2 2556

ISBN 978-616-7820-02-6

: . .
. 56000 . 054-466660 email : psupbook@gmail.com





-

891 . .
. 56000

100

- 3.0

Structure, Practice and The Matrix :

23

45

PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGIES :
THE TUG OF WAR OF CRITIQUES

61



.. 2555

(theme)
-



Structure, Practice and The Matrix :


The Matrix
Habitus Doxa Pierre Bourdieu Anthony
Giddens

/ /




-

/

2


1.5 2

PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGIES : THE TUG OF WAR OF CRITIQUES

(Participatory Research)

post-structuralism




2

Cypher



2

Structure, Practice and The Matrix :

1
2

1. Comprehension is not requisite for cooperation

(The Matrix) Baudrillard
Baudrillard 3

Hollywood 4

Wachowski

The Matrix


( )

Giddens5 Habitus
Field Bourdieu6
1

2, ,
.
2

3
, The Matrix, (), 34(2) ..-.. 2546, 10.
4
, , Willam Irwin, , The Matrix and Philosophy
Welcome to the Desert of the Real. (: One World, 2547).
5
Anthony Giddens
6
Pierre Bourdieu


Structuring
Structured structure

Habitus
Habitus




Giddens Bourdieu

Giddens Bourdieu
Wachowski
Giddens Bourdieu

2. The Matrix and Habitus.

...
(Virtual existence)...

Giddens7

Morpheus (The Matrix I)

7

, -, (: , 2548), 110.

 ..2166

..2166











The Matrix
(Practice)

Matrix
Habitus Doxa Bourdieu
Habitus
Habitus

Habitus

Habitus
3




Habitus8
Matrix



(Sense Program)
Agent Smith

(- Matrix) Matrix
Agent Smith
Matrix

()
Habitus
( ) (Mental
Structure) (operate)

(continuity) (regularity)
9
Habitus

Matrix

Habitus
()

Habitus

Shusterman, Richard (ed.), Bourdieu: A Critical Reader, (Oxford: Blachwell Publishers Ltd, 1999).
Bourdieu, Pierre, Structures, Habitus, Practice, Anthony Elliotte (ed.), Contemporary Social Theory, (UK: Blackwell
Publishers Inc, 1999), pp.119-129.
9

 Habitus
(Structured Structure)
(Structuring Structure) Bourdieu
(given)
Matrix
(Structured Structure)

Matrix
Bourdieu
Doxa

3. The Matrix and Doxa.

French Man (The Matrix II)

10 Bourdieu
(Structuralism)
Habitus Bourdieu Doxa


Doxa Field Field

/
Field


Field
4 11
1. Field Field

10
11

, , 2 2547.
, , 16-17.

Field

2. Field

3. Field
Field

4. Field Doxa
Field
Doxa
Doxa
Bourdieu
Doxa Matrix
Matrix Field Doxa -

Doxa Bourdieu
The Matrix
(Structured Structure)

4. Cypher in Structured Structure.

The Matrix 2
- Matrix

Zion


Matrix


Matrix
Neo Matrix
Matrix Cypher
Cypher ( )
Matrix

Zion
Cypher Matrix


Giddens Bourdieu Matrix Habitus Cypher
Structured Structure




Cypher Agent Smith Matrix

( Cypher)
Matrix
...




()
Matrix

Cypher Neo
Structuring Structure Cypher
Neo



...
(Wonderful Land)

Morpheus Neo.

5. Neo as an Agency in Duality of Structure on a Field.

Neo (The Matrix I)

3

Doxa Bourdieu
Bourdieu Doxa
Doxa Field
Bourdieu The Matrix
Bourdieu Doxa

Bourdieu
() Matrix
8

 Bourdieu
Doxa Habitus
Agency Bourdieu
Giddens Neo
Agency
Giddens Bourdieu Neo
5.1 Agency in Duality of Structure.
Agency


Giddens (Rules
and Resources)
(Medium) (Outcome)
(Practice)
2


2 (Allocative
Resources)

(Authoritative Resources)





Giddens
(Dialectic of Control) resources

9

 Giddens
12
2 (social
production) (social reproduction)

Giddens
(Duality of Structure)

Giddens

Giddens
(Unconscious Motivate)




Giddens 2

(Practical Consciousness)

(Discursive Consciousness)


12

, , 10.

10

Giddens
Agency 2
( Knowledgeability)


(Reflexive Monitoring of Action)




Giddens
Agency Bourdieu Bloch

Bourdieu

13

Agency



The Matrix
Hero Agency Hero

Doxa Field
Bourdieu
5.2 Practice of Agency in Bourdieus Theory.

(
) Giddens Bourdieu
13

Bloch, The past and the present in the present , , 20.

11


Giddens

(Humanism)
(Insitutional Analysis)

Agency Giddens Bourdieu14
Giddens
Bourdieu
( Marx
Bourdieu )
Bourdieu

Agency 15

Bourdieu
Bourdieu (
Habitus Field)

( )

Habitus Doxa Field
Habitus
(History Embodied)

14
15

, , 93.
, , 19.

12


Doxa
Field -
Field

Field Habitus Field
(Knowledgeability)
(Reflexive-ability)
Neo

6. Practice of Neo.


...

... ( Neo
Matrix)

Matrix...

... ...

Agent Smith (The Matrix III)

Neo (The Matrix III)

6.1 Reflexivity and Knowing Thyself in a Field.
Neo () Matrix
Matrix
Neo Matrix
Morpheus
Morpheus Neo
Neo
13

Matrix Field Doxa

Mr. Anderson The One

(Reflexive
Monitoring of Action)

Neo Choi Matrix

Morpheus Neo
( )

...Matrix

Neo
Matrix, Field Doxa Field, Neo

Neo

-
( Matrix)

14

 Morpheus Neo Oracle

( ) (
) Neo
Neo

Morpheus

...

...
...

...

15

Neo Neo


Neo Morpheus

Neo Morpheus Neo
Neo ( ) Matrix

Morpheus

Morpheus Neo Neo

6.2 Beyond Improvising in The Matrix.

Neo Morpheus Matrix



Matrix
Zion
100

16

Matrix Key Maker (Architect) Matrix
Matrix Matrix

Matrix (
Matrix
) Neo Doxa
Field

Neo Key Maker

Trinity
Neo

Constructed
( )
Field




Habitus

17



( )...
...

Neo Morpheus Morpheus

improvising Bourdieu
improvise
6.3 Love and Faith: Misconception of Theory of Practice.
6.2

Morpheus
* Neo

Agent Smith ,
Neo 16
* Zion

* Morpheus
18

 Zion , Trinity * Neo ,

Agent Smith *
,
* Neo Agent Smith

, Neo
*

100 Neo
2 Happy Ending,
Wachowski *

(Practice)
Theory of Practice
?

7. The Matrix Conclusion: Duality of Theory of Practice between Giddens and

Bourdieu.
( ) Neo
Agent Smith
Zion
Neo
Neo

Habitus
Doxa Field Matrix

Matrix Giddens and
Bourdieu Neo

19

(Agent Smith) Neo

Neo



... (Architect) (Oracle)








Matrix

20




(2 Matrix Matrix Habitus?)

8. My Architect and Oracle.

.
-. : . 2548.
.
The Matrix. (),
34(2) ..-.. 2546.
.
2 2
2547 . 2547.
.
2 2547.
, , Willam Irwin, .
The Matrix and Philosophy Welcome to the
Desert of the Real. : One World. 2547.
21


Bourdieu, Pierre.
Structures, Habitus, Practice. in Contemporary Social
Theory Anthony Elliotte (ed.). UK: Blackwell Publishers Inc. 1999.
Shusterman, Richard (ed.).
Bourdieu: A Critical Reader. Oxford: Blachwell Publishers Ltd. 1999.
The Wachowski. (film)
The Matrix. USA: Warner Bros. 1999.
The Matrix Reloaded. USA: Warner Bros. 2003.
The Matrix Revolution. USA: Warner Bros. 2003.

22

 -

1 2

2 .. 2540
(Rice Tech Inc.) ( Basmati Rice)
3
(novel rice lines) (plants and grains)
(a method for breeding these lines)
(a novel means for determining the cooking and starch properties
of rice grains) (its use in
identifying desirable rice lines)
3
(Basmati) (Texmati) (Kasmati) 4
.. 2541
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(Generic name)5
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Available from : http://www.biothai.net [ Accessed 2006 Jul 06 ].
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8 2547
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2

 Jasmine rice, Thai Jasmine rice,

Premium Jasmine rice, Jasmine white glutinous parboiled


( Geographic Indications-GI)6

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.. 2536

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(Della)
(Popcorn Aroma)


8



.. 2544 -
27
.. 2544 .
Pascal Lamy .
25 2545
Indian saris, Turkish carpets, Dajeeling tea (India), Jasmine rice (Thailand), Parmigiano Reggiano cheese (Italy),
Jamon de Huelva (Spanish ham), Art paper (China), and Limoges porcelain are just a few examples of the products that
could eventually benefit from enhanced protection. Geographical indications could also be used, in certain instances, for
products that incorporate traditional knowledge. Available from : http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/rice. [ Accessed
2006 Jul 06 ]
7
, , Available from :
http://www.biothai.net [ Accessed 2006 Jul 06 ].
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,
, 17
2541.
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24

(Chris Deren) The

Stepwise Program for Improvement of Jasmine Rice for the United States

( Dale Bumpers National Rice Research
Center) . . ( Dr. J. Neil Rutger)

2
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(IRRI)
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2


( Nelson Rockefeller)

25%

10

Gourtmet-style Thai Jasmine rice may be future U.S. crop, University of Florida. Available from : http://www.ufl.edu [
Accessed 2006 Jul 06 ].
11
400-600 16,000-24,000 . 5 ..
2548.

26



12
( IRRI)

5,583





( FAO Designate Germplasm)
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Renee Velve and Nicanor Perlas, Oryza nivarna, SEARICE Publiction. Available from :
http://www.hinduonnet.com [ Accessed 2006 Jul 06 ].
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IRRI

27





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Stepwise Program for Improvement of Jasmine
Rice for the United States
(IRRI) 20 ..
253814

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14

We got Thai Jasmine seeds legally,Florida rice breeder says, PlanetRice. Available from :
http://www.planetrice.net [ Accessed 2006 Jul 06 ].

28

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Rutger)

15

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(Common Heritage of Mankind)

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32








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UPOV (Sui
Generis)


(Disclosure of Origin)
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34

 (Prior Informed Consent) ( Benefit

Sharing)
(Convention on
Biological Diversity) 26


.. 2542

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International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants)

UPOV



UPOV
.. 1991
UPOV .. 1991

20 27

UPOV .. 1991

(Farmers Right)

28

26

, ,
8 2547 , 2547,
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27

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, , , ( : , 2547 ),
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35

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UPOV .. 1991
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1. 105
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2.

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5.


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37



29
7. (Jasmine
rice)
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(Geographical Indicators)
...
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30


8.
(Certification of Registration)

9.
(Federal Trade Commission Act)31

29

.. 2542 POD-NERs Enola

Enola
Mayacoba .. 2544 CIAT ( Center for Tropical Agriculture )

POD-NERs
23% Mayacoba
Mayacoba 90% Enola Bean Patent Chllenged RAFI
Press, January 5,2001.
30
,
, Available
from : http://www.biothai.net [ Accessed 2006 Jul 06 ].
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, , , - 2541.

38









( Free Trade Area
FTA) (Bilateral Agreement)



(Trade Promotion Act 2002) FTA
32
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32

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6 9-13 2549
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2.

(International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 1991)

3. (Certification of Registration ) (Geographical Indicators)
3


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Plants 1991)

1991

40

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6,241,7 35




(Legal personality)
(Legal binding)
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-

35

,
8 2547 , 2547, 17.
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: , 2547 ), 21-51.

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.


Available from : http://www.biothai.net [
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Available from : http://www.biothai.net [ Accessed 2006 Jul 06 ].
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Available from : http://www.biothai.net [ Accessed
2006 Jul 06 ].
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.

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2548.
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. . 5 .. 2548.

Enola Bean Patent Chllenged in RAFI Press, January 5,2001.

Gourtmet-style Thai Jasmine rice may be future U.S. crop in University of Florida. Available
from : http://www.ufl.edu [ Accessed 2006 Jul 06 ].
We got Thai Jasmine seeds legally,Florida rice breeder says in PlanetRice. Available from
: http://www.planetrice.net [ Accessed 2006 Jul 06 ].
Velve, Renee , Perlas, Nicanor and nivarna, Oryza, SEARICE Publiction. Available from :
http://www.hinduonnet.com [ Accessed 2006 Jul 06 ].

44

 2 1

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B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0
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2)

3)
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21

(Enforcement)

(Discussion and Conclusion)
1. 2

2
21

Wanchai Roujanavong, Organized Crime in Thailand. Bangkok : Rumthai Press; 2008. p. 3.

55





(Identify)

2


2. 2

2
2

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1.

2.

3. 2




2
3 (National Interest)
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 (Re-victimization)


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Crime)




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59

 .
. : .
2550.
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Wanchai Roujanavong.
Organized Crime in Thailand. Bangkok : Rumthai Press. 2008.

60

PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGIES: THE TUG OF WAR OF CRITIQUES1

Piyawadee Rohitarachoon2
Conducting a research requires a researcher to initially comprehend his or her
inquisitiveness; which body of knowledge is attention-grabbing. The notion of how
significant is the question and why would it be worth to put it into a practice are accordingly
critical to be considered. Notwithstanding how important their expected outcomes are, the
methods applied to achieve them are tremendously crucial simultaneously (Bryman 1984,
Blakie 2000). Within the realm of development studies and public administration, critiques
are swaying like a tug of war on how valid or legitimate could these methodologies be and
to what extent they might contribute to probe down to the bona fide truth of development.
Hence, the article aims to discuss the validity issues of participatory learning and action as
a method in qualitative methodology for social research; especially in development study
and social science.
In searching for compatible paths to attain the success of Development; it is
apparently decisive and significant for both processes and objectives. In other words,
means and end to accomplish the targeted stage of development are likewise vital.
Therefore, the interrogative notions regarding how to achieve the aims of development, what
is the unit of analysis that must be scrutinised, and by whom should take part in these
1

This article is a revised version from the authors term assignment as a part of her PhD study at the University of
Manchester in 2010.
2
Lecturer of Department of Political Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of Phayao.

actions; have been addressed amongst academia, policymakers, Non-Governmental

Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Society.
The fundamental system to probe these enquiries down is conducting researches
(Marshall 2006). The mainstream conventional approach of conducting a research has been
criticised. The annotations statements towards the approach were, for instance; envisaging
researcher as an expert, researchers as outsiders label the problematic problem of the
researched, conducting a research without local residents, and carrying out researches
without democratic atmospheres(Curtis 2000, Guba 1994, Huberman 2002). Therefore,
investigating inventive approach to overcome the conventional critiques is ostensibly
difficult for researchers within the academia. An approach which has subjugated many
hearts of researchers and practitioners within the development study community since late
1980s is adhesive to Participation, including the geography field (Pain and Francis 2003).
The method is Participatory Rural Appraisal or PRA.
As a leading academic in rural development study, Robert Chambers addressed the
origins and practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and certainly Rapid Rural
Appraisal (RRA) has been stated as the straight relative of the PRA. The evolution still rolls
forward like the wheel of knowledge, so that PRA is gliding to be Participatory Learning and
Action (PLA) which recently opposes that it empowers people. PLA is an approach for
exploring communities which concentrated on equivalent significance on the understanding
and amount of local people and their proficiency to arise with elucidations to troubles which
62

affect on them. Chambers, quixotically, defined PRA as a family of approaches and

methods to enable rural people to share, enhance, and analyse their own knowledge of life
and conditions to plan and to act, (Chambers 1994). Thus, the rhetoric of Handing over a
stick, the metaphoric phrase presents how power is conferred to the researches rather than
the researcher or from the emic rather than the etic (Chambers 1994) . Conversely, like all
archetypal coin with two sides, there are pros and cons of adopting the method.
Participation and participatory method may not be a panacea which can cure all diseases
within the dominion of conducting researches. There are critiques, suggested pitfalls and
rigours towards the method.
In their book, Participation: the New Tyranny? Cook and Kothari focused on
participation in the form of Participatory Rural Appraisal. They scoped their ideas of
tyrannies into three series; the tyranny of decision making and control, the tyranny of the
group, and the tyranny of method. All arguments made are diverse but uniquely
contributed to raise innovative issues towards participation. The series can be considered
as the internal critiques (Cook and Kothari 2001).
Obviously, Parfitt has agreeably stated the ambiguity of participation in itself by
referring to the terminology Tyranny as above mentioned by Cooke and Kothari to explain
the role of participation in the development study genre (Parfitt 2004) .

63

According to the range of definitions of participation listed by Oakley et al, they

tended to draw on a conclusion that any project will be effectively accomplished since the
stakeholders energetically take part in the project (Oakley et al in Parfitt 2004). On the
contrary, Parfitt demonstrated that many critiques concurred that participation creates the
new mode of hierarchical process. This paradox emphasised that participation itself
generates the non-participatory process; the so called Top-Down or the vertical schema,
especially when participation remain its function as the means rather than the end (Parfitt
2004).
Whereas Hickey and Mohan did not counteract the Tyranny critique; they try to
further away from the constricted dialogue over participation. They attempted to be positive
but not romanticized the label of participation. Editors within the series tried to propose the
way forward to validate the participation into practice (Hickey and Mohan 2004).
The author perceived this discourse as the tug of war of critiques within the
development study. This involves diverse aspects; its methods, its elementary epistemology,
and its dialectic philosophy within participation such as power and knowledge (Gaventa and
Cornwall 2006). However, the exceptional one regarding the validity of methods applied.
There are menaces to validity or rigour both internal and external in applying the method. As
Melrose (Melrose 2001) declared concerning with the jargon of Validity, Rigour, Constant
and Quality, that they are alike. She quoted Bernards explanation of validity that it signifies
the accurateness and the fidelity of the tools, records, and the also research results
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(Bernard in Melrose 2001). Therefore, it implies the constant entire process of research
implementation conveys valid and reliable result. In her work, furthermore, she described
the internal validity as the change or improvement is the result of reflection and action or of
something else. Simultaneously, she explained the external validity that the end result and
conclusion can be comprehensive or transmitted their usefulness to another disciplines
(Melrose 2001).
In regard with the internal validity, many critiques has been made since the series
contributed by Cooke and Kothari. Within this controversial matter, impressive ways forward
to solve the problematic issue in my opinion are the mixed-method and the triangulation.
Melrose has mentioned in her work that Action Research (AR) has always been perceived
as the qualitative research; however, quantitative can also play as an important role in a
research. Mixed-method allows each tool to accomplish the gap amongst them. Not only the
qualitative or quantitative methods must be selected and considered, but also which
particular method will be adopted at what time, by whom and why that chosen method is
appropriate. These inquisitive notions must be responded to validate the rigour of a
research. In order to construct action research to attain more rigorous or valid, there are
many ways to ensure it to happen. Repetition over time, establishment of credibility among
the participants; could reinforce the rigour of any participatory research. Besides, as
constancy could be employed as the synonymous of the validity and rigour, the repute of
constancy in attendance by the participants is included.
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Triangulation of data was claimed to assure qualitative rigour. The method requires
researcher to pull together the same data from dissimilar sources, altered angle of the
issues, diverse occasions, and from various people (Jick 1979). Crosschecking the data
from dissimilar sources in details could be a way forward to reiterate the notion of enhanced
solid or rigour of the research. Consequently, the internal validity could at least be equipped
by alternative methods. However, how valid or rigour of the research also depends on the
interpretation or perception of the researchers.
Ethics is also an issue in regard with the internal validity. Being a harmless
researcher in the field is the compulsory manner. The intrusive perceptions of to what extent
can a researcher conducting a research with the cautious behaviour, especially within the
community. Moreover, it is said that the genuine responds established from the local people
convey the better rigorous research (Buchanan, Miller et al. 2007).
Another attention-grabbing concern is inequitably taking the external validity into
account. The external validity denotes how the research could be generalised in different
context; space and time difference. Most action research and participatory research are
contextualised and many academic argued that it is hardly ever been generalised to other
context. Towards the issue of external validity, in my personal perception, it is rather difficult
due to the fact that all factors vary to specific event, place, and time. Hence, it is rather
difficult to validate the external one than the internal.

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In conclusion, the rigour of participatory methods is still stumble upon the tug of war
of critiques. However, participatory methodology is quite practical and purposeful. Applying
some tools with consideration can positively execute the flesh of qualitative and quantitative
research and construct the more vivid research from the field.

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