Vé khodng san, theo két qua tham dd trong thdi gian gan day, An Giang 6 nhiéu loai khoang san: dé grannit, da ket cét, sét, cao lanh, than bin, Fenspat, vo 80... An Giang cé hé théng cdc dung giao thong thiy b6 kh thugn tign. Giso thong chinh cia tinh 1 mang ludi_giao thong lién ving quan trong cita quéc gia va quéc té, Quéc 16 91 va cdc séng Tién, song Hau 1a nhiing tuyén giao thong quéc té quan trong néi ca Déng bing song Ciu Long véi céc née CamPuchia, Lao, Thai Lan thong qua cifa khdu quéc gia Tinh Bién va cita khdu quéc té Vinh Xuong. Ving cu tr cha ngudi Cham An Giang trong khu vyc c6 cdc song lin va céc chi luu, hé théng kénh rach chang chit tong ving da gitip diéu tiét duoc ahigt 46, 40 dm tao cho khi hau trong ving 6n ho’, mat m8. Do céch xa bidn, nén anh huéng thuy triéu & ving Chim An Giang it hon céc ving khéc trong ving déng bang séng Ciru Long. Do chénh léch nude triéu & ving song Hau it va Khong 16 rét. Mot s6 dp Cham & ving Khénh Binh, Nhon Héi... (Chau Pht) vao mia nudc lén cita song Hau (tir thang 6 dén théng 9 hang nim) phdn 1dn dat dai bj ngap nudc. Viéc canh t4c trong thdi gian nay hdu nh gidn doan; chi c6 true 46 ngudi dan da gico tréng céc loai lia sa, Khi nude lén ltia sé Jen theo nuéc.. ‘Truéc day giao thong van chuyén trong ving Chim An Giang chi yéu ding thuyén ghe, dudng bd chi 1a 16i di lai trong ling. Ngay nay hé thong dudng bd duge rai nhua xuyén suét cdc x4 dén tan bién iéi Campuchia. Ngudi Cham An Giang sOng trong méi trudng cé phén thuan loi hon ngudi Cham & Ninh Thugn. Ving cu tri clia ngudi Chim An Giang li mot_mign dat phd sa mau m@ cia hé thong Mé Kong. Hang nam vao dip nuéc song Mé Kong lén cao do cdc dgt 10 lut tran vé, ving dat cc cit lao, ven song Hau lai duge béi dip thém ph sa méi. Céc x6m lang & An Giang ngap trong mau xanh cla cay Id. Hign nay, ngudi Chim An Giang tap trung cur tri phan 1én & céc huyén An Phi, Tan Chau va Phti Tan, nhiéu nhét 1a cdc x4 Da Phudc (Cén Tién), x Quée Thai (ap 2) thuge huyén An Phi va x4 Chau Phong thuge huyén Tan Chau. Nhiing lang x6m (pley) cita ngudi Cham nim rai trén cdc ci lao va céc 20trign dat ven song Hau, cach bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuchia khong xa, chi khodng | km dung bo (xd Quéc Thai). IL LICH SU DAN TOC, PHAN BO DAN CU, DAN S6 CUA NGUOL CHAM 6 VIET NAM VA 2 TINH NINH THUAN VA AN GIANG Ngudi Cham da cu tri, sinh sng, phat trién trén manh dat mién Trung Viet Nam tir rat lau déi va tap trung tai mét sé ving thudc c4c huyén Bac Binh, Tuy Phong, Ninh Phuéc, Ninh Hai. Khu vue cu tr cia ngu’i Cham 1a mot dai déng bing hep ven bign, c6 noi nii an ra sét bién va chia ct déng bing thanh nhiéu 16m nh, ditt doan nhw ving nti & Ca Né, Vinh Héo (Tuy Phong), Binh Nghia. (Ninh Hai). Ninh Thuan va Binh Thuan nam gan nui hon so véi bién nhu cac lang Hau Sanh, Hu Dic, Van Lam thudc huyén Ninh Phuéc. Cac xa Phan Hoa, Phan Hiép (Bac Binh) cé nhiéu ngudi Cham cu tri cing céch bién gén 10 km. . Theo ban dé tc ngudi, céc lang xém cla ngud’i Cham & Ngudi Cham hién cu tri tap trung 6 cdc tinh Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan va An Giang. Dé 1a nhiing khu vue tigu biéu vé dja ban cu tri cla ngudi Cham & Viet Nam, tao nén hai tiéu cong déng riéng biét, thuéng goi la Cham Ninh Binh Thuan va Cham An Giang. Ngoai 3 tinh trén, ngudi Cham con ou tri rai réc & mot s6 dia phutong khéc nhu thanh phé Hé Chi Minh, Déng Nai, Tay Ninh, Phi Yen, Binh Dinh... Theo sé ligu téng diéu tra dan s6 nam 1979, trén toan quéc, 86 x4 cé ngudi Cham cur tri 14 231 va nam 1989 1a 330, trung binh méi nam sé x4 c6 ngudi Cham tang 10 x4. Da s6 cdc x4 cé ngudi Cham cu tri chiém dudi 20% téng dan s6 cila x4, s6 x4 c6 tir 21% dén 100% ngudi Cham cu tré chi khoang 3 dén 8 xa, trong dé x4 cé tir 81 - 100% ngudi Cham cu tri 1979 c6 5 xa va 1989 c6 3 xa. Theo s6 ligu téng diéu tra dan sé 1999, dan toc Cham & Viet Nam c6 132.873 ngudi. Do cu tré dan trai trén mot pham vi rng In da tao nén hai tigu cong déng cu dan riéng biét, thudng goi 1a Cham Thuan Hai (gém Ninh ‘Thuan va Binh Thuan) va Cham An Giang. Trong 46, dia ban Ninh Thuan va ufBinh Thudn duc x4c dinh 1A dja ban cur tri xua nat va hién nay (4p trung ngudi Cham dong nhat & Viet Nam? 1, Ngudi Cham Ninh Thuan Ngudi Chim & Ninh Thuan o6 lich sir cur tri kha lau dai. Theo tai Ligu “Lich sit van hod lang Hiu Diic” 06 ghi vao khoang thé ky XVI-XVII, vua Pé Klong da thong tri cd ving Paduranga va cé kinh d6 déng tai thanh Paratang. ‘Trong khu vuc thon Hitu Dic, xa Phudc Hitu, huyén Ninh Phuéc da tim thay khu mé Kit cla vua Pé Klong Hldu phia dong bic lang. Sy cé mat cia nguéi Cham 6 Hitu Ditc cdn dugc khang dinh trong cdc truyén thuyét vé vua Pé Rémé (thé ky XVII) va me Mu Wa. Hign nay tai xa Phuéc Hitu cdn 06 cdc ngoi dén o6 thd dite me Pé Nugar va Thép Pd Rémé, Theo céc cu cao tudi trong thon Hitu Dic, ngudi Cham & day di cw tir bién Ca Né lén Hitu De khoang ti 4 - § di, Nhiéu dong ho cia ngudi Chim cdn c6 quan hé mat thiét voi mot s6 dong ho Ca N4, céch Hitu Dite khoing 20 km vé phfa Dong Nam. Ciing c6 9 kign cho ring ngudi Cham & Huu Diic 1a mot bo phan ciia ngudi Cham & Nha Trang di cu vao c6 mang theo cA dén thd dite me Pé Nugar tit Nha Trang vé lap thd tai lang. Tén Rang Hitu Dic dai c6 tir truée nim 1945 18 Plei Hamu Mun, sau d6 sit nhap véi mot thon khéc va d6i thanh plei Hamutanranh. Hign nay tén Ling vin git 1A Hitu Bite — Plei Hamutanranh. Diém qua vé lich sir cur tri cita ngudi Cham dé thay ngudi Chim & Ninh Thuan da c6 lich sir cu trd Kkhé lau di va én dinh. © tinh Ninh Thuan, theo s6 ligu nam 1999, toan tinh ¢6 dan s6 1a 504.997 ngudi, gém 27 dan toc trong 46 dan toc Kinh (Viet) c6 sO Iwong nhiéu nhdt chiém 78,02% dan s6. Trong s6 cae dan tc it ngudi & Ninh Thuan, dan Gc Cham c6 s6 dan dong nhat, chiém 11,31% (57.137 ngudi), sau dé dén dan toc Raglai cé sé dan 1a 47.615 ngudi, chiém 9,42%, Hoa 0,49%, C’ho 0,48%; 22 dan tc cin lai nh. Hmong, Tay, Mudng, Chu ru... chi chiém khodng 0,28% . * Phan Xuan Bign, H. KHXH 1991. eeNgudi Cham & Ninh Thuan cu tri chi yéu 6 ving déng bing phfa Dong va ho tap trung trong 22 lang (pley), sinh sng chit yéu bang nghé nong. Bang 1: Cae lang Cham 6 tinh Ninh Thudn thang 8 - 1999 Lang Cham Ton Gido Huyén Tieng Viet Tiéng Cham | Bani | Balamon | Islam | Ninh Phuc Lang Tudn Ta Pley Patak x ‘Ninh Phuée Lang Thanh Tin Pley Patih x ‘Ninh Phude Lang MiNghigp | Pley Caklaing © ‘Ninh Phudée Tang Chung Mi | Pley Bai Caung x Ninh Phude Lang Vinh Thuan | Pley Hanuu Crauk x Ninh Phude Lang Vin Lam Pley Ram x X_ | Ninh Phuée Lang Hiéu Thién Pley Palaw x Ninh Phude Lang Vu Bon Pley Bab han x Ninh Phudc Lang Phude Lap Pleyla-bi-u x Ninh Phude | Lang Hau Sanh | Pley Thudn x Ninh Phudc Lang Hu Dac | Pley Hanuu Tanran x Ninh Phuée Lang Nhu Binh Pley Padra x Ninh Phude Lang Hoai Tring | Pley Bauh Bini x Ninh Phudée Lang Chap Thutng | Pley Bauh Dana x ‘Ninh Phuc Lang Hiéu Lé Pley Cauk x Ninh Phude Lang Phuéc Déng | Pley Blang Kacak x Ninh Phuée Ling Phi Nhuin | PleyBauhDang | X x Ninh Pharée | Lang Luong Ti Pley Cang x x ‘Ninh Son | Lang Thanh Y Pley Babing x Phan Rang Ling AnNhon | Pley PatlapKl&k [| X x X | Ninh Hat Lang PhuéeNhon | Pley PatlapPirau |X X | Ninh Hat Lang Binh Nghia Pley Bariya x Ninh Hai 23Nhu vay, ngudi Cham sng quén cut, mat tap theo timg don vi lang (pley). Lang ciia ngudi Cham duge thé hign 10 dic diém ton gido. Trong mdi lang chi c6 mot t6n gido thudin tuy cho cd lang nhu Tun Té (pley Path) thi 100% 1a Cham Bani, My Nghiep (pley Caklaing) 100% 18 Cham Balamon. Tuy vay, trong mot Lang Chim cing c6 thé tn tai hai t6n gido nhw Van Lam (pley Ram) gm Cham Bani va Cham Islam. Phi Nhuan (pley Bauh Dang) gém Cham Bani va Cham Bulamon... Tuy & cling mot don vj lang nhung thyc chat hai khéi dan cu nay cu tra déc lap, anh thé cia ho thutng dugc ngin cdch bdi mot con dudng hay mot dong kénh. Dan cu trong cae Lang Chim con duge cau tao trén co so “dong ho phia me. C6 nhiing lang c6 tir 2 dén 3 ho, song s6 Fang c6 mét ho vin chiém wu thE (1 60 - 80% ) vé dan 86 trong Tang”. 2. Ngudi Cham An Giang Ngudi Cham 6 An Giang chiém 0,6% dan s6 cia tinh, nhung chiém tdi 9,3% dan sé Cham trong toan quéc. Ngudi Cham An Giang thudc nhom ngudi Cham Nam B6, ho cing chung nguén géc, tiéng néi véi ngu’i Cham & mién Trung (Ninh Thuan ngay nay) nhung lai c6 ton giéo khéc va nhing dic tung van hod riéng. Vio thé ky XVIJ, ngudi Cham & Ninh Thuan di cu len Camphuchia va Théi Lan dé chong Iai sy din 4p cia triéu dinh nha Nguyén. O Campuchia va Th4i Lan, ho Jai bi chinh quyén phong kién dan 4p nang né hon nén phai tim dén ving Déng bing song Ciru Long dé sinh sng. Thuc hign chinh sdch “phén dau” ding dan t6c it ngudi dé che ché cho céc dén ai bien phong, chinh quyén nha Nguyén di dinh cu ngudi Cham & ving dat cd lao d6i dién vi khu dén tri Chau Déc (nay Ia thj x4 Chau Déc) dé bao vé ving ndi dia. ‘Theo nghién cifu cia Ngo Van Tong’, ngudi Cham & An Giang IA di due cia nhiing ngudi Cham da rdi bd qué huong sang Chan Lap (Campuchia) nhiéu dot khéc nhau trong khodng thdi gian tir thé ky XIX, dudi tac dng cla nhiéu nguyén nhan lich sit, m6t b6 phan ngudi Cham da chuyén cu vé dia ban mét sé Dé tai nhdnb lich si fan cu, dan s6 An Giang, 4tinh Nam BO céa Viet Nam ngay nay. Dot chuyén cu diu tién duge biét 18 vio khoing gitia thé ky XVIM, dudi thdi chiia V6 Vuong Nguyn Phiic Khodt (1738 - 1765) ciia Dang Trong. Nguyén Cur Trinh da dua mot s6 ngudi Cham tir Chan, Lap vé déng quan & niii Ba Den - Tay Ninh (1755). Day 1a dot chuyén cu div tién cia ngudi Cham & Chan Lap vé Nam BO. Chinh quyén nay cling da xay dén, dip lu & Tay Ninh va Héng New cho ngudi Cham dén tré ma dén gén day ngudi ta vin con biét dén di tich cha ngudi Cham vio thdi dé, Duge biét nam 1813, Nguyén Van Thuy da tuyén Iva ngudi Cham va ngudi Dé Ba (tén goi chung nhing ngudi néi tigng Ma lai sinh sng & Chan Lap lic bay gid) cho lim linh va khai khan dat hoang. Nam 1814, Nam BO c6 quan Lan Sam ( Tra Vinh) ndi day, vua Thigu Tri xusng chigu cho rit quan vé, Nguoi Cham va ngudi Ma Lai duge tuyén vio quan doi nha Nguyén cting theo vé va duge cho dinh cu 8 ta ngan song Tién va ci lao Katambong. Dgt chuyén cit quan trong nhat ca ngudi Cham va ngudi Ma Lai vé Nam BO dién ra trong cdc nam 1854, 1858. Ho 06 khoang 5.000 ngudi, vé dinh cur trén cdc cd lao hai bén bY s6ng Hau, phan bé thanh bay King Katambong, Chau Giang (Mot Chrut), Phum Soai, Lama, Koh Goi, Koh Kia, SaBau Tir bay lang trén, ngudi Cham & An Giang da lap thém bai Jang méi la Koh Kapoah (ap Ha Ba, x4 Da Phuc, huyén An Phd) va Vinh Hanh (khu kinh té méi Vinh Hanh, huyén Chau Thanh). Trong sO ngudi Cham vé An Giang c6 mot bo phan duge tai ligu goi 18 DS BA va ngudi Phép cho IA ngudi Ma Lai, That ra nhém ngudi dutge goi 18 ngu’ i Lai vita dé cp & trén khong phai A mt nhém toc ngudi thudn nhat ma la két qua nhiing cudc hén nhan giifa ngudi dan éng néi tiéng Ma Lai dén Campuchia dé lim an budn bin véi nhing phu ni Khmer. Chinh vi vay ma ngudi Chim goi ho la “Java - Kur”, hin cur tri tp trung tai x6m Chau Giang, trén khu vuc bén pha Chau Giang (xd Chau Giang, huyén Tan Chau, tinh An Giang), mot it tai Katambong (xi Khanh Hoa, huyén Chau pho, tinh An giang), Ho cing theo Héi giéo, cé quan hé hét stic chat ché va gin bé voi ngudi Cham, ° Hign nay tai phutng 2, quan VIL thin pho Hé Chi minh cling e6 khodng 20 ho ngudi Java-Kur” sinh song va hho Wn €6 aguén g6e tt x6m Chav Giang trén. Tai day he cing xty dmg dugc mot-ngoitiu thinh dung, lay {én fa Mubiak, theo ttn cia thinh ding g6c tai Chau Giang pLké c& quan hé hon nhan va dén nay dé tro thanh mot thanh phan cila cong déng ngudi Cham & An Giang. BO phan ngudi “Java - Kur” trén bén pha Chau Giang sOng gan thi x4 Chau Déc gém ngudi Cham & x6m Chau Giang dudi va nguti “Java - Kur” & x6m Chau Giang trén ma tude day ngudi Viet trong ving thudng goi ngudi Chim néi chung JA ngudi “Cha Chau Giang”, hay 1A ngudi_ Cham Chau Giang, day la mét lang khé dong diic 66 bé day lich sit phat trign. Theo sé ligu clia Vign Quéc Gia Thong ké (ciia Chinh quyén Sai Gdn) thi vio nam 1971, & tinh Chau Déc (thude An Giang ngay nay), c6 8.588 ngudi Cham. Dén ngay 05/02/1976, tai An Giang c6 8.656 ngudi Cham’. Theo sé ligu thdng ke tinh dén thang 10/1979 dan s6 ngudi Cham & day 1a 11.995 ngudi’, nghia IA da tang len mot céich ding ké. VA dén téng diéu tra din s6 ngay 01/04/1989, ngudi Cham & An Giang gim xudng cn 11.585 nguvi. Két qua téng digu tra dan s6 nim 1999, & An Giang cé 12.435 ngudi Cham, trong 46 nam ¢6 6.008 ngudi, ni c6 6.427 ngudi. Tap trung dong nat & huyén Phi Chau (gan 8.000), gém cdc x4 Nhon Héi, Khnh Binh, Vinh Tudng, Da Phuéc, Chau Phong, Quéc Thai. Ngoai ra con 6 mot sO nguvi Cham ou tri & huyén Chau Phii (nhu xd Khdnh Hoa ), huyén Phii Tan (nhur Phi Higp )... Tinh tir Bac xudng Nam, & An Giang c6 8 ling hién nay ngudi Chim dang cu tri 1a Parek Sabau (4p 3 x4 Khénh Binh, Koh Koi (ép 3, x Nhon Hi), Kon Kakia (Gp Déng Ni, x4 Nhon H@i), Pulao Ba (Sp La Ma, xa Vinh Trudng), Phum Sodi (ap Phumi Soai, x4 Chau Phong), Koh Kapoa (4p Ha bao 2, x4 Da Phuc), Mot Chruk (4p Chau Giang, x4 Phi Higp) va Katambong (ap Katambong, x4 Khanh Hoa). Sau gidi phéng mot s6 gia dinh ngudi Chim trong nhiing lang ké trén di lap nghiép tai khu kinh t€ méi Vinh Hanh, huyén Chau Thanh, trong nhiing nam 1978, 1979 va lap ra mt lang _méi tai dé. Ngoai tri ing Vinh Hanh méi duge thanh lap, ec Lang Chim & An Giang trén ba song Hau ti Ci lao Katambong dén bién giéi Vigt Nam - Campuchia phan bé khong qué xa nhau, giao thong di lai rat thuan loi. Dan s6 tinh An Giang(05.02.1976). Chi cuc th6ng ké tinh An Giang Dan so tinh An Giang(10,1979) Chi cuc theng ke tinh An Giang 26