Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 31 August 1920) was a

German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as

one of the founding figures of modern psychology. Wundt, who noted
psychology as a science apart from biology and philosophy, was the first
person to ever call himself a psychologist.[6] He is widely regarded as the
"father of experimental psychology".[7][8] In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal
laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig. This marked
psychology as an independent field of study.[9] A Review of General
Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Wundt as the 93rd most cited
psychologist of the 20th century, tied with Edwin Boring, John Dewey,
andAmos Tversky.

William James (January 11, 1842 August 26, 1910) was an American
philosopher and psychologist who was also trained as a physician. The first
educator to offer a psychology course in the United States,[2] James was one
of the leading thinkers of the late nineteenth century and is believed by many
to be one of the most influential philosophers the United States has ever
produced, while others have labelled him the "Father of American
psychology". Along with Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey, he is
considered to be one of the major figures associated with the philosophical
school known as pragmatism, and is also cited as one of the founders
offunctional psychology. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in
2002, ranked James as the 14th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
[6]
He also developed the philosophical perspective known as radical
empiricism. James' work has influenced intellectuals such as mile
Durkheim, W. E. B. Du Bois, Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig
Wittgenstein, Hilary Putnam, and Richard Rorty,[7] and has even influenced
Presidents, such as Jimmy Carter.

John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 September 25, 1958) was an

American psychologist who established the psychological
school ofbehaviorism. Watson promoted a change in psychology through his
addressPsychology as the Behaviorist Views it, which was given at Columbia
Universityin 1913.[3] Through his behaviorist approach, Watson conducted
research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising. In addition, he
conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment. He was also editor
of Psychological Review from 1910 to 1915.[4] A Review of General
Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Watson as the 17th most cited
psychologist of the 20th century.

Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 23 September 1939) was an

Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for
treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a
psychoanalyst.[3] Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in
theMoravian town of Freiberg, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He qualified
as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna.[4][5] Upon
completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed
a docent inneuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902.[6] Freud
lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In
1938 Freud left Austria to escape the Nazis. He died in exile in the United
Kingdom in 1939.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 August 18, 1990),

commonly known as B. F. Skinner, was an
American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.[2][3]
[4][5]
He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard
University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[6]

Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 February 4, 1987) was an

influential American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic
approach(or client-centered approach) to psychology. Rogers is widely
considered to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and
was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished
Scientific Contributions by the American Psychological Association (APA) in
1956.

Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is a systematic approach to the

understanding of human and animal behavior. It assumes that the behavior of
a human or an animal is a consequence of that individual's history, including
especially reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual's current
motivational state and controlling stimuli. Thus, although behaviorists
generally accept the important role of inheritance in determining behavior,
they focus primarily on environmental factors.

Functionalism is a theory of the mind in contemporary philosophy,

developed largely as an alternative to both the identity theory of
mind and behaviorism. Its core idea is that mental states (beliefs, desires,
being in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional role that is, they
have causal relations to other mental states, numerous sensory inputs, and
behavioral outputs.[1] Functionalism is a theoretical level between the physical
implementation and behavioral output.[2]Therefore, it is different from its
predecessors of Cartesian dualism (advocating independent mental and
physical substances) and Skinnerian behaviorism and physicalism (declaring
only physical substances) because it is only concerned with the effective
functions of the brain, through its organization or its "software programs".

Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories

and associated techniques, created by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and
stemming partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others.[1] Over time,
psychoanalysis has been revised and developed in different directions. Some
of Freud's colleagues and students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung, went
on to develop their own ideas independently. Freud insisted on retaining the
term psychoanalysis for his school of thought, and Adler and Jung accepted
this. The Neo-Freudians included Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, and Harry
Stack Sullivan.

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value

and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally
prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over
acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has
fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have
identified with it.[1] Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that
affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times,
humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today
humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human
agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural
source to understand the world.