge.m\.r\.m\.r\> masc. marble.
s&}aavack /s\.gna.va.c\k/
<s\.gna.va.c\.k\> adj. proper noun.
s&g/h`or /s\.gr\h.kor/
<s\~.gr\.h\.kho.r\> adj. hoarder.
s&g/h`orI /s\.gr\h.ko.ri/
<s\~.gr\.h\.kho.rii> fem. hoarding.
s&g/hvu& /s\.gr\h.vu~/ <s\~.gr\.h\.vu~>
v.tr. to collect.
s&g/hS9an /s\.gr\h.stan/
<s\~.gr\.h\.stha.n\> neut. museum.
s&toqkark /s\n.to.ka.r\k/
<s\~.to.s\.ka.r\.k\> adj. satisfactory.
217
s&-Xavvu& /s\mb.av.vu~/
<s\~.bh\.a.v\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to make
someone hear, 2. to speak in insulting
manner.
218
s&-og /s\m.bog/ <s\~.bho.g\> masc.
sexual intercourse.
219
s&S9a /s\.ta/ <s\~.stha> fem. institution.
s&S9apk /s\m.sta.p\k/ <s\~.stha.p\.k\>
adj. founder.
s&har /s\m.har/ <s\~.ha.r\> masc.
destruction.
sakr /sa.k\r/ <sa.k\.r\> fem. suger.
saxr /sak.\r/ <sa.k\.r\> adj. 1.
literate, 2. learned.
saxat\ /sak.at/ <sa.ka.t> advb. in
physical presence.
220
sadgI /sad.gi/ <sa.d\.gii> fem.
simplicity.
sadr /sa.d\r/ <sa.d\.r\> advb.
respectfully.
sada: /sa.da.i/ <sa.da.ii> fem.
simplicity.
sadu& /sa.du~/ <sa.du~> adj. 1. simple, .2
plain.
sa0ns&pNn /sa.d\n.sam.p\n.n\/
<sa.dh\.n\.s\~.p\.nn\> adj. possessing
sufficient resources.
sa0na /sad.na/ <sa.dh\.na> fem.
spiritual practice.
sa0vu& /sad.vu~/ <sa.dh\.vu~> v.tr. to
undergo a spiritual practice.
221
samno /sam.no/ <sa.m\.no> masc.
resistance.
222
savku& /sav.ku~/ <sa.v\.ku~> adj. of a
step-relation.
223
islislab&0 /sil.si.la.b\nd/
<si.l\.si.la.b\~.dh\> adj. in orderly
manner.
224
is&hasn /sim.ha.s\n/ <si~.ha.s\.n\> neut.
throne.
sIzvvu& /si.\v.vu~/ <sii.h\.v\.vu~> v.tr.
to cook by moderate heat.
sIzvu& /si.vu~/ <sii.h\.vu~> v.intr. to be
cooked by moderate heat.
sI4I /si.i/ <sii.ii> fem. a whistle.
sI6I /si.i/ <sii.ii> fem. 1. ladder, 2.
staircase.
225
su0aro /su.da.ro/ <su.dha.ro> masc.
improvement.
sulehnamu& /su.leh.na.mu~/
<su.le.h\.na.mu~> neut. peace treaty.
sup/is)0 /su.pr\.sid.d\/
<su.pr\.si.dhdh\> adj. 1. renowned,
2. well-known.
226
sUyRmu`I /sur.j\.mu.ki/
<suu.rj\.mu.khii> neut. sun-flower.
227
228
229
Svde=ai-man /sv\.de.a.bi.man/
<sv\.de.a.bhi.ma.n\> neut.
patriotism.
Svde=ai-manI /sv\.de.a.bi.ma.ni/
<sv\.de.a.bhi.ma.nii> neut. patriotic.
230
hkIkt /h\.ki.k\t/ <h\.kii.k\.t\> fem. a
fact.
hkIm /h\.kim/ <h\.kii.m\> masc. a
physician.
hcmcvu& /h\c.m\c.vu~/ <h\.c\.m\.c\.vu~>
v.intr. to become unsteady.
hj /h\/ <h\> fem. pilgrimage to
Mecca.
hjam /h\.am/ <h\.a.m\> masc. a
barber.
231
hr36I /h\r.g\.i/ <h\.r\.gh\.ii> advb.
every moment.
hlncln /h\.l\n.c\.l\n/
<h\.l\.n\.c\.l\.n\> fem. movement.
hrtu&frtu& /h\r.tu~.p\r.tu~/
<h\.r\.tu~.ph\.r\.tu~> adj. healthy.
hram`or /h\.ram.kor/
<h\.ra.m\.kho.r\> adj. wicked.
232
hStkXa /h\s.t\.k\.a/ <h\.st\.k\.a> fem.
handicraft.
ha9calakI /hat.ca.la.ki/
<ha.th\.ca.la.kii> fem. jugglery.
ha98I /hat.i/ <ha.th\.ii> fem. female
elephant.
ha9I /ha.ti/ <ha.thii> masc. elephant.
233
ha na /ha na/ <ha na> fem. hesitation.
234
ih&mt /him.m\t/ <hi~.m\.t\> fem.
courage.
dyavk /r\.d\j.dra.v\k/
<hr\.d\.j\.dra.v\.k\> adj. stronly
affecting to the heart.
dypirvtRn /r\.d\j.p\.ri.v\r.t\n/
<hr\.d\.j\.p\.ri.v\.rt\.n\> neut. a
change of heart.
dy=UNy /r\.d\j.un.j\/ <hr\.d\.j\.u.nj\>
adj. feelingless.
het /het/ <he.t\> neut. 1. affection, 2.
love.
hetu /he.tu/ <he.tu> masc. 1. motive, 2.
intention.
herangit /he.ran,g\.ti/ <he.ra.n\.g\.ti>
fem. 1. trouble, 2. difficulty.
helI /he.li/ <he.lii> fem. heavy rain.
hevainyt /he.va.ni.j\t/ <he.va.ni.j\.t\>
fem. 1. brutality, 2. cruelty.
heval /he.val/ <h> masc. an account.
235
hoo /hod.do/ <ho.ddo> masc. 1. a
rank. 2. a position.
}a
x
x8 /k\/ <k\.\> fem. .a moment.
xit /k\.ti/ <k\.ti> fem. 1. loss, 2.
injury.
xi{ay /k\t.ri.j\/ <k\.tri.j\> masc. a
community so named.
xma /k\.ma/ <k\.ma> fem.
.forgiveness.
236
237
Content
1. Introduction
2. Open class
2.1. Nouns
2.2. Adjective
2.3. Verbs
2.4. Adverbs
3. Closed class
3.1. Pronouns and other Pro-Forms
3.2. Noun adjuncts
3.2.1. Role markers
3.2.1.1 Case markers
3.2.1.2 Postpositions
3.2.2. Quantifiers
3.3. Verb adjuncts
3.3.1. Auxiliaries
3.3.1.1.
Simple auxiliaries
3.3.1.2.
Modal auxiliaries
3.4. Connectives
3.4.1. Coordinating connectives
3.4.2. Subordinating connectives
3.4.3. Correlative connectives
3.4.4. Adversative connectives
3.4.5. Explicative connectives
3.4.6. Causal connectives
3.5. Other closed classes
3.5.1. Emphasis markers
3.5.2. Interjections
3.5.3. Negators
3.5.4. Politeness markers
3.5.5. Tag-marks
4. Conclusion
238
1. Introduction
Gujarati words can be divided into: (1) Open class and (2) Closed class. Open class
consists of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, while closed class consists of pronouns
and other pro-forms, noun adjuncts, verb adjuncts, conjunctions and others.
2. Open Class
2.1 Nouns
Nouns have the following properties:
gender,
number
case.
Genders are three: masculine, feminine and neuter. All three genders are marked
and unmarked. Masculine is marked with -Ao, feminine with -:, and neuter is marked with
w&. Examples:
Nouns with unmarked gender
Masculine
-a:
sap
ha9
pvRt
ivcar
bai
sap
hat
p\rv\t
vicar
'brother'
'serpent'
'hand'
'mountain'
'thought'
Feminine
bhen
-e&s
Aa&`
vel
pX
b\hen
b~s
~k
vel
p\
'sister'
'buffalo'
'eye'
'creeper'
'moment'
\rir
nak
pul
man
m\n
'body'
'nose'
'flower'
'respect'
'organ of desire'
Neuter
=rIr
nak
fUl
man
mn
239
2okro
kUtro
36o
Aa&bo
p9ro
cokr.o
kutr.o
g\o
~bo
p\tr.o
'boy'
'dog (male)'
'pot'
'mango tree'
'stone'
Feminine
2okrI
kUtrI
ndI
za6I
Aa&gXI
cokr.i
kutr.i
n\d.i
ja.i
~g.i
'girl'
'dog (female)'
'river'
'bush'
'finger'
cokr.u~
kutr.u~
ta.u~
m~.u~
ka.u~
'child'
'dog'
'lock'
'mouth'
'whole'
Neuter
2okru&
kUtru&
taXu&
mo7u&
ka8u&
Gujarati has many nouns that end in Ao and :, but they are not masculine or
feminine respectively. Most traditional grammars treat them as exception. In fact, they
are not. The Ao and : of these nouns are not gender markers, they are the indivisible part
of their stem, and therefore it is wrong to treate them as gender markers and then list
them as exceptions. Consider 3o and pa8I, for example. Traditional grammars analyzed
them as follow:
. 3o
g.o
stem-Gender marker.
'a kind of reptile'
. pa8I
pa.i
stem-Gender marker
'water'
As and show, they treat Ao and : as gender markers, which is not a correct
analysis. The correct analysis is given bellow in and :
240
. 3o
go.
stem-Gender marker
'a kind of reptile'
. pa8I
pai-
stem-Gender marker
'water'
This analysis shows that 3o and pa8I are nouns with unmarked gender and their -Ao
and -: are not the gender markers.
Numbers are two: singular and plural. Singular is unmarked, while plural is
marked with Ao. Examples:
Singular
Plural
2okro
2okrI
idvs
ma8s
2okraAo
2okrIAo
idvso
ma8so
cokr.o
cokr.i
div\s
ma\s
cokra.o
cokr.i.o
div\s.o
ma\s.o
'boys'
'girls'
'days'
'men'
2okro
2okraAe
2okro
2okrane
2okrane
2okrama&
cokrro.
cokra.e
cokrro.
cokrra.ne
cokra.ne
cokra.ma~
Genitive case inflects for gender and number as the following paradigm shows:
Singular
Plural
Masculine
2okrano
cokra.no
2okrana
cokra.no
Feminine
2okranI
cokra.ni
2okranI
cokra.ni
241
Neuter
2okranu&
cokra.nu~
2okrana&
cokra.na~
2.2 Adjectives
Gujarati adjectives fall into two categories: (1) variable and (2) invariable. Variable
adjectives vary in terms of the gender and number of the nouns they modify, whereas the
invariable adjectives do not vary. Consider the examples of saru& and su&dr, variable and
invariable adjectives respectively.
. saro
sar-o
good-MSASC.SG
'a good boy'
2okro
cokr-o
boy-MASC.SG.
. sarI
sar-i
good-FEM.SG
'a good girl'
2okrI
cokr-i
boy-FEM.SG.
. saru&
sar-u~
good-NEUT.SG
'a good child'
2okru&
cokr-u~
boy-NEUT.SG.
. sara
sar-a
good-MSASC.PL
'good boys'
2okraAo
cokr-a-o
boy-MASC.PL.
. sarI
sar-i
good-FEM.
'a good girl'
2okrIAo
cokr-i-o
boy-FEM.PL.
. sara&
sar-a~
good-NEUT.PL.
'a good child'
2okra&Ao
cokr-a~-o
boy-NEUT.PL.
In - the adjective saru& varies in terms of the gender of the noun it modifies. For
example, in , the noun is masculine and singular therefore the adjective saru& agrees with
the noun in masculine and singular. In the noun is feminine and singular and therefore
the adjective is also feminine and singular and so on. In , however, the noun is feminine
and plural the adjective does not show a plural marker. We can say that adjectives in
Gujarati remain unaffected in number when the noun they modify is feminine and plural.
Now consider the example of su&dr an invariable adjective:
242
. su&dr
2okro
sundar
chhokr-o
beautiful
boy-MASC.SG.
'a beautiful boy'
. su&dr
2okrI
sunder
chhokr-i
beautiful
boy-FEM.SG.
'a beautiful girl'
. su&dr
2okru&
beautiful
chhokr-uN
beautiful
boy-NEUT.SG.
'a beautiful child'
. su&dr
2okraAo
sundar
chhokr-a-o
good
boy-MASC.PL.
'beautiful boys'
. su&dr
2okrIAo
sunder
chhokr-i-o
beautiful
boy-FEM.PL.
'a beautiful girl'
. su&dr
2okra&Ao
sundar
chhokr-aN-o
beautiful
boy-NEUT.PL.
'beautiful child'
In - , su&dr is an invariable adjective and therefore it does not agree with the noun it
modifies.
2.3 Verbs
Gujarati verbs (non-inflected) have the following structure: verb stem + infinitive.
Example:
. hsvu&
h\s-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
'to laugh'
. r6vu&
r\-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
243
'to cry'
A verb root may be intransitive, transitive or double transitive. It may be also simple or
causative. and are the examples of intransitive root. - and - are the examples of
transitive and double transitive roots respectively.
. kapvu&
kap-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
'to cut'
. pIvu&
pi-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
'to drink'
. Aapvu&
ap-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
'to give'
. moklvu&
mok\l-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
'to send'
to are also the examples of simple verbs, while bellow are the examples of
causative verbs. These are the verbs that are derived from simple verbs.
. hsavvu&
h\s.av.-vu~
verb stem +CAUS1+ INFINITIVE
'to make someone laugh'
. hsav6avvu&
has.av.av-vu~
verb stem + CAUS1 + CAUS2 + INFINITIVE
'to make someone laugh through some another person'
Gujarati inflected verbs have the following pattern: verb stem + inflectional material.
Inflectional material may consists of various features such as tense, person,
gender and number. Following table summaries some of the major inflections for the verb
hsvu&
Present (verb stem + tense, person, number)
Singular
Plural
244
First Person
hsu&
h\s.u~
hsIAe
h\si.ie
Second Person
hse
h\s.e
hso
h\s.o
Third Person
hse
h\s.e
hse
h\s.e
Plural
First Person
hsI=
h\s.i
hsI=u&
h\s.iu~
Second Person
hs=e
h\s.e
hs=o
h\s.o
Third Person
hs=e
h\s.e
hs=e
h\s.e
Plural
Masculine
hsto
h\s.t.o
hsta
h\s.t.a
Feminine
hstI
h\s.t.i
hstI
h\s.t.i
Neuter
hstu&
h\s.t.u~
hsta&
h\s.t.a~
hSyo
h\s.y.o
hSya
h\s.y.a
Feminine
hsI
h\s.y.i
HsI
h\s.y.i
245
Neuter
hSyu&
h\s.y.u~
hSya&
h\s.y.a~
Plural
Masculine
hselo
h\s.el.o
hsela
h\s.el.a
Feminine
hselI
h\s.el.i
hselI
h\s.el.i
Neuter
hselu&
h\s.el.u~
hsela&
h\s.el.a~
Verbs also inflect for imperative (present and future), desiderative, obligatory,
conditional, and infinitive constructions. Examples:
Imperative
Present
Second Person
Singular
Plural/Hon.
rm
`av
rmo
`aAo
r\m
kav
r\m.o
kao
'play'
'eat'
Third Person
rmje (future)
Desiderative rmvu&
Obligatory
rmvanu&
Conditional rmt
Infinitive
rmvu&
Excluding desiderative, all verb forms inflect for gender and number. However,
conditional verb forms inflect optionally.
2.4 Adverbs
Like adjective, adverbs are also variable and non-variable in Gujarati. Variable adverbs
agree with the noun with which the verb agrees. There are various types of adverbs.
Some of them are adverb of time, adverb of place, adverb of manner, adverb of order,
246
adverb of quantity, adverb of doubt, adverb of frequency, adverb of negative and
connecting adverbs.
Time
Aaje
kale
prmidvse
svare
bpore
sa&je...
etc.
aje
'today'
kale
'tomorrow'
p\r\m divse 'day after or
day before tomorrow.'
s\vare
'in morning'
b\pore
'at noon, in the
afternoon'
sa~je
'in evening'
Place
AhI&
Tya&
n@k9I
pase
dUr9I
etc.
\hi~
tya~
n\jik.ti
pase
dur.ti
'here'
'there'
'from near'
'near'
'from a distance'
~m
j~m
t~m
j~m t~m
p\ap\
d\a\
\can\k
ekaek
p\helu~
p\citi
ak\re
\gauti
badma~
first, before
later, after
finally, at last
in advance
afterward
Manner
Aem
jem
tem
jem tem
f4af4
06a06
Acank
AekaAek
Order
phelu&
p2I9I
Aa`re
Agaw9I
badma&
247
A&te
\nte
g\u~
tou~
pur.tu~
b\rob\r
\ko\k
k\dac
k\dacit
moe bage
g\u~k\ru~
kjarek
perhaps
hardly
mostly
mainly
sometime
roj
kjarek
\varn\var
var\mvar
everyday
sometime
frequently
repeatdly
ma
na
n\hi~
not (colloquial)
not
not
p\
p\riame
v\duma~
jo ke
t\dupra~t
but
as a result, consequently
in addition
however
morover
Quantity
08u&
9o6u&
pUrtu&
brobr
4ko4k
Doubt
kdac
kdaict
mo4e -age
38u&`ru&
kyarek
Frequency
roj
kyarek
Avarnvar
var&var
Negative
ma
na
nhI&
Connecting
p8
pir8ame
v0uma&
joke
td\wpra&t
3. Closed class
3.1 Pronouns and other Pro-forms
Personal Pronouns
248
Gujarati personal pronouns differentiate three persons (first, second and third) and two
numbers (singular, plural). They have also inclusive and exclusive contrast in third person
plural. In addition, their second person plural form is also used as honorific.
Following table summarize regular and agentive pronouns:
Singular
Plural
Fist Person
hu&
Ame
Aap8e
tme
teAo
(Exclusive)
(Inclusive)
hu&
Ame
Aap8e
tu&
tme
te
teAo
Ergative
me&
Ame
Aap8e
te&
tme
te8e
teAoAe
tem8e
Accusative
mne
Amne tne
Aap8ne
tmne
tene
teAone
temne
Locative
marama&
Amarama& tarama&
Aap8ama&
Amara9I tara9I
Aap8a9I
tmarama& tenama&
Amaro taro
Aap8o
tmaro
teno
teAono
temno
Fem. marI
AmarI tarI
Aap8I
tmarI
tenI
teAonI
temnI
Neut. maru&
Amaru&
Aap8u&
tmaru&
tenu&
teAonu&
temnu&
Instrumental mara9I
Genitive
Masc. maro
Non-personal Pronouns
taru&
tmara9I tena9I
teAonama&
temnama&
teAo9I
temna9I
249
Gujarati non-personal pronouns include demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns,
relative pronouns, indefinite pronouns and reflexive pronouns.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Aa, pelu& and te / Ae are the demonstrative pronouns. From these pel&u is variable. Aa is the
near demonstrative pronoun, pelu& is the far demonstrative pronoun, while te / Ae are deictic
pronouns.
Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are =u& and ko8. From these =u& is variable. We use =u& to ask
question about non-human things, while ko8 to ask question about humans.
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are je......te. These pronouns are used to connect two sentences.
Indefinite Pronouns
ko:, ka&:/ k&: and k=u& are the Indefinite pronouns. ko: used for human, while k&:k/ ka&:k
and k=u&k are used for non-human. From these pronouns, k=u& is variable.
Reflexive Pronouns
pote is the Reflexive pronoun.
In addition to these, Gujarati has also distributive pronouns (je je, te te, ko8 ko8, =u& =u&
etc.), reciprocal pronouns (prSprSpr, ANyoNy, Arsprs), indefinite pronouns (Amuktmuk, fla8u7& I&k8u,&
k&:k etc.).
Non-personal pronouns also inflect for ergative, accusative/dative, locative,
genitive and instrumental cases.
3.2 Noun adjuncts
3.2.1 Role markers
Case markers and postpositions are the role markers in Gujarati.
3.2.1.1 Case markers
Gujarati nouns distinguish seven types of cases: subjective, ergative, objective/dative,
agential, ablative, genitive, locative and vocative. From these, genitive inflects for gender
and number of the noun it takes. Following table summarizes the case markers:
Nominative 2okro
2okro AaVyo.
-
-Ae
Ergative
2okraAe
2okraAe kerI kapI.
Objective
2okrane
rme=e 2okrane mayoR.
-ne
-ne
Dative
2okrane
rme=e 2okrane kerI AapI.
Experiencer 2okrane
2okrane p(9r vaGyo.
-ne
Ablative
bgIca9I
maru& 3r bgIca9I 9o6ek j dUr 2e.
-9I
Instrumental rme=9I
rme=9I bhu& kam 9tu& n9I.
-9I
Genitive
2okrano
2okrano kagX
-no, -nI, -nu&, etc.
2okraAono kagX
etc.
Locative
3re
rme= ATyare 3re j h=e.
-Ae
-ma&
bgIcama&
rme= ATyare bgIcama& h=e.
Vocative
he 2okra
he 2okra, AhI& Aav.
-
3.2.1.2 Postpositions
Gujarati postpositions fall in two classes: invariant and variant. The variant postpositions
agree with noun in gender and number. Examples:
250
Invariant postpositions:
trf, bad, lgI, pEkI, v6e, vgr...
Variant postpositions:
jevo, sr`o...
3.2.2 Quantifiers
Quantifiers are the words that refers to quantity. Following are some of the Gujarati
quantifiers:
1. %, %, %.....
2. /, /, /...
3. ,, , , ...
4. Aek, be, {a8, car, pa&c....
5. Aekad, beAek, {a8ek, carek, pa&cek
6. pa, A60u&, po8u&, do7u&, bm8u&...
7. b0u&, 9o6u&, 9o6&uk, ke4lu&k, pUrtu&, ApUrtu&, v0are...
...
3.3 Verb adjuncts
3.3.1 Auxiliaries
3.3.1.1 Simple auxiliaries
Gujarati has two auxiliaries: 2- and ho-. Of these, 2- is used in present tense, while ho- is
used in past tense and future tense. 2 and ho both differentiate three person and two
number in present tense and future tense, while ho differentiates three gender and two
numbers only in past tense. Consider the following tables:
2 Present tense
Singular
Plural
First Person
2u&
2IAe
Second Person
2e
2o
Third Person
2e
2e
Singular
Plural
First Person
ho:=
ho:=u&
Second Person
h=e
h=o
Third Person
h=e
h=e
Singular
Plural
hto
hta
ho Future tense
ho Past tense
Masculine
251
Feminine
htI
htI
Neuter
htu&
hta&
Modal
verb
levu&
na`vu&
ka7vu&
jvu&
devu&
jvu&
ra`vu&
p6vu&
w5vu&
mUkvu&
Example
me& kerI `a: lI0I.
me& je khevu& htu& te khI na~yu&
me& kerI kapI ka7I.
hu& AemnI vat sm@ gyo.
me& Aemne be vat s&-XavI dI0I.
hu& f4af4 pg9Iya& wtrI gyo.
saru& 9yu& ke me& pa8I -rI ra~yu&. nhI& to Aap8e =u& krt?
te jor jor9I hsI p6yo.
te AekaAek bolI w5yo.
me& rme=ne Aoifsma&9I ka8I mUkyo.
3.4 Connectives
3.4.1 Coordinating connectives
Gujarati distinguishes between conjunctive (Ane) and disjunctive (ke, A9va). In disjunctive it
distinguishes between inclusive (ke) and exclusive (A9va). Examples:
Conjunctive sentences:
. rme= Ane mhe= kale 3er j=e.
. mne lal Ane lIlo r&g gme 2e.
. rme= Aav=e Ane mIna j=e.
Disjunctive sentences:
. marI sa9e ko8 Aav=e? mIna ke lIla? (mIna Aav=e / lIla Aav=e / mIna Ane lIla bNne Aav=e.)
. marI sa9e mIna A9va lIla Aav=e. (mIna Aav=e / lIla Aav=e / *mIna Ane lIla bNne Aav=e.)
3.4.2 Subordinating connective
Subordinating conjunction is ke. Examples:
. te8e ku& ke hu& AavI=.
. rme=ne khejo ke Ae kale mare 3er Aave.
. mne htu& j ke Aek be idvsma& mne tav Aav=e.
3.4.3 Correlative connectives
je ...te is a correlative connective, which decline for all the cases. Consider the following
table:
Nominative
Ergative
je...te
je8e...te8e
252
Dative
Genitive
Locative
Instrumental
jene...tene
jenu&...tenu&
jema&...tema&, jenama&...tenama&
jena9I....tena9I
Correlative also inflects for comparative to express size, quantity, etc.: Examples.
jev6u&...tev6u&.
je4lu&..te4lu&
jem...tem
jya&...Tya&
(size)
(quantity)
(manner)
(place)
253
examples of secondary interjections. In terms of function, they can be divided into
expressive, conative and phatic types. Expressive interjections can be further divided into
emotive and cognitive interjections. Following is a rough and very preliminary
classification of the Gujarati interjections:
Expressive interjections:
Emotive
1. hay, hay hay, hay re, bapre, ma re, Ao...
Express pain
2. Aoho, Aha, A000, Ahha...
Exclamatory
3. h4\, 2I, 24\, 9U, i0k...
Express hate.
Cognitive
4. vah, =aba=, Aaha, 0Ny...
Express joy
Conative
5. Ao, ALya, AlI....
Address terms (informal).
6. hay, hlo,
Express greeting.
7. Aav, Aavo, p0aro
Express reception (informal sg. informal plural and
honorific, formal respectively).
8. Aavje, Aavjo
Express good-bye.
9. cal / calo Tyare
Express parting
Phatic
10. h&, =u&
Express question.
11. h&A, ha,...
Express permission.
12. W&hu&
Expresses negation.
3.5.3 Negators
na, nhI&, n and n9I are the negators in Gujarati. We use negators to prohibit an action and
also to negate a sentence or a phrase. Examples:
Prohibitative Negation
. tme kerI na `ata.
. tme bIju b0u& j `ajo, p8 kerI nhI& `ata.
. tme kerI n `aAo to saru&.
Sentential/Phrasal negation
. p/ rme= AaVyo?
(Ramesh did not come.)
jvab na.
. rme= rmto n9I.
(Ramesh may be doing something else.)
, rme= rm=e nhI&.
(Ramesh will not play. He will do something else).
. rme= Aavu& na kre.
(Ramesh would not do such thing. Some another person must have
done it).
. rme= pakI kerI n laVyo. (Ramesh brought a mango but it was not ripe.)
3.5.4 Politeness marker
@ is the politeness marker that is used with verb and nouns. Examples:
. kagXno jvab AapvanI k<pa kr=o@.
. bapu@ bhar gam gya 2e. kale Aav=e.
3.5.5 Tag-marks
Gujarati has two types of tag-marks:(1) Sentence initial tag-marks, and (2) Sentence final
tag-marks. Examples:
Sentence Initial tag-marks
254
. to tme kyare pa2a Aav=o?
. te tme kyare Amdavad jvana?
. to to tu& Aa nokrI krvano `ro, kem?
. Tyare to t u& 3er jvano Aemke?
Sentence Final tag-marks
. tme ca pI=o ke?
. Aa cop6I lw& ke?
. jra Aa kagX va&cI btav to.
. me& Aa4lu& kam to kyuRne?
4. Conclusion
This is a very brief outline of the Gujarati parts-of-speech I have prepared for the
Beginning Gujarati and Intermediate Gujarati class. I am more concerned with specifying
general properties of these parts of speech and listing sample words belonging to them.
255
Gujarati Numerals
Gujarati has three types of numerals: cardinals, ordinals, and fractions.
Cardinal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
256
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
.
Remember:
In Gujarati each number symbol has its own name. They are , , , ,
, , , , and for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0 respectively.
Ordinals:
The ordinals for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 are , , , , , respectively. For rest of the
numbers, we use . Examples: , , , and so on. The ordinals
must agree with noun in gender. Example:
first boy
second boy
257
third boy
Fractions:
Following is the list of the fractions:
1
1
1
2
2
2
...
...
...
...